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Elijah B, Ahmad A, Li Y, Plazas-Tuttle J, Rowles LS. Assessing the Relative Sustainability of Point-of-Use Water Disinfection Technologies for Off-Grid Communities. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2024; 4:248-259. [PMID: 39309974 PMCID: PMC11413886 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.4c00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Point-of-use (POU) water disinfection technologies can be adopted to provide access to safe drinking water by treating water at the household level; however, navigating various POU disinfection technologies can be difficult. While numerous conventional POU devices exist, emerging technologies using novel materials or advanced processes have been under development and claim to be of lower cost with higher treatment capacity. However, it is unclear if these claims are substantiated and how novel technologies compare to conventional ones in terms of cost and environmental impacts when providing the same service (i.e., achieving a necessary level of disinfection for safe drinking water). This research assessed the sustainability of four different POU technologies (chlorination using sodium hypochlorite, a silver-nanoparticle-enabled ceramic water filter, ultraviolet mercury lamps, and ultraviolet light-emitting diodes). Leveraging open-source Python packages (QSDsan and EXPOsan), the cost and environmental impacts of these POU technologies were assessed using techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment as per capita cost (USD·cap-1·yr-1) and global warming potential (kg CO2 eq·cap-1·yr-1). Impacts of water quality parameters (e.g., turbidity, hardness) were quantified for both surface water and groundwater, and uncertainty and sensitivity analyses were used to identify which assumptions influence outcomes. All technologies were further evaluated across ranges of adoption times, and contextual analysis was performed to evaluate the implications of technology deployment across the world. Results of this study can potentially provide valuable insights for decision-makers, nonprofit organizations, and future researchers in developing sustainable approaches for ensuring access to safe drinking water through POU technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bright
C. Elijah
- Department
of Civil Engineering and Construction, Georgia
Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia 30458, United States
| | - Ali Ahmad
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Yalin Li
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Jaime Plazas-Tuttle
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Lewis S. Rowles
- Department
of Civil Engineering and Construction, Georgia
Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia 30458, United States
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Beshir A, Reddythota D, Alemayehu E. Evaluation of drinking water quality and associated health risks in Adama City, Ethiopia. Heliyon 2024; 10:e36363. [PMID: 39253186 PMCID: PMC11381820 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Drinking water deterioration causes to risk of public health which is essential to supply safe water to the public. This study assessed groundwater quality and health risks in Adama City by analyzing groundwater and chlorine samples. Ion photometry techniques detected anions and cations, ensuring accuracy with quality control protocols. Water Quality Index (WQI) and chlorine decay modeling via WaterGEMs assessed water quality. Hazard index (HI) calculations evaluated exposure risks; Pearson correlation analyzed physicochemical relationships. Findings highlighted water quality and hazards. Aquachem software analyzed Adama's groundwater, revealing high total alkalinity and potassium exceeding WHO limits. Other parameters (nitrate, nitrite, chloride, fluoride, and sulfate) met WHO standards. Sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, and boron also complied. Multivariate analysis showed significant parameter associations. Water types included Ca-Na-HCO3 (27.27 %), Na-Ca-HCO3 (36.36 %), Na-Ca-Mg-HCO3, Na-HCO3 (9.09 % each), and Na-Mg-HCO3 (18.18 %). Drinking Water Quality Index rated boreholes as "Good." Health risk assessments found no significant fluoride, iron, or manganese risks across ages. Chlorine residual analysis indicated 74 % had levels below WHO recommendations, prompting chlorine dosing adjustments. Findings inform groundwater management in Adama City.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abelkassim Beshir
- Faculty of Water Supply & Environmental Engineering, Arba Minch Water Technology Institute, Arba Minch University, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Reddythota
- Faculty of Water Supply & Environmental Engineering, Arba Minch Water Technology Institute, Arba Minch University, Ethiopia
| | - Essays Alemayehu
- Faculty of Water & Environmental Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Ethiopia
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Acioly TMDS, da Silva MF, Barbosa LA, Iannacone J, Viana DC. Levels of Potentially Toxic and Essential Elements in Water and Estimation of Human Health Risks in a River Located at the Interface of Brazilian Savanna and Amazon Biomes (Tocantins River). TOXICS 2024; 12:444. [PMID: 39058096 PMCID: PMC11280896 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12070444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The Tocantins-Araguaia basin is one of South America's largest river systems, across three Brazilian states (Maranhão, Tocantins, and Pará), within the Legal Amazon region. Despite draining extensive Cerrado savanna and rainforest ecosystems, it has suffered significant degradation, notably in the past 40 years. Human activities, including agricultural expansion, deforestation, and the introduction of non-native species, have worsened the environmental damage, which is alarming since many residents and villages along the middle Tocantins River rely on it for water supply, recreation, and fishing. This study assessed the concentration of potentially toxic and essential elements in water samples from four sampling sites distributed along the middle Tocantins River. The monitoring occurred throughout 2023, involving the measurement of parameters both on-site and in the laboratory. Water quality and its health implications were evaluated using the Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAWQI), the Water Quality Index (WQI), and the health risk assessment index. The levels of aluminum, copper, iron, magnesium, and selenium exceeded legal standards. Seasonal fluctuations indicate a complex dynamic influenced by climatic or seasonal factors, with February showing the highest values. Site P1, located in urban areas, exhibited elevated mean concentrations for conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and chlorophyll, indicating the need for continuous monitoring. The nitrogen concentrations at P1 raise concerns regarding drinking water quality, which is a concern for the region's residents who use untreated river water. Despite seasonal variations in element concentrations, the overall WAWQI categorized all sections as "Excellent," and the WQI rated as "Good." Human health risk assessments detected no risks, but continuous monitoring and interventions are crucial for sustained water quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Machado da Silva Acioly
- Postgraduate in Animal Science (PPGCA/UEMA), Multi-User Laboratories in Postgraduate Research (LAMP), State University of Maranhão, São Luís 65081-400, Brazil; (T.M.d.S.A.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Marcelo Francisco da Silva
- Center for Exact, Natural and Technological Sciences (CCENT), State University of the Tocantina Region of Maranhão (UEMASUL), Imperatriz 65901-480, Brazil;
| | - Letícia Almeida Barbosa
- Postgraduate in Animal Science (PPGCA/UEMA), Multi-User Laboratories in Postgraduate Research (LAMP), State University of Maranhão, São Luís 65081-400, Brazil; (T.M.d.S.A.); (L.A.B.)
| | - José Iannacone
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Biodiversidad Animal (LEBA), Grupo de Investigacion de Sostenibilidad Ambiental (GISA), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemática, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15007, Peru;
| | - Diego Carvalho Viana
- Postgraduate in Animal Science (PPGCA/UEMA), Multi-User Laboratories in Postgraduate Research (LAMP), State University of Maranhão, São Luís 65081-400, Brazil; (T.M.d.S.A.); (L.A.B.)
- Center of Agrarian Sciences, Center for Advanced Morphophysiological Studies (NEMO), State University of the Tocantina Region of Maranhão (UEMASUL), Imperatriz 65900-000, Brazil
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Pandey S, Bhushan K, Kocher GS, Sahota PP. Microbiological assessment of ready-to-eat foods and drinking water sources as a potential vehicle of bacterial pathogens in northern India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:547. [PMID: 38743188 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12704-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Foodborne illnesses caused by the consumption of contaminated foods have frequent occurrences in developing countries. The incorporation of contaminated water in food processes, preparation, and serving is directly linked to several gastrointestinal infections. Keeping in view, this study was conducted to assess the microbial quality of both drinking water sources and commonly consumed fresh ready-to-eat (RTE) foods in the region. The drinking water samples from water sources and consumer points, as well as food samples from canteens, cafes, hotels, and restaurants, were collected for the microbiological analysis. Fifty-five percent (n = 286) of water samples were found to be positive for total coliforms with MPN counts ranging from 3 to 2600 (100 ml) -1. E. coli was detected in nearly 30% of the total water samples. Overall, 65% tap water samples were found unsatisfactory, followed by submersible (53%), filter (40%), and WTP (30%) sources. Furthermore, the examination of RTE foods (n = 80) found that 60% were of unsatisfactory microbial quality with high aerobic plate counts. The salads were the most contaminated category with highest mean APC 8.3 log CFU/g followed by pani puri, chats, and chutneys. Presence of coliforms and common enteropathogens was observed in both water and food samples. The detected isolates from the samples were identified as Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Staphylococcus spp. Based on these findings, microbiological quality was found compromised and this may pose hazard to public health. This exploratory study in the Punjab region also suggests that poor microbiological quality of water sources can be an important source of contamination for fresh uncooked RTE foods, thus transferring pathogens to the food chain. Therefore, only safe potable drinking water post-treatment should be used at all stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Pandey
- Dept. of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Keshani Bhushan
- Dept. of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.
| | - Gurvinder Singh Kocher
- Dept. of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Param Pal Sahota
- Dept. of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
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Fejfar D, Tracy W, Kelly E, Moffa M, Bain R, Bartram J, Anderson D, Cronk R. Identifying predictors of E. coli in rural household water in sub-Saharan Africa using elimination regression. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE : WATER RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 10:1147-1159. [PMID: 38798903 PMCID: PMC11115386 DOI: 10.1039/d3ew00915g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to fecally contaminated drinking water contributes to the global disease burden, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We used cross-sectional data and elimination regression analysis to examine factors influencing E. coli contamination in household drinking water samples from 4,499 rural households in nine countries in SSA (Malawi, Mozambique, and Zambia in Southern Africa; Ghana, Mali, and Niger in Western Africa; and Kenya, Rwanda, and Tanzania in Eastern Africa). The proportion of household water samples containing E. coli was 71%, ranging from 45% (Malawi) to 89% (Tanzania). Pooled and multi-country predictive logistic regression models showed that using an unimproved-type water source, the absence of a community water committee, and domestic animal ownership were significantly associated with household drinking water contamination. Household water treatment and storage practices, sanitation and hygiene practices, and payment for drinking water were not significantly associated with E. coli contamination in any model. The season was a significant predictor of E. coli in the pooled model; samples collected in the rainy season were 2.3 [2.0, 2.7] times as likely to be contaminated with E. coli. Practitioners and policymakers should prioritize implementing piped on-plot water services, establishing effective local water source management structures, and incorporating animal husbandry practices into water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Fejfar
- The Water Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB #7431, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Wren Tracy
- ICF, 2635 Meridian Pkwy Suite 200, Durham, North Carolina, 27713, United States
| | - Emma Kelly
- The Water Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB #7431, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- The Water Project, PO Box 3353, Concord, New Hampshire, 03302, USA
| | - Michelle Moffa
- The Water Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB #7431, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Robert Bain
- Regional Office for the Middle East and North Africa, UNICEF, Amman, Jordan
| | - Jamie Bartram
- The Water Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB #7431, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Darcy Anderson
- The Water Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB #7431, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ryan Cronk
- The Water Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB #7431, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Viviers SA, Richter L, du Plessis EM, Korsten L. Microbiological quality of irrigation water on highly diverse fresh produce smallholder farms: elucidating environmental routes of contamination. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae091. [PMID: 38632044 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the microbiological safety, potential multidrug-resistant bacterial presence and genetic relatedness (DNA fingerprints) of Escherichia coli isolated from the water-soil-plant nexus on highly diverse fresh produce smallholder farms. METHODS AND RESULTS Irrigation water (n = 44), soil (n = 85), and fresh produce (n = 95) samples from six smallholder farms with different production systems were analysed for hygiene indicator bacterial counts and the presence of shigatoxigenic E. coli and Salmonella spp. using standard microbiological methods. Identities of isolates were confirmed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and the genetic relatedness of the E. coli isolates determined using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) analysis. Irrigation water E. coli levels ranged between 0 and 3.45 log MPN/100 ml-1 with five farms having acceptable levels according to the World Health Organization limit (3 log MPN/100 ml-1). Fresh produce samples on four farms (n = 65) harboured E. coli at low levels (<1 log CFU/g-1) except for one sample from kale, spring onion, green pepper, onion, and two tomato samples, which exceeded international acceptable limits (100 CFU/g-1). Only one baby carrot fresh produce sample tested positive for Salmonella spp. Of the 224 samples, E. coli isolates were identified in 40% (n = 90) of all water, soil, and fresh produce types after enrichment. Additionally, the DNA fingerprints of E. coli isolates from the water-soil-plant nexus of each respective farm clustered together at high similarity values (>90%), with all phenotypically characterized as multidrug-resistant. CONCLUSIONS The clustering of E. coli isolated throughout the water-soil-plant nexus, implicated irrigation water in fresh produce contamination. Highlighting the importance of complying with irrigation water microbiological quality guidelines to limit the spread of potential foodborne pathogens throughout the fresh produce supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon A Viviers
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food Security, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Loandi Richter
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food Security, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Erika M du Plessis
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food Security, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Lise Korsten
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food Security, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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Aydamo AA, Robele Gari S, Mereta ST. Seasonal Variations in Household Water Use, Microbiological Water Quality, and Challenges to the Provision of Adequate Drinking Water: A Case of Peri-urban and Informal Settlements of Hosanna Town, Southern Ethiopia. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2024; 18:11786302241238940. [PMID: 38525297 PMCID: PMC10958793 DOI: 10.1177/11786302241238940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Several studies have been conducted on household water use and microbial water quality globally. However, studies that considered seasonal variability of household water use and microbial water quality were limited. Therefore, this study investigated the seasonal variability of household water use, microbiological water quality, and challenges to the provision of adequate water in the peri-urban and informal settlements of Hosanna town, Southern Ethiopia. A longitudinal study was conducted on 288 households. The data was gathered using a pretested structured questionnaire, laboratory-analysis, interviews, storage-container inventories, focus group discussions, key-informant interviews, and an observational checklist. The data was analyzed using stepwise-multiple linear regression, bivariate and multivariable logistic regression, thematic-analysis, t-tests, and non-parametric-tests. Households were visited for 7 consecutive days during the dry and rainy seasons to account for changes in daily and seasonal variation of water use. 440 stored water and 12 source samples were analyzed for E. coli presence during dry and rainy seasons. The prevalence of stored water contamination with E. coli was 43.2% and 34.5% during the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. The per capita water consumption was 19.4 and 20.3 l during the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. Piped water on-premises, small family size, volume, and number of water storage containers were significant predictors of per capita water consumption in both seasons. Piped water off-premises, storing water for more than 3 days, uncovered, and wide-mouthed water storage containers were significantly associated with the presence of E. coli in water in both seasons. Seasonal variability of household water use and microbiological water quality was statistically significant, which is a significant public health concern and needs intervention to enhance water quantity and quality to mitigate the risk of waterborne diseases. Findings also suggest seasonal monitoring of the safety of drinking water to ensure that the water is safe and healthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiot Abera Aydamo
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources (EiWR), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia
| | - Sirak Robele Gari
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources (EiWR), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Seid Tiku Mereta
- Department of Environmental Health and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Roy R, Samanta S, Pandit S, Naaz T, Banerjee S, Rawat JM, Chaubey KK, Saha RP. An Overview of Bacteria-Mediated Heavy Metal Bioremediation Strategies. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:1712-1751. [PMID: 37410353 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04614-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Contamination-free groundwater is considered a good source of potable water. Even in the twenty-first century, over 90 percent of the population is reliant on groundwater resources for their lives. Groundwater influences the economical state, industrial development, ecological system, and agricultural and global health conditions worldwide. However, different natural and artificial processes are gradually polluting groundwater and drinking water systems throughout the world. Toxic metalloids are one of the major sources that pollute the water system. In this review work, we have collected and analyzed information on metal-resistant bacteria along with their genetic information and remediation mechanisms of twenty different metal ions [arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), palladium (Pd), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co), antimony (Sb), gold (Au), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), selenium (Se), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), tungsten (W), and uranium (U)]. We have surveyed the scientific information available on bacteria-mediated bioremediation of various metals and presented the data with responsible genes and proteins that contribute to bioremediation, bioaccumulation, and biosorption mechanisms. Knowledge of the genes responsible and self-defense mechanisms of diverse metal-resistance bacteria would help us to engineer processes involving multi-metal-resistant bacteria that may reduce metal toxicity in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, 700126, India.
| | - Saikat Samanta
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, 700126, India
| | - Soumya Pandit
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201306, India
| | - Tahseena Naaz
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201306, India
| | - Srijoni Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, 700126, India
| | - Janhvi Mishra Rawat
- Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era Deemed to Be University, Dehradun, 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Division of Research and Innovation, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Rudra P Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, 700126, India.
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Aniyikaiye TE, Piketh SJ, Edokpayi JN. Quantification of ambient PM 2.5 concentrations adjacent to informal brick kilns in the Vhembe District using low-cost sensors. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22453. [PMID: 38105285 PMCID: PMC10725883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49884-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread exposure to ambient PM2.5 poses a substantial health risk globally, with a more pronounced impact on low- to medium-income nations. This study investigates the spatiotemporal distribution of PM2.5 in the communities hosting informal brickmaking industries in Vhembe District. Utilizing Dylos DC1700, continuous monitoring of PM2.5 was conducted at nine stations adjacent to informal brick kilns from March 2021 to February 2022. The study determined the correction factor for PM2.5 measurements obtained from the Dylos DC1700 when it was collocated with the GRIMM Environmental Dust Monitor 180. Additionally, the diurnal and seasonal variations across monitoring stations were assessed, and potential PM2.5 sources were identified. The study also evaluated the compliance of ambient PM2.5 concentrations across the stations with the South African National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) limits. Annual PM2.5 concentrations for the stations ranged from 22.6 to 36.2 μgm-3. Diurnal patterns exhibited peak concentrations in the morning and evening, while seasonal variations showed higher concentrations in winter and lower concentrations in summer and spring. All monitoring stations reported the highest daily exceedance with respect to the daily NAAQS limit in the winter. Major PM2.5 sources included domestic biomass combustion, vehicular emissions, industrial emissions, and construction sites. Well-calibrated low-cost sensors could be employed in suburb regions with scarce air quality data. Findings from the study could be used for developing mitigation strategies to reduce health risks associated with PM2.5 exposure in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolulope Elizabeth Aniyikaiye
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa.
| | - Stuart J Piketh
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Climatology Research Group, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Joshua Nosa Edokpayi
- Water and Environmental Management Research Group, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
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10
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Mudau M, Ngobeni-Nyambi R, Momba MNB. The Fascinating Cross-Paths of Pathogenic Bacteria, Human and Animal Faecal Sources in Water-Stressed Communities of Vhembe District, South Africa. Pathogens 2023; 12:1085. [PMID: 37764893 PMCID: PMC10535812 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Access to clean and safe drinking water still remains a major challenge in the developing world, causing public health risks in terms of waterborne infections, especially in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to track and detect enteric pathogens (Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium str. LT2, Shigella flexneri, and Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni) in rural water sources. It also sought to establish a correlation between these pathogens and the sources of faecal pollution. Multiplex qPCR and specific primers and probes were used for detection and tracking. The study successfully correlated the occurrence of target pathogens with sources of human and animal faecal contamination using host-specific genetic markers (BacHum and HF183 for humans, BacCow for cows, Pig-2-Bac for pigs, Cytb for chickens, and BacCan for dogs). The study revealed that enteric pathogens were found in 47.69% and 32.80% of samples during the wet and dry seasons, respectively. These pathogens were associated with human or animal faecal contamination. Correlations between pathogens and contamination sources were significant (p ≤ 0.05), with varying strengths during the wet and dry seasons. The findings emphasize the importance of identifying faecal contamination sources to protect rural communities from waterborne infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulalo Mudau
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Renay Ngobeni-Nyambi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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Bazaanah P, Mothapo RA. Sustainability of drinking water and sanitation delivery systems in rural communities of the Lepelle Nkumpi Local Municipality, South Africa. ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY 2023:1-33. [PMID: 37362991 PMCID: PMC10088694 DOI: 10.1007/s10668-023-03190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Water and sanitation are core for the growth and development of communities. Yet, South African local municipalities are often unable to sustainably deliver safe water and basic sanitation for all. Drawing on perspectives of ecological economics, this study analysed the sustainability of water and sanitation systems in rural communities of the Lepelle Nkumpi Local Municipality. Mixed research approach was used to collect the data from 657 household and institutional respondents. The study found that households used water for multi-purposes including consumptive, productive and domestic, but existing facilities are in deplorable condition. Pollution arising from agrochemicals, waste systems, mining, sewerage, and industrial effluence significantly affected water systems in the communities. Bridging demand-supply gaps require initiatives like bulk water supply and implementation of the free basic water policy in underprivileged areas. Tariffs should either be waived or adjusted for extremely poor households. Waste management initiatives, like capacity building, public education, investments, and facility upgrade, could help avert spread of waterborne infections and improve the resident's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prosper Bazaanah
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR-Water Research Institute), Accra, Ghana
- Future Africa at University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Raesibe A. Mothapo
- Faculty of Arts and Design, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
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12
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The effect of short-term preoperative nutritional intervention for cleft surgery eligibility. BMC Nutr 2023; 9:47. [PMID: 36918940 PMCID: PMC10012294 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-023-00704-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with orofacial clefts are highly susceptible to malnutrition, with severe malnutrition restricting their eligibility to receive safe surgery. Ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTF) are an effective treatment for malnutrition; however, the effectiveness has not been demonstrated in this patient population prior to surgery. We studied the effectiveness of short-term RUTF use in transitioning children with malnutrition, who were initially ineligible for surgery, into surgical candidates. METHODS A cohort of patients from Ghana, Honduras, Malawi, Madagascar, Nicaragua, and Venezuela enrolled in a nutrition program were followed by Operation Smile from June 2017 to January 2020. Age, weight, and length/height were tracked at each visit. Patients were included until they were sufficiently nourished (Z > = -1) with a secondary outcome of receiving surgery. The study was part of a collaborative program between Operation Smile (NGO), Birdsong Peanuts (peanut shellers and distributors), and MANA Nutrition (RUTF producer). RESULTS A total of 556 patients were recruited between June 2017 and January 2020. At baseline 28.2% (n = 157) of patients were diagnosed with severe, 21.0% (n = 117) moderate, and 50.7% (n = 282) mild malnutrition. 324 (58.3%) presented for at least one return visit. Of those, 207 (63.7%) reached optimal nutrition status. By visit two, the mean z-score increased from -2.5 (moderate) to -1.7 (mild) (p < 0·001). The mean time to attain optimal nutrition was 6 weeks. There was a significant difference in the proportion of patients who improved by country(p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Malnutrition prevents many children with orofacial clefts in low- and middle-income countries from receiving surgical care even when provided for free. This creates an even larger disparity in access to surgery. In an average of 6 weeks with an approximate cost of $25 USD per patient, RUTF transitioned over 60% of patients into nutritionally eligible surgical candidates, making it an effective, short-term preoperative nutritional intervention. Through unique partnerships, the expansion of cost-effective, large-scale nutrition programs can play a pivotal role in ensuring those at the highest risk of living with unrepaired orofacial clefts receive timely and safe surgical care.
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Beharielal T, Thamaga-Chitja J, Schmidt S. Socioeconomic Characteristics Associated with Farming Practices, Food Safety and Security in the Production of Fresh Produce—A Case Study including Small-Scale Farmers in KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa). SUSTAINABILITY 2022; 14:10590. [DOI: 10.3390/su141710590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Farmer practices may influence the microbial quality and safety of fresh produce. The increasing demands to create ready-to-eat (RTE) fresh produce while providing potential niche markets for smallholder farmers might be contributing to increased numbers of fresh produce-associated foodborne disease outbreaks. This study determined the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and farmer hygiene practices of farmers using open-ended questionnaires and key informant interviews. Additionally, the relationships between farmer socioeconomic characteristics and hygiene practices were statistically analyzed. The semi-organic smallholder farmer population and the farmworkers of the organic farm were female-dominated. Tertiary education was a predominant characteristic in the organic and semi-conventional workforces. While the semi-organic and semi-conventional farms relied on a combination of ‘store-bought’ synthetic and composted organic fertilizers, the organic farm owner only used composted organic fertilizer. The irrigation water sources varied amongst the farm types. However, most of the semi-organic farmers did not pre-treat irrigation water prior to use. The irrigation water source and fertilizer type selected by farmers varied and might affect the microbial quality and safety of fresh produce. Socioeconomic factors such as gender and education may influence farmer hygiene practices. These characteristics should therefore be considered when planning farmer support interventions.
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Preparation of Nanofiltration Membrane Modified with Sawdust-Derived Cellulose Nanocrystals for Removal of Nitrate from Drinking Water. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12070670. [PMID: 35877873 PMCID: PMC9318514 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12070670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) derived from sawdust were successfully incorporated into a nanofiltration membrane produced by the interfacial polymerization of piperazine (PIP) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC). The characteristics of unmodified and CNC-modified membranes were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), zeta potential measurement, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and contact angle measurement. The performance of the membranes in terms of nitrate removal and water flux was investigated using 60 mg/L of potassium nitrate solution in a dead-end test cell. The characteristics of the modified membrane revealed a more nodular structure, higher roughness, increased negative surface charge, and higher hydrophilicity than the pristine membrane, leading to nitrate rejection of 94%. In addition, the membrane gave an average water flux of 7.2 ± 1.8 L/m2/h/bar. This work implies that nanofiltration, a relatively low-pressure process compared to reverse osmosis, can be used for improved nitrate removal from drinking water using an NF membrane modified with sawdust-derived cellulose nanocrystals.
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15
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Performance Assessment of Natural Wastewater Treatment Plants by Multivariate Statistical Models: A Case Study. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14137658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) as natural wastewater treatment plants are commonly utilized for wastewater treatment due to their simple design, low cost, and low-skilled operator requirements. Large-scale studies assessing the performance of WSPs using multivariate statistical models are scarce. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the performance of 16 full-scale WSPs regarding physicochemical parameters, algae, bacterial indicators, and pathogens (e.g., Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica) by using multivariate statistical models. The principal component analysis revealed that the chemical pollutants were removed significantly (p < 0.001) through the treatment stages of 16 WSPs, indicating that the treatment stages made a substantial change in the environmental parameters. The non-multidimensional scale analysis revealed that the treatment stages restructured the bacterial indicators significantly (p < 0.001) in the WSPs, implying that the bacterial indicators were removed with the progress of the treatment processes. The algal community exhibited a distinct pattern between the geographical location (i.e., upper WSPs versus lower WSPs) and different treatment stages (p < 0.001). Four out of the sixteen WSPs did not comply with the Egyptian ministerial decree 48/1982 for discharge in agriculture drainage; three of these stations are in lower Egypt (M.K., Al-Adlia, and Ezbet El-Borg), and one is in upper Egypt (Armant). The continuous monitoring of WSPs for compliance with regulatory guidelines with the aid of multivariate statistical models should be routinely performed.
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16
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Seasonal Variation of Drinking Water Quality and Human Health Risk Assessment: A Case Study in Rural Village of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14132013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of drinking water by metals remains a global threat to living organisms. Therefore, the current study describes variations of metal occurrence, water quality and human health risk assessment between the dry and wet seasons of a rural village located in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The concentrations of major and trace metals were determined in drinking water samples using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The physicochemical parameters, water quality index (WQI), total water hardness (TWH) and health risk assessment (hazard quotient: HQ and chronic daily intake: CDI) were evaluated seasonally. The TWH results showed that the water was very hard with water hardness values ranging between 415 and 442. The water also contained several metals and metalloids such as Al (2.18–3.36 mg L−1), As (0.17–0. 53 mg L−1), Cd (0.0068–0.0134 mg L−1), Cr (0.2481–0.2601 mg L−1), Mn (0.387–1.582 mg L−1), Pb (0.064–0.0802 mg L−1), Sb (0.0496–0.1391 mg L−1) and Se (0.075–0.148 mg L−1) that exceeded the SANS and WHO permissible limits in drinking water. The health risk assessment revealed that the water may cause noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic health effects due to the presence of As, Cr, Sb, Tl and V in water samples, while the water quality index revealed that the water was of very poor quality.
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Differences in levels of E. coli contamination of point of use drinking water in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267386. [PMID: 35544525 PMCID: PMC9094554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to quantify the inequalities and identify the associated factors of the UN sustainable development goal (SDG) targets in relation to safe drinking water. The concentration of the gut bacterium Escherichia coli in drinking water at the point of use (POU) and other information were extracted from the latest wave of the nationally representative Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS 2019). Bivariate and multivariable multinomial logistic regression models were used to identify potential predictors of contamination, whereas, classification trees were used to determine specific combinations of background characteristics with significantly higher rates of contamination. A higher risk of contamination from drinking water was observed for households categorized as middle or low wealth who collected water from sources with higher concentrations of E. coli. Treatment of drinking water significantly reduced the risk of higher levels of contamination, whereas owning a pet was significantly associated with recontamination. Regional differences in the concentrations of E. coli present in drinking water were also observed. Interventions in relation to water sources should emphasize reducing the level of E. coli contamination. Our results may help in developing effective policies for reducing diarrheal diseases by reducing water contamination risks.
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Luvhimbi N, Tshitangano TG, Mabunda JT, Olaniyi FC, Edokpayi JN. Water quality assessment and evaluation of human health risk of drinking water from source to point of use at Thulamela municipality, Limpopo Province. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6059. [PMID: 35411067 PMCID: PMC9001720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Water quality has been linked to health outcomes across the world. This study evaluated the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of drinking water supplied by the municipality from source to the point of use at Thulamela municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa; assessed the community practices regarding collection and storage of water and determined the human health risks associated with consumption of the water. Assessment of water quality was carried out on 114 samples. Questionnaires were used to determine the community's practices of water transportation from source to the point-of-use and storage activities. Many of the households reported constant water supply interruptions and the majority (92.2%) do not treat their water before use. While E. coli and total coliform were not detected in the water samples at source (dam), most of the samples from the street taps and at the point of use (household storage containers) were found to be contaminated with high levels of E. coli and total coliform. The levels of E. coli and total coliform detected during the wet season were higher than the levels detected during the dry season. Trace metals' levels in the drinking water samples were within permissible range of both the South African National Standards and World Health Organisation. The calculated non-carcinogenic effects using hazard quotient toxicity potential and cumulative hazard index of drinking water through ingestion and dermal pathways were less than unity, implying that consumption of the water could pose no significant non-carcinogenic health risk. Intermittent interruption in municipal water supply and certain water transportation and storage practices by community members increase the risk of water contamination. We recommend a more consistent supply of treated municipal water in Limpopo province and training of residents on hygienic practices of transportation and storage of drinking water from the source to the point of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Luvhimbi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - T G Tshitangano
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - J T Mabunda
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - F C Olaniyi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa.
| | - J N Edokpayi
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
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Public Knowledge and Perception of Drinking Water Quality and Its Health Implications: An Example from the Makueni County, South-Eastern Kenya. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084530. [PMID: 35457397 PMCID: PMC9032672 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Due to the semi-arid nature of Makueni County in South-Eastern Kenya, there is a high dependence on groundwater resources for domestic use. Reliance on this source of potable water may have health implications for the population, given the presence of several naturally occurring and potentially harmful elements reported from aquifer source rocks, soil, and water in the area. A survey involving questionnaires and focus group discussions (FGDs) was conducted with 115 individuals to determine the local population’s knowledge, attitude, and perceptions of their drinking water quality and its health impacts. The results show that most respondents (67%) preferred piped water because it was pre-treated and not saline. Only 29% of the respondents were very satisfied with the taste of their drinking water, while the rest complained about varying salinity levels, ranging from slightly salty to very salty. This low satisfaction might have influenced the low daily drinking water consumption (1–2 L) by most respondents. Health issues reported by many (43%) respondents in the area include diarrhoea and gastrointestinal upsets, which may be associated with the saline nature of the drinking water. Elevated fluoride (F−) in the local groundwater was reported, and the health effects remain a concern. Although 91% knew someone with dental fluorosis, 53% did not know the deleterious effects of high F− in drinking water. Most respondents (59%) associated the salty nature of the water with dental fluorosis, and as a result, 48% avoided drinking the salty water to prevent the condition. Despite the high prevalence and known psycho-social effects, most people did not perceive dental fluorosis as a severe health threat. The increased health risks associated with high salinity and high F− in drinking water in Makueni County are poorly understood by most residents, regardless of their education, gender, or age. This warrants an immediate public health education programme and detailed epidemiological studies to determine all the health effects associated with naturally occurring, potentially harmful elements in groundwater in the area.
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Lapworth DJ, Boving TB, Kreamer DK, Kebede S, Smedley PL. Groundwater quality: Global threats, opportunities and realising the potential of groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:152471. [PMID: 34915019 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater is a critical resource enabling adaptation due to land use change, population growth, environmental degradation, and climate change. It can be a driver of change and adaptation, as well as effectively mitigate impacts brought about by a range of human activities. Groundwater quality is key to assessing groundwater resources and we need to improve our understanding and coverage of groundwater quality threats if we are to use groundwater sustainably to not further burden future generations by limiting resources and/or increasing treatment or abstraction costs. Good groundwater quality is key to progress on a range of Sustainable Development Goals, but achievement of those goals most affected by groundwater contamination is often hindered by of a lack of resources to enable adaptation. A range of threats to groundwater quality exist, both natural and anthropogenic, which may constrain groundwater use. However, groundwater often provides good quality water for a range of purposes and is the most important water resource in many settings. This special issue explores some of the key groundwater quality challenges we face today as well as the opportunities good groundwater quality and treatment solutions bring to enhance safe groundwater use. Legacy anthropogenic contaminants and geogenic contaminants may be well documented in certain places, such as N America, Europe and parts of Asia. However, there is a real issue of data accessibility in some regions, even for more common contaminants. This paucity of information can restrict our understanding and ability to manage and protect groundwater sources. Compared to surface water quality, large scale assessments for groundwater quality are still scarce and often rely on inadequate data sets. Better access to existing data sets and more research is needed on many groundwater quality threats. Identification and quantification of these threats will support the wise use and protection of this subsurface resource, allow society to adequately address future challenges, and help communities realise the full potential of groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Lapworth
- British Geological Survey, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK.
| | - T B Boving
- Department of Geosciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - D K Kreamer
- Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - S Kebede
- Centre for Water Resources Research, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - P L Smedley
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire NG12 5GG, UK
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21
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Resilience and Sustainability of the Water Sector during the COVID-19 Pandemic. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic brought unprecedented socio-economic changes, ushering in a “new (ab)normal” way of living and human interaction. The water sector was not spared from the effects of the pandemic, a period in which the sector had to adapt rapidly and continue providing innovative water and sanitation solutions. This study unpacks and interrogates approaches, products, and services adopted by the water sector in response to the unprecedented lockdowns, heralding novel terrains, and fundamental paradigm shifts, both at the community and the workplace. The study highlights the wider societal perspective regarding the water and sanitation challenges that grappled society before, during, after, and beyond the pandemic. The premise is to provide plausible transitional pathways towards a new (ab)normal in adopting new models, as evidenced by the dismantling of the normal way of conducting business at the workplace and human interaction in an era inundated with social media, virtual communication, and disruptive technologies, which have transitioned absolutely everything into a virtual way of life. As such, the novel approaches have fast-tracked a transition into the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), with significant trade-offs to traditional business models and human interactions.
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22
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Benameur T, Benameur N, Saidi N, Tartag S, Sayad H, Agouni A. Predicting factors of public awareness and perception about the quality, safety of drinking water, and pollution incidents. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 194:22. [PMID: 34904198 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09557-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Public perception of drinking water quality and safety results from the interaction of multiple factors, including the public engagement, which requires sufficient knowledge and awareness. This issue has yet to be addressed in Algeria. This study investigated the residents' perception and awareness about the drinking water quality, safety, and water pollution events. A survey-based cross-sectional study was conducted amongst citizens living in the province of Biskra. Multinomial regression analysis was used to identify the predicted public perception factors about drinking water-related issues. Regardless of the degree of public trust in the drinking water sources, the main drinking water source reported by the participants was tank water (43.3%) followed by tap water (32%). Water quality standards are a measure of the condition of water relative to the contaminants. Water consumption profiles gave priority attention to taste (48.7%), odour (35%), appearance (34.7%), and colour (32%), reflecting a low level of knowledge about the water quality standards. Most of the residents (55.7%) reported a deficient communication about the preventive measures to protect public health. The higher level of education showed a statistically significant impact in discriminating between those who felt very satisfied and dissatisfied participants with the drinking water quality and those who felt between satisfied and dissatisfied (P = 0.023, P = 0.034, respectively). Additionally, education level had a statistically significant role in differentiating trust levels in drinking water quality between two groups, those belonging to either confident or relatively confident and the group of extremely worried respondents, with P = 0.000 and P = 0.000, respectively. Interviewed respondents with certain education levels showed higher trust in the safety of drinking water when compared to those with lower education levels. Gender had a significant role in differentiating the group of respondents who were relatively confident from those who were extremely worried (P = 0.016). The public knowledge about the standards of water quality, safety, and the pollution-related issues remains relatively low. This study is of interest to policy makers and public health authorities who implement actions for water contamination prevention and public health protection. These findings could have national implications and are also applicable, in general context, particularly in low and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Benameur
- College of Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nassima Benameur
- Faculty of Exact Sciences and Sciences of Nature and Life, Research Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Hydraulics, Sustainable Development and Environment (LARGHYDE), Mohamed Khider University, Biskra, Algeria
| | - Neji Saidi
- College of Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sakina Tartag
- Faculty of Exact Sciences and Sciences of Nature and Life, Research Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Hydraulics, Sustainable Development and Environment (LARGHYDE), Mohamed Khider University, Biskra, Algeria
| | - Hadjer Sayad
- Faculty of Exact Sciences and Sciences of Nature and Life, Research Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Hydraulics, Sustainable Development and Environment (LARGHYDE), Mohamed Khider University, Biskra, Algeria
| | - Abdelali Agouni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit (BPRU), QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Office of Vice President for Research and Graduate Studies, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Ramaite K, Ekwanzala MD, Dewar JB, Momba MNB. Human-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clonal Complex 80 Isolated from Cattle and Aquatic Environments. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091038. [PMID: 34572619 PMCID: PMC8468323 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) has mainly been reported in South African pig and chicken farms. The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs), virulence factors (VFs), and multilocus sequence types (MLSTs) associated with HA-MRSA in cattle farms has not been reported. Consequently, this study characterised LA-MRSA and its spread from cattle farms into the environment. Method: Husbandry soil (HS), nearby river water (NRW), animal manure (AM) and animal drinking water (ADW) were collected on and around a cattle farm. Presumptive MRSA isolates were identified from these samples using CHROMagar media and genotyped as MRSA sequence types (STs), selected ARGs, and VFs, using polymerase chain reaction. An MLST-based dendrogram was generated to link the farm MRSA strains with those in a nearby river. Results: The prevalence of MRSA was 30.61% for HS, 28.57% for ADW, 22.44% for NRW, and 10.20% for AM. Isolates from HS harboured the highest number of resistant genes, with 100% for mecA, 91.66% for ermA, and 58.33% for blaZ. However, no ermC or tetM genes were detected. MRSA isolates from AM harboured the lowest number of resistant genes. Only sec and seq enterotoxins were found in all the assessed MRSA isolates. MRSA from the farm revealed six STs (ST80, ST728, ST1931, ST2030, ST3247, and ST5440); all of STs belonged to clonal complex 80 (CC80). An MLST-based dendrogram based on the concatenated sequences of MLST genes under the maximum likelihood criterion revealed four clades of amalgamated MRSA isolates from various livestock environmental matrices, including the NRW. Conclusion: The results suggest that livestock environmental matrices might be reservoirs of MRSA that could subsequently disseminate through runoff to pollute water resources. Therefore, continued surveillance of HA-MRSA in livestock environments is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuliso Ramaite
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (K.R.); (M.D.E.)
| | - Mutshiene Deogratias Ekwanzala
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (K.R.); (M.D.E.)
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John Barr Dewar
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa;
| | - Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (K.R.); (M.D.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-123826365
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Onipe T, Edokpayi JN, Odiyo JO. Geochemical characterization and assessment of fluoride sources in groundwater of Siloam area, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14000. [PMID: 34234224 PMCID: PMC8263625 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Siloam’s groundwater is reportedly characterized by high fluoride. In response to the reported high incidence of dental fluorosis in the area, sources of elevated fluoride in the groundwater were investigated. Total fluoride (TF) was determined using Ion Chromatograph and Fluoride Ion Selective Electrode. The mineral composition of rocks and soils were determined using X-ray Fluorescence and X-ray diffraction, respectively. Results revealed that groundwater fluoride concentration ranged from 3.92 to 4.95 mg/L. Na-Cl water type was found to be dominant in the water samples. TF content of the rocks and soils ranged from 10 to 2000 mg/L. Leachates were obtained by making a slurry from the samples at a predetermined temperature and time. TF in leachates ranged between 0.27 and 14.88 mg/L and 0.05 to 10.40 mg/L at induced, and non-induced temperatures, respectively. The possible source of fluoride has been previously inferred to be caused by fluorite minerals occurring at greater depth. However, this study proves that fluoride decreases with depth and the elevated fluoride in the groundwater is caused by smectite-kaolinite clay, muscovite and chlorite minerals abundant in the area. Geothermal temperature exhibited by the groundwater in the area is a major factor enhancing the release of fluoride from the clay materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobiloba Onipe
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Venda, Private bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - Joshua N Edokpayi
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Venda, Private bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa.
| | - John O Odiyo
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Venda, Private bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa.,DVC: RICl, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbiljpark, South Africa
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25
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Meyer DD, Hill C, McCain K, Smith JA, Bessong PO, Rogawski McQuade ET, Wright NC. Embedding Usage Sensors in Point-of-Use Water Treatment Devices: Sensor Design and Application in Limpopo, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:8955-8964. [PMID: 34133882 PMCID: PMC9207768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Health benefits from point-of-use (POU) water treatment devices come only with consistent use. Embedded sensors can measure the consistency of POU-device use and can provide insights about improving it. We demonstrate both potentials with data from SmartSpouts: accelerometer-based sensors embedded in spigot handles that record the duration and timing of use. In the laboratory, most sensor readings correlated well (>0.98) with manually timed water withdrawals. In the field, SmartSpouts measured >60,000 water withdrawals across 232 households in Limpopo, South Africa. Sensors proved critical to understanding consistent use; surveys overestimated it by 53 percentage points. Sensor data showed when households use POU devices (evening peaks and delayed weekend routines) and user preferences (safe storage over filters). We demonstrate analytically and with data that (i) consistent use (e.g., 7 continuous days) is extremely sensitive to single-day use prevalence and (ii) use prevalence affects the performance of contact-time-based POU devices, exemplified with silver tablets. Deployed SmartSpouts had limitations, including memory overflows and confounding device relocation with water withdrawal. Nevertheless, SmartSpouts provided useful and objective data on the prevalence of single-day and consistent use. Considerably less expensive than alternatives, SmartSpouts enable an order of magnitude increase in how many POU-device sensors can be deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Meyer
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Courtney Hill
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Kelly McCain
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - James A Smith
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Pascal O Bessong
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, Limpopo, South Africa
| | | | - Natasha C Wright
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Madilonga RT, Edokpayi JN, Volenzo ET, Durowoju OS, Odiyo JO. Water Quality Assessment and Evaluation of Human Health Risk in Mutangwi River, Limpopo Province, South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136765. [PMID: 34202418 PMCID: PMC8296923 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater supply is essential to life on Earth; however, land use activities such as mining and agriculture pose a significant danger to freshwater resources and the wellbeing of aquatic environments. This study temporarily assesses the water quality characteristics of Mutangwi River. Physicochemical parameters (pH, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), and turbidity) were determined in situ using an Extech multimeter and turbidity meter. The concentration of the selected metals (Mg, Cr, Fe, Cd, Mn, Pb, Ca, and Na) were analysed using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Membrane filtration method was used to analyse microbiological parameters (Escherichia coli and Enterococci). The physicochemical water quality parameters as well as basic anions (fluoride, phosphate, sulfate, nitrate, and chloride) determined complied with the regulatory guideline of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the South Africa National Standards (SANS). Some of the trace metals (Mn, Ca, Fe, and Mg) were found below the guideline values, while others (Pb and Cd) exceeded the threshold limit. The counts for E. coli (814.5-2169 cfu/100 mL) and Enterococci (333-9396 cfu/100 mL) in the study did not comply with the regulatory guidelines. The water quality status using the water quality index (WQI) indicated that on the average, the water quality from Mutangwi River is poor (WQI > 100). The hazard quotient through ingestion exposure did not exceed the threshold limit of 1, for adults and children. This implies that there is no potential non-carcinogenic health risk from trace elements via ingestion of drinking water for children and adults. However, cancer risk for adults and children was computed in relation to Cd and Pb levels and exceeded the threshold limit 10-4, indicating a possible carcinogenic risk. Water from the river should be adequately treated prior to domestic and agricultural use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rofhiwa T. Madilonga
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (R.T.M.); (E.T.V.); (O.S.D.); (J.O.O.)
| | - Joshua N. Edokpayi
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (R.T.M.); (E.T.V.); (O.S.D.); (J.O.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Elijah T. Volenzo
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (R.T.M.); (E.T.V.); (O.S.D.); (J.O.O.)
| | - Olatunde S. Durowoju
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (R.T.M.); (E.T.V.); (O.S.D.); (J.O.O.)
| | - John O. Odiyo
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (R.T.M.); (E.T.V.); (O.S.D.); (J.O.O.)
- Office of the DVC Research Innovation Commercialization and Internationalization (RICI), Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa
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Castillo F, Mora AM, Kayser GL, Vanos J, Hyland C, Yang AR, Eskenazi B. Environmental Health Threats to Latino Migrant Farmworkers. Annu Rev Public Health 2021; 42:257-276. [PMID: 33395542 PMCID: PMC8168948 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 75% of farmworkers in the United States are Latino migrants, and about 50% of hired farmworkers do not have authorization to work in the United States. Farmworkers face numerous chemical, physical, and biological threats to their health. The adverse effects of these hazards may be amplified among Latino migrant farmworkers, who are concurrently exposed to various psychosocial stressors. Factors such as documentation status, potential lack of authorization to work in the United States, and language and cultural barriers may also prevent Latino migrants from accessing federal aid, legal assistance, and health programs. These environmental, occupational, and social hazards may further exacerbate existing health disparities among US Latinos. This population is also likely to be disproportionately impacted by emerging threats, including climate change and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Latino migrant farmworkers are essential to agriculture in the United States, and actions are needed to protect this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Castillo
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
| | - Ana M Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; , ,
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Georgia L Kayser
- Health Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA; ,
| | - Jennifer Vanos
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA;
| | - Carly Hyland
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; , ,
| | - Audrey R Yang
- Health Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA; ,
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; , ,
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Ganiyu SA, Mabunmi AA, Olurin OT, Adeyemi AA, Jegede OA, Okeh A. Assessment of microbial and heavy metal contamination in shallow hand-dug wells bordering Ona River, Southwest Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:126. [PMID: 33587195 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-08910-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ona River is one of the three major rivers draining the city of Ibadan. Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in the metropolis; however, data on quality of shallow aquifers bordering Ona River is relatively scarce. This study aimed to evaluate bacteriological status, heavy metal content, and associated human and ecological health risks in hand-dug wells nearby Ona River. A total of 24 water samples from 12 sampling points were collected for chemical and microbial analyses. Heavy metals and microbial pathogens were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry and total plate count methods, respectively. Analyses of microbial and heavy metal (HMs) data showed that shallow hand-dug wells within the vicinity of Ona River were bacteriologically contaminated while most of analyzed heavy metals (except manganese) exceeded the drinking water quality standards. Interpretation of microbial and heavy metal (HMs) data identified predominance of anthropogenic activities as the major source of contamination in drinking water. Further scrutiny of HM data through integrated pollution indices identified two nearby wells (S7 and S8) exceed the safe limits and pose considerable risk to inhabitants. In terms of ecological risk index (ER), cadmium exhibited considerable to very high ER in all collected samples while manganese and zinc showed low ER in all analyzed water samples. Potential of non-carcinogenic risk through ingestion pathway in the study area was identified with the order of contributive ratios by HMs as Cd > Pb > Zn > Fe > Mn. The calculated target hazard quotient (THQ) due to ingested HMs for three human population categories exceeds the safe limit in the order of adult < children < infants. The study revealed the deteriorated state of waterside shallow hand-dug wells that need immediate actions by relevant stakeholders in water management. The study recommends improved hygienic practices, pretreatment of water before use, and most importantly, provision of potable pipe-borne water supply to the residents of the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saheed Adekunle Ganiyu
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Afolabi A Mabunmi
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwaseun T Olurin
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Azeem A Adeyemi
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwaseyi A Jegede
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Okeh
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
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29
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Edokpayi JN, Odiyo JO, Popoola OE, Msagati TA. Evaluation of contaminants removal by waste stabilization ponds: A case study of Siloam WSPs in Vhembe District, South Africa. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06207. [PMID: 33644475 PMCID: PMC7895727 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) are widely used for wastewater management owing to the simplicity of their design, low cost and the use of low-skilled operators. This study was carried out to assess the efficiency of a WSP system in reducing the levels of contaminants in hospital wastewater in a rural area of South Africa and to evaluate the current management of the WSP system. Sampling was conducted monthly from January to June 2014. Physicochemical and microbiological parameters were monitored using standard methods. The microbiological parameters (Escherichia coli and enterococci) in the effluent were higher than those in the influent in some sampling months. Also, low pathogen removal efficiency (<1 log reduction) was recorded. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the effluent (82-200 mg/L) exceeded the South African Department of Water Affairs for wastewater discharge guideline value of 75 mg/L although reduction efficiencies of 7.7%, 49.1% and 31.1% were observed for the months of February, April and June, respectively. The WSP system did not show a general trend of contaminant reduction except for Zn (5.5-94.8%). The Siloam WSP is not functioning properly and is releasing effluent of poor quality into the receiving river. It is recommended that the WSP system be expanded to cater for the extra load of wastewater it receives, also desludging should be performed as recommended for such systems. Continuous monitoring of the system for compliance to regulatory guideline should be routinely performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N. Edokpayi
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - John O. Odiyo
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | | | - Titus A.M. Msagati
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, University of South Africa, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, UNISA Science Campus, 1710, Roodepoort, Johannesburg, South Africa
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30
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Hill CL, McCain K, Nyathi ME, Edokpayi JN, Kahler DM, Operario DJ, Taylor DDJ, Wright NC, Smith JA, Guerrant RL, Samie A, Dillingham RA, Bessong PO, Rogawski McQuade ET. Impact of Low-Cost Point-of-Use Water Treatment Technologies on Enteric Infections and Growth among Children in Limpopo, South Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:1405-1415. [PMID: 32840201 PMCID: PMC7543807 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric infections early in life have been associated with poor linear growth among children in low-resource settings. Point-of-use water treatment technologies provide effective and low-cost solutions to reduce exposure to enteropathogens from drinking water, but it is unknown whether the use of these technologies translates to improvements in child growth. We conducted a community-based randomized controlled trial of two water treatment technologies to estimate their effects on child growth in Limpopo, South Africa. We randomized 404 households with a child younger than 3 years to receive a silver-impregnated ceramic water filter, a silver-impregnated ceramic tablet, a safe-storage water container alone, or no intervention, and these households were followed up quarterly for 2 years. We estimated the effects of the interventions on linear and ponderal growth, enteric infections assessed by quantitative molecular diagnostics, and diarrhea prevalence. The silver-impregnated ceramic water filters and tablets consistently achieved approximately 1.2 and 3 log reductions, respectively, in total coliform bacteria in drinking water samples. However, the filters and tablets were not associated with differences in height (height-for-age z-score differences compared with no intervention: 0.06, 95% CI: −0.29, 0.40, and 0.00, 95% CI: −0.35, 0.35, respectively). There were also no effects of the interventions on weight, diarrhea prevalence, or enteric infections. Despite their effectiveness in treating drinking water, the use of the silver-impregnated ceramic water filters and tablets did not reduce enteric infections or improve child growth. More transformative water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions that better prevent enteric infections are likely needed to improve long-term child growth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L Hill
- Department of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Kelly McCain
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Mzwakhe E Nyathi
- Department of Animal Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Joshua N Edokpayi
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Mining and Environmental Geology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - David M Kahler
- Center for Environmental Research and Education, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Darwin J Operario
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - David D J Taylor
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Natasha C Wright
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - James A Smith
- Department of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Amidou Samie
- Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Rebecca A Dillingham
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Pascal O Bessong
- Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth T Rogawski McQuade
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Nguyen KH, Operario DJ, Nyathi ME, Hill CL, Smith JA, Guerrant RL, Samie A, Dillingham RA, Bessong PO, Rogawski McQuade ET. Seasonality of drinking water sources and the impact of drinking water source on enteric infections among children in Limpopo, South Africa. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 231:113640. [PMID: 33115698 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enteric infections and water-related illnesses are more frequent during times of relative water abundance, especially in regions that experience bimodal rainfall patterns. However, it is unclear how seasonal changes in water availability and drinking water source types affect enteric infections in young children. This study investigated seasonal shifts in primary drinking water source type and the effect of water source type on enteric pathogen prevalence in stool samples from 404 children below age 5 in rural communities in Limpopo Province, South Africa. From wet to dry season, 4.6% (n = 16) of households switched from a source with a higher risk of contamination to a source with lower risk, with the majority switching to municipal water during the dry season. In contrast, 2.6% (n = 9) of households switched from a source with a lower risk of contamination to a source with higher risk. 74.5% (n = 301) of the total households experienced interruptions in their water supply, regardless of source type. There were no significant differences in enteric pathogen prevalence between drinking water sources. Intermittent municipal water distribution and household water use and storage practices may have a larger impact on enteric infections than water source type. The limited differences in enteric pathogen prevalence in children by water source could also be due to other exposure pathways in addition to drinking water, for example through direct contact and food-borne transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy H Nguyen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Darwin J Operario
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Mzwakhe E Nyathi
- Department of Animal Science, University of Venda, Limpopo Province, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - Courtney L Hill
- Department of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - James A Smith
- Department of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Amidou Samie
- Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Limpopo Province, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - Rebecca A Dillingham
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Pascal O Bessong
- Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Limpopo Province, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth T Rogawski McQuade
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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32
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Odiyo JO, Mathoni MM, Makungo R. Health Risks and Potential Sources of Contamination of Groundwater Used by Public Schools in Vhuronga 1, Limpopo Province, South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186912. [PMID: 32971739 PMCID: PMC7558104 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Public schools in most rural areas of South Africa depend on untreated groundwater due to unreliable water supply by the municipalities. This has the potential to cause water-related health problems to school children. Temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured in situ. Chemical (fluoride, chloride, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and potassium) and microbial (Escherichia coliform (E. coli), Salmonella typhimurium, and Shigella flexneri) water quality parameters were analysed in groundwater samples from 10 public schools in Vhuronga 1 to determine suitability for use. Quantitative microbial risk assessment was carried out to determine risks of infection and illness due to consumption of groundwater. Correlation analysis was used to identify potential sources of contamination. All physical and most chemical water quality parameters were within guidelines for domestic water use. A high proportion of schools had high levels of microbial organisms. Risks of infection per day were relatively low for all schools. The annual risks of infection due to E. coli and Shigella flexneri for most schools was high, with maximum values of 89.11 and 83.75%, respectively. Maximum risks of illness per year were 31.19, 30.37, and 29.31% for E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Shigella flexneri, respectively. Correlation analysis indicated potential contamination of groundwater by agricultural activities, domestic waste, and faecal contamination from pit latrines. Preventive and mitigation measures to minimise such risks, including locating boreholes at safe distances from pit latrines, prevention/minimisation of pollution of groundwater from agricultural activities, and point-of-use treatment of groundwater by the schools are therefore essential.
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33
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Edokpayi JN, Ndlovu SS, Odiyo JO. Characterization of pulverized Marula seed husk and its potential for the sequestration of methylene blue from aqueous solution. BMC Chem 2019; 13:10. [PMID: 31384759 PMCID: PMC6661966 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0530-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyes are ranked as an important class of pollutants which affect the aesthetic property of the environment when present even in very low concentrations. This study was carried out to explore the potential use of an agricultural waste (Marula seed husk) to decontaminate methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. The effect of change in water chemistry was also examined. The influence of basic adsorption parameters such as contact time, temperature, dosage, pH and particle size on the efficiency of adsorption were investigated. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to describe the equilibrium data while Pseudo first, second order and Elovich kinetic models were used to evaluate the kinetics of the adsorption process. Thermodynamic parameters such as change in enthalpy (ΔH°), entropy (ΔS°) and Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) were evaluated. Natural surface water showed higher MB removal efficiency than de-ionized water. The sorption process was favored more in alkaline pH range (7–10). The dye adsorption process was found to be endothermic, while ΔG° was negative implying that the reaction is spontaneous. Functional group analyses on the adsorbent showed the presence of hydroxyl, carbonyl and carboxyl groups. The Langmuir equilibrium model best described the adsorption process based on the linearized coefficient. The Pseudo second order model best described the kinetics of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N Edokpayi
- 1Hydrology and Water Resources Department, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, 0950 South Africa
| | - Stanley S Ndlovu
- 2Ecology and Resource Management, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, 0950 South Africa
| | - John O Odiyo
- 1Hydrology and Water Resources Department, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, 0950 South Africa
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34
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Ravindra K, Mor S, Pinnaka VL. Water uses, treatment, and sanitation practices in rural areas of Chandigarh and its relation with waterborne diseases. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:19512-19522. [PMID: 31077047 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04964-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Availability of clean water and adequate sanitation facilities are the principal measures for limiting various waterborne diseases. These basic amenities are critical for health and sustainable socio-economic development. This study attempted to assess the status of water and sanitation facilities and practices of the people living in rural areas of Chandigarh including awareness about the waterborne diseases. The community-based cross-sectional study design was adopted having 300 households across 12 villages of city Chandigarh. A standardized interview schedule was used to collect information related to water uses, storage, water treatment options, water conservation practices, personal hygiene, knowledge about waterborne diseases, and government schemes. The interview schedule was administered with the head of the family as a study approach during the door-to-door survey. Households in rural Chandigarh have municipal water supply for drinking as well as other domestic purposes. The mean per capita water usage was 67 ± 13.4 l. Most (68.6%) of the study participants reported that they do not treat water before drinking and store it in plastic bottles or bucket (58%). The survey shows that 97% of the household had functional toilets in their premises, remaining reported lack of finances, and space for construction as major barriers. Regarding personal hygiene, 83% of respondents wash hands with soap and rest used only water or ash. Observations made under the study highlighted the need to create awareness regarding the role of water and sanitation practices on health including knowledge about various government schemes to improve water quality, sanitation, and hygiene practices for better health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaiwal Ravindra
- School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector 12, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Suman Mor
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Venkatamaha Lakshmi Pinnaka
- School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector 12, Chandigarh, 160012, India
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Water Quality Assessment of Surface and Groundwater Sources Using a Water Quality Index Method: A Case Study of a Peri-Urban Town in Southwest, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/environments6020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable access to safe drinking water remains a global problem as more people in the world still consume water from unimproved sources. This study was carried out to evaluate the quality of 12 different water sources and 2 treated water used by a peri-urban town in the Southwest region of Nigeria to assess their suitability for drinking and domestic use. Water quality parameters studied include pH, temperature, acidity, total alkalinity, chloride content and total CO2. A Flame Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer was used to determine the concentrations of Ca, Mg, Cu, Cr, and Pb in the water samples. The total coliform was determined using the most probable number technique while a qualitative method was used to detect the presence of faecal coliform and E. coli in the water samples. All the physicochemical water quality parameters complied with regulatory standards. Similarly, most of the heavy metals also complied except for some sites. Faecal coliform and E. coli tested positive for all the samples except one of the tap water sample. Majority of the water samples (86%) were rated as excellent based on the physicochemical parameters. One sample each was rated as having poor and good water quality, respectively. All the samples tested positive for faecal coliform bacteria and E. coli except one (treated water). It is recommended that Microbial water quality parameters be included in all Water Quality Index (WQI) analyses in order to give the true status of the quality of a water resource.
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Ouf SA, Yehia RS, Ouf AS, Abdul-Rahim RF. Bacterial contamination and health risks of drinking water from the municipal non-government managed water treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:685. [PMID: 30374933 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-7054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Water quality and bacterial contamination from 18 drinking water municipal plants in three locations at Giza governorate were investigated. The average total count of bacteria detected after four stages of treatments in the investigated plants was 32 CFU/1 mL compared to 2330 cfu/mL for raw water, with a reduction percentage of 98.6. Although there is a relatively high removal percent of bacterial contamination from the water sources, however, several bacterial pathogens were identified in the produced water prepared for drinking including Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Shigella spp. After 3 days of water incubation at 30 °C, the amount of bacterial endotoxins ranged from 77 to 137 ng/mL in the water produced from the municipal plants compared to 621-1260 ng/mL for untreated water. The main diseases reported from patients attending different clinics and hospitals during summer 2014 at the surveyed locations and assuredly due to drinking water from these plants indicated that diarrheas and gastroenteritis due to E. coli and Campylobacter jejuni constituted 65.7% of the total patients followed by bacillary dysentery or shigellosis due to Shigella spp. (7.9%) and cholera due to Vibrio cholera (7.2%). There was an increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as well as urea and creatinine values of guinea pigs consuming water produced from the non-governmental plants for 6 months indicating remarkable liver and kidney damages. Histological sections of liver and kidney from the tested animal revealed liver having ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes and distortion and fragmentation of the nuclei, while the section of the kidney showed irregularly distributed wrinkled cells, degenerated Bowman's capsule, congested blood vessels, and inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salama A Ouf
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
| | - Ramy S Yehia
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Ouf
- Kasr Al Ainy Medical School, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania F Abdul-Rahim
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
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Volenzo TE, Odiyo J. Ecological Public Health and Participatory Planning and Assessment Dilemmas: The Case of Water Resources Management. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1635. [PMID: 30072619 PMCID: PMC6121475 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15081635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Water is a key driver for socio-economic development, livelihoods and ecosystem integrity. This is reflected in the emergence of unified paradigms such as Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) and the weight accorded to it in the Sustainable Development Goals agenda. This paper interrogated the effectiveness of existing participatory planning and assessment models adapted from IWRM model on water quality and public health at community level. The analysis was built around public health ecology perspective and drew useful lessons from critique of basin wide integrated Modeling approaches and existing community participatory models envisaged under Water Users Associations (WUA) in South Africa. We extended the use of political ecology lenses to ecological public health through use of communication for development approaches, to argue that public health risk reduction and resilience building in community water projects require the use of innovative analytical and conceptual lenses that unbundle cognitive biases and failures, as well as, integrate and transform individual and collective agency. The study concludes that the inherent "passive participation" adapted from IWRM model fail to adequately address water quality and public health dimensions in its pillars. Since water quality has direct bearing on disaster risks in public health, building a coherent mitigatory vision requires the adoption of active participatory assessment and planning models that incorporate livelihoods, agency, social learning dynamics and resilience through recognition of communication for development approaches in community empowerment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Elijah Volenzo
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa.
| | - John Odiyo
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa.
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