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Bomer LK, Leverett BD. Growth Characteristics of a Desmodesmus Species from the San Antonio Springs and Its Short-Term Impact on Soil Microbial Dynamics. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:1053. [PMID: 39337838 PMCID: PMC11433310 DOI: 10.3390/life14091053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
A new Desmodesmus species was isolated from the largest of the San Antonio Springs, the Blue Hole, in San Antonio, Texas, and characterized for its potential applications in sustainable agriculture. The xenic isolate (XB) was established by enrichment and subcultured to produce the axenic isolate (AxB), which was identified based on morphological features and DNA profiling, confirming its close phylogenetic relationship with Desmodesmus spp. Growth characteristics, biomass composition, and pigment profiles were assessed for both the xenic and axenic isolates along with their growth in saline conditions and a range of seasonal Texas temperatures. Both Desmodesmus XB and Desmodesmus AxB exhibited optimal growth at 25 °C as well as robust growth at 37 °C and in weakly saline media (5 g/kg NaCl). Biomass analysis revealed levels of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, chlorophylls, and carotenoids comparable to other desmids and pigment profiles supported the Desmodesmus classification. Soil studies demonstrated the persistence of Desmodesmus XB and influence on microbial activity, indicating the potential of this isolate for agricultural applications such as soil remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K. Bomer
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA;
| | - Betsy D. Leverett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the Incarnate Word, 4301 Broadway, San Antonio, TX 78209, USA
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2
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Duan L, Yun Q, Jiang G, Teng D, Zhou G, Cao Y. A review of chloride ions removal from high chloride industrial wastewater: Sources, hazards, and mechanisms. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 353:120184. [PMID: 38310791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
To reduce metal pipe corrosion, improve product quality, and meet zero liquid discharge (ZLD) criteria, managing chloride ion concentrations in industrial wastewaters from metallurgical and chemical sectors has become increasingly important. This review provides detailed information on the sources, concentration levels, and deleterious effects of chloride ions in representative industrial wastewaters, and also summarizes and discusses various chloride ion removal techniques, including precipitation, ion exchange, physical separation, and advanced oxidation (AOPs). Among these, AOPs are particularly promising due to their ability to couple with other technologies and the diversity of their auxiliary technologies. The development of dechlorination electrode materials by electro-adsorption (CDI) can be inspired by the electrode materials used in chloride ion battery (CIB). This review also provides insights into exploring the effective combination of multiple chloride removal mechanisms, as well as the development of environmentally friendly composite materials. This review provides a theoretical basis and development direction for the effective treatment and secondary utilization of chlorine-containing industrial wastewater in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhe Duan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Qinghang Yun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Gaoliang Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Daoguang Teng
- The Key Lab of Critical Metals Minerals Supernormal Enrichment and Extraction, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Zhongyuan Critical Metals Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Guoli Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China; The Key Lab of Critical Metals Minerals Supernormal Enrichment and Extraction, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Yijun Cao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China; The Key Lab of Critical Metals Minerals Supernormal Enrichment and Extraction, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Zhongyuan Critical Metals Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
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3
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Chalaris M, Gkika DA, Tolkou AK, Kyzas GZ. Advancements and sustainable strategies for the treatment and management of wastewaters from metallurgical industries: an overview. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:119627-119653. [PMID: 37962753 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30891-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Metallurgy is pivotal for societal progress, yet it yields wastewater laden with hazardous compounds. Adhering to stringent environmental mandates, the scientific and industrial sectors are actively researching resilient treatment and disposal solutions for metallurgical effluents. The primary origins of organic pollutants within the metallurgical sector include processes such as coke quenching, steel rolling, solvent extraction, and electroplating. This article provides a detailed analysis of strategies for treating steel industry waste in wastewater treatment. Recent advancements in membrane technologies, adsorption, and various other processes for removing hazardous pollutants from steel industrial wastewater are comprehensively reviewed. The literature review reveals that advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) demonstrate superior effectiveness in eliminating persistent contaminants. However, the major challenges to their industrial-scale implementation are their cost and scalability. Additionally, it was discovered that employing a series of biological reactors instead of single-step biological processes enhances command over microbial communities and operating variables, thus boosting the efficacy of the treatment mechanism (e.g., achieving a chemical oxygen demand (COD) elimination rate of over 90%). This review seeks to conduct an in-depth examination of the current state of treating metallurgical wastewater, with a particular emphasis on strategies for pollutant removal. These pollutants exhibit distinct features influenced by the technologies and workflows unique to their respective processes, including factors such as their composition, physicochemical properties, and concentrations. Therefore, it is of utmost importance for customized treatment and disposal approaches, which are the central focus of this review. In this context, we will explore these methods, highlighting their advantages and characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Chalaris
- Hephaestus Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, Kavala, Greece.
| | - Despina A Gkika
- Hephaestus Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, Kavala, Greece
| | - Athanasia K Tolkou
- Hephaestus Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, Kavala, Greece
| | - George Z Kyzas
- Hephaestus Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, Kavala, Greece
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4
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Liu X, Zhang H, Zhang X, Yang Y, Yang C, Zhao P, Dong Y. Chloride removal from flue gas desulfurization wastewater through Friedel's salt precipitation method: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160906. [PMID: 36521621 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As a high efficiency method for chloride removal, Friedel's salt precipitation (FSP) method has attracted much attention in zero liquid discharge (ZLD) of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater. This review provides comprehensive knowledge of FSP method for chloride removal through analysis of the evolution, reaction mechanisms and influential factors, and describes the recent research progress. FSP method is a cost-efficient technology to remove chloride from saline wastewater by adding lime and aluminate. Chloride ions react with the precipitants by adsorption or/and ion exchange to form Friedel's salt, which is affected by the reaction conditions including reaction time, temperature, interferential ions, etc. The effluent of this process can be reused as the makeup water of desulfurization tower, and the dechloridation precipitates can be reclaimed as adsorption materials and sludge conditioners. That can not only offset a fraction of the treatment cost, but also avoid secondary pollution, so ZLD of FGD wastewater can be achieved. This paper summarizes the deficiencies and potential improvement measures of FSP method. We believe this technology is a promising way to achieve ZLD of FGD wastewater and other wastewater containing chloride, and expect FSP method would become more mature and be widely applied in hypersaline wastewater treatment in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China
| | - Yanchun Yang
- Guoneng (Shandong) Energy & Environment Co. Ltd., Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Chunzhen Yang
- Guoneng (Shandong) Energy & Environment Co. Ltd., Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Pei Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China.
| | - Yong Dong
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China.
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5
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Xiao X, Li W, Jin M, Zhang L, Qin L, Geng W. Responses and tolerance mechanisms of microalgae to heavy metal stress: A review. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 183:105805. [PMID: 36375224 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae, the primary producers in water ecosystems, are the main food of fish and shrimp. Microalgae have a great capacity to absorb heavy metals, and low concentrations of heavy metals can promote the growth of them. But high concentrations have a strong influence on the physiological and biochemical processes in algae, such as growth, photosynthesis, cell ultrastructure, protein content and fatty acid composition. Heavy metals may also induce the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which causes the oxidation damage of protein, lipid and thiol peptides, and activates the antioxidant system. Heavy metals can be removed or converted into another state by biosorption of cell surface, accumulation in cells, combining with antioxidant enzymes and so on. This review summarized the responses of microalgae to heavy metals and comprehensively described the removal and tolerance mechanisms by extracellular adsorption and intracellular accumulation, which are helpful to treat pollution and improve the culture of microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Xiao
- College of Safety and Environment Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266510, China.
| | - Wenfang Li
- College of Safety and Environment Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266510, China
| | - Meng Jin
- College of Safety and Environment Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266510, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- College of Safety and Environment Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266510, China
| | - Liguo Qin
- College of Safety and Environment Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266510, China
| | - Weiwei Geng
- College of Safety and Environment Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266510, China
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6
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Gomes MP, Kubis GC, Kitamura RSA, Figueredo CC, Nogueira KDS, Vieira F, Navarro-Silva MA, Juneau P. Do anti-HIV drugs pose a threat to photosynthetic microorganisms? CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135796. [PMID: 35917978 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the occurrence and risk assessment of three anti-HIV drugs [(tenofovir (TNF), lamivudine (LMV) and efavirenz (EFV)] in urban rivers from Curitiba (Brazil), as well as the individual and combined effects of their environmental representative concentrations on the freshwater periphytic species Synechococcus elongatus (Cyanobacteria) and Chlorococcum infusionum (Chlorophyta). The three studied drugs, except TNF, were found in 100% of the samples, and concentrations in samples ranged from 165 to 412 ng TNF L-1, 173-874 ng LMV L-1 and 13-1250 ng EFV L-1. Bioassays using artificial contaminated water showed that at environmental concentrations, TNF and LMV did not represent environmental risks to the studied photosynthetic organisms. However, EFV was shown to be toxic, affecting photosynthesis, respiration, and oxidative metabolism. The studied drugs demonstrated interactive effects. Indeed, when submitted to the combination of TNF and LMV, decreased photosynthesis was observed in C. infusionum cells. Moreover, the toxic effects of EFV were amplified in both species when TNF and/or LMV were added to the media. The simultaneous presence of TNF, LMV and EFV in environmental matrices associated with their interactive effects, lead to increased toxicological effects of water contaminated by anti-HIV drugs and thus to an ecological threat to photosynthetic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Pedrosa Gomes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas Sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Gabrielly Cristina Kubis
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas Sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafael Shinji Akiyama Kitamura
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas Sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cleber Cunha Figueredo
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerias, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, C.P. 486, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Keite da Silva Nogueira
- Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fabio Vieira
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, C.P. 486, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mario Antônio Navarro-Silva
- Laboratório de Morfologia e Fisiologia de Culicidae e Chironomidae. Departamento de Zoologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Philippe Juneau
- Ecotoxicology of Aquatic Microorganisms Laboratory, EcotoQ, GRIL, TOXEN, Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Succ. Centre-Ville, H3C 3P8, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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7
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Bezerra RP, Conniff AS, Uversky VN. Comparative study of structures and functional motifs in lectins from the commercially important photosynthetic microorganisms. Biochimie 2022; 201:63-74. [PMID: 35839918 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthetic microorganisms, specifically cyanobacteria and microalgae, can synthesize a vast array of biologically active molecules, such as lectins, that have great potential for various biotechnological and biomedical applications. However, since the structures of these proteins are not well established, likely due to the presence of intrinsically disordered regions, our ability to better understand their functionality is hampered. We embarked on a study of the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs), amino acidic composition, as well as and functional motifs in lectins from cyanobacteria of the genus Arthrospira and microalgae Chlorella and Dunaliella genus using a combination of bioinformatics techniques. This search revealed the presence of five distinctive CRD types differently distributed between the genera. Most CRDs displayed a group-specific distribution, except to C. sorokiniana possessing distinctive CRD probably due to its specific lifestyle. We also found that all CRDs contain short IDRs. Bacterial lectin of Arthrospira prokarionte showed lower intrinsic disorder and proline content when compared to the lectins from the eukaryotic microalgae (Chlorella and Dunaliella). Among the important functions predicted in all lectins were several specific motifs, which directly interacts with proteins involved in the cell-cycle control and which may be used for pharmaceutical purposes. Since the aforementioned properties of each type of lectin were investigated in silico, they need experimental confirmation. The results of our study provide an overview of the distribution of CRD, IDRs, and functional motifs within lectin from the commercially important microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel P Bezerra
- Department of Morphology and Animal Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco-UFRPE, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Ave, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brazil.
| | - Amanda S Conniff
- Department of Medical Engineering, Morsani College of Medicine and College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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8
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Klauschies T, Isanta-Navarro J. The joint effects of salt and 6PPD contamination on a freshwater herbivore. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154675. [PMID: 35314241 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Using sodium chloride (NaCl) for de-icing roads is known to have severe consequences on freshwater organisms when washed into water bodies. N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, also known as 6PPD, is an antiozonant mainly found in automobile tire rubber to prevent ozone mediated cracking or wear-out. Especially the ozonated derivate, 6PPD-quinone, which is washed into streams after storm events, has been found to be toxic for coho salmon. Studies on other freshwater organisms could not confirm those findings, pointing towards distinct species-specific differences. Storm events result in greater run-offs from all water-soluble contaminants into freshwater bodies, potentially enhancing the concentrations of both chloride and 6PPD during winter. Here we show that these two contaminants have synergistic negative effects on the population growth of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus, a common freshwater herbivore. Hence, while only high concentrations of 6PPD and even higher concentrations of 6PPD-quinone, beyond environmentally relevant concentrations, had lethal effects on rotifers, the addition of NaCl enhanced the sensitivity of the rotifers towards the application of 6PPD so that their negative effects were more pronounced at lower concentrations. Similarly, 6PPD increased the lethal effect of NaCl. Our results support the species-specific toxicity of 6PPD and demonstrate a synergistic effect of the antiozonant on the toxicity of other environmentally relevant stressors, such as road salt contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Klauschies
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 2, 14469 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Jana Isanta-Navarro
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, United States.
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9
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A Novel Approach for the Biological Desalination of Major Anions in Seawater Using Three Microalgal Species: A Kinetic Study. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14127018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The global water shortage alert has been upgraded to a higher risk level. Consequently, a sustainable approach for ecofriendly, energy efficient water desalination is required for agricultural and municipal water reuse. In this study, an energy-efficient biological desalination process was used to treat chloride anions, which are the most abundant anion salt in seawater. Three algal species were studied: Scenedismus arcuatusa (S. arcuatusa), Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris), and Spirulina maxima (Sp. maxima), under different operating conditions (saline concentrations, contact time, high light intensity, and CO2 supply), and two kinetic models were used. It was identified that under a high light intensity and CO2 supply, S. arcuatusa enhanced chloride removal from 32.42 to 48.93%; the daily bioaccumulation capacity (Qe), according to the kinetic models, was enhanced from 124 to 210 mg/g/day; and the net biomass production was enhanced from 0.02 to 0.740 g/L. The EDX analysis proved that salt bioaccumulation may be attributed to the replacement of Ca2+ and Mg2+ with Na+ and K+ through algal cells. The study’s findings provide promising data that can be used in the search for novel energy-efficient alternative ecofriendly desalination technologies based on algae biological systems with biomass byproducts that can be reused in a variety of ways.
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Li Y, Yang Z, Yang K, Wei J, Li Z, Ma C, Yang X, Wang T, Zeng G, Yu G, Yu Z, Zhang C. Removal of chloride from water and wastewater: Removal mechanisms and recent trends. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 821:153174. [PMID: 35051452 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Increased chloride concentration can cause salinization, which has become a serious and widespread environmental problem nowadays. This review aims at providing comprehensive and state-of-the-art knowledge and insights of technologies for chloride removal. Mechanisms for chloride removal mainly include chemical precipitation, adsorption, oxidation and membrane separation. In chemical precipitation, chloride removal by forming CuCl, AgCl, BiOCl and Friedel's salt. Adsorbents used in chloride removal mainly include ion exchangers, bimetal oxides and carbon-based electrodes. Oxidation for chloride removal contains ozone-based, electrochemical and sulfate radical-based oxidation. Membrane separation for chloride removal consists of diffusion dialysis, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis and electrodialysis. In this review, we specifically proposed the factors that affect chloride removal process and the corresponding strategies for improving removal efficiency. In the last section, the remaining challenges of method explorations and material developments were stated to provide guidelines for future development of chloride removal technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Zhongzhu Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Kaihua Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Jingjing Wei
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Zihao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Chi Ma
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Tantan Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Guanlong Yu
- School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410014, PR China
| | - Zhigang Yu
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Chang Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
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11
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Mechanism study on the regulation of metabolite flux for producing promising bioactive substances in microalgae Desmodesmus sp.YT through salinity stress. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Lee WK, Ho CL. Ecological and evolutionary diversification of sulphated polysaccharides in diverse photosynthetic lineages: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 277:118764. [PMID: 34893214 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Sulphated polysaccharides (SPs) are carbohydrate macromolecules with sulphate esters that are found among marine algae, seagrasses, mangroves and some terrestrial plants. The sulphate concentration in the ocean (28 mM) since ancient time could have driven the production of SPs in marine algae. SPs have a gelatinous property that can protect marine algae against desiccation and salinity stress. Agar and carrageenan are red algal SPs that are widely used as gelling agents in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The information on the SPs from freshwater and land plants are limited. In this review, we reviewed the taxonomic distribution and composition of SPs in different photosynthetic lineages, and explored the association of SP production in these diversified photosynthetic organisms with evolution history and environmental stresses. We also reviewed the genes/proteins involved in SP biosynthesis. Insights into SP biosynthetic machinery may shed light on the evolution that accompanied adaptation to life on earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Kang Lee
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM-Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Codon Genomics Sdn Bhd, No. 26, Jalan Dutamas 7, Taman Dutamas Balakong, 43200, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Chai-Ling Ho
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM-Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Zafar AM, Javed MA, Aly Hassan A. Unprecedented biodesalination rates-Shortcomings of electrical conductivity measurements in determining salt removal by algae and cyanobacteria. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 302:113947. [PMID: 34678537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phormidium keutzingianum performed biodesalination of brackish water (10 g/L). The electrical conductivity (EC) was measured to evaluate the salt concentration over 80 days of cyanobacterial inoculation. Anion concentrations were measured using ion chromatography to estimate salt removal. EC-based measurements showed ∼8-10% removal efficiency in the first 20 days. However, the removal efficiency based on chloride ion concentration showed ∼40% removal in the same time frame. The pH increase was observed with growth of algal biomass. The increasing pH proposes the formation of hydroxyl and carbonate ions. Sulfuric acid was added at day 110 to neutralize them. At pH 4, the EC reduced significantly to about ∼37% confirming the chloride removal. EC should not be used to measure salt reduction as it is an obscure parameter, and therefore, EC is not the best choice to measure salinity removal using algae. Some recently published studies used only EC to estimate biodesalination, and it is anticipated that salt removal is misrepresented in those studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Mannan Zafar
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, 15551, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Muhammad Asad Javed
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, 15551, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Ashraf Aly Hassan
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, 15551, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Civil Engineering Department, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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14
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Mohseni A, Fan L, Roddick FA. Impact of microalgae species and solution salinity on algal treatment of wastewater reverse osmosis concentrate. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131487. [PMID: 34273703 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Six common microalgal species, including freshwater microalgae Scenedesmus abundans, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Coelastrum microporum, and marine microalgae Nannochloropsis salina and Dunaliella tertiolecta, were tested in batch treatment to identify the most promising species for remediating a municipal wastewater reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC). Selected species were then studied at different ROC salinity levels (5, 10, and 15 g TDS/L) in semi-continuous treatment to evaluate their potential for nutrient remediation, and biogas production through anaerobic digestion. S. abundans, C. vulgaris, and N. salina showed higher potential for growth and nutrient remediation under salinity stress. Further tests revealed that N. salina adapted well to ROC conditions, and S. abundans could grow better and had higher tolerance to the elevated salinity than C. vulgaris. S. abundans and N. salina performed better for removing nutrients and organic matter (11.5-18 mg/L/d TN, 7.1-8.2 mg/L/d TP, and 8.6-12.4 mg/L/d DOC). Increasing salinity led to growth inhibition and N uptake reduction for freshwater species but had no significant effect on TP removal. Biochemical methane potential tests showed the algal biomass produced a significant amount of methane (e.g., up to 422 mL CH4/g VS for N. salina), suggesting the algae generated from the ROC treatment could produce significant amounts of energy through anaerobic digestion without the need for pretreatment. This study showed the environmental and economic potential of the algal system for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Mohseni
- WETT Research Centre, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Linhua Fan
- WETT Research Centre, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia.
| | - Felicity A Roddick
- WETT Research Centre, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
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15
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Gomes MP, Kochi LY, Freitas PL, Figueredo CC, Juneau P. Periphytic Algae and Cyanobacteria from the Rio Doce Basin Respond Differently to Metals and Salinity, Showing Different Potential for Bioremediation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112349. [PMID: 34834712 PMCID: PMC8624130 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the isolated and combined effects of metals (Fe and Mn) and NaCl the on growth, physiology, and metal-uptake capacity of two photosynthetic periphytic species-Synechococcus elongatus (Cyanobacteria) and Chlorococcum infusionum (Chlorophyta)-isolated from an impacted area of the Rio Doce River (Brazil) after the Fundão dam collapse. The effective concentrations found to reduce 10 and 50% growth were 15.2 and 31.6 mg Fe L-1, and 2.5 and 7.9 mg Mn L-1 for S. elongatus and 53.9 and 61.6 mg Fe L-1, and 53.2 and 60.9 mg Mn L-1 for C. infusionum. Although the metal toxicity was related to oxidative stress, both species showed activation of antioxidant systems under phytotoxic concentrations of Fe and Mn. By binding large concentrations of metals on its cell surface and thus avoiding their entrance into the cells, C. infusionum presents greater resistance to Fe and Mn than S. elongatus. Under environmental realistic concentrations of Fe and Mn in river water from the Rio Doce Basin, S. elongatus and C. infusionum showed a metal removal efficiency of 42 and 65% and 53 and 79%, respectively after 96 h. These species were insensitive to increased NaCl concentrations which, in addition, did not disrupt the metal removal capacity of the species. Due to their salt and metal tolerance, S. elongatus and C. infusionum can be used for the remediation of waters contaminated with Fe and Mn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Pedrosa Gomes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil; (L.Y.K.); (P.L.F.)
- Correspondence: (M.P.G.); (P.J.); Tel.: +55-413-361-1586 (M.P.G.); +1-514-987-3000 (ext. 3988) (P.J.)
| | - Letícia Yoshie Kochi
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil; (L.Y.K.); (P.L.F.)
| | - Patrícia Lawane Freitas
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil; (L.Y.K.); (P.L.F.)
| | - Cleber Cunha Figueredo
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerias, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, C.P. 486, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil;
| | - Philippe Juneau
- Ecotoxicology of Aquatic Microorganisms Laboratory, GRIL, EcotoQ, TOXEN, Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
- Correspondence: (M.P.G.); (P.J.); Tel.: +55-413-361-1586 (M.P.G.); +1-514-987-3000 (ext. 3988) (P.J.)
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16
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Kumar Patel A, Tseng YS, Rani Singhania R, Chen CW, Chang JS, Di Dong C. Novel application of microalgae platform for biodesalination process: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 337:125343. [PMID: 34120057 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater demand is rising worldwide due to largely increasing population and industrialization. Latest focus is to explore the Ocean and saline effluent from industries to produce freshwater in a sustainable way via algal desalination. Current physicochemical desalination technology is not only an energy-intensive and expensive process but also gives severe environmental impact from brine and GHGs emissions. Therefore, it is neither environmentally-friendly nor feasible to countries with limited resources. Biodesalination could be an attractive technology with recent breakthroughs in algal bioprocess with fast growth rate under highly saline conditions to effectively remove salts optimally 50-67% from saline water. Algal desalination mainly occurs through biosorption and bioaccumulation which governs by biotic and abiotic factors e.g., strain, temperature, pH, light and nutrients etc. This review provides a current scenario of this novel technology by an in-depth assessment of technological advancement, social impact, possible risks and scope for policy implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Patel
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Sheng Tseng
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157 Taiwan
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157 Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157 Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Cheng Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157 Taiwan.
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Su Y, Jacobsen C. Treatment of clean in place (CIP) wastewater using microalgae: Nutrient upcycling and value-added byproducts production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 785:147337. [PMID: 33932664 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CIP wastewater is one of the major wastewater streams from the food industry, and its treatment is generally expensive, requiring a large effort to reduce its typically high nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) contents. Microalgae-based wastewater treatment is increasingly explored as a more sustainable alternative to the conventional methods, due to the added benefit of nutrient upcycling and value-added biomass production. For the first time, four microalgae species were used to treat CIP wastewater high in N (565.5 mg NO3--N/l) and P (98.0 mg PO43--P/l). An intermittent biomass harvesting strategy was adopted in this study to enhance the purification of CIP water and redirection of nutrients into algal biomass. Over 93 days operation, N removal efficiency was 52.1 ± 2.9%, 54.8 ± 2.5%, 50.0 ± 2.3% and 48.3 ± 0.5%, and P removal efficiency was 65.5 ± 10.0%, 79.4 ± 6.1%, 61.8 ± 2.5% and 69.1 ± 7.7% for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus and wastewater borne microalgae, respectively. After the first (acclimatization) and second growth cycles, cell growth and nutrient removal slowed down but increased again after adding trace nutrients, indicating the lack of trace elements after the first two growth cycles. In the fourth and fifth batch runs, both algal growth rate and nutrient removal rate decreased despite adding trace nutrients and/or increasing light intensity, this being a consequence of the excreted soluble algal products accumulating during long-term operation. S. obliquus had the highest protein concentration of 44.5 ± 9.8% DW, while C. vulgaris accumulated the highest total lipid content (15.6 ± 0.9%, DW). In this proof-of-concept study, the cultivation of microalgae in CIP wastewater with an intermittent harvest of the accumulated algal biomass is demonstrated and it outlines the potential of microalgae to sustainably treat effluents with extremely high nutrients concentration while producing the food-grade algae biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Su
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Bjerregaardsvej 5, 2500 Valby, Denmark.
| | - Charlotte Jacobsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 204, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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18
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Effects of Nutrient Content and Nitrogen to Phosphorous Ratio on the Growth, Nutrient Removal and Desalination Properties of the Green Alga Coelastrum morus on a Laboratory Scale. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14082112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In wastewater, nutrient concentrations and salinity vary substantially, however, the optimal N:P ratio for the treatment using microalgae is not well described. In this study, the effects of higher and lower nitrate and phosphate contents and N:P ratios on growth, nutrient removal ability and halotolerance of the common green alga Coelastrum morus were investigated in model solutions. The results suggest that high nitrate content (above 100 mg L−1) with a similarly high phosphate concentration (resulting low N:P ratio) is not favorable for growth. The studied isolate can be considered as a halotolerant species, showing remarkable growth up to 1000 mg L−1 NaCl and it seems that despite the negative effects on growth, higher nutrient content contributes to higher halotolerance. A significant amount of nitrate removal was observed in media with different nutrient contents and N:P ratios with different salt concentrations. High N:P ratios favor phosphate removal, which is more inhibited by increasing NaCl concentration than nitrate uptake. Overall, with a relatively higher nutrient content and a favorable (5 or higher) N:P ratio, a common green algal species such as C. morus could be a promising candidate next to species from the Chlorellaceae and Scenedesmaceae families.
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19
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Bhatti S, Richards R, McGinn P. Screening of two freshwater green microalgae in pulp and paper mill wastewater effluents in Nova Scotia, Canada. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 83:1483-1498. [PMID: 33767052 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of microalgae as feedstock for many marketable products, such as animal/aqua feeds, bioplastics and fertilizers, has gained renewed interest due to their fast growth potential coupled with relatively high lipid, carbohydrate and nutrient content. An algal biorefinery at an industrial site has the potential to sustainably and profitably convert carbon dioxide emissions into microalgal biomass and concomitantly reduce nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewaters. Industrial wastewaters are a potential alternative to traditional media used for large-scale microalgal cultivation. Pulp and paper mills are major consumers of water resources and discharge a huge amount of water to nearby lakes or rivers. This study investigated whether pulp and paper mill waste water is suitable for microalgal cultivation with the aim of achieving significant biomass production. Six different process waters from one Canadian pulp and paper mill were tested with two freshwater green microalgae. All of these waters were unable to support growth of microalgae due to inadequate nutrient concentrations, colour, turbidity and possible toxicity issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabana Bhatti
- National Research Council of Canada, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada E-mail:
| | - Robert Richards
- National Research Council of Canada, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada E-mail:
| | - Patrick McGinn
- National Research Council of Canada, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada E-mail:
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20
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Sekine M, Yoshida A, Akizuki S, Kishi M, Toda T. Microalgae cultivation using undiluted anaerobic digestate by introducing aerobic nitrification-desulfurization treatment. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2020; 82:1070-1080. [PMID: 33055397 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel coupling process using an aerobic bacterial reactor with nitrification and sulfur-oxidization functions followed by a microalgal reactor was proposed for simultaneous biogas desulfurization and anaerobic digestion effluent (ADE) treatment. ADE nitrified by bacteria has a potential to be directly used as a culture medium for microalgae because ammonium nitrogen, including inhibitory free ammonia (NH3), has been converted to harmless NO3 -. To demonstrate this hypothesis, Chlorella sorokiniana NIES-2173, which has ordinary NH3 tolerance; that is, 1.6 mM of EC50 compared with other species, was cultivated using untreated/treated ADE. Compared with the use of a synthetic medium, when using ADE with 1-10-fold dilutions, the specific growth rate and growth yield maximally decreased by 44% and 88%, respectively. In contrast, the algal growth using undiluted ADE treated by nitrification-desulfurization was almost the same as with using synthetic medium. It was also revealed that 50% of PO4 3- and most metal concentrations of ADE decreased following nitrification-desulfurization treatment. Moreover, upon NaOH addition for pH adjustment, the salinity increased to 0.66%. The decrease in metals mitigates the bioconcentration of toxic heavy metals from wastewater in microalgal biomass. Meanwhile, salt stress in microalgae and limiting nutrient supplementation, particularly for continuous cultivation, should be of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Sekine
- Laboratory of Restoration Ecology, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan E-mail:
| | - Akari Yoshida
- Laboratory of Restoration Ecology, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan E-mail:
| | - Shinichi Akizuki
- Division of Engineering, University of Guanajuato, 77 Juarez Avenue, Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36000, Mexico
| | - Masatoshi Kishi
- Laboratory of Restoration Ecology, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan E-mail:
| | - Tatsuki Toda
- Laboratory of Restoration Ecology, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan E-mail: ; Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
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21
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Chin ZW, Arumugam K, Ashari SE, Faizal Wong FW, Tan JS, Ariff AB, Mohamed MS. Enhancement of Biomass and Calcium Carbonate Biomineralization of Chlorella vulgaris through Plackett-Burman Screening and Box-Behnken Optimization Approach. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153416. [PMID: 32731437 PMCID: PMC7435838 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) minerals through a metabolic process known as microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) between diverse microorganisms, and organic/inorganic compounds within their immediate microenvironment, gives rise to a cementitious biomaterial that may emerge as a promissory alternative to conventional cement. Among photosynthetic microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris has been identified as one of the species capable of undergoing such activity in nature. In this study, response surface technique was employed to ascertain the optimum condition for the enhancement of biomass and CaCO3 precipitation of C. vulgaris when cultured in Blue-Green (BG)-11 aquaculture medium. Preliminary screening via Plackett–Burman Design showed that sodium nitrate (NaNO3), sodium acetate, and urea have a significant effect on both target responses (p < 0.05). Further refinement was conducted using Box–Behnken Design based on these three factors. The highest production of 1.517 g/L C. vulgaris biomass and 1.143 g/L of CaCO3 precipitates was achieved with a final recipe comprising of 8.74 mM of NaNO3, 61.40 mM of sodium acetate and 0.143 g/L of urea, respectively. Moreover, polymorphism analyses on the collected minerals through morphological examination via scanning electron microscopy and crystallographic elucidation by X-ray diffraction indicated to predominantly calcite crystalline structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wei Chin
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (Z.W.C.); (K.A.); (F.W.F.W.); (A.B.A.)
| | - Kavithraashree Arumugam
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (Z.W.C.); (K.A.); (F.W.F.W.); (A.B.A.)
| | - Siti Efliza Ashari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Fadzlie Wong Faizal Wong
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (Z.W.C.); (K.A.); (F.W.F.W.); (A.B.A.)
- Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Joo Shun Tan
- Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Bioprocess Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Arbakariya Bin Ariff
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (Z.W.C.); (K.A.); (F.W.F.W.); (A.B.A.)
- Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Shamzi Mohamed
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (Z.W.C.); (K.A.); (F.W.F.W.); (A.B.A.)
- Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Correspondence:
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