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Melepat B, Li T, Vinkler M. Natural selection directing molecular evolution in vertebrate viral sensors. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 154:105147. [PMID: 38325501 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Diseases caused by pathogens contribute to molecular adaptations in host immunity. Variety of viral pathogens challenging animal immunity can drive positive selection diversifying receptors recognising the infections. However, whether distinct virus sensing systems differ across animals in their evolutionary modes remains unclear. Our review provides a comparative overview of natural selection shaping molecular evolution in vertebrate viral-binding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Despite prevailing negative selection arising from the functional constraints, multiple lines of evidence now suggest diversifying selection in the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) and oligoadenylate synthetases (OASs). In several cases, location of the positively selected sites in the ligand-binding regions suggests effects on viral detection although experimental support is lacking. Unfortunately, in most other PRR families including the AIM2-like receptor family, C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), and cyclic GMP-AMP synthetase studies characterising their molecular evolution are rare, preventing comparative insight. We indicate shared characteristics of the viral sensor evolution and highlight priorities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balraj Melepat
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, EU, Czech Republic
| | - Tao Li
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, EU, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Vinkler
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, EU, Czech Republic.
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2
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Rautenschlein S, Schat KA. The Immunological Basis for Vaccination. Avian Dis 2024; 67:366-379. [PMID: 38300658 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-99996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Vaccination is crucial for health protection of poultry and therefore important to maintaining high production standards. Proper vaccination requires knowledge of the key players of the well-orchestrated immune system of birds, their interdependence and delicate regulation, and, subsequently, possible modes of stimulation through vaccine antigens and adjuvants. The knowledge about the innate and acquired immune systems of birds has increased significantly during the recent years but open questions remain and have to be elucidated further. Despite similarities between avian and mammalian species in their composition of immune cells and modes of activation, important differences exist, including differences in the innate, but also humoral and cell-mediated immunity with respect to, for example, signaling transduction pathways, antigen presentation, and cell repertoires. For a successful vaccination strategy in birds it always has to be considered that genotype and age of the birds at the time point of immunization as well as their microbiota composition may have an impact and may drive the immune reactions into different directions. Recent achievements in the understanding of the concept of trained immunity will contribute to the advancement of current vaccine types helping to improve protection beyond the specificity of an antigen-driven immune response. The fast developments in new omics technologies will provide insights into protective B- and T-cell epitopes involved in cross-protection, which subsequently will lead to the improvement of vaccine efficacy in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Clinic for Poultry, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30559, Germany,
| | - Karel A Schat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Liu X, Wang Y, Song T, Zheng Y, Zhang X, Li J, Li L, Augusto G, Sun F. Nonstructural protein VP2 of chicken anemia virus triggers IFN-β expression via host cGAS. Vet Microbiol 2023; 284:109842. [PMID: 37562113 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Chicken anemia virus (CAV) constitutes an important economic threat for the poultry industry. Advancing the understanding of the pathogenic process of CAV infection, we had previously demonstrated that CAV VP1 has the ability to inhibit expression of IFN-β via cGAS-STING signalling pathway. Here to go further to reveal this regulatory role of viral phosphatase VP2, we have performed protein-protein interaction assays with cGAS adaptors, as well as IFN-β induction screenings. Contrary to VP1, VP2 of CAV stimulates the expression of IFN-β, a regulatory effect more closely associated with cGAS (in the context of the cGAS-STING axis) than with STING, TBK1 or IRF7. The results reported here offer new insights about the molecular mechanisms that varied viral proteins act in a timely manner on the host during CAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelan Liu
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; International Immunology Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Tao Song
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; International Immunology Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yuting Zheng
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; International Immunology Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiaowang Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; International Immunology Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jinnian Li
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lin Li
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Gilles Augusto
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Feifei Sun
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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Jeenkeawpieam J, Tantikositruj C, Kitpipit W, Thiptara A, Kayan A, Unjit K, Sintupachee S, Boonkaewwan C. Expression of toll-like receptor 4 and its associated cytokines from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in Leghorn chickens. Vet World 2023; 16:1541-1545. [PMID: 37621534 PMCID: PMC10446709 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1541-1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Immune cells require toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to respond to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are used to assess changes in cytokines released in response to diseases or pathogens. This study aimed to assess TLR4 gene expression in PBMCs from Leghorn chicken and the release of related cytokines. Materials and Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from blood samples obtained from Leghorn chicks. The PBMC cultures were stimulated with various concentrations of LPS (0.01-1 μg/ml). Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect TLR4 expression. The production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6) was quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results We found that TLR4 was expressed in both non-stimulated and stimulated Leghorn chicken PBMCs. In addition, the release of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels in Leghorn chicken PBMCs increased significantly with an increase in LPS concentration (0.01-1 μg/mL) (p < 0.05). Conclusion Although TLR4 was expressed in both non-stimulated and stimulated Leghorn chicken PBMCs, its expression was significantly higher in LPS-stimulated PBMCs Therefore, the chicken's endotoxin response can be assessed by evaluating the pro-inflammatory cytokine production from PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juthatip Jeenkeawpieam
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Chananphat Tantikositruj
- Department of Livestock Development, National Institute of Animal Health, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Warangkana Kitpipit
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Anyarat Thiptara
- Department of Livestock Development, Veterinary Research and Development Center (Upper Southern Region), Nakhon Si Thammarat 80110, Thailand
| | - Autchara Kayan
- Department of Animal Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kittichai Unjit
- Department of Livestock Development, National Institute of Animal Health, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Siriluk Sintupachee
- Program in Creative Innovation in Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Si Thammarat Rajabhat University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80280, Thailand
| | - Chaiwat Boonkaewwan
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- One Health Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
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Liu R, Gao L, Yang F, Li X, Liu C, Qi X, Cui H, Zhang Y, Wang S, Wang X, Gao Y, Li K. Duck Enteritis Virus Protein Kinase US3 Inhibits DNA Sensing Signaling by Phosphorylating Interferon Regulatory Factor 7. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0229922. [PMID: 36287016 PMCID: PMC9769898 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02299-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic DNA sensing pathway mediates innate immune defense against infection by many DNA viruses; however, viruses have evolved multiple strategies to evade the host immune response. Duck enteritis virus (DEV) causes an acute and contagious disease with high mortality in waterfowl. The mechanisms employed by DEV to block the DNA sensing pathway are not well understood. Here, we sought to investigate the role of DEV US3, a serine/threonine protein kinase, in the inhibition of DNA sensing. We found that ectopic expression of DEV US3 significantly inhibited the production of IFN-β and expression of interferon-stimulated genes induced by interferon-stimulatory DNA and poly(dA-dT). US3 also inhibited viral DNA-triggered IFN-β activation and promoted DEV replication in duck embryo fibroblasts, while knockdown of US3 during DEV infection enhances the IFN-β response and suppresses viral replication. US3 inhibited the DNA-sensing signaling pathway by targeting interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), and the kinase activity of US3 was indispensable for its inhibitory function. Furthermore, we found that US3 interacts with the activation domain of IRF7, phosphorylating IRF7, blocking its dimerization and nuclear translocation, and finally leading to the inhibition of IFN-β production. These findings expand our knowledge on DNA sensing in ducks and reveal a novel mechanism whereby DEV evades host antiviral immunity. IMPORTANCE Duck enteritis virus (DEV) is a duck alphaherpesvirus that causes an acute and contagious disease with high mortality, resulting in substantial economic losses in the commercial waterfowl industry. The evasion of DNA-sensing pathway-mediated antiviral innate immunity is essential for the persistent infection and replication for many DNA viruses. However, the strategies used by DEV to block the DNA-sensing pathway are not well understood. In this study, DEV US3 protein kinase was demonstrated to inhibit the DNA-sensing signaling via binding to the activation domain of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), which induced the hyperphosphorylation of IRF7 and abolished IRF7 dimerization and nuclear translocation. Our findings provide insights into how duck herpesviral kinase counteracts host antiviral innate immunity to ensure viral replication and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Li Gao
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Fuchun Yang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaohan Li
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Changjun Liu
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaole Qi
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyu Cui
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Suyan Wang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yulong Gao
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Kai Li
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Duck Enteritis Virus Inhibits the cGAS-STING DNA-Sensing Pathway To Evade the Innate Immune Response. J Virol 2022; 96:e0157822. [PMID: 36448809 PMCID: PMC9769366 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01578-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), a key DNA sensor, detects cytosolic viral DNA and activates the adaptor protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING) to initiate interferon (IFN) production and host innate antiviral responses. Duck enteritis virus (DEV) is a duck alphaherpesvirus that causes an acute and contagious disease with high mortality in waterfowl. In the present study, we found that DEV inhibits host innate immune responses during the late phase of viral infection. Furthermore, we screened DEV proteins for their ability to inhibit the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing pathway and identified multiple viral proteins, including UL41, US3, UL28, UL53, and UL24, which block IFN-β activation through this pathway. The DEV tegument protein UL41, which exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect, selectively downregulated the expression of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) by reducing its mRNA accumulation, thereby inhibiting the DNA-sensing pathway. Ectopic expression of UL41 markedly reduced viral DNA-triggered IFN-β production and promoted viral replication, whereas deficiency of UL41 in the context of DEV infection increased the IFN-β response to DEV and suppressed viral replication. In addition, ectopic expression of IRF7 inhibited the replication of the UL41-deficient virus, whereas IRF7 knockdown facilitated its replication. This study is the first report identifying multiple viral proteins encoded by a duck DNA virus, which inhibit the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing pathway. These findings expand our knowledge of DNA sensing in ducks and reveal a mechanism through which DEV antagonizes the host innate immune response. IMPORTANCE Duck enteritis virus (DEV) is a duck alphaherpesvirus that causes an acute and contagious disease with high mortality, resulting in substantial economic losses in the commercial waterfowl industry. The evasion of DNA-sensing pathway-mediated antiviral innate immunity is essential for the persistent infection and replication of many DNA viruses. However, the mechanisms used by DEV to modulate the DNA-sensing pathway remain poorly understood. In the present study, we found that DEV encodes multiple viral proteins to inhibit the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing pathway. The DEV tegument protein UL41 selectively diminished the accumulation of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) mRNA, thereby inhibiting the DNA-sensing pathway. Loss of UL41 potently enhanced the IFN-β response to DEV and impaired viral replication in ducks. These findings provide insights into the host-virus interaction during DEV infection and help develop new live attenuated vaccines against DEV.
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Neves F, Muñoz-Mérida A, Machado AM, Almeida T, Gaigher A, Esteves PJ, Castro LFC, Veríssimo A. Uncovering a 500 million year old history and evidence of pseudogenization for TLR15. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1020601. [PMID: 36605191 PMCID: PMC9808068 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1020601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Toll like receptors (TLRs) are at the front line of pathogen recognition and host immune response. Many TLR genes have been described to date with some being found across metazoans while others are restricted to specific lineages. A cryptic member of the TLR gene family, TLR15, has a unique phylogenetic distribution. Initially described in extant species of birds and reptiles, an ortholog has been reported for cartilaginous fish. Methods Here, we significantly expanded the evolutionary analysis of TLR15 gene evolution, taking advantage of large genomic and transcriptomic resources available from different lineages of vertebrates. Additionally, we objectively search for TLR15 in lobe-finned and ray-finned fish, as well as in cartilaginous fish and jawless vertebrates. Results and discussion We confirm the presence of TLR15 in early branching jawed vertebrates - the cartilaginous fish, as well as in basal Sarcopterygii - in lungfish. However, within cartilaginous fish, the gene is present in Holocephalans (all three families) but not in Elasmobranchs (its sister-lineage). Holocephalans have long TLR15 protein sequences that disrupt the typical TLR structure, and some species display a pseudogene sequence due to the presence of frameshift mutations and early stop codons. Additionally, TLR15 has low expression levels in holocephalans when compared with other TLR genes. In turn, lungfish also have long TLR15 protein sequences but the protein structure is not compromised. Finally, TLR15 presents several sites under negative selection. Overall, these results suggest that TLR15 is an ancient TLR gene and is experiencing ongoing pseudogenization in early-branching vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Neves
- CIBIO‐InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal,BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal,*Correspondence: Fabiana Neves,
| | - Antonio Muñoz-Mérida
- CIBIO‐InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal,BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - André M. Machado
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Tereza Almeida
- CIBIO‐InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal,BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Arnaud Gaigher
- CIBIO‐InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal,BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal,Research Group for Evolutionary Immunogenomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany,Research Unit for Evolutionary Immunogenomics, Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pedro J. Esteves
- CIBIO‐InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal,BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,CITS - Center of Investigation in Health Technologies, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| | - L. Filipe C. Castro
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ana Veríssimo
- CIBIO‐InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal,BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
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Hao X, Chen H, Li Y, Chen B, Liang W, Xiao X, Zhou P, Li S. Molecular characterization and antiviral effects of canine interferon regulatory factor 1 (CaIRF1). BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:440. [PMID: 36522721 PMCID: PMC9756622 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03539-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) is an important transcription factor that activates the type I interferon (IFN-I) response and plays a vital role in the antiviral immune response. Although IRF1 has been identified in several mammals, little information related to its function in canines has been described. RESULTS In this study, canine IRF1 (CaIRF1) was cloned. After a series of bioinformatics analyses, we found that the CaIRF1 protein structure was similar to that of other animal IRF1 proteins, including a conserved DNA-binding domain (DBD), an IRF-association domain 2 (IAD2) domain and two nuclear localization signals (NLSs). An indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) revealed that CaIRF1 was mainly distributed in the nucleus. Overexpression of CaIRF1 in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK) induced high levels of interferon β (IFNβ) and IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) promoter activation and induced interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression. Subsequently, we assayed the antiviral activity of CaIRF1 against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and canine parvovirus type-2 (CPV-2) in MDCK cells. Overexpression of CaIRF1 effectively inhibited the viral yields of VSV and CPV-2, while knocking down of CaIRF1 expression mildly increased viral gene copies. CONCLUSIONS CaIRF1 is involved in the cellular IFN-I signaling pathway and plays an important role in the antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqi Hao
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China ,grid.484195.5Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China ,Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Chen
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China ,grid.484195.5Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China ,Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanchao Li
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China ,grid.484195.5Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China ,Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Chen
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China ,grid.484195.5Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China ,Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Liang
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Xiao
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China ,grid.484195.5Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China ,Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China
| | - Pei Zhou
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China ,grid.484195.5Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China ,Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shoujun Li
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China ,grid.484195.5Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China ,Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642 People’s Republic of China
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Liu X, Xi D, Xu A, Wang Y, Song T, Ma T, Ye H, Li L, Xu F, Zheng H, Li J, Sun F. Chicken anemia virus VP1 negatively regulates type I interferon via targeting interferon regulatory factor 7 of the DNA-sensing pathway. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102291. [PMID: 36402044 PMCID: PMC9676400 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway plays a vital role in sensing viral DNA in the cytosol, stimulating type I interferon (IFN) production and triggering the innate immune response against DNA virus infection. However, viruses have evolved effective inhibitors to impede this sensing pathway. Chicken anemia virus (CAV), a nonenveloped ssDNA virus, is a ubiquitous pathogen causing great economic losses to the poultry industry globally. CAV infection is reported to downregulate type I IFN induction. However, whether the cGAS-STING signal axis is used by CAV to regulate type I IFN remains unclear. Our results demonstrate that CAV infection significantly elevates the expression of cGAS and STING at the mRNA level, whereas IFN-β levels are reduced. Furthermore, IFN-β activation was completely blocked by the structural protein VP1 of CAV in interferon stimulatory DNA (ISD) or STING-stimulated cells. VP1 was further confirmed as an inhibitor by interacting with interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) by binding its C-terminal 143-492 aa region. IRF7 dimerization induced by TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1) could be inhibited by VP1 in a dose-dependent manner. Together, our study demonstrates that CAV VP1 is an effective inhibitor that interacts with IRF7 and antagonizes cGAS-STING pathway-mediated IFN-β activation. These findings reveal a new mechanism of immune evasion by CAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelan Liu
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China,International Immunology Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Dexian Xi
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Aiyun Xu
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Song
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Tiantian Ma
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Hong Ye
- Anhui Academy of Medical Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Lin Li
- Animal-derived food safety innovation team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Fazhi Xu
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinnian Li
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China,International Immunology Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Feifei Sun
- Animal-derived food safety innovation team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China,Corresponding author:
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10
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Fu F, Lin Z, Li Y, Wang J, Li Y, Liu P, Wang Z, Ma J, Yan Y, Sun J, Cheng Y. Goose STING mediates IFN signaling activation against RNA viruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:921800. [PMID: 35958568 PMCID: PMC9360538 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.921800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of the interferon gene (STING) is involved in mammalian antiviral innate immunity as an interferon (IFN) activator. However, there is still a lack of clarity regarding the molecular characterization of goose STING (GoSTING) and its role in the innate immune response. In the present study, we cloned GoSTING and performed a series of bioinformatics analyses. GoSTING was grouped into avian clades and showed the highest sequence similarity to duck STING. The in vitro experiments showed that the mRNA levels of GoSTING, IFNs, IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), and proinflammatory cytokines were significantly upregulated in goose embryo fibroblast cells (GEFs) infected with Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Overexpression of GoSTING in DF-1 cells and GEFs strongly activated the IFN-β promoter as detected by a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Furthermore, overexpression of GoSTING induced the expression of other types of IFN, ISGs, and proinflammatory cytokines and inhibited green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged NDV (NDV-GFP) and GFP-tagged vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) (VSV-GFP) replication in vitro. In conclusion, these data suggest that GoSTING is an important regulator of the type I IFN pathway and is critical in geese’s innate immune host defense against RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianhe Sun
- *Correspondence: Yuqiang Cheng, ; Jianhe Sun,
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11
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Jiang S, Luo J, Zhang Y, Cao Q, Wang Y, Xia N, Zheng W, Chen N, Meurens F, Wu H, Zhu J. The Porcine and Chicken Innate DNA Sensing cGAS-STING-IRF Signaling Axes Exhibit Differential Species Specificity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:412-426. [PMID: 35777849 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune DNA sensing cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of IFN genes (STING) signaling pathway plays a key role in host antiviral function. Although the cGAS-STING pathway has been extensively studied, the cGAS-STING signaling in livestock and poultry is not well understood, and whether the species specificity exists is still unknown. In this study, we found that porcine and chicken STING, but not cGAS, exhibit species differences in regulation of IFN; that is, porcine (p)STING mediates good induction of IFN in mammalian cells and low IFN induction in chicken DF-1 cells; on the contrary, chicken (ch)STING mediates IFN induction only in chicken cells but not in mammalian cells. Furthermore, it was found that the motifs pLxIS of pSTING and pLxVS of chSTING are responsible for the species disparity, with the IFN activity of pSTING and chSTING exchanged by swapping the two pLxI/VS motifs. The pLxI/VS motifs mediated the interactions of various STING with downstream IFN regulatory factors (IRFs), reflecting the species-specific pIRF3 and chIRF7. Next, the STING, IRFs, and STING-IRFs were reconstituted in porcine and chicken macrophages that were genetically knocked out for STING and/or IRFs by the CRISPR-Cas9 approach. The results showed that pSTING plus pIRF3 or chIRF7 are able to induce IFN; however, chSTING plus chIRF7 but not pIRF3 are able to induce IFN, suggesting that pIRF3 is specific and stringent, which underlies the inability of chSTING to induce IFN in mammalian cells. In summary, our findings reveal the differential species specificity in the cGAS-STING pathway and the underlying mechanisms, thus providing valuable insights on the cGAS-STING-IRF signaling axis for comparative immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Jiang
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Youwen Zhang
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qi Cao
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuening Wang
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Nengwen Xia
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wanglong Zheng
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Nanhua Chen
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - François Meurens
- Biologie, Épidémiologie et Analyse de Risque en santé animale, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Oniris, Nantes, France; and
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Huiguang Wu
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China;
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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12
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Escalante-Sansores AR, Absalón AE, Cortés-Espinosa DV. Improving immunogenicity of poultry vaccines by use of molecular adjuvants. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2022.2091502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Angel E. Absalón
- Vaxbiotek SC Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo, Cuautlancingo, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Diana V. Cortés-Espinosa
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicadla, Tlaxcala, Mexico
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13
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Janesick AS, Scheibinger M, Benkafadar N, Kirti S, Heller S. Avian auditory hair cell regeneration is accompanied by JAK/STAT-dependent expression of immune-related genes in supporting cells. Development 2022; 149:dev200113. [PMID: 35420675 PMCID: PMC10656459 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
The avian hearing organ is the basilar papilla that, in sharp contrast to the mammalian cochlea, can regenerate sensory hair cells and thereby recover from deafness within weeks. The mechanisms that trigger, sustain and terminate the regenerative response in vivo are largely unknown. Here, we profile the changes in gene expression in the chicken basilar papilla after aminoglycoside antibiotic-induced hair cell loss using RNA-sequencing. We identified changes in gene expression of a group of immune-related genes and confirmed with single-cell RNA-sequencing that these changes occur in supporting cells. In situ hybridization was used to further validate these findings. We determined that the JAK/STAT signaling pathway is essential for upregulation of the damage-response genes in supporting cells during the second day after induction of hair cell loss. Four days after ototoxic damage, we identified newly regenerated, nascent auditory hair cells that express genes linked to termination of the JAK/STAT signaling response. The robust, transient expression of immune-related genes in supporting cells suggests a potential functional involvement of JAK/STAT signaling in sensory hair cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S. Janesick
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mirko Scheibinger
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nesrine Benkafadar
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sakin Kirti
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stefan Heller
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
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14
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Lin Z, Wang J, Zhang N, Yi J, Wang Z, Ma J, Wang H, Yan Y, Qian K, Sun J, Cheng Y. Functional characterization of goose IRF1 in IFN induction and anti-NDV infection. Vet Res 2022; 53:29. [PMID: 35379320 PMCID: PMC8981851 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) play a key role in many aspects of immune response, and IRF1, IRF3, and IRF7 are positive regulators of IFN induction in mammals. However, IRF3, as the most critical regulatory factor in mammals, is naturally absent in birds, which attracts us to study the functions of other members of the avian IRF family. In the present study, we cloned goose IRF1 (GoIRF1) and conducted a series of bioinformatics analyses to compare the protein homology of GoIRF1 with that of IRF1 in other species. The overexpression of GoIRF1 in DF-1 cells induced the activation of IFN-β, and this activation is independent of the dosage of the transfected GoIRF1 plasmids. The overexpression of GoIRF1 in goose embryonic fibroblasts (GEFs) induced the expression of IFNs, proinflammatory cytokines, and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs); it also inhibited the replication of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Newcastle disease virus (NDV) (NDV-GFP) and GFP-tagged vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) (VSV-GFP). Our results suggest that GoIRF1 is an important regulator of IFNs, proinflammatory cytokines, and ISGs and plays a role in antiviral innate immunity in geese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Nian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jianshu Yi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhaofei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jingjiao Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hengan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yaxian Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Kun Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, No.48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianhe Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Yuqiang Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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15
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Du X, Zhou D, Zhou J, Xue J, Wang G, Cheng Z. Marek’s disease virus serine/threonine kinase Us3 facilitates viral replication by targeting IRF7 to block IFN-β production. Vet Microbiol 2022; 266:109364. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Birds are important hosts for many RNA viruses, including influenza A virus, Newcastle disease virus, West Nile virus and coronaviruses. Innate defense against RNA viruses in birds involves detection of viral RNA by pattern recognition receptors. Several receptors of different classes are involved, such as endosomal toll-like receptors and cytoplasmic retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors, and their downstream adaptor proteins. The function of these receptors and their antagonism by viruses is well established in mammals; however, this has received less attention in birds. These receptors have been characterized in a few bird species, and the completion of avian genomes will permit study of their evolution. For each receptor, functional work has established ligand specificity and activation by viral infection. Engagement of adaptors, regulation by modulators and the supramolecular organization of proteins required for activation are incompletely understood in both mammals and birds. These receptors bind conserved nucleic acid agonists such as single- or double-stranded RNA and generally show purifying selection, particularly the ligand binding regions. However, in birds, these receptors and adaptors differ between species, and between individuals, suggesting that they are under selection for diversification over time. Avian receptors and signalling pathways, like their mammalian counterparts, are targets for antagonism by a variety of viruses, intent on escape from innate immune responses.
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17
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The pros and cons of cytokines for fowl adenovirus serotype 4 infection. Arch Virol 2021; 167:281-292. [PMID: 34839444 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05318-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS), caused by fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4), has spread on chicken farms worldwide, causing huge economic losses. Currently, the exact mechanism of pathogenesis of FAdV-4 remains unknown. Despite the severe inflammatory damage observed in chickens infected with pathogenic FAdV-4, few studies have focused on the host immune system-virus interactions and cytokine secretion. Host immunity acts as one of the most robust defense mechanisms against infection by pathogens, and cytokines are important in their elimination. However, excessive inflammatory cytokine secretion could contribute to the pathogenesis of FAdV-4. Understanding of the roles of cytokines produced during FAdV-4 infection is important for the study of pathogenicity and for developing strategies to control FAdV-4. Several previous studies have addressed the immune responses to FAdV-4 infection, but there has not been a systematic review of this work. The present review provides a detailed summary of the current findings on cytokine production induced by FAdV-4 infection to accelerate our understanding of FAdV-4 pathogenesis.
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18
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Gao L, Zheng S, Wang Y. The Evasion of Antiviral Innate Immunity by Chicken DNA Viruses. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:771292. [PMID: 34777325 PMCID: PMC8581555 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.771292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system constitutes the first line of host defense. Viruses have evolved multiple mechanisms to escape host immune surveillance, which has been explored extensively for human DNA viruses. There is growing evidence showing the interaction between avian DNA viruses and the host innate immune system. In this review, we will survey the present knowledge of chicken DNA viruses, then describe the functions of DNA sensors in avian innate immunity, and finally discuss recent progresses in chicken DNA virus evasion from host innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shijun Zheng
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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19
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Neerukonda SN. Interplay between RNA Viruses and Promyelocytic Leukemia Nuclear Bodies. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8040057. [PMID: 33807177 PMCID: PMC8065607 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs) are nuclear membrane-less sub structures that play a critical role in diverse cellular pathways including cell proliferation, DNA damage, apoptosis, transcriptional regulation, stem cell renewal, alternative lengthening of telomeres, chromatin organization, epigenetic regulation, protein turnover, autophagy, intrinsic and innate antiviral immunity. While intrinsic and innate immune functions of PML NBs or PML NB core proteins are well defined in the context of nuclear replicating DNA viruses, several studies also confirm their substantial roles in the context of RNA viruses. In the present review, antiviral activities of PML NBs or its core proteins on diverse RNA viruses that replicate in cytoplasm or the nucleus were discussed. In addition, viral counter mechanisms that reorganize PML NBs, and specifically how viruses usurp PML NB functions in order to create a cellular environment favorable for replication and pathogenesis, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabari Nath Neerukonda
- Department of Animal and Food and Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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20
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Monson MS, Bearson BL, Sylte MJ, Looft T, Lamont SJ, Bearson SMD. Transcriptional response of blood leukocytes from turkeys challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium UK1. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 232:110181. [PMID: 33401108 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella is one of the most common causes of bacterial foodborne disease and consumption of contaminated poultry products, including turkey, is one source of exposure. Minimizing Salmonella colonization of commercial turkeys could decrease the incidence of Salmonella-associated human foodborne illness. Understanding host responses to these bacteria is critical in developing strategies to minimize colonization and reduce food safety risk. In this study, we evaluated bacterial load and blood leukocyte transcriptomic responses of 3-week-old turkeys challenged with the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) UK1 strain. Turkeys (n = 8/dose) were inoculated by oral gavage with 108 or 1010 colony forming units (CFU) of S. Typhimurium UK1, and fecal shedding and tissue colonization were measured across multiple days post-inoculation (dpi). Fecal shedding was 1-2 log10 higher in the 1010 CFU group than the 108 CFU group, but both doses effectively colonized the crop, spleen, ileum, cecum, colon, bursa of Fabricius and cloaca without causing any detectable clinical signs in either group of birds. Blood leukocytes were isolated from a subset of the birds (n = 3-4/dpi) both pre-inoculation (0 dpi) and 2 dpi with 1010 CFU and their transcriptomic responses assayed by RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). At 2 dpi, 647 genes had significant differential expression (DE), including large increases in expression of immune genes such as CCAH221, IL4I1, LYZ, IL13RA2, IL22RA2, and ACOD1. IL1β was predicted as a major regulator of DE in the leukocytes, which was predicted to activate cell migration, phagocytosis and proliferation, and to impact the STAT3 and toll-like receptor pathways. These analyses revealed genes and pathways by which turkey blood leukocytes responded to the pathogen and can provide potential targets for developing intervention strategies or diagnostic assays to mitigate S. Typhimurium colonization in turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Monson
- Iowa State University, Department of Animal Science, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Bradley L Bearson
- USDA, ARS, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Matthew J Sylte
- USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Torey Looft
- USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Susan J Lamont
- Iowa State University, Department of Animal Science, Ames, IA, United States
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21
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Chuang YC, Tseng JC, Yang JX, Liu YL, Yeh DW, Lai CY, Yu GY, Hsu LC, Huang CM, Chuang TH. Toll-Like Receptor 21 of Chicken and Duck Recognize a Broad Array of Immunostimulatory CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide Sequences. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040639. [PMID: 33147756 PMCID: PMC7712946 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) mimicking the function of microbial CpG-dideoxynucleotides containing DNA (CpG-DNA) are potent immune stimuli. The immunostimulatory activity and the species-specific activities of a CpG-ODN depend on its nucleotide sequence properties, including CpG-hexamer motif types, spacing between motifs, nucleotide sequence, and length. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 is the cellular receptor for CpG-ODNs in mammalian species, while TLR21 is the receptor in avian species. Mammalian cells lack TLR21, and avian cells lack TLR9; however, both TLRs are expressed in fish cells. While nucleotide sequence properties required for a CpG-ODN to strongly activate mammalian TLR9 and its species-specific activities to different mammalian TLR9s are better studied, CpG-ODN activation of TLR21 is not yet well investigated. Here we characterized chicken and duck TLR21s and investigated their activation by CpG-ODNs. Chicken and duck TLR21s contain 972 and 976 amino acid residues, respectively, and differ from TLR9s as they do not have an undefined region in their ectodomain. Cell-based TLR21 activation assays were established to investigate TLR21 activation by different CpG-ODNs. Unlike grouper TLR21, which was preferentially activated by CpG-ODN with a GTCGTT hexamer motif, chicken and duck TLR21s do not distinguish among different CpG-hexamer motifs. Additionally, these two poultry TLR21s were activated by CpG-ODNs with lengths ranging from 15 to 31 nucleotides and with different spacing between CpG-hexamer motifs. These suggested that compared to mammalian TLR9 and grouper TLR21, chicken and duck TLR21s have a broad CpG-ODN sequence recognition profile. Thus, they could also recognize a wide array of DNA-associated molecular patterns from microbes. Moreover, CpG-ODNs are being investigated as antimicrobial agents and as vaccine adjuvants for different species. This study revealed that there are more optimized CpG-ODNs that can be used in poultry farming as anti-infection agents compared to CpG-ODN choices available for other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (J.-C.T.); (J.-X.Y.); (Y.-L.L.); (D.-W.Y.)
| | - Jen-Chih Tseng
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (J.-C.T.); (J.-X.Y.); (Y.-L.L.); (D.-W.Y.)
| | - Jing-Xing Yang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (J.-C.T.); (J.-X.Y.); (Y.-L.L.); (D.-W.Y.)
| | - Yi-Ling Liu
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (J.-C.T.); (J.-X.Y.); (Y.-L.L.); (D.-W.Y.)
| | - Da-Wei Yeh
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (J.-C.T.); (J.-X.Y.); (Y.-L.L.); (D.-W.Y.)
| | - Chao-Yang Lai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan;
| | - Guann-Yi Yu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan;
| | - Li-Chung Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan;
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (J.-C.T.); (J.-X.Y.); (Y.-L.L.); (D.-W.Y.)
- Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-37-246166 (ext. 37611); Fax: +886-37-568642
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22
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Li S, Yang J, Zhu Y, Ji X, Wang K, Jiang S, Luo J, Wang H, Zheng W, Chen N, Ye J, Meurens F, Zhu J. Chicken DNA Sensing cGAS-STING Signal Pathway Mediates Broad Spectrum Antiviral Functions. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030369. [PMID: 32660114 PMCID: PMC7563795 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate DNA sensing receptors are one family of pattern recognition receptors and play important roles in antiviral infections, especially DNA viral infections. Among the multiple DNA sensors, cGAS has been studied intensively and is most defined in mammals. However, DNA sensors in chickens have not been much studied, and the chicken cGAS is still not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the chicken cGAS-STING signal axis, revealed its synergistic activity, species-specificity, and the signal essential sites in cGAS. Importantly, both cGAS and STING exhibited antiviral effects against DNA viruses, retroviruses, and RNA viruses, suggesting the broad range antiviral functions and the critical roles in chicken innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjie Li
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (X.J.); (K.W.); (S.J.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (N.C.); (J.Y.)
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (X.J.); (K.W.); (S.J.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (N.C.); (J.Y.)
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (X.J.); (K.W.); (S.J.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (N.C.); (J.Y.)
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xingyu Ji
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (X.J.); (K.W.); (S.J.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (N.C.); (J.Y.)
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (X.J.); (K.W.); (S.J.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (N.C.); (J.Y.)
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Sen Jiang
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (X.J.); (K.W.); (S.J.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (N.C.); (J.Y.)
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (X.J.); (K.W.); (S.J.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (N.C.); (J.Y.)
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (X.J.); (K.W.); (S.J.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (N.C.); (J.Y.)
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wanglong Zheng
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (X.J.); (K.W.); (S.J.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (N.C.); (J.Y.)
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Nanhua Chen
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (X.J.); (K.W.); (S.J.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (N.C.); (J.Y.)
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (X.J.); (K.W.); (S.J.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (N.C.); (J.Y.)
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - François Meurens
- BIOEPAR, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire Oniris, CEDEX 3, 44307 Nantes, France;
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (X.J.); (K.W.); (S.J.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (N.C.); (J.Y.)
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Avenue, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence:
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23
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Abad AT, Danthi P. Recognition of Reovirus RNAs by the Innate Immune System. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060667. [PMID: 32575691 PMCID: PMC7354570 DOI: 10.3390/v12060667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) is a dsRNA virus, which has long been used as a model system to study host–virus interactions. One of the earliest interactions during virus infection is the detection of the viral genomic material, and the consequent induction of an interferon (IFN) based antiviral response. Similar to the replication of related dsRNA viruses, the genomic material of reovirus is thought to remain protected by viral structural proteins throughout infection. Thus, how innate immune sensor proteins gain access to the viral genomic material, is incompletely understood. This review summarizes currently known information about the innate immune recognition of the reovirus genomic material. Using this information, we propose hypotheses about host detection of reovirus.
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Laghlali G, Lawlor KE, Tate MD. Die Another Way: Interplay between Influenza A Virus, Inflammation and Cell Death. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040401. [PMID: 32260457 PMCID: PMC7232208 DOI: 10.3390/v12040401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a major concern to human health due to the ongoing global threat of a pandemic. Inflammatory and cell death signalling pathways play important roles in host defence against IAV infection. However, severe IAV infections in humans are characterised by excessive inflammation and tissue damage, often leading to fatal disease. While the molecular mechanisms involved in the induction of inflammation during IAV infection have been well studied, the pathways involved in IAV-induced cell death and their impact on immunopathology have not been fully elucidated. There is increasing evidence of significant crosstalk between cell death and inflammatory pathways and a greater understanding of their role in host defence and disease may facilitate the design of new treatments for IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Laghlali
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (G.L.); (K.E.L.)
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Master de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Kate E. Lawlor
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (G.L.); (K.E.L.)
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Michelle D. Tate
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (G.L.); (K.E.L.)
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-85722742
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