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Tomás RMF, Dallman R, Congdon TR, Gibson MI. Cryopreservation of assay-ready hepatocyte monolayers by chemically-induced ice nucleation: preservation of hepatic function and hepatotoxicity screening capabilities. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:7639-7654. [PMID: 37840476 PMCID: PMC10661096 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01046e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell culture plays a critical role in biomedical discovery and drug development. Primary hepatocytes and hepatocyte-derived cell lines are especially important cellular models for drug discovery and development. To enable high-throughput screening and ensure consistent cell phenotypes, there is a need for practical and efficient cryopreservation methods for hepatocyte-derived cell lines and primary hepatocytes in an assay-ready format. Cryopreservation of cells as adherent monolayers in 96-well plates presents unique challenges due to low volumes being susceptible to supercooling, leading to low recovery and well-to-well variation. Primary cell cryopreservation is also particularly challenging due to the loss of cell viability and function. In this study, we demonstrate the use of soluble ice nucleator materials (IN) to cryopreserve a hepatic-derived cell line (HepG2) and primary mouse hepatocytes, as adherent monolayers. HepG2 cell recovery was near 100% and ∼75% of primary hepatocytes were recovered 24 hours post-thaw compared to just 10% and 50% with standard 10% DMSO, respectively. Post-thaw assessment showed that cryopreserved HepG2 cells retain membrane integrity, metabolic activity, proliferative capacity and differentiated hepatic functions including urea secretion, cytochrome P450 levels and lipid droplet accumulation. Cryopreserved primary hepatocytes exhibited reduced hepatic functions compared to fresh hepatocytes, but functional levels were similar to commercial suspension-cryopreserved hepatocytes, with the added benefit of being stored in an assay-ready format. In addition, normal cuboidal morphology and minimal membrane damage were observed 24 hours post-thaw. Cryopreserved HepG2 and mouse hepatocytes treated with a panel of pharmaceutically active compounds produced near-identical dose-response curves and EC50 values compared to fresh hepatocytes, confirming the utility of cryopreserved bankable cells in drug metabolism and hepatotoxicity studies. Cryopreserved adherent HepG2 cells and primary hepatocytes in 96 well plates can significantly reduce the time and resource burden associated with routine cell culture and increases the efficiency and productivity of high-throughput drug screening assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben M F Tomás
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Robert Dallman
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | | | - Matthew I Gibson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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2
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Human iPSC-derived hepatocytes in 2D and 3D suspension culture for cryopreservation and in vitro toxicity studies. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 111:68-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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3
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Chow-Shi-Yée M, Grondin M, Ouellet F, Averill-Bates DA. Control of stress-induced apoptosis by freezing tolerance-associated wheat proteins during cryopreservation of rat hepatocytes. Cell Stress Chaperones 2020; 25:869-886. [PMID: 32529603 PMCID: PMC7591654 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-020-01115-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation is used for long-term storage of cells and tissues. Cryoprotectants such as dimethyl disulfoxide (DMSO) are used to protect cells against freeze-thaw damage. Despite the use of cryoprotectants, hepatocytes are sensitive to stresses imposed by freeze and thaw processes, which cause physical damage, loss of functionality, or cell death. As an alternative, we have developed new technology using several recombinant wheat proteins as cryoprotectants: TaENO (enolase), TaBAS1 (2-Cys peroxiredoxin), and a combination of WCS120 (dehydrin) with TaIRI-2 (inhibitor of ice recrystallization). This study aims to understand the mechanisms by which these plant proteins protect rat hepatocytes against cell death incurred during cryopreservation. Our analysis revealed that for cells cryopreserved with DMSO, cell death occurred by apoptosis and necrosis. Apoptosis was detected by activation of effector caspases-3 and -7, PARP cleavage, and nuclear chromatin condensation. These apoptotic events were inhibited when hepatocytes were cryopreserved with the different plant proteins. Cryopreservation with DMSO activated apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway: the Bax/Bcl-2 protein ratio increased, mitochondrial membrane potential decreased, and initiator caspase-9 was activated. Furthermore, the endoplasmic reticulum pathway of apoptosis was activated: levels of the chaperone Bip/GRP78 decreased, pro-apoptotic transcription factor CHOP was induced, and initiator caspase-12 was activated. Activation of the mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum pathways of apoptosis was attenuated when hepatocytes were cryopreserved with the different recombinant proteins. This study improves understanding of mechanisms of cryoprotection provided by these plant proteins during freezing stress. These proteins are natural products and show promising potential by decreasing cell death during cryopreservation of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Chow-Shi-Yée
- Département des Sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Melanie Grondin
- Département des Sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Francois Ouellet
- Département des Sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Diana A Averill-Bates
- Département des Sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada.
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The roles of reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in cryopreservation. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20191601. [PMID: 31371631 PMCID: PMC6712439 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20191601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation has facilitated advancement of biological research by allowing the storage of cells over prolonged periods of time. While cryopreservation at extremely low temperatures would render cells metabolically inactive, cells suffer insults during the freezing and thawing process. Among such insults, the generation of supra-physiological levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) could impair cellular functions and survival. Antioxidants are potential additives that were reported to partially or completely reverse freeze-thaw stress-associated impairments. This review aims to discuss the potential sources of cryopreservation-induced ROS and the effectiveness of antioxidant administration when used individually or in combination.
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Wu K, Laouar L, Dong R, Elliott JAW, Jomha NM. Evaluation of five additives to mitigate toxicity of cryoprotective agents on porcine chondrocytes. Cryobiology 2019; 88:98-105. [PMID: 30826335 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cryoprotective agents (CPAs) are used in cryopreservation protocols to achieve vitrification. However, the high CPA concentrations required to vitrify a tissue such as articular cartilage are a major drawback due to their cellular toxicity. Oxidation is one factor related to CPA toxicity to cells and tissues. Addition of antioxidants has proven to be beneficial to cell survival and cellular functions after cryopreservation. Investigation of additives for mitigating cellular CPA toxicity will aid in developing successful cryopreservation protocols. The current work shows that antioxidant additives can reduce the toxic effect of CPAs on porcine chondrocytes. Our findings showed that chondroitin sulphate, glucosamine, 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine and ascorbic acid improved chondrocyte cell survival after exposure to high concentrations of CPAs according to a live-dead cell viability assay. In addition, similar results were seen when additives were added during CPA removal and articular cartilage sample incubation post CPA exposure. Furthermore, we found that incubation of articular cartilage in the presence of additives for 2 days improved chondrocyte recovery compared with those incubated for 4 days. The current results indicated that the inclusion of antioxidant additives during exposure to high concentrations of CPAs is beneficial to chondrocyte survival and recovery in porcine articular cartilage and provided knowledge to improve vitrification protocols for tissue banking of articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhou Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2B7, Canada; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515300, China
| | - Leila Laouar
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Rachael Dong
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Janet A W Elliott
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R7, Canada
| | - Nadr M Jomha
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2B7, Canada.
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Jitraruch S, Dhawan A, Hughes RD, Filippi C, Lehec SC, Glover L, Mitry RR. Cryopreservation of Hepatocyte Microbeads for Clinical Transplantation. Cell Transplant 2018; 26:1341-1354. [PMID: 28901189 PMCID: PMC5680969 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717720050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraperitoneal transplantation of hepatocyte microbeads is an attractive option for the management of acute liver failure. Encapsulation of hepatocytes in alginate microbeads supports their function and prevents immune attack of the cells. Establishment of banked cryopreserved hepatocyte microbeads is important for emergency use. The aim of this study was to develop an optimized protocol for cryopreservation of hepatocyte microbeads for clinical transplantation using modified freezing solutions. Four freezing solutions with potential for clinical application were investigated. Human and rat hepatocytes cryopreserved with University of Wisconsin (UW)/10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/5% (300 mM) glucose and CryoStor CS10 showed better postthawing cell viability, attachment, and hepatocyte functions than with histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate/10% DMSO/5% glucose and Bambanker. The 2 freezing solutions that gave better results were studied with human and rat hepatocytes microbeads. Similar effects on cryopreserved microbead morphology (external and ultrastructural), viability, and hepatocyte-functions post thawing were observed over 7 d in culture. UW/DMSO/glucose, as a basal freezing medium, was used to investigate the additional effects of cytoprotectants: a pan-caspase inhibitor (benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-dl-Asp-fluoromethylketone [ZVAD]), an antioxidant (desferoxamine [DFO]), and a buffering and mechanical protectant (human serum albumin [HSA]) on RMBs. ZVAD (60 µM) had a beneficial effect on cell viability that was greater than with DFO (1 mM), HSA (2%), and basal freezing medium alone. Improvements in the ultrastructure of encapsulated hepatocytes and a lower degree of cell apoptosis were observed with all 3 cytoprotectants, with ZVAD tending to provide the greatest effect. Cytochrome P450 activity was significantly higher in the 3 cytoprotectant groups than with fresh microbeads. In conclusion, developing an optimized cryopreservation protocol by adding cytoprotectants such as ZVAD could improve the outcome of cryopreserved hepatocyte microbeads for future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suttiruk Jitraruch
- 1 Dhawan Lab at Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,2 Department of Pediatrics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anil Dhawan
- 1 Dhawan Lab at Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin D Hughes
- 1 Dhawan Lab at Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Celine Filippi
- 1 Dhawan Lab at Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon C Lehec
- 1 Dhawan Lab at Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Glover
- 3 Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ragai R Mitry
- 1 Dhawan Lab at Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Baust JM, Campbell LH, Harbell JW. Best practices for cryopreserving, thawing, recovering, and assessing cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2017; 53:855-871. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-017-0201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Baust JM, Corwin W, Snyder KK, Van Buskirk R, Baust JG. Cryopreservation: Evolution of Molecular Based Strategies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 951:13-29. [PMID: 27837551 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45457-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation (CP) is an enabling process providing for on-demand access to biological material (cells and tissues) which serve as a starting, intermediate or even final product. While a critical tool, CP protocols, approaches and technologies have evolved little over the last several decades. A lack of conversion of discoveries from the CP sciences into mainstream utilization has resulted in a bottleneck in technological progression in areas such as stem cell research and cell therapy. While the adoption has been slow, discoveries including molecular control and buffering of cell stress response to CP as well as the development of new devices for improved sample freezing and thawing are providing for improved CP from both the processing and sample quality perspectives. Numerous studies have described the impact, mechanisms and points of control of cryopreservation-induced delayed-onset cell death (CIDOCD). In an effort to limit CIDOCD, efforts have focused on CP agent and freeze media formulation to provide a solution path and have yielded improvements in survival over traditional approaches. Importantly, each of these areas, new technologies and cell stress modulation, both individually and in combination, are now providing a new foundation to accelerate new research, technology and product development for which CP serves as an integral component. This chapter provides an overview of the molecular stress responses of cells to cryopreservation, the impact of the hypothermic and cell death continuums and the targeted modulation of common and/or cell specific responses to CP in providing a path to improving cell quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Baust
- CPSI Biotech, 2 Court St, Owego, NY, 13827, USA. .,Institute of Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA.
| | - William Corwin
- Department of Immunology and Carole and Ray Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Kristi K Snyder
- CPSI Biotech, 2 Court St, Owego, NY, 13827, USA.,Institute of Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Robert Van Buskirk
- CPSI Biotech, 2 Court St, Owego, NY, 13827, USA.,Institute of Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - John G Baust
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
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9
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Eve DJ, Sanberg PR. Article Commentary: Regenerative Medicine: An Analysis of Cell Transplantation's Impact. Cell Transplant 2017; 16:751-764. [DOI: 10.3727/000000007783465136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Eve
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Paul R. Sanberg
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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10
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SanMartin A, Borlongan CV. Article Commentary: Cell Transplantation: Toward Cell Therapy. Cell Transplant 2017; 15:665-73. [PMID: 17176618 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783981666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Agneta SanMartin
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Baust JG, Snyder KK, Van Buskirk R, Baust JM. Integrating Molecular Control to Improve Cryopreservation Outcome. Biopreserv Biobank 2017; 15:134-141. [DOI: 10.1089/bio.2016.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John G. Baust
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York
| | - Kristi K. Snyder
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York
- CPSI Biotech, Owego, New York
| | - Robert Van Buskirk
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York
- CPSI Biotech, Owego, New York
| | - John M. Baust
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York
- CPSI Biotech, Owego, New York
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Apoptosis-like death was involved in freeze-drying-preserved fungus Mucor rouxii and can be inhibited by L-proline. Cryobiology 2015; 72:41-6. [PMID: 26681175 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Freeze-drying is one of the most effective methods to preserve fungi for an extended period. However, it is associated with a loss of viability and shortened storage time in some fungi. This study evaluated the stresses that led to the death of freeze-dried Mucor rouxii by using cell apoptotic methods. The results showed there were apoptosis-inducing stresses, such as the generation of obvious intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and metacaspase activation. Moreover, nuclear condensation and a delayed cell death peak were determined after rehydration and 24 h incubation in freeze-dried M. rouxii via a propidium iodide (PI) assay, which is similar to the phenomenon of cryopreservation-induced delayed-onset cell death (CIDOCD). Then, several protective agents were tested to decrease the apoptosis-inducing stresses and to improve the viability. Finally, it was found that 1.6 mM L-proline can effectively decrease the nuclear condensation rate and increase the survival rate in freeze-dried M. rouxii. IN CONCLUSION (1) apoptosis-inducing factors occur in freeze-dried M. rouxii. (2) ROS and activated metacaspases lead to death in freeze-dried M. rouxii. (3)L-proline increases the survival rate of freeze-dried M. rouxii.
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Biobanking: The Future of Cell Preservation Strategies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 864:37-53. [PMID: 26420612 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20579-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With established techniques cryopreservation is often viewed as an "old school" discipline yet modern cryopreservation is undergoing another scientific and technology development growth phase. In this regard, today's cryopreservation processes and cryopreserved products are found at the forefront of research in the areas of discovery science, stem cell research, diagnostic development and personalized medicine. As the utilization of cryopreserved cells continues to increase, the demands placed on the biobanking industry are increasing and evolving at an accelerated rate. No longer are samples providing for high immediate post-thaw viability adequate. Researchers are now requiring samples where not only is there high cell recovery but that the product recovered is physiologically and biochemically identical to its pre-freeze state at the genominic, proteomic, structural, functional and reproductive levels. Given this, biobanks are now facing the challenge of adapting strategies and protocols to address these needs moving forward. Recent studies have shown that the control and direction of the molecular response of cells to cryopreservation significantly impacts final outcome. This chapter provides an overview of the molecular stress responses of cells to cryopreservation, the impact of the apoptotic and necrotic cell death continuum and how studies focused on the targeted modulation of common and/or cell specific responses to freezing temperatures provide a path to improving sample quality and utility. This line of investigation has provided a new direction and molecular-based foundation guiding new research, technology development and procedures. As the use of and the knowledge base surrounding cryopreservation continues to expand, this path will continue to provide for improvements in overall efficacy and outcome.
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Bissoyi A, Nayak B, Pramanik K, Sarangi SK. Targeting cryopreservation-induced cell death: a review. Biopreserv Biobank 2014; 12:23-34. [PMID: 24620767 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2013.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite marked developments in the field of cryopreservation of cells and tissues for research and therapeutic applications, post-thaw cell death remains a significant drawback faced by cryobiologists. Post cryopreservation apoptosis and necrosis are normally observed within 6 to 24 h after post-thaw culture. As a result, massive loss of cell viability and cellular function occur due to cryopreservation. However, in this new generation of cryopreservation science, scientists in this field are focusing on incorporation of apoptosis and necrosis inhibitors (zVAD-fmk, p38 MAPK inhibitor, ROCK inhibitor, etc.) to cryopreservation and post-thaw culture media. These inhibitors target and inhibit various proteins such as caspases, proteases, and kinases, involved in the cell death cascade, resulting in reduced intensity of apoptosis and necrosis in the cryopreserved cells and tissues, increased cell viability, and maintenance of cellular function; thus improved overall cryopreservation efficiency is achieved. The present article provides an overview of various cell death pathways, molecules mediating cryopreservation-induced apoptosis and the potential of certain molecules in targeting cryopreservation-induced delayed-onset cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bissoyi
- 1 Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology , Rourkela, India
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Aghdai MH, Jamshidzadeh A, Nematizadeh M, Behzadiannia M, Niknahad H, Amirghofran Z, Esfandiari E, Azarpira N. Evaluating the Effects of Dithiothreitol and Fructose on Cell Viability and Function of Cryopreserved Primary Rat Hepatocytes and HepG2 Cell Line. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2013; 13:e7824. [PMID: 23585767 PMCID: PMC3620527 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.7824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocytes are used as an in vitro model to evaluate drug metabolism. Human hepatocyte transplant has been considered as the temporary treatment of acute liver failure. Optimization freezing methods is very important to preserve both cell viability and function which are achieved by cryopreservation mostly always. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to investigate the cryoprotective effect of DTT and fructose on primary rat hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Both fresh rat hepatocytes and HepG2 cell line were incubated with fructose (100 and 200 mM) and dithiothreitol (DTT) (25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 μM) at 37°C for 1 and 3 hours, respectively. The preincubated hepatocytes were cryopreserved for two weeks. Hepatocytes viability and function were determined post thawing and the results were compared with the control group. RESULTS The viability of both rat hepatocytes and HepG2 cells were significantly increased after one hour preincubation with fructose 200 mM. Preincubation with DTT (50 μM, 100 μM. 250 μM and 500 μM) improved the viability and function upon thawing in both cell types (P < 0.001). In rat hepatocytes, no significant change was observed in albumin, urea production, and LDH leakage after preincubation with fructose or DTT. In HepG2 cells, albumin and urea production were significantly increased after preincubation with DTT (500 μM, 1 hour). The GSH content was significantly increased in DTT (250 and 500 μM, 1 hour) groups in both rat hepatocyte and HepG2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Incubation of hepatocytes with fructose and DTT prior to the cryopreservation can increase the cell viability and function after thawing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdokht H Aghdai
- Transplant Research Center Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Akram Jamshidzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Mahsa Nematizadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Mahtab Behzadiannia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Hossein Niknahad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Zahra Amirghofran
- Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Elaheh Esfandiari
- Transplant Research Center Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Negar Azarpira , Transplant Research Center Zand Street, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 7193711351, Shiraz, IR Iran. Tel.: +98-7116474331, Fax: +98-7116474331, E-mail:
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Influence of platelet lysate on the recovery and metabolic performance of cryopreserved human hepatocytes upon thawing. Transplantation 2011; 91:1340-6. [PMID: 21516066 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31821aba37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Storage of human hepatocytes is essential for their use in research and liver cell transplantation. However, cryopreservation and thawing (C/T) procedures have detrimental effects on the viability and functionality compared with fresh cells. The aim of this study was to upgrade the standard C/T methodology to obtain better quality hepatocytes for cell transplantation to improve the overall clinical outcome. METHODS Human hepatocytes isolated from donor livers were cryopreserved in University of Wisconsin solution with 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (standard medium), which was supplemented with 10% or 20% of platelet lysate. Thawing media supplemented with up to 30 mM glucose was also investigated. The effects on cell viability, adhesion proteins (e-cadherin, β-catenin, and β1-integrin) expression, attachment efficiency, apoptotic indicators, Akt signaling, ATP levels, and cytochrome P450 activities have been evaluated. RESULTS The results indicate that the hepatocytes cryopreserved in a medium supplemented with platelet lysate show better recovery than those preserved in the standard medium: higher expression of adhesion molecules, higher attachment efficiency and cell survival; decreased number of apoptotic nuclei and caspase-3 activation; maintenance of ATP levels; and drug biotransformation capability close to those in fresh hepatocytes. Supplementation of thawing media with glucose led to a significant decrease in caspase-3 activation and to increased adhesion molecules preservation and Akt signal transduction after C/T. Minor nonsignificant changes in cell viability and attachment efficiency were observed. CONCLUSIONS These promising results could lead to a new cryopreservation procedure to improve human hepatocyte cryopreservation outcome.
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Jiang ZX, Sha H, Li QY, Zhang QH, Li AQ, Lin H, Gao Y. Hypothermic storage of hepatocytes used for bioartificial liver support system: current status and recent advances. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2010; 18:1792-1798. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v18.i17.1792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The problem that high-quality hepatocytes are difficult to obtain restricts the use of bioartificial liver support system (BLASS) in clinical practice. Finding an effective way to preserve hepatocytes and constructing a "ready-to-use" hepatocyte bank would efficiently promote the development of the BLASS. Nowadays, the methods for hypothermic storage of hepatocytes could be classified into two types: conventional hypothermic storage at 4 °C or subzero nonfreezing storage, and cryopreservation at -80 °C or -196 °C. Each type of hypothermic storage method has its advantages and disadvantages. Many factors may affect the effect of hypothermic storage (cryopreservation), such as storage solution and cryoprotective agent. Although the precise mechanism underlying the death of hepatocytes during hypothermic storage is not well understood, numerous studies have indicated that apoptosis plays an important role in hypothermic storage injury.
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Abstract
The availability of cryopreserved hepatocytes is required for a more widespread use of hepatocyte transplantation, but human hepatocytes are easily damaged during freezing-thawing. Here, preincubation with unconjugated bilirubin, a physiological antioxidant, resulted in increased viability and function of hepatocytes (as determined by trypan blue exclusion, mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenases activity, urea synthesis, and cytochrome P450 1A/2) compared with cells incubated without the pigment. These findings suggest that unconjugated bilirubin may be used as cryoprotectant in clinical hepatocyte transplantation.
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Xu X, Cowley S, Flaim CJ, James W, Seymour L, Cui Z. The roles of apoptotic pathways in the low recovery rate after cryopreservation of dissociated human embryonic stem cells. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 26:827-37. [PMID: 20077485 PMCID: PMC3596802 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem (hES) cells have enormous potential for clinical applications. However, one major challenge is to achieve high cell recovery rate after cryopreservation. Understanding how the conventional cryopreservation protocol fails to protect the cells is a prerequisite for developing efficient and successful cryopreservation methods for hES cell lines and banks. We investigated how the stimuli from cryopreservation result in apoptosis, which causes the low cell recovery rate after cryopreservation. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is significantly increased, F-actin content and distribution is altered, and caspase-8 and caspase-9 are activated after cryopreservation. p53 is also activated and translocated into nucleus. During cryopreservation apoptosis is induced by activation of both caspase-8 through the extrinsic pathway and caspase-9 through the intrinsic pathway. However, exactly how the extrinsic pathway is activated is still unclear and deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xu
- Dept. of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of OxfordOxford, U.K.
| | - Sally Cowley
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of OxfordOxford, U.K.
| | | | - William James
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of OxfordOxford, U.K.
| | - Leonard Seymour
- Dept. of Clinical Pharmacology, University of OxfordOxford, U.K.
| | - Zhanfeng Cui
- Dept. of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of OxfordOxford, U.K.
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Abstract
Liver cell transplantation presents clinical benefit in patients with inborn errors of metabolism as an alternative, or at least as a bridge, to orthotopic liver transplantation. The success of such a therapeutic approach remains limited by the quality of the transplanted cells. Cryopreservation remains the best option for long-term storage of hepatocytes, providing a permanent and sufficient cell supply. However, isolated adult hepatocytes are poorly resistant to such a process, with a significant alteration both at the morphological and functional levels. Hence, the aim of the current review is to discuss the state of the art regarding widely-used hepatocyte cryopreservation protocols, as well as the assays performed to analyse the post-thawing cell quality both in vitro and in vivo. The majority of studies agree upon the poor quality and efficiency of cryopreserved/thawed hepatocytes as compared to freshly isolated hepatocytes. Intracellular ice formation or exposure to hyperosmotic solutions remains the main phenomenon of cryopreservation process, and its effects on cell quality and cell death induction will be discussed. The increased knowledge and understanding of the cryopreservation process will lead to research strategies to improve the viability and the quality of the cell suspensions after thawing. Such strategies, such as vitrification, will be discussed with respect to their potential to significantly improve the quality of cell suspensions dedicated to liver cell-based therapies.
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21
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Grondin M, Hamel F, Averill-Bates DA, Sarhan F. Wheat proteins improve cryopreservation of rat hepatocytes. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 103:582-91. [PMID: 19219915 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocytes are an important physiological model for in vitro studies of drug metabolism and toxicity. However, fresh hepatocytes are not always available and hence cyopreservation is needed to preserve large quantities until they are needed for these applications. Hepatocytes are extremely sensitive to damage induced by the freeze-thaw process, even after addition of traditional cryoprotectants such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Furthermore, they do not proliferate in culture. We previously demonstrated that a crude wheat extract protects rat hepatocytes during cryopreservation and could provide a promising alternative to DMSO. We have considerably improved this novel cryopreservation procedure by using wheat extracts that are partially purified by either ammonium sulphate or acetone precipitation, or by using recombinant wheat freezing tolerance-associated proteins such as WCS120, TaTIL, WCS19, and TaIRI-2. These improved procedures enhance long-term storage (2-12 months) and recovery of large quantities of healthy cells after cryopreservation, and maintain the differentiated functions of rat hepatocytes, compared to freshly isolated cells, as judged by viability (77-93%), adherence (77%) and metabolic functions of major cytochrome P450 isoforms CYP1A1/2, CYP2C6, CYP2D2, and CYP3A1/2. The advantage of using wheat proteins as cryopreservants is that they are non-toxic, natural products that do not require animal serum, and are economical and easy to prepare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Grondin
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Succursale Centre-Ville, Canada
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22
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Baust JM, Snyder KK, VanBuskirk RG, Baust JG. Changing Paradigms in Biopreservation. Biopreserv Biobank 2009; 7:3-12. [DOI: 10.1089/bio.2009.0701.jmb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Baust
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York
- Cell Preservation Services, Inc., Owego, New York
| | - Kristi K. Snyder
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York
- Cell Preservation Services, Inc., Owego, New York
| | - Robert G. VanBuskirk
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York
- Cell Preservation Services, Inc., Owego, New York
| | - John G. Baust
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York
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23
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Abstract
Different sources of hepatic tissue, including whole or split livers from organ donors or from cadavers, waste liver from therapeutic hepatectomies or small-sized surgical biopsies, can be successfully used to prepare human hepatocytes cultures. The two-step collagenase perfusion remains the most effective way to isolate high yields of viable hepatocytes from human liver samples that express many typical hepatic functions, among them drug-metabolising (detoxification) enzymes, when placed in primary culture. Once isolated, human hepatocytes cultured in monolayer in chemically defined conditions (serum-free) survive for limited periods of time gradually losing their differentiated phenotype, in particular the drug-metabolising enzymes. Supplementation of chemically defined media with growth factors, hormones and other specific additives has been used with variable success to extend hepatocyte survival and functionality in culture. Other culture improvements include the use of extracellular components to coat plates or to entrap cells. Conditions for short-term monolayer cultures, allowing the maintenance of liver-specific functions for approximately 1 week, are now well established. Cultures on plastic dishes coated with extracellular matrix components (i.e. Matrigel(TM), collagen, fibronectin or mixture of collagen and fibronectin) do meet many of the requirements for short-term incubation experiments, without adding too much complexity to the system. Practical details on how to carry out these cultures and to assess their functionality (CYP activity and ureogenesis) are discussed in this chapter.
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24
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Preliminary Report: Evaluation of Storage Conditions and Cryococktails during Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Cryopreservation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1089/cpt.2007.9987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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Baust JM, Vogel MJ, Snyder KK, Van Buskirk RG, Baust JG. Activation of Mitochondrial-Associated Apoptosis Contributes to Cryopreservation Failure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1089/cpt.2007.9990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Baust
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York
| | - Martin J. Vogel
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York
| | - Kristi K. Snyder
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York
| | | | - John G. Baust
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York
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Petersen T, Niklason L. Cellular lifespan and regenerative medicine. Biomaterials 2007; 28:3751-6. [PMID: 17574669 PMCID: PMC2706083 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a promising approach to aid in the treatment of a wide range of clinical disorders by developing replacement tissues for damaged or diseased organs. Such approaches, however, will require large and functional cell populations in order to produce a tissue that can replicate in vivo function. Most adult cells have limited replicative potential that limits their use in tissue engineering applications. Thus, cell populations with expanded lifespan or increased replicative potential are of interest. Stem cell-derived populations may allow the creation of large cell populations that have increased replicative potential over adult differentiated cells. In addition, ectopic human telomerase reverse transcriptase expression and induced B-cell lymphoma 2 (bcl-2) expression can allow adult cells to proliferate more extensively than unaltered cells. However, concerns for malignant transformation exist with telomerase and bcl-2 approaches. The current states of research in these areas are reviewed as they relate to tissue engineering and the cellular lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Petersen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 136 Hudson Hall, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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27
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Gómez-Lechón MJ, Lahoz A, Jiménez N, Vicente Castell J, Donato MT. Cryopreservation of rat, dog and human hepatocytes: influence of preculture and cryoprotectants on recovery, cytochrome P450 activities and induction upon thawing. Xenobiotica 2006; 36:457-72. [PMID: 16769645 DOI: 10.1080/00498250600674352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Several cryopreservation protocols for hepatocytes have been proposed over the past few years, but their effectiveness varies greatly as a function of the characteristics of the method used. One factor in the success of cryopreservation is the quality of cells before freezing. The results suggest that the cryopreservation of hepatocytes in a medium containing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), in addition to DMSO, constitutes a convenient means of long-term storage of hepatocytes for preparing primary cultures to be used in drug metabolism studies. The combined use of the two cryoprotectants is particularly critical for low-viability cell suspensions. An interesting alternative to increase cell viability is the preculture of hepatocytes before cryopreservation. By the use of this procedure, high-quality cells, estimated in terms of post-thaw recovery, viability, adaptation of hepatocytes to culture, drug-metabolizing capability and cytochrome P450 induction, are obtained. Therefore, cryopreserved hepatocytes can provide a regular source of metabolically competent cells for in vitro investigations of the metabolic profile of new drugs and drug-drug interactions in pharmaco-toxicological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe. Avda, Valencia, Spain.
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28
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Stéphenne X, Najimi M, Ngoc DK, Smets F, Hue L, Guigas B, Sokal EM. Aneurysm of the azygos pericallosal artery. One case. J Neuroradiol 1992; 16:409-19. [PMID: 17658131 DOI: 10.3727/000000007783464821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Authors describe a case of aneurysmal rupture of the azygos pericallosal artery, a variant of the anterior cerebral artery. The association between aneurysm and this anatomical anomaly is of interest because of its rarity and clinical-therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Stéphenne
- Laboratory of Paediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Université Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques St Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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