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Araujo EMDS, Vidal CDMP, Zhu M, Banas JA, Freitas AZD, Wetter NU, Matos AB. Comparison of biofilm models for producing artificial active white spot lesions. J Appl Oral Sci 2024; 32:e20230458. [PMID: 38922241 PMCID: PMC11182642 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2023-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study compared three protocols for developing artificial white spot lesions (WSL) using biofilm models. METHODOLOGY In total, 45 human enamel specimens were sterilized and allocated into three groups based on the biofilm model: Streptococcus sobrinus and Lactobacillus casei (Ss+Lc), Streptococcus sobrinus (Ss), or Streptococcus mutans (Sm). Specimens were incubated in filter-sterilized human saliva to form the acquired pellicle and then subjected to the biofilm challenge consisting of three days of incubation with bacteria (for demineralization) and one day of remineralization, which was performed once for Ss+Lc (four days total), four times for Ss (16 days total), and three times for Sm (12 days total). After WSL creation, the lesion fluorescence, depth, and chemical composition were assessed using Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence (QLF), Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM), and Raman Spectroscopy, respectively. Statistical analysis consisted of two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test (α=0.05). WSL created using the Ss+Lc protocol presented statistically significant higher fluorescence loss (ΔF) and integrated fluorescence (ΔQ) in comparison to the other two protocols (p<0.001). RESULTS In addition, Ss+Lc resulted in significantly deeper WSL (137.5 µm), followed by Ss (84.1 µm) and Sm (54.9 µm) (p<0.001). While high mineral content was observed in sound enamel surrounding the WSL, lesions created with the Ss+Lc protocol showed the highest demineralization level and changes in the mineral content among the three protocols. CONCLUSION The biofilm model using S. sobrinus and L. casei for four days was the most appropriate and simplified protocol for developing artificial active WSL with lower fluorescence, higher demineralization, and greater depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Michele Dos Santos Araujo
- The University of Iowa, College of Dentistry, Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research,Iowa City, IA, USA
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Dentística, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Min Zhu
- The University of Iowa, College of Dentistry, Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research,Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Banas
- The University of Iowa, College of Dentistry, Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research,Iowa City, IA, USA
- The University of Iowa, College of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Anderson Zanardi de Freitas
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN), Centro de Lasers e Aplicações, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Niklaus Ursus Wetter
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN), Centro de Lasers e Aplicações, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Adriana Bona Matos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Dentística, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Viseu, Portugal
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Lundtorp-Olsen C, Markvart M, Twetman S, Belstrøm D. Effect of Probiotic Supplements on the Oral Microbiota-A Narrative Review. Pathogens 2024; 13:419. [PMID: 38787271 PMCID: PMC11124442 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Data from systematic reviews and meta-analyses show that probiotics positively impact clinical parameters of oral diseases such as gingivitis, dental caries, and periodontitis. However, the working mechanism of probiotics is not fully understood, but is hypothesized to be mediated by direct and indirect interactions with the oral microbiota and the human host. In the present narrative review, we focused on the microbiological effect of probiotic supplements based on data retrieved from randomized clinical trials (RCTs). In addition, we assessed to what extent contemporary molecular methods have been employed in clinical trials in the field of oral probiotics. Multiple RCTs have been performed studying the potential effect of probiotics on gingivitis, dental caries, and periodontitis, as evaluated by microbial endpoints. In general, results are conflicting, with some studies reporting a positive effect, whereas others are not able to record any effect. Major differences in terms of study designs and sample size, as well as delivery route, frequency, and duration of probiotic consumption, hamper comparison across studies. In addition, most RCTs have been performed with a limited sample size using relatively simple methods for microbial identification, such as culturing, qPCR, and DNA-DNA checkerboard, while high-throughput methods such as 16S sequencing have only been employed in a few studies. Currently, state-of-the-art molecular methods such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metaproteomics have not yet been used in RCTs in the field of probiotics. The present narrative review revealed that the effect of probiotic supplements on the oral microbiota remains largely uncovered. One important reason is that most RCTs are performed without studying the microbiological effect. To facilitate future systematic reviews and meta-analyses, an internationally agreed core outcome set for the reporting of microbial endpoints in clinical trials would be desirable. Such a standardized collection of outcomes would most likely improve the quality of probiotic research in the oral context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel Belstrøm
- Department of Odontology, Section for Clinical Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.L.-O.); (M.M.); (S.T.)
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Yamaguchi Y, Yoshii D, Katsuragi H, Shinkai K. Effect of Laser Irradiation Modes and Photosensitizer Types on Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) for Streptococcus sobrinus in the Crown Dentin of Bovine Teeth: An Experimental In Vitro Study. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:59. [PMID: 38534283 DOI: 10.3390/dj12030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the impact of different laser irradiation modes and photosensitizer types on the bactericidal efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). Dentin plates were prepared by sectioning the crown dentin of bovine teeth infected with Streptococcus sobrinus (n = 11). Nine aPDTs involving the combination of three 1% solutions of photosensitizers (brilliant blue, BB; acid red, AR; and methylene blue, MB) and three irradiation modes of semiconductor lasers (50 mW for 120 s, 100 mW for 60 s, and 200 mW for 30 s) were performed for each infected dentin plate, and the control consisted of the specimens not applied with aPDT. The bactericidal effects in 10 groups were evaluated using both assays of the colony count (colony-forming-unit: CFU) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (relative-light-unit: RLU). The data obtained were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 0.05). The most aPDT groups exhibited significantly lower RLU and CFU values compared with the control (p < 0.05). The effect of irradiation modes on RLU and CFU values was significant in the aPDT group using BB (p < 0.05) but not in the aPDT group using AR or MB. The aPDT performed with AR or MB exerted a remarkable bactericidal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Yamaguchi
- Advance Operative Dentistry-Endodontics, The Nippon Dental University Graduate School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamauracho, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8580, Japan
| | - Daiki Yoshii
- Department of Operative Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamauracho, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8580, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Katsuragi
- Research Center for Odontology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan
| | - Koichi Shinkai
- Advance Operative Dentistry-Endodontics, The Nippon Dental University Graduate School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamauracho, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8580, Japan
- Department of Operative Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamauracho, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8580, Japan
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Bloch S, Hager-Mair FF, Andrukhov O, Schäffer C. Oral streptococci: modulators of health and disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1357631. [PMID: 38456080 PMCID: PMC10917908 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1357631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococci are primary colonizers of the oral cavity where they are ubiquitously present and an integral part of the commensal oral biofilm microflora. The role oral streptococci play in the interaction with the host is ambivalent. On the one hand, they function as gatekeepers of homeostasis and are a prerequisite for the maintenance of oral health - they shape the oral microbiota, modulate the immune system to enable bacterial survival, and antagonize pathogenic species. On the other hand, also recognized pathogens, such as oral Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, which trigger the onset of dental caries belong to the genus Streptococcus. In the context of periodontitis, oral streptococci as excellent initial biofilm formers have an accessory function, enabling late biofilm colonizers to inhabit gingival pockets and cause disease. The pathogenic potential of oral streptococci fully unfolds when their dissemination into the bloodstream occurs; streptococcal infection can cause extra-oral diseases, such as infective endocarditis and hemorrhagic stroke. In this review, the taxonomic diversity of oral streptococci, their role and prevalence in the oral cavity and their contribution to oral health and disease will be discussed, focusing on the virulence factors these species employ for interactions at the host interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bloch
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fiona F. Hager-Mair
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oleh Andrukhov
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Schäffer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
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Blochberger BL, Symmank J, Nitzsche Á, Nietzsche S, Steiniger F, Guellmar A, Reise M, Sigusch B, Jacobs C, Hennig CL. Influence of the orthodontic bonding procedure on biofilm formation. Orthod Craniofac Res 2024; 27:95-101. [PMID: 37470303 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In orthodontics, white spot lesions are a persistent and widespread problem caused by the demineralization of buccal tooth surfaces around bonded brackets. The remaining adhesive around the brackets leads to surface roughness, which might contribute to demineralization. The present in vitro study aimed to compare a conventional and a modern adhesive system (APC Flash-Free technology) for orthodontic brackets with regard to the adhesion of Streptococcus sobrinus, a leading caries pathogen. METHODS This in vitro study included 20 premolar teeth and compared 10 APC Flash-Free adhesive-coated ceramic brackets (FF)with 10 conventionally bonded (CB) ceramic clarity brackets. Specimens were incubated in an S. sobrinus suspension for 3 h. To evaluate the bacterial formation, samples were analysed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Imaging software was used to quantify and statistically compare percentage values of colonization (PVC) in both groups' adhesion and transition areas. RESULTS We found a significant difference in biofilm formation between the groups for the adhesive and transition areas. PVC in the adhesive area was approximately 10.3-fold greater for the CB group compared with the FF group (median: 3.2 vs 0.31; P < 0.0001). For the transition area, median PVC was approximately 2.4-fold greater for the CB group compared with the FF group (median: 53.17 vs 22.11; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS There was a significantly lower level of S. sobrinus formation around the FF bracket system than there was surrounding the conventionally bonded group. This study suggests that the FF adhesive bracket system can help reduce the occurrence of bacterial growth around orthodontic brackets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judit Symmank
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dental Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ánn Nitzsche
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dental Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandor Nietzsche
- Electron Microscopy Center, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank Steiniger
- Electron Microscopy Center, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - André Guellmar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center of Dental Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Reise
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center of Dental Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernd Sigusch
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center of Dental Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Collin Jacobs
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dental Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph-Ludwig Hennig
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dental Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
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Bansal K, Shamoo A, Atif M, Batra P, Chaudhry R. Isolation and detection of bacterial species on mitis salivarius bacitracin agar from the plaque samples of caries active children. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2024; 42:15-21. [PMID: 38616422 DOI: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_17_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In cariology studies, mitis-salivarius-bacitracin (MSB) agar has been commonly considered as the selective medium for Streptococcusmutans growth. The present study was the part of a funded project (a noninferiority randomized controlled trial) which compared the efficacy of a plant extract-based mouth rinse with that of a fluoride mouth rinse on the S.mutans counts of the children. AIM This study aimed to identify the frequency of detection of S.mutans and nonstreptococcal bacterial species from the dental plaque of caries active children using a combined technique of anaerobic culture and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. SETTINGS AND METHODS Caries-active children (8-12 years old) were enrolled from a pediatric dental outpatient department at a tertiary care hospital. From each participant, dental plaque samples were collected from carious surfaces under sterilized conditions and then subjected to anaerobic culture. After 48 h of incubation, the bacterial colonies were isolated by sub-culture and identified by the MALDI-TOF. RESULTS In all, 13 different bacterial species were isolated from the MSB agar medium. Other than S.mutans species, colonies of bacterial species such as Veillonelladispar,Streptococcusanginosus, Veillonellaparvula, and Streptococcusgordonii were also frequently observed from the medium. CONCLUSIONS The study concluded that several bacterial strains, both streptococcal and nonstreptococcal, could be isolated from the MSB agar medium; hence, this medium should no longer be considered selective medium for the culture of S.mutans in clinical and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Bansal
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Azeema Shamoo
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, Ulster University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Atif
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Priyam Batra
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rama Chaudhry
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Almoudi MM, Hussein AS, Mohd Sarmin NI, Abu Hassan MI. Antibacterial effectiveness of different zinc salts on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus: An in-vitro study. Saudi Dent J 2023; 35:883-890. [PMID: 38025600 PMCID: PMC10658393 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This in-vitro study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effects of four zinc salts namely zinc chloride, zinc sulfate, zinc citrate and zinc acetate against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus). Methods Antibacterial susceptibility assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were undertaken to evaluate the inhibitory activities of different zinc salts against the tested bacteria. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to evaluate the morphological changes of bacterial cells following exposure to zinc salts. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare the inhibitory effect of the different zinc salts. Results All zinc salts tested against S. mutans and S. sobrinus had a statistically and significantly smaller inhibition zone when compared to chlorhexidine, (P < 0.001). However, zinc chloride had the largest inhibition zone (20 mm ± 5.5) against S. sobrinus, which was comparable to chlorhexidine (22 mm ± 4) (P > 0.05). Zinc chloride, zinc sulfate and zinc acetate demonstrated higher MIC and MBC values against S. mutans compared to S. sobrinus. However, zinc citrate revealed the highest MIC and MBC values of 1 mg/mL and > 8 mg/mL for S. sobrinus and > 8 mg/mL for S. mutans, respectively. Conclusion Different zinc salts have displayed inhibitory growth effects against the common oral bacteria at very low concentrations except for zinc citrate which showed no inhibitory effect against these bacteria in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Mohamed Almoudi
- Centre of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, AL Zawiah University, AL Zawiah, Libya
| | - Alaa Sabah Hussein
- Centre of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Izzah Mohd Sarmin
- Centre of PreClinical Science Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Ibrahim Abu Hassan
- Centre of Restorative Dentistry Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
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Das A, Patro S, Simnani FZ, Singh D, Sinha A, Kumari K, Rao PV, Singh S, Kaushik NK, Panda PK, Suar M, Verma SK. Biofilm modifiers: The disparity in paradigm of oral biofilm ecosystem. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114966. [PMID: 37269809 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A biofilm is a population of sessile microorganisms that has a distinct organized structure and characteristics like channels and projections. Good oral hygiene and reduction in the prevalence of periodontal diseases arise from minimal biofilm accumulation in the mouth, however, studies focusing on modifying the ecology of oral biofilms have not yet been consistently effective. The self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances and greater antibiotic resistance make it difficult to target and eliminate biofilm infections, which lead to serious clinical consequences that are often lethal. Therefore, a better understanding is required to target and modify the ecology of biofilms in order to eradicate the infection, not only in instances of oral disorders but also in terms of nosocomial infections. The review focuses on several biofilm ecology modifiers to prevent biofilm infections, as well as the involvement of biofilm in antibiotic resistance, implants or in-dwelling device contamination, dental caries, and other periodontal disorders. It also discusses recent advances in nanotechnology that may lead to novel strategies for preventing and treating infections caused by biofilms as well as a novel outlook to infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antarikshya Das
- KIIT School of Dental Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Swadheena Patro
- KIIT School of Dental Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India.
| | | | - Dibyangshee Singh
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Adrija Sinha
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Khushbu Kumari
- KIIT School of Dental Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Patnala Vedika Rao
- KIIT School of Medical Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Sarita Singh
- BVG Life Sciences Limited, Sagar Complex, Old Pune-Mumbai Road, Chinchwad, Pune 411034, India
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, 01897 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Pritam Kumar Panda
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- KIIT School of Dental Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India.
| | - Suresh K Verma
- KIIT School of Dental Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India.
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Chaudhary P, Mitra D, Das Mohapatra PK, Oana Docea A, Mon Myo E, Janmeda P, Martorell M, Iriti M, Ibrayeva M, Sharifi-Rad J, Santini A, Romano R, Calina D, Cho WC. Camellia sinensis: insights on its molecular mechanisms of action towards nutraceutical, anticancer potential and other therapeutic applications. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
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Homayouni Rad A, Pourjafar H, Mirzakhani E. A comprehensive review of the application of probiotics and postbiotics in oral health. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1120995. [PMID: 36968114 PMCID: PMC10031100 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1120995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral diseases are among the most common diseases around the world that people usually suffer from during their lifetime. Tooth decay is a multifactorial disease, and the composition of oral microbiota is a critical factor in its development. Also, Streptococcus mutans is considered the most important caries-causing species. It is expected that probiotics, as they adjust the intestinal microbiota and reduce the number of pathogenic bacteria in the human intestine, can exert their health-giving effects, especially the anti-pathogenic effect, in the oral cavity, which is part of the human gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have been conducted on the role of probiotics in the prevention of tooth decay. In this review, while investigating the effect of different strains of probiotics Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria on oral diseases, including dental caries, candida yeast infections, periodontal diseases, and halitosis, we have also discussed postbiotics as novel non-living biological compounds derived from probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Homayouni Rad
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Pourjafar
- Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- *Correspondence: Esmaeel Mirzakhani, ; Hadi Pourjafar,
| | - Esmaeel Mirzakhani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- *Correspondence: Esmaeel Mirzakhani, ; Hadi Pourjafar,
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Investigation of the Antibacterial, Anti-Biofilm, and Antioxidative Effect of Piper betle Leaf Extract against Bacillus gaemokensis MW067143 Isolated from Dental Caries, an In Vitro-In Silico Approach. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122485. [PMID: 36557738 PMCID: PMC9788100 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Among oral diseases, dental caries is one of the most frequent to affect human health. The current research work aimed to ascertain the antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and antioxidative potential of Piper betle leaf extract against bacteria isolated from dental caries. Analysis for the presence of phytochemical compounds revealed compounds, such as tannins, steroids, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids, which were also confirmed by TLC and FTIR. GC-MS analysis elucidated the presence of 20 phytocompounds, among which were some well-reported bioactive compounds. The chloroform extract of P. betle demonstrated good antibacterial activity (7 mm) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (100 mg mL-1) against Bacillus gaemokensis MW067143, which was the frequent biofilm producer among isolated bacterial strains. Fractions of the extract were isolated through column chromatography, after which the antibacterial activity was again evaluated. Spirost-8-en-11-one,3-hydroxy(3β,5α,14β,20β,22β,25R), an oxosteroid in nature, was observed to exhibit remarkable antibacterial potential (12 mm) against B. gaemokensis. Bacterial cells treated with P. betle extract had elevated SOD, APOX, POX, and GR activity, while its proteolytic activity against whole bacterial proteins was pronounced with the suppression of several proteins (50, 40, 15, and 10 kDa) in SDS-PAGE. Bacterial cells treated with P. betle extract demonstrated decreased growth, while the extract was also observed to exhibit inhibition of biofilm formation (70.11%) and demolition of established B. gaemokensis biofilms (57.98%). SEM analysis revealed significant changes to bacterial morphology post treatment with P. betle, with cellular disintegration being prominent. In silico network pharmacology analysis elucidated proteins like ESR1 and IL6 to be majorly involved in biological pathways of dental caries, which also interact with the protective ability of P. betle. Gene Ontology (GO) terms and KEGG pathways were also screened using enrichment analysis. Molecular docking demonstrated the highest binding affinity of Spirost-8-en-11-one,3-hydroxy-,(3β,5α,14β,20β,22β,25R) with bacterial proteins FabI (-12 kcal/mol), MurB (-17.1 kcal/mol), and FtsZ (-14.9 kcal/mol). Therefore, it is suggested that P. betle can serve a potentially therapeutic role and could be used in the preparation of herbal formulations for managing bacterial flora.
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Oralbiotica/Oralbiotics: The Impact of Oral Microbiota on Dental Health and Demineralization: A Systematic Review of the Literature. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9071014. [PMID: 35883998 PMCID: PMC9323959 DOI: 10.3390/children9071014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The oral microbiota plays a vital role in the human microbiome and oral health. Imbalances between microbes and their hosts can lead to oral and systemic disorders such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this review is to investigate the literature evidence of oral microbiota dysbiosis on oral health and discuss current knowledge and emerging mechanisms governing oral polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis; both have enhanced our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms and aided the design of innovative therapeutic approaches as ORALBIOTICA for oral diseases such as demineralization. PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, Cochrane Library, EMBEDDED, Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source via EBSCO, APA PsycINFO, APA PsyArticles, and DRUGS@FDA were searched for publications that matched our topic from January 2017 to 22 April 2022, with an English language constraint using the following Boolean keywords: ("microbio*" and "demineralization*") AND ("oral microbiota" and "demineralization"). Twenty-two studies were included for qualitative analysis. As seen by the studies included in this review, the balance of the microbiota is unstable and influenced by oral hygiene, the presence of orthodontic devices in the oral cavity and poor eating habits that can modify its composition and behavior in both positive and negative ways, increasing the development of demineralization, caries processes, and periodontal disease. Under conditions of dysbiosis, favored by an acidic environment, the reproduction of specific bacterial strains increases, favoring cariogenic ones such as Bifidobacterium dentium, Bifidobacterium longum, and S. mutans, than S. salivarius and A. viscosus, and increasing of Firmicutes strains to the disadvantage of Bacteroidetes. Microbial balance can be restored by using probiotics and prebiotics to manage and treat oral diseases, as evidenced by mouthwashes or dietary modifications that can influence microbiota balance and prevent or slow disease progression.
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Mohabatpour F, Yazdanpanah Z, Papagerakis S, Chen X, Papagerakis P. Self-Crosslinkable Oxidized Alginate-Carboxymethyl Chitosan Hydrogels as an Injectable Cell Carrier for In Vitro Dental Enamel Regeneration. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13020071. [PMID: 35735926 PMCID: PMC9225469 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Injectable hydrogels, as carriers, offer great potential to incorporate cells or growth factors for dental tissue regeneration. Notably, the development of injectable hydrogels with appropriate structures and properties has been a challenging task, leaving much to be desired in terms of cytocompatibility, antibacterial and self-healing properties, as well as the ability to support dental stem cell functions. This paper presents our study on the development of a novel self-cross-linkable hydrogel composed of oxidized alginate and carboxymethyl chitosan and its characterization as a cell carrier for dental enamel regeneration in vitro. Oxidized alginate was synthesized with 60% theoretical oxidation degree using periodate oxidation and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy. Then, hydrogels were prepared at three varying weight ratios of oxidized alginate to carboxymethyl chitosan (4:1, 3:1, and 2:1) through Schiff base reactions, which was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. The hydrogels were characterized in terms of gelation time, swelling ratio, structure, injectability, self-healing, antibacterial properties, and in vitro characterization for enamel regeneration. The results demonstrated that, among the three hydrogels examined, the one with the highest ratio of oxidized alginate (i.e., 4:1) had the fastest gelation time and the lowest swelling ability, and that all hydrogels were formed with highly porous structures and were able to be injected through a 20-gauge needle without clogging. The injected hydrogels could be rapidly reformed with the self-healing property. The hydrogels also showed antibacterial properties against two cariogenic bacteria: Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. For in vitro enamel regeneration, a dental epithelial cell line, HAT-7, was examined, demonstrating a high cell viability in the hydrogels during injection. Furthermore, HAT-7 cells encapsulated in the hydrogels showed alkaline phosphatase production and mineral deposition, as well as maintaining their round morphology, after 14 days of in vitro culture. Taken together, this study has provided evidence that the oxidized alginate-carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogels could be used as an injectable cell carrier for dental enamel tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mohabatpour
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (F.M.); (Z.Y.)
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Zahra Yazdanpanah
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (F.M.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Silvana Papagerakis
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (F.M.); (Z.Y.)
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (X.C.); (P.P.)
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (F.M.); (Z.Y.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (X.C.); (P.P.)
| | - Petros Papagerakis
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (F.M.); (Z.Y.)
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (X.C.); (P.P.)
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Lemaire C, Le Gallou B, Lanotte P, Mereghetti L, Pastuszka A. Distribution, Diversity and Roles of CRISPR-Cas Systems in Human and Animal Pathogenic Streptococci. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:828031. [PMID: 35173702 PMCID: PMC8841824 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.828031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococci form a wide group of bacteria and are involved in both human and animal pathologies. Among pathogenic isolates, differences have been highlighted especially concerning their adaptation and virulence profiles. CRISPR-Cas systems have been identified in bacteria and many streptococci harbor one or more systems, particularly subtypes I-C, II-A, and III-A. Since the demonstration that CRISPR-Cas act as an adaptive immune system in Streptococcus thermophilus, a lactic bacteria, the diversity and role of CRISPR-Cas were extended to many germs and functions were enlarged. Among those, the genome editing tool based on the properties of Cas endonucleases is used worldwide, and the recent attribution of the Nobel Prize illustrates the importance of this tool in the scientific world. Another application is CRISPR loci analysis, which allows to easily characterize isolates in order to understand the interactions of bacteria with their environment and visualize species evolution. In this review, we focused on the distribution, diversity and roles of CRISPR-Cas systems in the main pathogenic streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Lemaire
- Université de Tours, INRAE, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, BRMF, Tours, France
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Brice Le Gallou
- Université de Tours, INRAE, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, BRMF, Tours, France
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Lanotte
- Université de Tours, INRAE, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, BRMF, Tours, France
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
- *Correspondence: Philippe Lanotte,
| | - Laurent Mereghetti
- Université de Tours, INRAE, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, BRMF, Tours, France
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Adeline Pastuszka
- Université de Tours, INRAE, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, BRMF, Tours, France
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
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Zubaidah N, Dianawati N, Ridwan RD, Shirakawa T, Kuntaman K, Setiawatie EM, Tanzil MI, Kunarti S. The Clinical Pattern and Prevalence of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus among Adult and Children Patients with Dental Caries. PESQUISA BRASILEIRA EM ODONTOPEDIATRIA E CLÍNICA INTEGRADA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2022.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nanik Zubaidah
- Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia; Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
| | - Nur Dianawati
- Institute of Health Science Bhakti Wiyata Kediri, Indonesia
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Mishra P, Abikshyeet P, Bhuyan L, Kumar V, Mahapatra N, Adhikary T. Probiotics: Dawn of a new era in dental caries management. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2022; 14:S34-S38. [PMID: 36110745 PMCID: PMC9469361 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_801_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is considered to be the most common pathology of the oral cavity. The pathogenesis of dental carries is believed to be because of imbalance in the microbiological niche creating an ecological pressure. Probiotics are living microorganisms which when dispensed in appropriate amounts can benefit the health of the host. They have posed as a promising replacement to antibiotics that can aid in solving dental issues like dental caries. There are numerous Randomized control trials to validate this fact. There are also various modes through which a probiotic can be delivered against dental caries. Numerous new avenues like effector strains and synbiotics are also explored nowadays. The present review is about the significance of probiotics in the management of dental caries.
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Banavar G, Ogundijo O, Toma R, Rajagopal S, Lim YK, Tang K, Camacho F, Torres PJ, Gline S, Parks M, Kenny L, Perlina A, Tily H, Dimitrova N, Amar S, Vuyisich M, Punyadeera C. The salivary metatranscriptome as an accurate diagnostic indicator of oral cancer. NPJ Genom Med 2021; 6:105. [PMID: 34880265 PMCID: PMC8654845 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-021-00257-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in cancer treatment, the 5-year mortality rate for oral cancers (OC) is 40%, mainly due to the lack of early diagnostics. To advance early diagnostics for high-risk and average-risk populations, we developed and evaluated machine-learning (ML) classifiers using metatranscriptomic data from saliva samples (n = 433) collected from oral premalignant disorders (OPMD), OC patients (n = 71) and normal controls (n = 171). Our diagnostic classifiers yielded a receiver operating characteristics (ROC) area under the curve (AUC) up to 0.9, sensitivity up to 83% (92.3% for stage 1 cancer) and specificity up to 97.9%. Our metatranscriptomic signature incorporates both taxonomic and functional microbiome features, and reveals a number of taxa and functional pathways associated with OC. We demonstrate the potential clinical utility of an AI/ML model for diagnosing OC early, opening a new era of non-invasive diagnostics, enabling early intervention and improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guruduth Banavar
- Viome Research Institute, Viome Life Sciences, Inc., New York City, USA.
| | - Oyetunji Ogundijo
- Viome Research Institute, Viome Life Sciences, Inc., New York City, USA
| | - Ryan Toma
- Viome Research Institute, Viome Life Sciences, Inc., Seattle, USA
| | | | - Yen Kai Lim
- The Saliva and Liquid Biopsy Translational Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
- The Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kai Tang
- The Saliva and Liquid Biopsy Translational Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
- The Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Francine Camacho
- Viome Research Institute, Viome Life Sciences, Inc., New York City, USA
| | - Pedro J Torres
- Viome Research Institute, Viome Life Sciences, Inc., New York City, USA
| | - Stephanie Gline
- Viome Research Institute, Viome Life Sciences, Inc., New York City, USA
| | - Matthew Parks
- Viome Research Institute, Viome Life Sciences, Inc., New York City, USA
| | - Liz Kenny
- The School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ally Perlina
- Viome Research Institute, Viome Life Sciences, Inc., Seattle, USA
| | - Hal Tily
- Viome Research Institute, Viome Life Sciences, Inc., New York City, USA
| | | | | | | | - Chamindie Punyadeera
- The Saliva and Liquid Biopsy Translational Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia.
- The Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Kalpavriksha AJ, Siddaiah SB, Bilichodmath S, Prabhakara S, Rao HH. Comparative Evaluation of Antibacterial Effect of GIC Containing Chlorhexidine and Miswak on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in Early Childhood Caries Children: A PCR Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021; 14:229-234. [PMID: 34413597 PMCID: PMC8343680 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim The therapeutic procedures used in the treatment of caries do not always eliminate all the microorganisms. Persisting cariogenic bacteria can cause recurrent caries and failure of restoration. Incorporation of an antimicrobial agent in the restorative material may be of paramount significance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the antibacterial effect of glass ionomer cement (GIC) containing CHX and miswak extract on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in ECC children using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Materials and methods Forty-five children with ECC in the age-group 3–6 years were selected. The children were randomly allocated into three groups. Supragingival plaque samples (S1) were collected from sound buccal or labial surfaces of primary teeth. Cavity preparation was done and the teeth were restored according to the group to which the child had been allotted. The second plaque sample (S2) was collected 1 month and the final sample after 3 months of restoring all the decayed teeth. All the samples were sent for PCR analysis. Results Intergroup analysis was done using Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Mann–Whitney post hoc test showed statistically significant difference in S. mutans and S. sobrinus count between group I (CHX) and group III (control) and group II (miswak) and group III (control) but no statistically significant difference between group I (CHX) and group II (miswak) in S. mutans and S. sobrinus count. Conclusion 1% chlorhexidine digluconate and aqueous extract of miswak are equally effective against S. mutans and S. sobrinus. Miswak can be used as an alternative herbal antimicrobial that can be incorporated in anhydrous GIC. How to cite this article Kalpavriksha AJ, Siddaiah SB, Bilichodmath S, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Antibacterial Effect of GIC Containing Chlorhexidine and Miswak on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in Early Childhood Caries Children: A PCR Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(2):229–234.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amruta J Kalpavriksha
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, RajaRajeswari Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shakuntala Bethur Siddaiah
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, RajaRajeswari Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shivaprasad Bilichodmath
- Department of Periodontology, RajaRajeswari Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Somanna Prabhakara
- Department of Genetics, Central Research Lab, RajaRajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Hanumantha Hm Rao
- Department of Genetics, Central Research Lab, RajaRajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Tanabe G, Churei H, Takeuchi Y, Hayashi K, Kanasaki A, Yoshida Y, Toma J, Araie Y, Ueno T. Antibacterial effect of a disinfectant spray for sports mouthguards on Streptococcus sobrinus. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2021; 18:59. [PMID: 34497694 PMCID: PMC8404567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mouthguard (MG) disinfectant sprays are available for maintaining MG hygiene. The effect of these sprays against Streptococcus sobrinus is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of an MG disinfectant spray against S. sobrinus using the modified ISO 22196 standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this in vitro study, we used the following treatment groups for antibacterial testing: MG spray-1 (left in spray for 30 s), MG spray-2 (60 s), and control (n = 4). All analyses were performed at a statistically significant level (P = 0.05) using JMP® 14. RESULTS The log colony-forming units of the MG spray-2 group were significantly lower than those of the other groups. The antibacterial activity of MG spray-2 against S. sobrinus was >2.1. CONCLUSION We confirmed the antibacterial effect of the MG spray against S. sobrinus, and it was influenced by the treatment duration, with the optimum effect at a longer duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Tanabe
- Department of Sports Medicine/Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Churei
- Department of Sports Medicine/Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan,Address for correspondence: Dr. Hiroshi Churei, Department of Sports Medicine/Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan. E-mail:
| | - Yasuo Takeuchi
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kairi Hayashi
- Department of Sports Medicine/Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aki Kanasaki
- Department of Sports Medicine/Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuriko Yoshida
- Department of Sports Medicine/Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Toma
- AGSA JAPAN CO., LTD 1-2-34 Tamatsukuri, Chuo-Ku, Japan
| | - Yosiaki Araie
- LITEC., Ltd 6-33 Minamibori-cho, Tennoji-Ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ueno
- Department of Sports Medicine/Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Chen X, Hu X, Fang J, Sun X, Zhu F, Sun Y, Wang Y. Association of oral microbiota profile with sugar-sweetened beverages consumption in school-aged children. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2021; 73:82-92. [PMID: 34000955 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2021.1913102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Evidence that common beverage consumption is associated with oral ecosystem. However, little is known about the effect of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) on composition and functional potential of childhood oral microbiota. We aim to examine associations between SSBs consumption with oral microbiota diversity and function among school-aged children. Oral microbiota in buccal swab samples was collected from 180 children (11.3 ± 0.6 years) from an ongoing child growth and development cohort established in 2016, using 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Higher SSBs consumption (≥1 serving/day) was associated with lower oral microbiota richness and diversity. Children with higher SSBs consumption showed decreased abundance of genus Fusobacterium, Lachnoanaerobaculum, Soonwooa, Tannerella and Moraxella (p < 0.05). However, more SSBs intake selectively increases the dominance of aciduric bacteria (Neisseria and Streptococcus), which can lead to dental caries and other oral problems. Furthermore, PICRUSt analysis illustrated that oral microbiota was more conducive to the pathway activated of protein export (p = 0.020), D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism (p = 0.013), and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis (p = 0.004), indicating vigorous microbial metabolism in oral bacterial community in higher SSBs intake groups. Overall, our finding suggests that higher SSBs consumption may disturb oral microecology and reduce diversity of microbiota during childhood, stimulating an increase in cariogenic genera, which contributes to increased susceptibility of SSBs-related oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyan Hu
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiao Fang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fangfang Zhu
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanyin Wang
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Use of the Er:YAG Laser in Conservative Dentistry: Evaluation of the Microbial Population in Carious Lesions. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14092387. [PMID: 34064339 PMCID: PMC8124663 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the Erbium:Yttrio-Aluminum-Granate (Er:YAG) laser photothermal and mechanical effects on cariogenic species concentration and on the microbial load composition of therapeutic cavities, in order to evaluate the possible micro-organisms reduction and make a comparison with manual and rotating conventional therapy (CT). A clinical trial was designed, including adults with active deep carious lesions on permanent teeth who were divided into two groups, i.e., control group and intervention group treated with CT and Er:YAG therapy, respectively. Before and after any conservative treatment, two oral samples were collected using a small sterile microbrush scrubbed within the base of the dentinal cavity tissue. The percentage of reduction and the colony-forming units (CFUs) count after Er:YAG and conventional treatments were compared for total microorganisms, including Candida spp., Streptococcus spp., and Lactobacillus spp. The microbial reduction varied from 90.2% to 100% and was significantly observed for total microorganisms and Streptococcus spp. (p < 0.05). The Er:YAG laser shows the potential for clinical applications, especially with paediatric and complicated patients, thanks to its minimally invasive properties and its effect on the reduction of microbial load.
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Li JW, Wyllie RM, Jensen PA. A Novel Competence Pathway in the Oral Pathogen Streptococcus sobrinus. J Dent Res 2021; 100:542-548. [PMID: 33876976 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520979150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus sobrinus is an etiologic cause of dental caries (tooth decay) in humans. Our knowledge of S. sobrinus is scant despite the organism's important role in oral health. It is widely believed that S. sobrinus lacks the natural competence pathways that are used by other streptococci to regulate growth, virulence, and quorum sensing. The lack of natural competence has also prevented genetic manipulation of S. sobrinus, limiting our knowledge of its pathogenicity. We discovered that most strains of S. sobrinus contain a new class of the ComRS competence system. Although S. sobrinus is typically placed among the mutans group streptococci, the S. sobrinus ComRS system is most similar to the competence pathways in the salivarius group. Unlike all other ComRS systems, the S. sobrinus pathway contains 2 copies of the transcriptional regulator ComR and has a peptide pheromone (XIP) that lacks any aromatic amino acids. Synthetic XIP enables transformation of S. sobrinus with plasmid or linear DNA, and we leverage this newfound genetic tractability to confirm that only 1 of the ComR homologs is required for induced competence while the other appears to suppress competence. Exogenous XIP increases the expression of bacteriocin gene clusters and produces an antimicrobial response that inhibits growth of S. mutans. We also identified 2 strains of S. sobrinus that appear to be "cheaters" by either not responding to or not producing XIP. We show how a recombination event in the nonresponsive strain could restore function of the ComRS pathway but delete the gene encoding XIP. Thus, the S. sobrinus ComRS pathway provides new tools for studying this pathogen and offers a lens into the evolution of ecological cheaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - R M Wyllie
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - P A Jensen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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23
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Verspecht T, Van Holm W, Boon N, Bernaerts K, Daep CA, Masters JG, Zayed N, Quirynen M, Teughels W. Potential prebiotic substrates modulate composition, metabolism, virulence and inflammatory potential of an in vitro multi-species oral biofilm. J Oral Microbiol 2021; 13:1910462. [PMID: 33968313 PMCID: PMC8079042 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2021.1910462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Modulation of the commensal oral microbiota constitutes a promising preventive/therapeutic approach in oral healthcare. The use of prebiotics for maintaining/restoring the health-associated homeostasis of the oral microbiota has become an important research topic. Aims: This study hypothesised that in vitro 14-species oral biofilms can be modulated by (in)direct stimulation of beneficial/commensal bacteria with new potential prebiotic substrates tested at 1 M and 1%(w/v), resulting in more host-compatible biofilms with fewer pathogens, decreased virulence and less inflammatory potential. Methods: Established biofilms were repeatedly rinsed with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, α-D-lactose, D-(+)-trehalose or D-(+)-raffinose at 1 M or 1%(w/v). Biofilm composition, metabolic profile, virulence and inflammatory potential were eventually determined. Results: Repeated rinsing caused a shift towards a more health-associated microbiological composition, an altered metabolic profile, often downregulated virulence gene expression and decreased the inflammatory potential on oral keratinocytes. At 1 M, the substrates had pronounced effects on all biofilm aspects, whereas at 1%(w/v) they had a pronounced effect on virulence gene expression and a limited effect on inflammatory potential. Conclusion: Overall, this study identified four new potential prebiotic substrates that exhibit different modulatory effects at two different concentrations that cause in vitro multi-species oral biofilms to become more host-compatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Verspecht
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Biotechnology, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - Wannes Van Holm
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Biotechnology, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - Nico Boon
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - Kristel Bernaerts
- Bio- and Chemical Systems Technology, Reactor Engineering and Safety, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven Chem & Tech, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carlo A Daep
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ USA
| | | | - Naiera Zayed
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Biotechnology, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Egypt
| | - Marc Quirynen
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Teughels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Almoudi MMM, Hussein AS, Abu Hassan MI, Al-Talib H, Khan HBSG, Nazli SAB, Effandy NAEB. The antibacterial effects of vitamin D3 against mutans streptococci: an in vitro study. Eur Oral Res 2021; 55:8-15. [PMID: 33937756 PMCID: PMC8055259 DOI: 10.26650/eor.20210119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of the cholecalciferol vitamin
D3 against Streptococcus sobrinus (Strep. sobrinus) and Streptococcus mutans (Strep.
mutans) bacteria in vitro that is considered the main causative bacteria in dental
caries development. Materials and methods: The antimicrobial effects of vitamin D3 were evaluated against Strep. sobrinus
and Strep mutans using the agar disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory
concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of vitamin
D3 were determined using a microdilution method following the guidelines by
the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Scanning electron microscope
(SEM) was used to evaluate the morphological changes of bacterial cells following
exposure to vitamin D3. Results: Strep. sobrinus was more sensitive to vitamin D3 compared to Strep. mutans bacteria.
The MIC values of vitamin D3 against Strep. sobrinus and Strep. mutans were 60 μg/
mL and 250 μg/mL respectively whereas the MBC values were 120 μg/mL and 500
μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, significant changes in the bacterial morphology
were observed in treated bacterial cells with vitamin D3 as compared to the
untreated control bacteria using SEM. Conclusion: These findings suggested that vitamin D3 has excellent antimicrobial effects against
Strep. sobrinus and Strep. mutans and may be considered as a promising compound
in the prevention of dental caries in the future. Further research is recommended to
elucidate the mechanism of vitamin D3 on these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Mohamed Mansour Almoudi
- Centre of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Alaa Sabah Hussein
- Centre of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Ibrahim Abu Hassan
- Centre of Restorative Dentistry Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hassanain Al-Talib
- Medical Microbiology and Parasitology Department,Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA,Selangor,Malaysia
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25
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Churei H, Tanabe G, Takeuchi Y, Hayashi K, Kanasaki A, Yoshida Y, Toma J, Araie Y, Ueno T. Antibacterial effect of a disinfectant spray for sports mouthguards on Streptococcus sobrinus. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.321870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Liu Y, Liu P, Wang L, Shi Y, Chen J, Wang H, Zhang X. Inhibitory effects of citrus lemon oil and limonene on Streptococcus sobrinus – Induced dental caries in rats. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 118:104851. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Al-Quwaie DA. Bacterial community dynamics with rhizosphere of Calotropis procera and Senna alexandrina desert plants in Saudi Arabia. Bioinformation 2020; 16:567-578. [PMID: 33214744 PMCID: PMC7649021 DOI: 10.6026/97320630016567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is of interest to study the rhizobacteria associated with two different desert wild plants, e.g., Calotropis procera and Senna alexandrina compared with bulk soil sample in order to identify signatures of microbes in rhizospheres of the two plants and detect influence of soil microbiome in drawing soil architecture. Analysis of deep sequencing microbial dataset indicated occurrence of 296,642 sequence tags assigned 5,210 OTUs (operational taxonomic units). Species richness in control sample was higher than those of either plant's rhizosphere, while microbial abundance was lower. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plot indicated complete separation of microbiome diversity among groups. Abundances of Pseudomonas stutzeri and Virgibacillus koreensis increased in the rhizosphere of C. procera compared with that of S. alexandrina, while those of Streptococcus sobrinus, Veillonella parvula and unassigned species of Sphingomonas genus increased in rhizosphere of S. alexandrina. Unassigned species of genera Marinobacter, Porticoccus and Alcanivorax only exist in rhizosphere microbiome of C. procera, while unassigned species of genus Pseudomonas only exists in rhizosphere microbiome of Senna alexandrina. High abundances of the two microbes Pseudomonas stutzeri and Virgibacillus koreensis in rhizosphere of C. procera allow the plant to grow well under both normal and saline condition. Also, Marinobacter, Porticoccus and Alcanivorax genera only exist in rhizosphere microbiome of C. procera. These microbes produce siderophores that protect plant from pathogens. Data shows that C. procera might be more protected from microbial pathogens compared with S. alexandrina. The differential abundances or exclusive presence of soil microbes reflect the ability of plant species to survive under biotic and abiotic stresses. Results imply that rhizospheric microbes can be used as biomarkers of plant growth rate and the ability to survive under harsh conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ah Al-Quwaie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rabigh College of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
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28
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Jain A, Armstrong SR, Banas JA, Qian F, Maia RR, Teixeira EC. Dental adhesive microtensile bond strength following a biofilm-based in vitro aging model. J Appl Oral Sci 2020; 28:e20190737. [PMID: 32609185 PMCID: PMC7340208 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2019-0737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Laboratory tests are routinely used to test bonding properties of dental adhesives. Various aging methods that simulate the oral environment are used to complement these tests for assessment of adhesive bond durability. However, most of these methods challenge hydrolytic and mechanical stability of the adhesive- enamel/dentin interface, and not the biostability of dental adhesives. To compare resin-dentin microtensile bond strength (μTBS) after a 15-day Streptococcus mutans (SM) or Streptococcus sobrinus (SS) bacterial exposure to the 6-month water storage (WS) ISO 11405 type 3 test. METHODOLOGY A total of 31 molars were flattened and their exposed dentin was restored with Optibond-FL adhesive system and Z-100 dental composite. Each restored molar was sectioned and trimmed into four dumbbell-shaped specimens, and randomly distributed based on the following aging conditions: A) 6 months of WS (n=31), B) 5.5 months of WS + 15 days of a SM-biofilm challenge (n=31), C) 15 days of a SM-biofilm challenge (n=31) and D) 15 days of a SS-biofilm challenge (n=31). μTBS were determined and the failure modes were classified using light microscopy. RESULTS Statistical analyses showed that each type of aging condition affected μTBS (p<0.0001). For Group A (49.7±15.5MPa), the mean μTBS was significantly greater than in Groups B (19.3±6.3MPa), C (19.9±5.9MPa) and D (23.6±7.9MPa). For Group D, the mean μTBS was also significantly greater than for Groups B and C, but no difference was observed between Groups B and C. CONCLUSION A Streptococcus mutans- or Streptococcus sobrinus-based biofilm challenge for 15 days resulted in a significantly lower μTBS than did the ISO 11405 recommended 6 months of water storage. This type of biofilm-based aging model seems to be a practical method for testing biostability of resin-dentin bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Jain
- University of Iowa, Department of Operative Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Steve R Armstrong
- University of Iowa, Department of Operative Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Banas
- University of Iowa, Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Fang Qian
- University of Iowa, Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Rodrigo R Maia
- University of Iowa, Department of Operative Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Erica C Teixeira
- University of Iowa, Department of Operative Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Sounah SA, Madfa AA. Correlation between dental caries experience and the level of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli in saliva and carious teeth in a Yemeni adult population. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:112. [PMID: 32103773 PMCID: PMC7045487 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-04960-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the relative amounts of Streptococcus mutans (SM) and lactobacilli (LBs) and their relationship with dental caries among a Yemeni adult population. RESULTS A positive correlation appeared between SM and LB counts from saliva and caries tissue samples and the decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) score (p < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between SM and LBs in caries tissue (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between SM and LBs isolated from saliva samples (p > 0.05). The number of SM and LBs in subjects with active caries was significantly higher than that in those without active caries (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the daily habits and SM and LB or DMFT scores (p > 0.05), except for a significant difference between brushing frequency and DMFT score (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah A Sounah
- Department of Restorative and Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Sciences and Technology, Sanaa, Yemen.
| | - Ahmed A Madfa
- Department of Restorative and Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Sciences and Technology, Sanaa, Yemen.,Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Thamar University, Dhamar, Yemen.,Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Tamarova ER, Shvets KY, Mavzyutov AR, Baimiev AH, Bulgakova AI. [Creation of a molecular genetic test system for early diagnosis and evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases.]. Klin Lab Diagn 2020; 65:55-60. [PMID: 32155008 DOI: 10.18821/0869-2084-2020-65-1-55-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory periodontal diseases represent a serious dental and general medical problem due to the high prevalence among the adult population, the presence of clinical forms leading to the destruction of the dentition and tooth loss, insufficient treatment effectiveness and the frequency of relapse, including in connection with the formation of biofilms. A molecular genetic test system has been developed to evaluate the content of periodontopathogenic microorganisms Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus sobrinus in the contents of periodontal pockets. The analytical characteristics of the test system were determined, and testing was carried out on clinical samples of patients with chronic generalized periodontitis of moderate severity. The constructed diagnostic kit allowed us to conduct a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of various types of treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases based on quantitative data on the content of bacteria in the contents of periodontal pockets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K Y Shvets
- Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
- Institute of Biochemistry and genetics of Ufa Scientific Center RAS, Ufa, Russia
| | | | - A H Baimiev
- Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
- Institute of Biochemistry and genetics of Ufa Scientific Center RAS, Ufa, Russia
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31
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Patel M. Dental caries vaccine: are we there yet? Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 70:2-12. [PMID: 31518435 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dental caries, caused by Streptococcus mutans, is a common infection. Caries vaccine has been under investigation for the last 40 years. Many in vitro and in vivo studies and some human clinical trials have determined many pertinent aspects regarding vaccine development. The virulence determinants of Strep. mutans, such as Ag I/II, responsible for adherence to surfaces, glucosyltransferase, responsible for the production of glucan, and the glucan-binding protein, responsible for the attachment of glucan to surfaces, have been known to elicit an antigen-specific immune response. It is also known that more than one antigen or a functional part of the genome responsible for these virulence determinants provide a better host response compared with the monogenic vaccine or complete genome of a specific antigen. To enhance the host response, the use of adjuvants has been studied and the routes of antigen administration have been investigated. In recent years, some promising vaccines such as pGJA-P/VAX, LT derivative/Pi39-512 , KFD2-rPAc and SBR/GBR-CMV-nirB have been developed and tested in animals. New virulence targets need to be explored. Multicentre collaborative studies and human clinical trials are required and some interest from funders and public health experts should be generated to overcome this hurdle. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Dental caries is an irreversible, multifactorial opportunistic infection. The treatment is costly, making it a public health problem. Despite many years of promising laboratory research, animal studies and clinical trials, there is no commercially available vaccine today. The research objectives have become more refined from lessons learnt over the years. Multigenic DNA/recombinant vaccines, using the best proved adjuvants with a delivery system for the nasal or sublingual route, should be developed and researched with multicentre collaborative efforts. In addition, new vaccine targets can be identified. To overcome the economic hurdle, funders and public health interest should be stimulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Patel
- Department of Oral Biological Sciences, School of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Inquimbert C, Bourgeois D, Bravo M, Viennot S, Tramini P, Llodra JC, Molinari N, Dussart C, Giraudeau N, Carrouel F. The Oral Bacterial Microbiome of Interdental Surfaces in Adolescents According to Carious Risk. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E319. [PMID: 31491909 PMCID: PMC6780098 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is closely associated with a high risk of caries. The identification of specific bacteria in an oral microniche, the interdental space of the molars, according to carious risk can facilitate the prediction of future caries and the anticipation of the progression or stabilization of caries in adolescents. A cross-sectional clinical study according to the bacteriological criteria of interdental healthy adolescents and carious risk factors-low and high-using a real-time polymerase chain reaction technique was conducted. The presence of 26 oral pathogens from the interdental microbiota of 50 adolescents aged 15 to 17 years were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Bacteria known to be cariogenic (Bifidobacterium dentium, Lactobacillus spp., Rothia dentocariosa, Streptococcus cristatus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Streptococcus wiggsiae) did not present differences in abundance according to carious risk. Periodontal bacteria from the red complex are positively correlated with carious risk. However, only 3 bacteria-S. sobrinus, E corrodens and T. forsythia-presented a significant increase in the highest group. Estimating the risk of caries associated with bacterial factors in interdental sites of molars in adolescents contributes to the better definition of carious risk status, periodicity and intensity of diagnostic, prevention and restorative services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Inquimbert
- Laboratory "Systemic Health Care", EA4129, University Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Denis Bourgeois
- Laboratory "Systemic Health Care", EA4129, University Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Manuel Bravo
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain.
| | - Stéphane Viennot
- Laboratory "Systemic Health Care", EA4129, University Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Paul Tramini
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Juan Carlos Llodra
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain.
| | - Nicolas Molinari
- Service DIM, CHU de Montpellier, UMR 5149 IMAG, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Claude Dussart
- Laboratory "Systemic Health Care", EA4129, University Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Nicolas Giraudeau
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Florence Carrouel
- Laboratory "Systemic Health Care", EA4129, University Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
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Conrads G, Westenberger J, Lürkens M, Abdelbary MMH. Isolation and Bacteriocin-Related Typing of Streptococcus dentisani. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:110. [PMID: 31041198 PMCID: PMC6476965 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus oralis subspecies dentisani is explored as an anti-cariogenic probiotic. Here, subjecting freshly stimulated saliva samples of 35 healthy volunteers, six epidemiologically unrelated and two related strains were isolated (prevalence around 20%) applying a newly developed three-step procedure. Furthermore, the probiotic strain S. dentisani 7746 (AB-Dentisanium®) was tested under a variety of environmental conditions for its inhibitory effect on six S. mutans, two S. sobrinus, 15 other oral or intestinal streptococci, 15 S. dentisani strains, and six representatives of other species including periodontopathogens. All except one of the S. mutans strains were inhibited by 7746 colonies or culture supernatant concentrate but only if either the test cell number was low or the producer or its bacteriocin concentration, respectively, was high. S. sanguinis OMI 332, S. salivarius OMI 315, S. parasanguinis OMI 335, S. vestibularis OMI 238, and the intestinal S. dysgalactiae OMI 339 were not inhibited, while the other 10 streptococcal strains (especially S. oralis OMI 334 and intestinal S. gallolyticus OMI 326) showed a certain degree of inhibition. From the panel of other bacterial species only Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was slightly inhibited. With the exception of OMI 285 and OMI 291 that possessed a 7746 bacteriocin-like gene cluster, all S. dentisani strains and especially type strain 7747T were strongly inhibited by 7746. In conclusion, probiotic strain 7746 might antagonize the initiation and progression of dental caries by reducing S. mutans if not too abundant. S. dentisani strains inhibit each other, but strains with similar bacteriocin-related gene clusters, including immunity genes, are able to co-exist due to cross-resistance. In addition, development of resistance and adaptation to 7746-bacteriocins was observed during our study and needs attention. Hence, mechanisms underlying such processes need to be further investigated using omics-approaches. On the manufacturing level, probiotic strains should be continuously tested for function. Further clinical studies investigating inhibition of S. mutans by AB-Dentisanium® are required that should also monitor the impact on the oral microbiome composition including resident S. dentisani strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Conrads
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry and Periodontology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Westenberger
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry and Periodontology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martha Lürkens
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry and Periodontology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mohamed M H Abdelbary
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry and Periodontology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
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Kusumawardani A, Sukmasari S, Akmal Abdul Mutalib N, Fatihah Abdul Rahman S, Jauhari Arief Ichwan S. Comparative study of antimicrobial potential of White tea and Black tea leaf extracts from East Java-Indonesia on two species of oral streptococci. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Torres-Garcia ML, Llavore LD, Bungay A, Sarol JD, Pineda RR, Peñas KD. Benzalkonium chloride in an orthodontic adhesive: Its effect on rat enamel demineralization using color-based image analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2019; 155:88-97. [PMID: 30591172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an orthodontic bonding adhesive containing benzalkonium chloride (BAC) on enamel demineralization. METHODS Eighteen female Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 8 to 10 weeks, were inoculated with Streptococcus sobrinus for 5 days. The animals were randomly divided into the control, non-BAC, and BAC groups. The 6 animals in each group did not receive any brackets, received brackets on the maxillary left first molars bonded with conventional adhesive, or received brackets on the maxillary left and right first molars bonded with adhesive incorporated with 0.25% and 0.75% BAC (wt/wt), respectively. After 7 weeks, the maxillae were soaked in murexide stain to observe the surface area (mm2) and percentages of enamel demineralization on the palatal, mesial, buccal, and occlusal surfaces of the maxillary molars using color-based image analysis. RESULTS The non-BAC and BAC groups exhibited greater enamel demineralization compared with the control group. The surface areas and percentages of enamel demineralization in the BAC group were less compared with the non-BAC group. Less enamel demineralization was noted in the animals treated with 0.75% BAC compared with those given 0.25% BAC in all areas; however, these differences were not great enough to attain statistical significance at the 0.05 level. CONCLUSIONS The addition of BAC to an orthodontic composite has the potential to reduce the amount and percentage of enamel demineralization. In addition to being an antibacterial agent, BAC may also have an anticariogenic effect. Increased sample sizes and testing of more concentrations of BAC are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lourdes Torres-Garcia
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.
| | - Lotus D Llavore
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Alice Bungay
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Jesus D Sarol
- National Teacher Training Center for the Health Professions, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Riza Rae Pineda
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Manila, Philippines
| | - Kristofer Delas Peñas
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Manila, Philippines
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Leathers TD, Rich JO, Bischoff KM, Skory CD, Nunnally MS. Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans and S. sobrinus biofilms by liamocins from Aureobasidium pullulans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 21:e00300. [PMID: 30627519 PMCID: PMC6321862 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2018.e00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Liamocins are polyol lipids that specifically inhibit Streptococcus spp.. Liamocins inhibited biofilms of S. mutans and S. sobrinus in MTP assays. MTP results were verified in biofilm flow cell assays. Liamocins are potential new inhibitors of oral streptococcal biofilms.
The aim of this study was to determine if the novel anti-streptococcal inhibitors, liamocins, also inhibit biofilm formation by S. mutans and S. sobrinus. S. mutans strain ATCC 25175 and S. sobrinus strain ATCC 33478 were tested for biofilm formation in a rapid microtiter plate (MTP) assay and the effects of added liamocins were determined. This assay measures relative biofilm growth on pin lids. Results were verified in a biofilm flow cell assay, using hydroxyapatite-coated coupons to simulate dental material. Planktonic cultures of S. mutans and S. sobrinus were inhibited by 0.1 mg liamocins/ml. When liamocins were added after the adhesion phase in a rapid microtiter plate assay, S. mutans was inhibited 53% by 5 mg liamocins/ml, while S. sobrinus was more sensitive, showing 100% inhibition at 0.5 mg liamocins/ml. When liamocins were added during the adhesion phase, biofilms of S. mutans showed 78% inhibition at 3.0 mg liamocins/ml. In a biofilm flow cell assay, liamocins added after the adhesion phase at 0.5 mg liamocins/ml inhibited biofilms of S. sobrinus, and appeared to remove biofilms over time. Liamocins were shown for the first time to inhibit biofilm formation by S. mutans and S. sobrinus. Since liamocins are specific for Streptococcus spp., they are potential new inhibitors of oral streptococcal biofilms that should not affect normal oral microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Leathers
- Renewable Product Technology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Joseph O Rich
- Renewable Product Technology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Kenneth M Bischoff
- Renewable Product Technology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Christopher D Skory
- Renewable Product Technology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Melinda S Nunnally
- Renewable Product Technology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
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Xu RR, Yang WD, Niu KX, Wang B, Wang WM. An Update on the Evolution of Glucosyltransferase ( Gtf) Genes in Streptococcus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2979. [PMID: 30568640 PMCID: PMC6290343 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In many caries-promoting Streptococcus species, glucosyltransferases (Gtfs) are recognized as key enzymes contributing to the modification of biofilm structures, disruption of homeostasis of healthy microbiota community and induction of caries development. It is therefore of great interest to investigate how Gtf genes have evolved in Streptococcus. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive survey of Gtf genes among 872 streptococci genomes of 37 species and identified Gtf genes from 364 genomes of 18 species. To clarify the relationships of these Gtf genes, 45 representative sequences were used for phylogenic analysis, which revealed two clear clades. Clade I included 12 Gtf genes from nine caries-promoting species of the Mutans and Downei groups, which produce enzymes known to synthesize sticky, water-insoluble glucans (WIG) that are critical for modifying biofilm structures. Clade II primarily contained Gtf genes responsible for synthesizing water-soluble glucans (WSG) from all 18 species, and this clade further diverged into three subclades (IIA, IIB, and IIC). An analysis of 16 pairs of duplicated Gtf genes revealed high divergence levels at the C-terminal repeat regions, with ratios of the non-synonymous substitution rate (dN) to synonymous substitution rate (dS) ranging from 0.60 to 1.03, indicating an overall relaxed constraint in this region. However, among the clade I Gtf genes, some individual repeat units possessed strong functional constraints by the same criterion. Structural variations in the repeat regions were also observed, with detection of deletions or recent duplications of individual repeat units. Overall, by establishing an updated phylogeny and further elucidating their evolutionary patterns, this work enabled us to gain a greater understanding of the origination and divergence of Gtf genes in Streptococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Rong Xu
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Dong Yang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke-Xin Niu
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Mei Wang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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38
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Complete Genome Sequences of Streptococcus sobrinus SL1 (ATCC 33478 = DSM 20742), NIDR 6715-7 (ATCC 27351), NIDR 6715-15 (ATCC 27352), and NCTC 10919 (ATCC 33402). Microbiol Resour Announc 2018; 7:MRA00804-18. [PMID: 30533864 PMCID: PMC6211348 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00804-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Streptococcus sobrinus causes tooth decay in humans. We present complete circularized genome sequences for four strains of S. sobrinus, type strain SL1, strain NIDR 6715-7 and the related NIDR 6715-15, and strain NCTC 10919. The bacterium Streptococcus sobrinus causes tooth decay in humans. We present complete circularized genome sequences for four strains of S. sobrinus, type strain SL1, strain NIDR 6715-7 and the related NIDR 6715-15, and strain NCTC 10919. The finished genomes will enable genomic comparisons between S. sobrinus and other cariogenic microbes.
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YOSHIDA Y, CHUREI H, TAKEUCHI Y, WADA T, UO M, IZUMI Y, UENO T. Novel antibacterial mouthguard material manufactured using silver-nanoparticle–embedded ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer masterbatch. Dent Mater J 2018; 37:437-444. [DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2017-226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko YOSHIDA
- Department of Sports Medicine/Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Hiroshi CHUREI
- Department of Sports Medicine/Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Yasuo TAKEUCHI
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Takahiro WADA
- Department of Advanced Biomaterials, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Motohiro UO
- Department of Advanced Biomaterials, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Yuichi IZUMI
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Toshiaki UENO
- Department of Sports Medicine/Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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40
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Lin TH, Lin CH, Pan TM. The implication of probiotics in the prevention of dental caries. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:577-586. [PMID: 29192351 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8664-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The current oral health crisis, whose causes are varied and complex, necessitates timely oral evaluation and early detection and treatment of oral health problems. Dramatic changes in eating habits and lifestyles are associated with the recent decline in oral health. Probiotics are "good" bacteria that support digestion and a healthy immune system and offer various health benefits to the host. Traditionally, probiotics have been used to improve gut health; the most common uses have historically been as a treatment or prevention of gastrointestinal infections and disease. During the last decade, studies have additionally suggested the intake of probiotics for oral health purposes. Probiotic use provides an effective strategy to combat oral disease, including the development of dental caries and periodontal infection. The aim of this review is to describe the beneficial roles of probiotic bacteria in the oral cavity and the potential mechanisms by which these bacteria exert their effects on oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hsing Lin
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science and Engineering, National Taitung University, No. 369, Sec. 2, University Road, Taitung City, Taitung County, 95092, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hui Lin
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science and Engineering, National Taitung University, No. 369, Sec. 2, University Road, Taitung City, Taitung County, 95092, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-Ming Pan
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science and Engineering, National Taitung University, No. 369, Sec. 2, University Road, Taitung City, Taitung County, 95092, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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Keller MK, Kressirer CA, Belstrøm D, Twetman S, Tanner ACR. Oral microbial profiles of individuals with different levels of sugar intake. J Oral Microbiol 2017; 9:1355207. [PMID: 28839520 PMCID: PMC5560414 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2017.1355207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to compare the oral microbial profiles in young adults with an intake of free sugars above or below the current recommendations by the WHO for sugar consumption. Seventy subjects completed a Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire to establish the proportion of free sugars in relation to the total energy intake (% E). Subjects with <5% E (n = 30) formed the low-sugar group, while those with ≥5% E (n = 40) were regarded as reference group. Saliva and plaque samples were analyzed by qPCR, and 52 of the plaque samples were assayed by HOMINGS. The HOMINGS analysis revealed a comparable core microbiota in plaque samples with Streptococcus, Leptotrichia, Actinobaculum, and Veillonella as predominant. No major differences between groups were revealed by α-diversity testing (p = 0.83), principal component analysis, or correspondence analysis. Higher relative abundance of Streptococcus sobrinus and Prevotella melaninogenica was observed in plaque samples in the reference group. By qPCR, Scardovia wiggsiae was associated with elevated sugar intake. The findings suggests that the amount of ingested sugars had a marginal influence on microbial profiles in dental plaque and saliva. However, some caries-associated species were less abundant in the dental plaque of the low sugar group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette K Keller
- Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine A Kressirer
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, USA.,Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Daniel Belstrøm
- Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Svante Twetman
- Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne C R Tanner
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, USA.,Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, USA
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42
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Exploring the Genomic Diversity and Cariogenic Differences of Streptococcus mutans Strains Through Pan-Genome and Comparative Genome Analysis. Curr Microbiol 2017; 74:1200-1209. [PMID: 28717847 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1305-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pan-genome refers to the sum of genes that can be found in a given bacterial species, including the core-genome and the dispensable genome. In this study, the genomes from 183 Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) isolates were analyzed from the pan-genome perspective. This analysis revealed that S. mutans has an "open" pan-genome, implying that there are plenty of new genes to be found as more genomes are sequenced. Additionally, S. mutans has a limited core-genome, which is composed of genes related to vital activities within the bacterium, such as metabolism and hereditary information storage or processing, occupying 35.6 and 26.6% of the core genes, respectively. We estimate the theoretical core-genome size to be about 1083 genes, which are fewer than other Streptococcus species. In addition, core genes suffer larger selection pressures in comparison to those that are less widely distributed. Not surprisingly, the distribution of putative virulence genes in S. mutans strains does not correlate with caries status, indicating that other factors are also responsible for cariogenesis. These results contribute to a more understanding of the evolutionary characteristics and dynamic changes within the genome components of the species. This also helps to form a new theoretical foundation for preventing dental caries. Furthermore, this study sets an example for analyzing large genomic datasets of pathogens from the pan-genome perspective.
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Mathur H, Field D, Rea MC, Cotter PD, Hill C, Ross RP. Bacteriocin-Antimicrobial Synergy: A Medical and Food Perspective. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1205. [PMID: 28706513 PMCID: PMC5489601 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuing emergence of multi-drug resistant pathogens has sparked an interest in seeking alternative therapeutic options. Antimicrobial combinatorial therapy is one such avenue. A number of studies have been conducted, involving combinations of bacteriocins with other antimicrobials, to circumvent the development of antimicrobial resistance and/or increase antimicrobial potency. Such bacteriocin-antimicrobial combinations could have tremendous value, in terms of reducing the likelihood of resistance development due to the involvement of two distinct mechanisms of antimicrobial action. Furthermore, antimicrobial synergistic interactions may also have potential financial implications in terms of decreasing the costs of treatment by reducing the concentration of an expensive antimicrobial and utilizing it in combination with an inexpensive one. In addition, combinatorial therapies with bacteriocins can broaden antimicrobial spectra and/or result in a reduction in the concentration of an antibiotic required for effective treatments to the extent that potentially toxic or adverse side effects can be reduced or eliminated. Here, we review studies in which bacteriocins were found to be effective in combination with other antimicrobials, with a view to targeting clinical and/or food-borne pathogens. Furthermore, we discuss some of the bottlenecks which are currently hindering the development of bacteriocins as viable therapeutic options, as well as addressing the need to exercise caution when attempting to predict clinical outcomes of bacteriocin-antimicrobial combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Mathur
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, MooreparkCork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - Des Field
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - Mary C Rea
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, MooreparkCork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, MooreparkCork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College CorkCork, Ireland
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