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Ancuţa DL, Alexandru DM, Muselin F, Cristina RT, Coman C. Assessment of the Effect on Periodontitis of Antibiotic Therapy and Bacterial Lysate Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5432. [PMID: 38791469 PMCID: PMC11121696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory process that starts with soft tissue inflammation caused by the intervention of oral bacteria. By modulating local immunity, it is possible to supplement or replace current therapeutic methods. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of an immunostimulatory treatment with the antibiotherapy usually applied to periodontitis patients. On a model of periodontitis induced in 30 rats (divided into three equal groups) with bacterial strains selected from the human oral microbiome (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus oralis), we administered antibiotics, bacterial lysates and saline for 10 days. Clinically, no significant lesions were observed between the groups, but hematologically, we detected a decrease in lymphocyte and neutrophil counts in both the antibiotic and lysate-treated groups. Immunologically, IL-6 remained elevated compared to the saline group, denoting the body's effort to compensate for bone loss due to bacterial action. Histopathologically, the results show more pronounced oral tissue regeneration in the antibiotic group and a reduced inflammatory reaction in the lysate group. We can conclude that the proposed bacterial lysate has similar effects to antibiotic therapy and can be considered an option in treating periodontitis, thus eliminating the unnecessary use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Larisa Ancuţa
- Cantacuzino National Medical Military Institute for Research and Development, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (D.L.A.); (C.C.)
| | - Diana Mihaela Alexandru
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 050097 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Muselin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Romeo Teodor Cristina
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Cristin Coman
- Cantacuzino National Medical Military Institute for Research and Development, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (D.L.A.); (C.C.)
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
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2
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Hisey CL, Rima XY, Doon-Ralls J, Nagaraj CK, Mayone S, Nguyen KT, Wiggins S, Dorayappan KDP, Selvendiran K, Wood D, Hu C, Patel D, Palmer A, Hansford D, Reategui E. Light-induced Extracellular Vesicle Adsorption. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.24.590318. [PMID: 38712200 PMCID: PMC11071350 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.24.590318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in human health and disease has garnered considerable attention over the past two decades. However, while several types of EVs are known to interact dynamically with the extracellular matrix and there is great potential value in producing high-fidelity EV micropatterns, there are currently no label-free, high-resolution, and tunable platform technologies with this capability. We introduce Light-induced Extracellular Vesicle Adsorption (LEVA) as a powerful solution to rapidly advance the study of matrix- and surface-bound EVs and other particles. The versatility of LEVA is demonstrated using commercial GFP-EV standards, EVs from glioblastoma bioreactors, and E. coli outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), with the resulting patterns used for single EV characterization, single cell migration on migrasome-mimetic trails, and OMV-mediated neutrophil swarming. LEVA will enable rapid advancements in the study of matrix- and surface-bound EVs and other particles, and should encourage researchers from many disciplines to create novel diagnostic, biomimetic, immunoengineering, and therapeutic screening assays.
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3
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Guo G, Liu Z, Yu J, You Y, Li M, Wang B, Tang J, Han P, Wu J, Shen H. Neutrophil Function Conversion Driven by Immune Switchpoint Regulator against Diabetes-Related Biofilm Infections. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310320. [PMID: 38035713 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Reinforced biofilm structures and dysfunctional neutrophils induced by excessive oxidative stress contribute to the refractoriness of diabetes-related biofilm infections (DRBIs). Herein, in contrast to traditional antibacterial therapies, an immune switchpoint-driven neutrophil immune function conversion strategy based on a deoxyribonuclease I loaded vanadium carbide MXene (DNase-I@V2 C) nanoregulator is proposed to treat DRBIs via biofilm lysis and redirecting neutrophil functions from NETosis to phagocytosis in diabetes. Owing to its intrinsic superoxide dismutase/catalase-like activities, DNase-I@V2 C effectively scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a high oxidative stress microenvironment to maintain the biological activity of DNase-I. By increasing the depth of biofilm penetration of DNase-I, DNase-I@V2 C thoroughly degrades extracellular DNA and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in extracellular polymeric substances, thus breaking the physical barrier of biofilms. More importantly, as an immune switchpoint regulator, DNase-I@V2 C can skew neutrophil functions from NETosis toward phagocytosis by intercepting ROS-NE/MPO-PAD4 and activating ROS-PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathways in diabetic microenvironment, thereby eliminating biofilm infections. Biofilm lysis and synergistic neutrophil function conversion exert favorable therapeutic effects on biofilm infections in vitro and in vivo. This study serves as a proof-of-principle demonstration of effectively achieving DRBIs with high therapeutic efficacy by regulating immune switchpoint to reverse neutrophil functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geyong Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
| | - Zihao Liu
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
| | - Jinlong Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
| | - Yanan You
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200090, P. R. China
| | - Mingzhang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
| | - Boyong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
| | - Jin Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
| | - Pei Han
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
| | - Jianrong Wu
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
| | - Hao Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
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4
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Winter J, Jepsen S. Role of innate host defense proteins in oral cancerogenesis. Periodontol 2000 2024. [PMID: 38265172 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
It is nowadays well accepted that chronic inflammation plays a pivotal role in tumor initiation and progression. Under this aspect, the oral cavity is predestined to examine this connection because periodontitis is a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory disease and oral squamous cell carcinomas are the most common oral malignant lesions. In this review, we describe how particular molecules of the human innate host defense system may participate as molecular links between these two important chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Specific focus is directed toward antimicrobial polypeptides, such as the cathelicidin LL-37 and human defensins, as well as S100 proteins and alarmins. We report in which way these peptides and proteins are able to initiate and support oral tumorigenesis, showing direct mechanisms by binding to growth-stimulating cell surface receptors and/or indirect effects, for example, inducing tumor-promoting genes. Finally, bacterial challenges with impact on oral cancerogenesis are briefly addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Winter
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Søren Jepsen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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5
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Ye J, Qi X. Vaginal microecology and its role in human papillomavirus infection and human papillomavirus associated cervical lesions. APMIS 2023. [PMID: 37941500 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The vaginal microecology comprises the vaginal microbiome, immune microenvironment, vaginal anatomy, and the cervicovaginal fluid, which is rich in metabolites, enzymes, and cytokines. Investigating its role in the female reproductive system holds paramount significance. The advent of next-generation sequencing enabled a more profound investigation into the structure of the vaginal microbial community in relation to the female reproductive system. Human papillomavirus infection is prevalent among women of reproductive age, and persistent oncogenic HPV infection is widely recognized as a factor associated with cervical cancer. Extensive previous research has demonstrated that dysbiosis of vaginal microbiota characterized by a reduction in Lactobacillus species, heightens susceptivity to HPV infection, consequently contributing to persistent HPV infection and the progression of cervical lesion. Likewise, HPV infection can exacerbate dysbiosis. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of current literatures and to elucidate potential mechanisms underlying the interaction between vaginal microecology and HPV infection, with the intention of offering valuable insights for future clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatian Ye
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaorong Qi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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6
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Peled Y, Stewart CA, Glogauer M, Finer Y. The Role of Bacterial, Dentinal, Salivary, and Neutrophil Degradative Activity in Caries Pathogenesis. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:217. [PMID: 37754337 PMCID: PMC10528424 DOI: 10.3390/dj11090217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Until recently, it was widely accepted that bacteria participate in caries pathogenesis mainly through carbohydrate fermentation and acid production, which promote the dissolution of tooth components. Neutrophils, on the other hand, were considered white blood cells with no role in caries pathogenesis. Nevertheless, current literature suggests that both bacteria and neutrophils, among other factors, possess direct degradative activity towards both dentinal collagen type-1 and/or methacrylate resin-based restoratives and adhesives, the most common dental restoratives. Neutrophils are abundant leukocytes in the gingival sulcus, where they can readily reach adjacent tooth roots or gingival and cervical restorations and execute their degradative activity. In this review, we present the latest literature evidence for bacterial, dentinal, salivary, and neutrophil degradative action that may induce primary caries, secondary caries, and restoration failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Peled
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (Y.P.); (C.A.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Cameron A. Stewart
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (Y.P.); (C.A.S.); (M.G.)
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (Y.P.); (C.A.S.); (M.G.)
- Department of Dental Oncology, Maxillofacial and Ocular Prosthetics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Yoav Finer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (Y.P.); (C.A.S.); (M.G.)
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
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7
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Kumar D, Kumar A. Cellular Attributes of Candida albicans Biofilm-Associated in Resistance Against Multidrug and Host Immune System. Microb Drug Resist 2023; 29:423-437. [PMID: 37428599 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2022.0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the ubiquitous hospital-acquired infections is associated with Candida albicans fungus. Usually, this commensal fungus causes no harm to its human host, as it lives mutually with mucosal/epithelial tissue surface cells. Nevertheless, due to the activity of various immune weakening factors, this commensal starts reinforcing its virulence attributes with filamentation/hyphal growth and building an absolute microcolony composed of yeast, hyphal, and pseudohyphal cells, which is suspended in an extracellular gel-like polymeric substance (EPS) called biofilms. This polymeric substance is the mixture of the secreted compounds from C. albicans as well as several host cell proteins. Indeed, the presence of these host factors makes their identification and differentiation process difficult by host immune components. The gel-like texture of the EPS makes it sticky, which adsorbs most of the extracolonial compounds traversing through it that aid in penetration hindrance. All these factors further contribute to the multidrug resistance phenotype of C. albicans biofilm that is spotlighted in this article. The mechanisms it employs to escape the host immune system are also addressed effectively. The article focuses on cellular and molecular determinants involved in the resistance of C. albicans biofilm against multidrug and the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dushyant Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India
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8
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Fazel P, Sedighian H, Behzadi E, Kachuei R, Imani Fooladi AA. Interaction Between SARS-CoV-2 and Pathogenic Bacteria. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:223. [PMID: 37222840 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03315-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The novel human coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which results in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has caused a serious threat to global public health. Therefore, many studies are performed on the causes and prevalence of this disease and the possible co-occurrence of the infection with other viral and bacterial pathogens is investigated. Respiratory infections predispose patients to co-infections and these lead to increased disease severity and mortality. Numerous types of antibiotics have been employed for the prevention and treatment of bacterial co-infection and secondary bacterial infections in patients with a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although antibiotics do not directly affect SARS-CoV-2, viral respiratory infections often result in bacterial pneumonia. It is possible that some patients die from bacterial co-infection rather than virus itself. Therefore, bacterial co-infection and secondary bacterial infection are considered critical risk factors for the severity and mortality rates of COVID-19. In this review, we will summarize the bacterial co-infection and secondary bacterial infection in some featured respiratory viral infections, especially COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvindokht Fazel
- Department of Microbiology, Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Eqlid, Fars, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamid Sedighian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Vanak Sq, Mollasadra St, P.O. Box 19395-5487, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Behzadi
- Academy of Medical Sciences of the I.R. of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Kachuei
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Vanak Sq, Mollasadra St, P.O. Box 19395-5487, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Ceccarelli G, Perciballi B, Russo A, Martini P, Marchetti F, Capparuccia MR, Iaiani G, Fabris S, Ciccozzi M, Villani C, Venditti M, D'Ettorre G, De Meo D. Chronic Suppressive Antibiotic Treatment for Staphylococcal Bone and Joint Implant-Related Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050937. [PMID: 37237840 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) and fracture-related infection (FRI) are difficult-to-treat conditions in patients with severe comorbidity or significant surgical risk. In cases not eligible for standard strategy, debridement procedures with the retention of prosthesis or internal fixation device, combined with long-term antibiotic treatment and subsequent indefinite chronic oral antimicrobial suppression (COAS), can be the only reasonable choice. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of COAS and its follow-up in the management of these cases. We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of 16 patients with a follow-up of at least 6 months (mean age 75 yo, 9F, 7M, 11 PJI, 5 FRI). All microbiological isolates were tetracycline-susceptible staphylococci and for this reason a minocycline-based COAS was adopted after debridement and 3 months of antibiogram-guided antibiotic treatment. Patient monitoring was carried out on a clinical basis, with bimonthly execution of the inflammation indices and serial radiolabeled leukocyte scintigraphy (LS). The overall median time of COAS follow-up was 15 months (min 6-max 30). Moreover, 62.5% of patients were still taking COAS with no relapse after cure at the last evaluation available. Clinical failure with a relapse of the infection was observed in 37.5% of patients; interestingly, 50% of them had previously stopped COAS due to side effects of the antibiotic used. In the COAS follow-up, a combination of clinical, laboratory and LS evaluation seems to monitor the infection properly. COAS can be considered as an interesting approach in patients not suitable for standard treatments of PJI or FRI but it requires careful monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Ceccarelli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Department of Public Health an Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
- M.I.T.O. (Infections in Traumatology and Orthopedics Surgery) Study Group, Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Perciballi
- M.I.T.O. (Infections in Traumatology and Orthopedics Surgery) Study Group, Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Musculoskeletal System Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Russo
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Paolo Martini
- M.I.T.O. (Infections in Traumatology and Orthopedics Surgery) Study Group, Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Musculoskeletal System Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Marchetti
- Plastic Surgery Outpatient Clinic, Villa Mafalda Hospital, 00199 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Rivano Capparuccia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, 00161 Rome, Italy
- M.I.T.O. (Infections in Traumatology and Orthopedics Surgery) Study Group, Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Iaiani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, 00161 Rome, Italy
- M.I.T.O. (Infections in Traumatology and Orthopedics Surgery) Study Group, Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Fabris
- National Center for Control and Emergency Against Animal Diseases and Central Crisis Unit, Office III, Directorate General for Animal Health and Veterinary Drugs, Italian Ministry of Health, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Ciro Villani
- M.I.T.O. (Infections in Traumatology and Orthopedics Surgery) Study Group, Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Musculoskeletal System Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Venditti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Department of Public Health an Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella D'Ettorre
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Department of Public Health an Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele De Meo
- M.I.T.O. (Infections in Traumatology and Orthopedics Surgery) Study Group, Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Musculoskeletal System Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
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10
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Prasad P, Tippana M. Morphogenic plasticity: the pathogenic attribute of Candida albicans. Curr Genet 2023; 69:77-89. [PMID: 36947241 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-023-01263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal organism of the human gastrointestinal tract and a prevalent opportunistic pathogen. It exhibits different morphogenic forms to survive in different host niches with distinct environmental conditions (pH, temperature, oxidative stress, nutrients, serum, chemicals, radiation, etc.) and genetic factors (transcription factors and genes). The different morphogenic forms of C. albicans are yeast, hyphal, pseudohyphal, white, opaque, and transient gray cells, planktonic and biofilm forms of cells. These forms differ in the parameters like cellular phenotype, colony morphology, adhesion to solid surfaces, gene expression profile, and the virulent traits. Each form is functionally distinct and responds discretely to the host immune system and antifungal drugs. Hence, morphogenic plasticity is the key to virulence. In this review, we address the characteristics, the pathogenic potential of the different morphogenic forms and the conditions required for morphogenic transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, Telangana, India.
| | - Meena Tippana
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, Telangana, India
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11
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Solarat B, Perea L, Faner R, de La Rosa D, Martínez-García MÁ, Sibila O. Pathophysiology of Chronic Bronchial Infection in Bronchiectasis. Arch Bronconeumol 2023; 59:101-108. [PMID: 36180278 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bronchiectasis is a complex and heterogeneous disease. Its pathophysiology is poorly understood, but chronic bronchial infection plays an important role in its natural history, and is associated with poor quality of life, more exacerbations and increased mortality. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common bacteria related to chronic bronchial infection. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria, fungi and respiratory viruses are also present during clinical stability, and may increase the risk of acute exacerbation. Chronic inflammation is present in bronchiectasis, especially neutrophilic inflammation. However, macrophages and eosinophils also play a key role in the disease. Finally, airway epithelium has innate mechanisms such as mucociliary clearance and antibacterial molecules like mucins and antimicrobial peptides that protect the airways from pathogens. This review addresses how the persistence of microorganisms in the airways and the imbalance of the immune system contribute to the development of chronic bronchial infection in bronchiectasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Solarat
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERES, C. de Villaroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Perea
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERES, C. de Villaroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Faner
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERES, C. de Villaroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David de La Rosa
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Sant Pau, C. Sant Quintí, 89, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Martínez-García
- Respiratory Department, Hospital La Fe, CIBERES, Avinguda de Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, 46026 València, Spain
| | - Oriol Sibila
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERES, C. de Villaroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Protoporphyrin IX derived from dual-species anaerobic biofilms of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Porphyromonas levii attenuates bovine neutrophil function. Biofilm 2022; 4:100095. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2022.100095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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13
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Pokhrel S, Boonmee N, Tulyaprawat O, Pharkjaksu S, Thaipisutikul I, Chairatana P, Ngamskulrungroj P, Mitrpant C. Assessment of Biofilm Formation by Candida albicans Strains Isolated from Hemocultures and Their Role in Pathogenesis in the Zebrafish Model. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101014. [PMID: 36294579 PMCID: PMC9605499 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, an opportunistic pathogen, has the ability to form biofilms in the host or within medical devices in the body. Biofilms have been associated with disseminated/invasive disease with increased severity of infection by disrupting the host immune response and prolonging antifungal treatment. In this study, the in vivo virulence of three strains with different biofilm formation strengths, that is, non-, weak-, and strong biofilm formers, was evaluated using the zebrafish model. The survival assay and fungal tissue burden were measured. Biofilm-related gene expressions were also investigated. The survival of zebrafish, inoculated with strong biofilms forming C. albicans,, was significantly shorter than strains without biofilms forming C. albicans. However, there were no statistical differences in the burden of viable colonogenic cell number between the groups of the three strains tested. We observed that the stronger the biofilm formation, the higher up-regulation of biofilm-associated genes. The biofilm-forming strain (140 and 57), injected into zebrafish larvae, possessed a higher level of expression of genes associated with adhesion, attachment, filamentation, and cell proliferation, including eap1, als3, hwp1, bcr1, and mkc1 at 8 h. The results suggested that, despite the difference in genetic background, biofilm formation is an important virulence factor for the pathogenesis of C. albicans. However, the association between biofilm formation strength and in vivo virulence is controversial and needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabi Pokhrel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Nawarat Boonmee
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Orawan Tulyaprawat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Sujiraphong Pharkjaksu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Iyarit Thaipisutikul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Phoom Chairatana
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Popchai Ngamskulrungroj
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Chalermchai Mitrpant
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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14
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Powell LC, Cullen JK, Boyle GM, De Ridder T, Yap PY, Xue W, Pierce CJ, Pritchard MF, Menzies GE, Abdulkarim M, Adams JYM, Stokniene J, Francis LW, Gumbleton M, Johns J, Hill KE, Jones AV, Parsons PG, Reddell P, Thomas DW. Topical, immunomodulatory epoxy-tiglianes induce biofilm disruption and healing in acute and chronic skin wounds. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabn3758. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abn3758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The management of antibiotic-resistant, bacterial biofilm infections in chronic skin wounds is an increasing clinical challenge. Despite advances in diagnosis, many patients do not derive benefit from current anti-infective/antibiotic therapies. Here, we report a novel class of naturally occurring and semisynthetic epoxy-tiglianes, derived from the Queensland blushwood tree (
Fontainea picrosperma)
, and demonstrate their antimicrobial activity (modifying bacterial growth and inducing biofilm disruption), with structure/activity relationships established against important human pathogens. In vitro, the lead candidate EBC-1013 stimulated protein kinase C (PKC)–dependent neutrophil reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction and NETosis and increased expression of wound healing–associated cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial peptides in keratinocytes and fibroblasts. In vivo, topical EBC-1013 induced rapid resolution of infection with increased matrix remodeling in acute thermal injuries in calves. In chronically infected diabetic mouse wounds, treatment induced cytokine/chemokine production, inflammatory cell recruitment, and complete healing (in six of seven wounds) with ordered keratinocyte differentiation. These results highlight a nonantibiotic approach involving contrasting, orthogonal mechanisms of action combining targeted biofilm disruption and innate immune induction in the treatment of chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia C. Powell
- Advanced Therapies Group, Cardiff University School of Dentistry, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK
- Centre for Nanohealth, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Jason K. Cullen
- Drug Discovery Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Glen M. Boyle
- Drug Discovery Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Tom De Ridder
- QBiotics Group Limited Yungaburra, Queensland 4884, Australia
| | - Pei-Yi Yap
- Drug Discovery Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Wenya Xue
- Advanced Therapies Group, Cardiff University School of Dentistry, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Carly J. Pierce
- Drug Discovery Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Manon F. Pritchard
- Advanced Therapies Group, Cardiff University School of Dentistry, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK
| | | | - Muthanna Abdulkarim
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Jennifer Y. M. Adams
- Advanced Therapies Group, Cardiff University School of Dentistry, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Joana Stokniene
- Advanced Therapies Group, Cardiff University School of Dentistry, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Lewis W. Francis
- Centre for Nanohealth, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Mark Gumbleton
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Jenny Johns
- Drug Discovery Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Katja E. Hill
- Advanced Therapies Group, Cardiff University School of Dentistry, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Adam V. Jones
- Oral Pathology, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board , Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Peter G. Parsons
- Drug Discovery Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Paul Reddell
- QBiotics Group Limited Yungaburra, Queensland 4884, Australia
| | - David W. Thomas
- Advanced Therapies Group, Cardiff University School of Dentistry, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK
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15
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Aristotelous AC. Biofilm neutrophils interactions under hypoxia: A mathematical modeling study. Math Biosci 2022; 352:108893. [PMID: 36029807 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2022.108893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are important to the defense of the host against bacterial infection. Pathogens and the immune system cells create via respiration, a hypoxic environment in infected regions. Hypoxic conditions affect both the neutrophil's ability to eradicate the infection and also change the behavior of the bacterial-pathogens by eliciting the production of various virulence factors, the creation of bacterial biofilm and the initialization of anaerobic metabolism. In this work interactions of bacterial biofilm and neutrophils are studied in a domain where oxygen is diffusing into the environment and is being consumed by biofilm. Within a hypoxic environment, bacteria grow anaerobically and secrete higher levels of toxin that diffuses and lyses neutrophils. A mathematical model explicitly representing the biofilm volume fraction, oxygen, and diffusive virulence factors (toxin) as well as killing of bacteria by neutrophils is developed and studied first in 1D and then in 2D. Stability analysis and numerical simulations showing the effects of oxygen and toxin concentration on neutrophil-bacteria interactions are presented to identify different possible scenarios that can lead to elimination of the infection or its persistence as a chronic infection. Specifically, when bacteria are allowed to utilize anaerobic breathing and or to produce toxin, their fitness is enhanced against neutrophils attacks. A possible insight on how virulent bacterial colonies can synergistically resist neutrophils and survive is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas C Aristotelous
- Department of Mathematics, Buchtel College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-4002, USA.
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16
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Beema Shafreen RM, Seema S, Alagu Lakshmi S, Srivathsan A, Tamilmuhilan K, Shrestha A, Balasubramanian B, Dhandapani R, Paramasivam R, Al Obaid S, Salmen SH, Mohd Amin MF, Muthupandian S. In Vitro and In Vivo Antibiofilm Potential of Eicosane Against Candida albicans. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:4800-4816. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03984-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Zohrabi M, Dehghan Marvast L, Izadi M, Mousavi SA, Aflatoonian B. Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes as a Novel Treatment for Female Infertility Caused by Bacterial Infections. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:785649. [PMID: 35154028 PMCID: PMC8834364 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.785649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis are the most common causes of bacterial sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) with complications in women, including pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. The main concern with these infections is that 70% of infected women are asymptomatic and these infections ascend to the upper female reproductive tract (FRT). Primary infection in epithelial cells creates a cascade of events that leads to secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines that stimulate innate immunity. Production of various cytokines is damaging to mucosal barriers, and tissue destruction leads to ciliated epithelial destruction that is associated with tubal scarring and ultimately provides the conditions for infertility. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known as tissue specific stem cells with limited self-renewal capacity and the ability to repair damaged tissues in a variety of pathological conditions due to their multipotential differentiation capacity. Moreover, MSCs secrete exosomes that contain bioactive factors such as proteins, lipids, chemokines, enzymes, cytokines, and immunomodulatory factors which have therapeutic properties to enhance recovery activity and modulate immune responses. Experimental studies have shown that local and systemic treatment of MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) suppresses the destructive immune response due to the delivery of immunomodulatory proteins. Interestingly, some recent data have indicated that MSC-Exos display strong antimicrobial effects, by the secretion of antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs), and increase bacterial clearance by enhancing the phagocytic activity of host immune cells. Considering MSC-Exos can secrete different bioactive factors that can modulate the immune system and prevent infection, exosome therapy is considered as a new therapeutic method in the treatment of inflammatory and microbial diseases. Here we intend to review the possible application of MSC-Exos in female reproductive system bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Zohrabi
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Laleh Dehghan Marvast
- Andrology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mahin Izadi
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyed Alireza Mousavi
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Behrouz Aflatoonian
- Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Stem Cell Biology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- *Correspondence: Behrouz Aflatoonian,
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18
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Forson AM, Rosman CWK, van Kooten TG, van der Mei HC, Sjollema J. Micrococcal Nuclease stimulates Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Formation in a Murine Implant Infection Model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:799845. [PMID: 35111695 PMCID: PMC8801922 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.799845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancements in contemporary medicine have led to an increasing life expectancy which has broadened the application of biomaterial implants. As each implant procedure has an innate risk of infection, the number of biomaterial-associated infections keeps rising. Staphylococcus aureus causes 34% of such infections and is known as a potent biofilm producer. By secreting micrococcal nuclease S. aureus is able to escape neutrophil extracellular traps by cleaving their DNA-backbone. Also, micrococcal nuclease potentially limits biofilm growth and adhesion by cleaving extracellular DNA, an important constituent of biofilms. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of micrococcal nuclease on infection persistence and biofilm formation in a murine biomaterial-associated infection-model with polyvinylidene-fluoride mesh implants inoculated with bioluminescent S. aureus or its isogenic micrococcal nuclease deficient mutant. Supported by results based on in-vivo bioluminescence imaging, ex-vivo colony forming unit counts, and histological analysis it was found that production of micrococcal nuclease enables S. aureus bacteria to evade the immune response around an implant resulting in a persistent infection. As a novel finding, histological analysis provided clear indications that the production of micrococcal nuclease stimulates S. aureus to form biofilms, the presence of which extended neutrophil extracellular trap formation up to 13 days after mesh implantation. Since micrococcal nuclease production appeared vital for the persistence of S. aureus biomaterial-associated infection, targeting its production could be a novel strategy in preventing biomaterial-associated infection.
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Peplinski J, Malone MA, Fowler KJ, Potratz EJ, Pergams AG, Charmoy KL, Rasheed K, Avdieiev SS, Whelan CJ, Brown JS. Ecology of Fear: Spines, Armor and Noxious Chemicals Deter Predators in Cancer and in Nature. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.682504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, many multicellular and unicellular organisms use constitutive defenses such as armor, spines, and noxious chemicals to keep predators at bay. These defenses render the prey difficult and/or dangerous to subdue and handle, which confers a strong deterrent for predators. The distinct benefit of this mode of defense is that prey can defend in place and continue activities such as foraging even under imminent threat of predation. The same qualitative types of armor-like, spine-like, and noxious defenses have evolved independently and repeatedly in nature, and we present evidence that cancer is no exception. Cancer cells exist in environments inundated with predator-like immune cells, so the ability of cancer cells to defend in place while foraging and proliferating would clearly be advantageous. We argue that these defenses repeatedly evolve in cancers and may be among the most advanced and important adaptations of cancers. By drawing parallels between several taxa exhibiting armor-like, spine-like, and noxious defenses, we present an overview of different ways these defenses can appear and emphasize how phenotypes that appear vastly different can nevertheless have the same essential functions. This cross-taxa comparison reveals how cancer phenotypes can be interpreted as anti-predator defenses, which can facilitate therapy approaches which aim to give the predators (the immune system) the upper hand. This cross-taxa comparison is also informative for evolutionary ecology. Cancer provides an opportunity to observe how prey evolve in the context of a unique predatory threat (the immune system) and varied environments.
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20
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Catalase Activity is Critical for Proteus mirabilis Biofilm Development, EPS Composition, and Dissemination During Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0017721. [PMID: 34280035 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00177-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteus mirabilis is a leading uropathogen of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), which are among the most common healthcare-associated infections worldwide. A key factor that contributes to P. mirabilis pathogenesis and persistence during CAUTI is the formation of catheter biofilms, which provide increased resistance to antibiotic treatment and host defense mechanisms. Another factor that is important for bacterial persistence during CAUTI is the ability to resist reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as through the action of the catalase enzyme. Potent catalase activity is one of the defining biochemical characteristics of P. mirabilis, and the single catalase gene (katA) encoded in strain HI4320 was recently identified as a candidate fitness factor for UTI, CAUTI, and bacteremia. Here we show that disruption of katA results in increased ROS levels, increased sensitivity to peroxide, and decreased biofilm biomass. The biomass defect was due to a decrease in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production by the ΔkatA mutant, and specifically due to reduced carbohydrate content. Importantly, the biofilm defect resulted in decreased antibiotic resistance in vitro and a colonization defect during experimental CAUTI. The ΔkatA mutant also exhibited decreased fitness in a bacteremia model, supporting a dual role for catalase in P. mirabilis biofilm development and immune evasion.
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21
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Teiler J, Åkerlund B, Brismar H, Savitcheva I, Ahl M, Bjäreback A, Hedlund H, Holstensson M, Axelsson R. Dual-tracer approach vs. dual time-point approach in leukocyte scintigraphy in treatment evaluation of persistent chronic prosthetic joint infection. Nucl Med Commun 2021; 42:719-724. [PMID: 33741868 PMCID: PMC8191474 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both dual time-point 99mTc-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (HMPAO)-leukocyte scintigraphy and dual-tracer 99mTc-HMPAO-leukocyte scintigraphy (with the addition of 99mTc-nanocolloid bone marrow scintigraphy) have been used to diagnose prosthetic joint infection (PJI). A treatment evaluation of persistent PJI using these imaging protocols has yet to be presented. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of dual time-point 99mTc-HMPAO-leukocyte scintigraphy to the dual-tracer alternative of single time-point 99mTc-HMPAO-leukocyte scintigraphy or single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) combined with a 99mTc-nanocolloid bone marrow scintigraphy or SPECT/CT, for treatment evaluation of PJI. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-one PJI patients under antibiotic treatment were included in this retrospective study. Examinations were organized into three settings. Setting one used dual time-point approach with delayed (2 h) and late (24 h) planar 99mTc-HMPAO-leukocyte scintigraphy, including both visual and semiquantitative analysis. Setting two used delayed (2 h) planar 99mTc-HMPAO-leukocyte scintigraphy combined with 99mTc-nanocolloid bone marrow scintigraphy and for setting three SPECT/CT replaced planar imaging. RESULTS Accuracy was 0.68 for visual evaluation and 0.55 for semiquantitative evaluation of setting one; 0.71 for setting two; and 0.68 for setting three. Sensitivity was 0.54 for visual evaluation and 0.31 for semiquantitative evaluation of setting one; 0.38 for setting two; and 0.46 for setting three. Specificity was 0.78 for visual evaluation and 0.72 for semiquantitative evaluation of setting one; 0.94 for setting two; and 0.83 for setting three. CONCLUSION No significant difference in accuracy, sensitivity, or specificity between the approaches for treatment evaluation of suspected persistent PJI in the hip or knee was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Teiler
- Department of Clinical Science, Technique and Intervention (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet
- Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge
| | - Börje Åkerlund
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet
- Unit of Infectious Diseases Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge
| | - Harald Brismar
- Department of Clinical Science, Technique and Intervention (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge
| | - Irina Savitcheva
- Function Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge
| | - Marcus Ahl
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet
- Unit of Infectious Diseases Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge
| | - Annie Bjäreback
- Function Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge
| | - Håkan Hedlund
- Department of Clinical Science, Technique and Intervention (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Visby General Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Holstensson
- Department of Clinical Science, Technique and Intervention (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet
- Function Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge
| | - Rimma Axelsson
- Department of Clinical Science, Technique and Intervention (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet
- Function Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge
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22
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Wang S, Xiang D, Tian F, Ni M. Lipopolysaccharide from biofilm-forming Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 induces macrophage hyperinflammatory responses. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 33909550 PMCID: PMC8289208 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Macrophages polarization is essential in infection control. Llipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays an essential role in host innate immune system-pathogen interaction. The LPS structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa modifies in the adaptation of this pathogen to biofilm-related chronic infection.Gap statement. There have been several studies on LPS induced polarization of human and mouse macrophages with different results. And it was reported that the lipid A structure of the LPS derived from biofilm-forming Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1 was modified.Aim. This study aimed to investigate the effect and the involved pathway of LPS from biofilm-forming PAO1 on human and murine macrophage polarization.Methodology. LPS was isolated from biofilm-forming and planktonic PAO1 and quantified. Then the LPS was added to PMA-differentiated human macrophage THP-1 cells and Raw264.7 murine macrophage cells. The expression of iNOS, Arg-1, IL4, TNF-α, CCL3, and CCL22 was analysed in the different cell lines. The expression of TICAM-1 and MyD88 in human THP-1 macrophages was quantified by Western blot. PAO1 infected macrophages at different polarization states, and the intracellular bacterial growth in macrophages was evaluated.Results. LPS from biofilm-forming PAO1 induced more marked hyperinflammatory responses in THP-1 and Raw264.7 macrophages than LPS derived from planktonic PAO1, and these responses were related to the up-regulation of MyD88. Intracellular growth of PAO1 was significantly increased in THP-1 macrophages polarized by LPS from biofilm-forming PAO1, but decreased both in THP-1 and Raw264.7 macrophages polarized by LPS from planktonic PAO1.Conclusion. The presented in vitro study indicates that LPS derived from biofilm-forming PAO1 induces enhanced M1 polarization in human and murine macrophage cell lines than LPS from planktonic PAO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufei Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Dandan Xiang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Fangbing Tian
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Ming Ni
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
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Treatment with a neutrophil elastase inhibitor and ofloxacin reduces P. aeruginosa burden in a mouse model of chronic suppurative otitis media. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2021; 7:31. [PMID: 33824337 PMCID: PMC8024339 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-021-00200-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a widespread, debilitating problem with poorly understood immunology. Here, we assess the host response to middle ear infection over the course of a month post-infection in a mouse model of CSOM and in human subjects with the disease. Using multiparameter flow cytometry and a binomial generalized linear machine learning model, we identified Ly6G, a surface marker of mature neutrophils, as the most informative factor of host response driving disease in the CSOM mouse model. Consistent with this, neutrophils were the most abundant cell type in infected mice and Ly6G expression tracked with the course of infection. Moreover, neutrophil-specific immunomodulatory treatment using the neutrophil elastase inhibitor GW 311616A significantly reduces bacterial burden relative to ofloxacin-only treated animals in this model. The levels of dsDNA in middle ear effusion samples are elevated in both humans and mice with CSOM and decreased during treatment, suggesting that dsDNA may serve as a molecular biomarker of treatment response. Together these data strongly implicate neutrophils in the ineffective immune response to P. aeruginosa infection in CSOM and suggest that immunomodulatory strategies may benefit drug-tolerant infections for chronic biofilm-mediated disease.
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24
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Machado V, Botelho J, Viana J, Pereira P, Lopes LB, Proença L, Delgado AS, Mendes JJ. Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index and Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional and Mediation Analysis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041194. [PMID: 33916342 PMCID: PMC8066166 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation-modulating elements are recognized periodontitis (PD) risk factors, nevertheless, the association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and PD has never been appraised. We aimed to assess the association between DII and PD and the mediation effect of DII in the association of PD with systemic inflammation. Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2010, 2011–2012 and 2013–2014, participants who received periodontal exam and provided dietary recall data were included. The inflammatory potential of diet was calculated via DII. PD was defined according to the 2012 case definition. White blood cells (WBC), segmented neutrophils and C-reactive protein (CRP) were used as proxies for systemic inflammation. The periodontal measures were regressed across DII values using adjusted multivariate linear regression and adjusted mediation analysis. Overall, 10,178 participants were included. DII was significantly correlated with mean periodontal probing depth (PPD), mean clinical attachment loss (CAL), thresholds of PPD and CAL, WBC, segmented neutrophils and DII (p < 0.01). A linear regression logistic adjusted for multiple confounding variables confirmed the association between DII and mean PPD (B = 0.02, Standard Error [SE]: 0.02, p < 0.001) and CAL (B = −0.02, SE: 0.01, p < 0.001). The association of mean PPD and mean CAL with both WBC and segmented neutrophils were mediated by DII (from 2.1 to 3.5%, p < 0.001). In the 2009–2010 subset, the association of mean CAL with serum CRP was mediated by DII (52.0%, p < 0.01). Inflammatory diet and PD may be associated. Also, the inflammatory diet significantly mediated the association of leukocyte counts and systemic inflammation with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Machado
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz–Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal; (V.M.); (J.V.); (L.B.L.); (A.S.D.); (J.J.M.)
- Evidence-Based Hub, Clinical Research Unit, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal;
| | - João Botelho
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz–Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal; (V.M.); (J.V.); (L.B.L.); (A.S.D.); (J.J.M.)
- Evidence-Based Hub, Clinical Research Unit, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-212-946-800
| | - João Viana
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz–Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal; (V.M.); (J.V.); (L.B.L.); (A.S.D.); (J.J.M.)
| | - Paula Pereira
- Grupo de Estudos em Nutrição Aplicada (GENA), CiiEM, Egas Moniz–Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal;
| | - Luísa Bandeira Lopes
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz–Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal; (V.M.); (J.V.); (L.B.L.); (A.S.D.); (J.J.M.)
| | - Luís Proença
- Evidence-Based Hub, Clinical Research Unit, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal;
- Quantitative Methods for Health Research (MQIS), CiiEM, Egas Moniz–Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
| | - Ana Sintra Delgado
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz–Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal; (V.M.); (J.V.); (L.B.L.); (A.S.D.); (J.J.M.)
| | - José João Mendes
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz–Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal; (V.M.); (J.V.); (L.B.L.); (A.S.D.); (J.J.M.)
- Evidence-Based Hub, Clinical Research Unit, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal;
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25
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Mikolai C, Branitzki-Heinemann K, Ingendoh-Tsakmakidis A, Stiesch M, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Winkel A. Neutrophils exhibit an individual response to different oral bacterial biofilms. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 13:1856565. [PMID: 33391628 PMCID: PMC7733916 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1856565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral innate immunity is led by neutrophils. It is still unclear how their main antimicrobial mechanisms against different biofilms may contribute to balance or dysregulation in the oral cavity. We investigated the capacity of commensal (Streptococcus oralis) and pathogenic (Porphyromonas gingivalis or Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) monospecies biofilms to induce or to inhibit selected antimicrobial mechanisms of neutrophils. S. oralis induced neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 8 and 9 secretion. However, these responses were partially reduced in PMA-activated neutrophils indicating a balance-like neutrophil response, which might be important for the maintenance of oral health. P. gingivalis generally induced ROS. Reduced NET formation and significantly decreased MMP secretion were detectable in activated neutrophils highlighting P. gingivalis’ nucleolytic and proteolytic activity, which might support bacterial colonization and pathogenesis of periodontitis. In contrast, A. actinomycetemcomitans did not affect the levels of antimicrobial factors in activated neutrophils and induced NET formation, ROS production, and secretion of MMP-8 and -9 in neutrophils alone, which might contribute to tissue destruction and disease progression. In summary, neutrophil responses to biofilms were species-specific and might support either maintenance of oral health or pathogenesis of periodontitis depending on the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Mikolai
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Katja Branitzki-Heinemann
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Meike Stiesch
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Andreas Winkel
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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26
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Abe M, Katano H, Nagi M, Higashi Y, Sato Y, Kikuchi K, Hasegawa H, Miyazaki Y. Potency of gastrointestinal colonization and virulence of Candida auris in a murine endogenous candidiasis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243223. [PMID: 33264362 PMCID: PMC7710084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida auris infections have recently emerged worldwide, and this species is highly capable of colonization and is associated with high levels of mortality. However, strain-dependent differences in colonization capabilities and virulence have not yet been reported. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we aimed to clarify the differences between clinically isolated invasive and non-invasive strains of C. auris. METHODS We evaluated colonization, dissemination, and survival rates in wild C57BL/6J mice inoculated with invasive or non-invasive strains of C. auris under cortisone acetate immunosuppression, comparing with those of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata infections. We also evaluated the potency of biofilm formation. RESULTS Stool fungal burdens were significantly higher in mice inoculated with the invasive strains than in those infected with the non-invasive strain. Along with intestinal colonization, liver and kidney fungal burdens were also significantly higher in mice inoculated with the invasive strains. In addition, histopathological findings revealed greater dissemination and colonization of the invasive strains. Regarding biofilm-forming capability, the invasive strain of C. auris exhibited a significantly higher capacity of producing biofilms. Moreover, inoculation with the invasive strains resulted in significantly greater loss of body weight than that noted following infection with the non-invasive strain. CONCLUSIONS Invasive strains showed higher colonization capability and rates of dissemination from gastrointestinal tracts under cortisone acetate immunosuppression than non-invasive strains, although the mortality rates caused by C. auris were lower than those caused by C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Abe
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harutaka Katano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Nagi
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Higashi
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Kikuchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Miyazaki
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Russell KA, Garbin LC, Wong JM, Koch TG. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as Potential Antimicrobial for Veterinary Use-A Comprehensive Review. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:606404. [PMID: 33335522 PMCID: PMC7736177 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.606404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of “superbugs” resistant to antimicrobial medications threatens populations both veterinary and human. The current crisis has come about from the widespread use of the limited number of antimicrobials available in the treatment of livestock, companion animal, and human patients. A different approach must be sought to find alternatives to or enhancements of present conventional antimicrobials. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have antimicrobial properties that may help solve this problem. In the first part of the review, we explore the various mechanisms at work across species that help explain how MSCs influence microbial survival. We then discuss the findings of recent equine, canine, and bovine studies examining MSC antimicrobial properties in which MSCs are found to have significant effects on a variety of bacterial species either alone or in combination with antibiotics. Finally, information on the influence that various antimicrobials may have on MSC function is reviewed. MSCs exert their effect directly through the secretion of various bioactive factors or indirectly through the recruitment and activation of host immune cells. MSCs may soon become a valuable tool for veterinarians treating antimicrobial resistant infections. However, a great deal of work remains for the development of optimal MSC production conditions and testing for efficacy on different indications and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Russell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Livia C Garbin
- Clinical Veterinary Sciences Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, West Indies
| | - Jonathan M Wong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas G Koch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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28
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Chien J, Hwang JH, Nilaad S, Masso-Silva JA, Jeong Ahn S, McEachern EK, Moshensky A, Byun MK, Crotty Alexander LE. Cigarette Smoke Exposure Promotes Virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Induces Resistance to Neutrophil Killing. Infect Immun 2020; 88:e00527-20. [PMID: 32868344 PMCID: PMC7573448 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00527-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely known that cigarette smoke damages host defenses and increases susceptibility to bacterial infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative bacterium that commonly colonizes the airways of smokers and patients with chronic lung disease, can cause pneumonia and sepsis and can trigger exacerbations of lung diseases. Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonizing airways is consistently exposed to inhaled cigarette smoke. Here, we investigated whether cigarette smoke alters the ability of this clinically significant microbe to bypass host defenses and cause invasive disease. We found that cigarette smoke extract (CSE) exposure enhances resistance to human neutrophil killing, but this increase in pathogenicity was not due to resistance to neutrophil extracellular traps. Instead, Pseudomonas aeruginosa exposed to CSE (CSE-PSA) had increased resistance to oxidative stress, which correlated with increased expression of tpx, a gene essential for defense against oxidative stress. In addition, exposure to CSE induced enhanced biofilm formation and resistance to the antibiotic levofloxacin. Finally, CSE-PSA had increased virulence in a model of pneumonia, with 0% of mice infected with CSE-PSA alive at day 6, while 28% of controls survived. Altogether, these data show that cigarette smoke alters the phenotype of P. aeruginosa, increasing virulence and making it less susceptible to killing by neutrophils and more capable of causing invasive disease. These findings provide further explanation of the refractory nature of respiratory illnesses in smokers and highlight cigarette smoking as a potential driver of virulence in this important airway pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Chien
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - John H Hwang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sedtavut Nilaad
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jorge A Masso-Silva
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sae Jeong Ahn
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Elisa K McEachern
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alexander Moshensky
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Min-Kwang Byun
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Laura E Crotty Alexander
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Botelho J, Machado V, Hussain SB, Zehra SA, Proença L, Orlandi M, Mendes JJ, D'Aiuto F. Periodontitis and circulating blood cell profiles: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp Hematol 2020; 93:1-13. [PMID: 33068648 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease with local and systemic implications. Evidence suggests consistent hematologic changes associated with periodontitis. Our aim was to critically appraise the available evidence on hemogram, leukogram, and thrombogram alterations in otherwise healthy patients suffering from periodontitis when compared with controls. For this systematic review (SR), we searched MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library (CENTRAL) for studies published up to June 2020. Both observational and interventional studies with baseline standard hematologic levels were included. Outcomes of interest were baseline hemogram, leukogram, and thrombogram values and the impact of periodontitis treatment on these outcomes. Upon risk of bias assessment, data extraction and both qualitative and quantitative (standardized mean differences) analyses were performed. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to provide pooled estimates. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed (PROSPERO Reg. No. CRD42020164531). A total of 45 studies, eight intervention and 37 case-control studies, were identified after the final search of 3,012 titles. Following quality assessment, 43 articles were deemed to have low risk of bias, and two articles moderate risk. Meta-analyses confirmed that periodontitis was associated with both white and red cell lineages. Severe chronic periodontitis was associated with greater white blood cell counts (mean difference [MD] = 0.53, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.26-0.79) when compared with controls. Periodontitis was associated with a larger number of neutrophils (MD = 7.16%, 95% CI: 5.96-8.37) and lower mean platelet volume (MD = 0.30 fL, 95% CI: 0.49 to -0.10) compared with healthy participants. Nonsurgical periodontal treatment was associated with a decrease in white blood cell (WBC) levels (MD = 0.28 109/L, 95% CI: -0.47 to -0.08) in patients with chronic periodontitis. Periodontitis is associated with hematologic changes (Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy [SORT] A recommendation). Higher WBC levels, higher neutrophil levels, higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and lower mean platelet volumes are the most common blood count findings. The association between periodontitis and WBC could be causal in nature. Further assessment to determine whether periodontitis causes changes in circulating blood cells and to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying these associations is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Botelho
- Periodontology Department, Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Almada, Portugal; Evidence-Based Hub, CRU, CiiEM, IUEM, Almada, Portugal.
| | - Vanessa Machado
- Periodontology Department, Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Almada, Portugal; Evidence-Based Hub, CRU, CiiEM, IUEM, Almada, Portugal
| | - Syed Basit Hussain
- Periodontology Unit, University College London Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Luís Proença
- Quantitative Methods for Health Research, CiiEM, IUEM, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Marco Orlandi
- Periodontology Unit, University College London Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Francesco D'Aiuto
- Periodontology Unit, University College London Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
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30
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Biofilms in Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Significance and Clinical Relevance. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101580. [PMID: 33066595 PMCID: PMC7602394 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot infections are the main disabling complication in patients with diabetes mellitus. These infections can lead to lower-limb amputation, increasing mortality and decreasing the quality of life. Biofilm formation is an important pathophysiology step in diabetic foot ulcers (DFU)-it plays a main role in the disease progression and chronicity of the lesion, the development of antibiotic resistance, and makes wound healing difficult to treat. The main problem is the difficulty in distinguishing between infection and colonization in DFU. The bacteria present in DFU are organized into functionally equivalent pathogroups that allow for close interactions between the bacteria within the biofilm. Consequently, some bacterial species that alone would be considered non-pathogenic, or incapable of maintaining a chronic infection, could co-aggregate symbiotically in a pathogenic biofilm and act synergistically to cause a chronic infection. In this review, we discuss current knowledge on biofilm formation, its presence in DFU, how the diabetic environment affects biofilm formation and its regulation, and the clinical implications.
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31
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Lee KT, Bae J, Jeon BJ, Pyon JK, Mun GH, Bang SI. Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Two-Stage Tissue Expander/Implant Breast Reconstruction: Does it Affect Final Outcomes? Ann Surg Oncol 2020; 28:2191-2198. [PMID: 32974692 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-09177-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In immediate two-stage implant-based breast reconstruction, adjuvant chemotherapy, when indicated, is usually conducted between the stages, which might influence the outcomes of the second-stage operation. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential influence of adjuvant chemotherapy on the final outcomes of two-stage implant-based reconstructions. METHODS Patients who underwent immediate tissue expander/implant breast reconstruction between 2010 and 2016, with completion of both stages, were reviewed. Cases were categorized into two groups-adjuvant chemotherapy and no adjuvant chemotherapy. The rates of adverse outcomes were compared between the groups. RESULTS A total of 602 cases in 568 patients were analyzed, with a mean follow-up period of 58.5 months, including 236 patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy and 366 patients not receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. The two groups had similar baseline characteristics, except for a significantly higher rate of adjuvant radiotherapy in the former group. The adjuvant chemotherapy group showed significantly higher rates of overall complications (odds ratio [OR] 2.127, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.231-3.676), including infections (OR 4.239, 95% CI 1.059-16.970), severe capsular contractures (OR 2.107, 95% CI 1.067-4.159), and reconstruction failures (OR 12.754, 95% CI 1.587-102.481) compared with the control group, after adjusting for other variables, including adjuvant radiotherapy. In the analysis regarding the influence of chemotherapy regimens, the use of sequential anthracycline/cyclophosphamide and taxane, and concurrent 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide, were associated with increased risks for adverse outcomes compared with the no chemotherapy group, while the use of other regimens, including anthracycline/cyclophosphamide alone, was not. CONCLUSIONS Adjuvant chemotherapy might influence the final outcomes of two-stage implant-based reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Tae Lee
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juyoung Bae
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Joon Jeon
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jai Kyong Pyon
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Goo-Hyun Mun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sa Ik Bang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea.
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Relationship between Blood and Standard Biochemistry Levels with Periodontitis in Parkinson's Disease Patients: Data from the NHANES 2011-2012. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10030069. [PMID: 32722393 PMCID: PMC7565163 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
People with Parkinson's Disease (PD) are associated with the presence of periodontitis. We aimed to compare blood and standard biochemical surrogates of PD patients diagnosed with periodontitis with PD individuals without periodontitis. This retrospective cohort study used a sample from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2012 that underwent periodontal diagnosis (n = 3669). PD participants were identified through specific PD reported medications. Periodontitis was defined according to the 2012 case definition, using periodontal examination data provided. Then, we compared blood levels and standard chemical laboratory profiles of PD patients according to the presence of periodontitis. Multivariable regression was used to explore this dataset and identify relevant variables towards the presence of periodontitis. According to the medication report, 37 participants were eligible, 29 were secure and 8 were unsecure PD medications regimens. Overall, PD cases with periodontitis presented increased levels of White Blood Cells (WBC) (p = 0.002), Basophils (p = 0.045) and Segmented neutrophils (p = 0.009), and also, lower levels of Total Bilirubin (p = 0.018). In the PD secure medication group, a significant difference was found for WBC (p = 0.002) and Segmented neutrophils (p = 0.002) for the periodontitis group. Further, WBC might be a discriminating factor towards periodontitis in the global sample. In the secure PD medication, we found gender, segmented neutrophils and Vitamin D2 to be potential discriminative variables towards periodontitis. Thus, periodontitis showed association with leukocyte levels alterations in PD patients, and therefore with potential systemic changes and predictive value. Furthermore, Vitamin D2 and gender showed to be associated with periodontitis in with secure medication for PD. Future studies should assess in more detail the potential systemic repercussion of the presence of periodontitis in PD patients.
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33
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Chow L, Johnson V, Impastato R, Coy J, Strumpf A, Dow S. Antibacterial activity of human mesenchymal stem cells mediated directly by constitutively secreted factors and indirectly by activation of innate immune effector cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:235-249. [PMID: 31702119 PMCID: PMC6988770 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been shown to improve wound healing and suppress inflammatory immune responses. Newer research also indicates that MSC exhibit antimicrobial activity, although the mechanisms underlying this activity have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we conducted in vitro and in vivo studies to examine the ability of resting and activated MSC to kill bacteria, including multidrug resistant strains. We investigated direct bacterial killing mechanisms and the interaction of MSC with host innate immune responses to infection. In addition, the activity of MSC against chronic bacterial infections was investigated in a mouse biofilm infection model. We found that MSC exhibited high levels of spontaneous direct bactericidal activity in vitro. Moreover, soluble factors secreted by MSC inhibited Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation in vitro and disrupted the growth of established biofilms. Secreted factors from MSC also elicited synergistic killing of drug-resistant bacteria when combined with several major classes of antibiotics. Other studies demonstrated interactions of activated MSC with host innate immune responses, including triggering of neutrophil extracellular trap formation and increased phagocytosis of bacteria. Finally, activated MSC administered systemically to mice with established S. aureus biofilm infections significantly reduced bacterial numbers at the wound site and improved wound healing when combined with antibiotic therapy. These results indicate that MSC generate multiple direct and indirect, immunologically mediated antimicrobial activities that combine to help eliminate chronic bacterial infections when the cells are administered therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndah Chow
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical SciencesColorado State UniversityFt. CollinsColorado
| | - Valerie Johnson
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical SciencesColorado State UniversityFt. CollinsColorado
| | - Renata Impastato
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical SciencesColorado State UniversityFt. CollinsColorado
| | - Jonathan Coy
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical SciencesColorado State UniversityFt. CollinsColorado
| | - Alyssa Strumpf
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical SciencesColorado State UniversityFt. CollinsColorado
| | - Steven Dow
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical SciencesColorado State UniversityFt. CollinsColorado
- Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado DenverAuroraColorado
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Abdul Hamid AI, Nakusi L, Givskov M, Chang YT, Marquès C, Gueirard P. A mouse ear skin model to study the dynamics of innate immune responses against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:22. [PMID: 31996131 PMCID: PMC6990489 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1635-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is a human pathogen that is a common cause of nosocomial infections and infections on indwelling medical devices, mainly due to its ability to shift between the planktonic and the biofilm/sessile lifestyle. Biofilm infections present a serious problem in human medicine as they often lead to bacterial persistence and thus to chronic infections. The immune responses elicited by biofilms have been described as specific and ineffective. In the few experiments performed in vivo, the importance of neutrophils and macrophages as a first line of defence against biofilm infections was clearly established. However, the bilateral interactions between biofilms and myeloid cells remain poorly studied and analysis of the dynamic processes at the cellular level in tissues inoculated with biofilm bacteria is still an unexplored field. It is urgent, therefore, to develop biologically sound experimental approaches in vivo designed to extract specific immune signatures from the planktonic and biofilm forms of bacteria. Results We propose an in vivo transgenic mouse model, used in conjunction with intravital confocal microscopy to study the dynamics of host inflammatory responses to bacteria. Culture conditions were created to prepare calibrated inocula of fluorescent planktonic and biofilm forms of bacteria. A confocal imaging acquisition and analysis protocol was then drawn up to study the recruitment of innate immune cells in the skin of LysM-EGFP transgenic mice. Using the mouse ear pinna model, we showed that inflammatory responses to S. aureus can be quantified over time and that the dynamics of innate immune cells after injection of either the planktonic or biofilm form can be characterized. First results showed that the ability of phagocytic cells to infiltrate the injection site and their motility is not the same in planktonic and biofilm forms of bacteria despite the cells being considerably recruited in both cases. Conclusion We developed a mouse model of infection to compare the dynamics of the inflammatory responses to planktonic and biofilm bacteria at the tissue and cellular levels. The mouse ear pinna model is a powerful imaging system to analyse the mechanisms of biofilm tolerance to immune attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizat Iman Abdul Hamid
- Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement, UMR CNRS 6023, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Laurence Nakusi
- Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement, UMR CNRS 6023, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Mickael Givskov
- Costerton Biofilm Center, department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity, IBS and Department of Chemistry, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Claire Marquès
- Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement, UMR CNRS 6023, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Pascale Gueirard
- Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement, UMR CNRS 6023, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont Ferrand, France.
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PHAGOCYTIC ACTIVITY OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD NEUTROPHILS IN MECHANISMS OF EXPERIMENTAL BACTERIAL-IMMUNE PERIODONTITIS DEVELOPMENT. WORLD OF MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.26724/2079-8334-2020-2-72-152-156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kadam S, Nadkarni S, Lele J, Sakhalkar S, Mokashi P, Kaushik KS. Bioengineered Platforms for Chronic Wound Infection Studies: How Can We Make Them More Human-Relevant? Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:418. [PMID: 31921821 PMCID: PMC6923179 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wound infections are an important cause of delayed wound healing, posing a significant healthcare burden with consequences that include hospitalization, amputation, and death. These infections most often take the form of three-dimensional biofilm communities, which are notoriously recalcitrant to antibiotics and immune clearance, contributing to the chronic wound state. In the chronic wound microenvironment, microbial biofilms interact closely with other key components, including host cellular and matrix elements, immune cells, inflammatory factors, signaling components, and mechanical cues. Intricate relationships between these contributing factors not only orchestrate the development and progression of wound infections but also influence the therapeutic outcome. Current medical treatment for chronic wound infections relies heavily on long-term usage of antibiotics; however, their efficacy and reasons for failure remain uncertain. To develop effective therapeutic approaches, it is essential to better understand the complex pathophysiology of the chronic wound infection microenvironment, including dynamic interactions between various key factors. For this, it is critical to develop bioengineered platforms or model systems that not only include key components of the chronic wound infection microenvironment but also recapitulate interactions between these factors, thereby simulating the infection state. In doing so, these platforms will enable the testing of novel therapeutics, alone and in combinations, providing insights toward composite treatment strategies. In the first section of this review, we discuss the key components and interactions in the chronic wound infection microenvironment, which would be critical to recapitulate in a bioengineered platform. In the next section, we summarize the key features and relevance of current bioengineered chronic wound infection platforms. These are categorized and discussed based on the microenvironmental components included and their ability to recapitulate the architecture, interactions, and outcomes of the infection microenvironment. While these platforms have advanced our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of chronic wound infections and provided insights into therapeutics, they possess certain insufficiencies that limit their clinical relevance. In the final section, we propose approaches that can be incorporated into these existing model systems or developed into future platforms developed, thus enhancing their biomimetic and translational capabilities, and thereby their human-relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal Kadam
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
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Assaying How Phagocytic Success Depends on the Elasticity of a Large Target Structure. Biophys J 2019; 117:1496-1507. [PMID: 31586520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm infections can consist of bacterial aggregates that are an order of magnitude larger than neutrophils, phagocytic immune cells that densely surround aggregates but do not enter them. Because a neutrophil is too small to engulf the entire aggregate, it must be able to detach and engulf a few bacteria at a time if it is to use phagocytosis to clear the infection. Current research techniques do not provide a method for determining how the success of phagocytosis, here defined as the complete engulfment of a piece of foreign material, depends on the mechanical properties of a larger object from which the piece must be removed before being engulfed. This article presents a step toward such a method. By varying polymer concentration or cross-linking density, the elastic moduli of centimeter-sized gels are varied over the range that was previously measured for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms grown from clinical bacterial isolates. Human neutrophils are isolated from blood freshly drawn from healthy adult volunteers, exposed to gel containing embedded beads for 1 h, and removed from the gel. The percentage of collected neutrophils that contain beads that had previously been within the gels is used to measure successful phagocytic engulfment. Both increased polymer concentration in agarose gels and increased cross-linking density in alginate gels are associated with a decreased success of phagocytic engulfment. Upon plotting the percentage of neutrophils showing successful engulfment as a function of the elastic modulus of the gel to which they were applied, it is found that data from both alginate and agarose gels collapse onto the same curve. This suggests that gel mechanics may be impacting the success of phagocytosis and demonstrates that this experiment is a step toward realizing methods for measuring how the mechanics of a large target, or a large structure in which smaller targets are embedded, impact the success of phagocytic engulfment.
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Marcinkiewicz J, Walczewska M. Neutrophils as Sentinel Cells of the Immune System: A Role of the MPO-halide-system in Innate and Adaptive Immunity. Curr Med Chem 2019; 27:2840-2851. [PMID: 31424363 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190819123300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
For decades, neutrophils were generally regarded as the cells of innate immunity with proinflammatory and phagocytic properties involved in a dual activity, beneficial (antimicrobial) and detrimental (tissue damage). Importantly, until the discovery of toll-like receptors (TLRs), a role of neutrophils in adaptive immunity was limited to the effector stage of humoral response and phagocytosis of opsonized antigens. Moreover, in common opinion, neutrophils, as well as the entire innate immune system, were not functionally associated with adaptive immunity. At the time we demonstrated protein chlorination by HOCl, the major product of neutrophil MPO-halide system enhances protein immunogenicity. Based on this discovery, we proposed, as the first, a new role for neutrophils as APC-accessory cells involved in the induction stage of adaptive immunity. Thereafter, we developed our theory concerning the role of neutrophils as the cells which link innate and adaptive immunity. We proposed that protein modification by HOCl may act as a neutrophildependent molecular tagging system, by which sentinel dendritic cells can faster recognise pathogen- derived antigens. Contemporaneously, it was demonstrated that taurine, the most abundant free amino acid in neutrophil cytosol and the major scavenger of HOCl, is a part of the oxidantantioxidant network and is responsible for the regulation and termination of acute inflammation. Moreover, it has been described, that taurine chloramine (TauCl), the physiological products of the reaction of HOCl with taurine, show anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties. In this review, the role of HOCl, taurine and TauCl in innate and adaptive immunity will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Walczewska
- Chair of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Saeed K, McLaren AC, Schwarz EM, Antoci V, Arnold WV, Chen AF, Clauss M, Esteban J, Gant V, Hendershot E, Hickok N, Higuera CA, Coraça-Huber DC, Choe H, Jennings JA, Joshi M, Li WT, Noble PC, Phillips KS, Pottinger PS, Restrepo C, Rohde H, Schaer TP, Shen H, Smeltzer M, Stoodley P, Webb JCJ, Witsø E. 2018 international consensus meeting on musculoskeletal infection: Summary from the biofilm workgroup and consensus on biofilm related musculoskeletal infections. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:1007-1017. [PMID: 30667567 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm-associated implant-related bone and joint infections are clinically important due to the extensive morbidity, cost of care and socioeconomic burden that they cause. Research in the field of biofilms has expanded in the past two decades, however, there is still an immense knowledge gap related to many clinical challenges of these biofilm-associated infections. This subject was assigned to the Biofilm Workgroup during the second International Consensus Meeting on Musculoskeletal Infection held in Philadelphia USA (ICM 2018) (https://icmphilly.com). The main objective of the Biofilm Workgroup was to prepare a consensus document based on a review of the literature, prepared responses, discussion, and vote on thirteen biofilm related questions. The Workgroup commenced discussing and refining responses prepared before the meeting on day one using Delphi methodology, followed by a tally of responses using an anonymized voting system on the second day of ICM 2018. The Working group derived consensus on information about biofilms deemed relevant to clinical practice, pertaining to: (1) surface modifications to prevent/inhibit biofilm formation; (2) therapies to prevent and treat biofilm infections; (3) polymicrobial biofilms; (4) diagnostics to detect active and dormant biofilm in patients; (5) methods to establish minimal biofilm eradication concentration for biofilm bacteria; and (6) novel anti-infectives that are effective against biofilm bacteria. It was also noted that biomedical research funding agencies and the pharmaceutical industry should recognize these areas as priorities. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kordo Saeed
- Department of Microbiology Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Winchester and Basingstoke, UK and University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Alex C McLaren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Edward M Schwarz
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Valentin Antoci
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Orthopedics Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - William V Arnold
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Antonia F Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martin Clauss
- Department for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery Kantonsspital Baselland, Liestal and University Hospital Basel Department for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Basel, CH
| | - Jaime Esteban
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, UAM, Av. Reyes Catolicos 2., 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanya Gant
- College Hospital, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery at University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Edward Hendershot
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases at Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Noreen Hickok
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut St., Philadelphia, 19107, Pennsylvania
| | - Carlos A Higuera
- Levitetz Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, Florida
| | - Débora C Coraça-Huber
- Research Laboratory for Implant Associated Infections (Biofilm Lab) - Experimental Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hyonmin Choe
- Yokohama City University Orthopaedic Department, Fukuura-3-9, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jessica A Jennings
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Memphis, 303B Engineering Technology Building, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Manjari Joshi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases at University of Mryland, School of Medicine, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William T Li
- Sydney Kimmel Medical College at Philadelphia University and Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Philip C Noble
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Education, Houston, Texas.,Baylor College of Medicine Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Houston, Texas
| | - K Scott Phillips
- Division of Biology, Chemistry, and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of Medical Products and Tobacco, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Paul S Pottinger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Camilo Restrepo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Holger Rohde
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas P Schaer
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
| | - Hao Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People' s Hospital, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Mark Smeltzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Inflammatory Responses, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences 4301 W. Markham, Slot 511, Little Rock, 72205, Arkansas
| | - Paul Stoodley
- Department Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department Orthopaedics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS), Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jason C J Webb
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Avon Orthopaedic Centre, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Eivind Witsø
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Ciszek-Lenda M, Strus M, Walczewska M, Majka G, Machul-Żwirbla A, Mikołajczyk D, Górska S, Gamian A, Chain B, Marcinkiewicz J. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm is a potent inducer of phagocyte hyperinflammation. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:397-413. [PMID: 30887082 PMCID: PMC6450861 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Pseudomonas aeruginosa effectively facilitate resistance to phagocyte killing by biofilm formation. However, the cross talk between biofilm components and phagocytes is still unclear. We hypothesize that a biofilm provides a concentrated extracellular source of LPS, DNA and exopolysaccharides (EPS), which polarize neighbouring phagocytes into an adverse hyperinflammatory state of activation. Methods We measured the release of a panel of mediators produced in vitro by murine neutrophils and macrophages exposed to various biofilm components of P. aeruginosa cultures. Results We found that conditioned media from a high biofilm-producing strain of P. aeruginosa, PAR5, accumulated high concentrations of extracellular bacterial LPS, DNA and EPS by 72 h. These conditioned media induced phagocytes to release a hyperinflammatory pattern of mediators, with enhanced levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL12p40, PGE2 and NO. Moreover, the phagocytes also upregulated COX-2 and iNOS with no influence on the expression of arginase-1. Conclusions Phagocytes exposed to biofilm microenvironment, called by us biofilm-associated neutrophils/macrophages (BANs/BAMs), display secretory properties similar to that of N1/M1-type phagocytes. These results suggest that in vivo high concentrations of LPS and DNA, trapped in biofilm by EPS, might convert infiltrating phagocytes into cells responsible for tissue injury without direct contact with bacteria and phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ciszek-Lenda
- Chair of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Strus
- Chair of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Walczewska
- Chair of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Majka
- Chair of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Diana Mikołajczyk
- Chair of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Sabina Górska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Novel Assay To Characterize Neutrophil Responses to Oral Biofilms. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00790-18. [PMID: 30455195 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00790-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils, the most numerous leukocytes, play an important role in maintaining oral health through interactions with oral microbial biofilms. Both neutrophil hyperactivity and the bacterial subversion of neutrophil responses can cause inflammation-mediated tissue damage like that seen in periodontal disease. We describe here an assay that assesses neutrophil activation responses to monospecies biofilm bacteria in vitro based on the surface expression of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers associated with various neutrophil functions. Most of what we know about neutrophil responses to bacteria is based on in vitro assays that use planktonic bacteria and isolated/preactivated neutrophils, which makes interpretation of the neutrophil responses to bacteria a challenge. An understanding of how neutrophils differentially interact with and respond to commensal and pathogenic oral bacteria is necessary in order to further understand the neutrophil's role in maintaining oral health and the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. In this study, a flow cytometry-based in vitro assay was developed to characterize neutrophil activation states based on CD marker expressions in response to oral monospecies bacterial biofilms. Using this approach, changes in CD marker expressions in response to specific prominent oral commensal and pathogenic bacteria were assayed. Several functional assays, including assays for phagocytosis, production of reactive oxygen species, activation of the transcription factor Nrf2, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and myeloperoxidase release, were also performed to correlate neutrophil function with CD marker expression. Our results demonstrate that neutrophils display bacterial species-specific responses. This assay can be used to characterize how specific biofilms alter specific neutrophil pathways associated with their activation.
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Rijkschroeff P, Loos BG, Nicu EA. Oral Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil Contributes to Oral Health. CURRENT ORAL HEALTH REPORTS 2018; 5:211-220. [PMID: 30524928 PMCID: PMC6244624 DOI: 10.1007/s40496-018-0199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Oral health is maintained in a dynamic equilibrium between the host immunity and the oral microbiome. Oral polymorphonuclear neutrophils (oPMNs) are important innate immune cells in the oral cavity. RECENT FINDINGS The oPMNs play a co-controlling part in the maintenance of oral equilibrium. In human saliva, the oPMNs integrity is preserved, and their function remains unaffected. In general, oPMNs are in a higher state of baseline activation compared to peripheral PMNs. However, in periodontitis, the oPMNs' activation state can result in excessive release of damaging molecules in the extracellular environment. SUMMARY The presence of oPMNs may unwittingly negatively impact the integrity of the oral tissues. While most of the oPMN functions occur intracellularly, release of their potent active mediators into the extracellular environment may jeopardize oral homeostasis and its integrity. The dual nature of oPMNs, both beneficial and detrimental, remains a challenging and understudied topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Rijkschroeff
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno G. Loos
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena A. Nicu
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Opris Dent SRL, Sibiu, Romania
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In vitro and ex vivo systems at the forefront of infection modeling and drug discovery. Biomaterials 2018; 198:228-249. [PMID: 30384974 PMCID: PMC7172914 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections and antibiotic resistant bacteria have become a growing problem over the past decade. As a result, the Centers for Disease Control predict more deaths resulting from microorganisms than all cancers combined by 2050. Currently, many traditional models used to study bacterial infections fail to precisely replicate the in vivo bacterial environment. These models often fail to incorporate fluid flow, bio-mechanical cues, intercellular interactions, host-bacteria interactions, and even the simple inclusion of relevant physiological proteins in culture media. As a result of these inadequate models, there is often a poor correlation between in vitro and in vivo assays, limiting therapeutic potential. Thus, the urgency to establish in vitro and ex vivo systems to investigate the mechanisms underlying bacterial infections and to discover new-age therapeutics against bacterial infections is dire. In this review, we present an update of current in vitro and ex vivo models that are comprehensively changing the landscape of traditional microbiology assays. Further, we provide a comparative analysis of previous research on various established organ-disease models. Lastly, we provide insight on future techniques that may more accurately test new formulations to meet the growing demand of antibiotic resistant bacterial infections.
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Nanocoatings for Chronic Wound Repair-Modulation of Microbial Colonization and Biofilm Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041179. [PMID: 29649179 PMCID: PMC5979353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing involves a complex interaction between immunity and other natural host processes, and to succeed it requires a well-defined cascade of events. Chronic wound infections can be mono- or polymicrobial but their major characteristic is their ability to develop a biofilm. A biofilm reduces the effectiveness of treatment and increases resistance. A biofilm is an ecosystem on its own, enabling the bacteria and the host to establish different social interactions, such as competition or cooperation. With an increasing incidence of chronic wounds and, implicitly, of chronic biofilm infections, there is a need for alternative therapeutic agents. Nanotechnology shows promising openings, either by the intrinsic antimicrobial properties of nanoparticles or their function as drug carriers. Nanoparticles and nanostructured coatings can be active at low concentrations toward a large variety of infectious agents; thus, they are unlikely to elicit emergence of resistance. Nanoparticles might contribute to the modulation of microbial colonization and biofilm formation in wounds. This comprehensive review comprises the pathogenesis of chronic wounds, the role of chronic wound colonization and infection in the healing process, the conventional and alternative topical therapeutic approaches designed to combat infection and stimulate healing, as well as revolutionizing therapies such as nanotechnology-based wound healing approaches.
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Romanò CL, Morelli I, Romanò D, Meani E, Drago L. ICS classification system of infected osteosynthesis: Long-term results. Injury 2018; 49:564-569. [PMID: 29361293 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The best treatment strategy for infected osteosyntheses is still debated. While hardware removal or eventually early device exchange may be necessary in most of the cases, temporary hardware retention until fracture healing can be a valid alternative option in others. Aim of the present study is to report the long-term results of 215 patients with infected osteosyntheses, treated according to the ICS (Infection, Callus, Stability) classification in two Italian hospitals. Patients classified as ICS Type 1 (N = 83) feature callus progression and hardware stability, in spite of the presence of infection; these patients were treated with suppressive antibiotic therapy coupled with local debridement in 18.1% of the cases, and no hardware removal until bone healing. Type 2 patients (N = 75) are characterized by the presence of infection and hardware stability, but no callus progression; these patients were treated as Type 1 patients, but with additional callus stimulation therapies. Type 3 patients (N = 57), showing infection, no callus progression and loss of hardware stability, underwent removal and exchange of the fixation device. Considering only the initial treatment, performed according to the ICS classification, at a minimum 5 years follow up, 89.3% achieved bone healing and 93.5% did not show infection recurrence. The ICS classification appears as a useful and reliable tool to help standardizing the decision-making process in treating infected osteosynthesis with the most conservative approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo L Romanò
- Department of Reconstructive Surgery of Osteo-articular Infections, C.R.I.O Unit I.R.C.C.S. Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Morelli
- Department of Reconstructive Surgery of Osteo-articular Infections, C.R.I.O Unit I.R.C.C.S. Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy; Residency Program in Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Milan, Italy.
| | - Delia Romanò
- Department of Reconstructive Surgery of Osteo-articular Infections, C.R.I.O Unit I.R.C.C.S. Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Drago
- Clinical-Chemistry and Microbiology Lab, I.R.C.C.S. Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan - Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Italy
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THE NECROTIC-APOPTOTIC CHANGES IN BLOOD MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES IN THE EXPERIMENTAL BACTERIAL-IMMUNE PERIODONTITIS DEVELOPMENT. WORLD OF MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.26724/2079-8334-2018-1-63-120-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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THE ROLE OF NECROTIC AND APOPTOTIC CHANGES IN NEUTROPHILIC GRANULOCYTES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL BACTERIAL-IMMUNE PERIODONTITIS. WORLD OF MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.26724/2079-8334-2018-2-64-138-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Modulation of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap and Reactive Oxygen Species Release by Periodontal Bacteria. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00297-17. [PMID: 28947649 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00297-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral bacteria are the main trigger for the development of periodontitis, and some species are known to modulate neutrophil function. This study aimed to explore the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), associated antimicrobial proteins, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to periodontal bacteria, as well as the underlying pathways. Isolated peripheral blood neutrophils were stimulated with 19 periodontal bacteria. NET and ROS release, as well as the expression of NET-bound antimicrobial proteins, elastase, myeloperoxidase, and cathepsin G, in response to these species was measured using fluorescence-based assays. NET and ROS release was monitored after the addition of NADP (NADPH) oxidase pathway modulators and inhibitors of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Moreover, bacterial entrapment by NETs was visualized microscopically, and bacterial killing was assessed by bacterial culture. Certain microorganisms, e.g., Veillonella parvula and Streptococcus gordonii, stimulated higher levels of ROS and NET release than others. NETs were found to entrap, but not kill, all periodontal bacteria tested. NADPH oxidase pathway modulators decreased ROS production but not NET production in response to the bacteria. Interestingly, TLR inhibitors did not impact ROS and NET release. These data suggest that the variability in the neutrophil response toward different bacteria may contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases by mechanisms such as bacterial avoidance of host responses and activation of neutrophils. Moreover, our results indicate that bacterium-stimulated NET release may arise in part via NADPH oxidase-independent mechanisms. The role of TLR signaling in bacterium-induced ROS and NET release needs to be further elucidated.
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Meyle J, Dommisch H, Groeger S, Giacaman RA, Costalonga M, Herzberg M. The innate host response in caries and periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2017; 44:1215-1225. [PMID: 28727164 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Innate immunity rapidly defends the host against infectious insults. These reactions are of limited specificity and exhaust without providing long-term protection. Functional fluids and effector molecules contribute to the defence against infectious agents, drive the immune response, and direct the cellular players. AIM To review the literature and present a summary of current knowledge about the function of tissues, cellular players and soluble mediators of innate immunity relevant to caries and periodontitis. METHODS Historical and recent literature was critically reviewed based on publications in peer-reviewed scientific journals. RESULTS The innate immune response is vital to resistance against caries and periodontitis and rapidly attempts to protect against infectious agents in the dental hard and soft tissues. Soluble mediators include specialized proteins and lipids. They function to signal to immune and inflammatory cells, provide antimicrobial resistance, and also induce mechanisms for potential repair of damaged tissues. CONCLUSIONS Far less investigated than adaptive immunity, innate immune responses are an emerging scientific and therapeutic frontier. Soluble mediators of the innate response provide a network of signals to organize the near immediate molecular and cellular response to infection, including direct and immediate antimicrobial activity. Further studies in human disease and animal models are generally needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Meyle
- Department of Periodontology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Henrik Dommisch
- Department of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Charité - Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Groeger
- Department of Periodontology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rodrigo A Giacaman
- Cariology Unit, Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEIES), University of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Massimo Costalonga
- Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mark Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Rudick CP, Miyamoto T, Lang MS, Agrawal DK. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells in the pathogenesis of periodontitis: potential novel treatment strategies. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2017; 13:1189-1197. [PMID: 29027827 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2017.1392855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periodontal diseases are polymicrobial inflammatory disorders of the tissue, ligament, and bone structures supporting teeth. Periodontitis (inflammation with corresponding loss of attachment) affects 40-50% of adults. Recently, members of the Triggering Receptor on Myeloid Cell (TREM) family have been studied to determine their relationship to these diseases. Areas covered: TREM-1 is a receptor expressed on the surface of PMNs, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and keratinocytes upregulated in the presence of periodontal inflammation. TREM-1 expression can be upregulated by oral bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis that can be abrogated by a sub-antimicrobial dose of doxycycline. When cleaved from the cell surface, a soluble form of TREM-1 (sTREM-1) can be used as a biomarker of inflammation and might also provide a link between oral and systemic inflammation. While less understood, TREM-2 has a role in osteoclastogenesis which could contribute to the alveolar bone destruction seen in more advanced periodontitis. Expert commentary: Additional studies to simulate biofilm microenvironment in TREM research are warranted. Longitudinal studies determining TREM-1, sTREM-1, and TREM-2 levels in tissues over time and progression of periodontal diseases would provide valuable information in the role of TREM receptors as indicators of or contributors to the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney P Rudick
- a Department of Clinical & Translational Science , Creighton University School of Medicine , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Takanari Miyamoto
- b Department of Periodontology , Creighton University School of Medicine , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Melissa S Lang
- b Department of Periodontology , Creighton University School of Medicine , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- a Department of Clinical & Translational Science , Creighton University School of Medicine , Omaha , NE , USA
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