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Chang CF, Lai JH, Wu JCC, Greig NH, Becker RE, Luo Y, Chen YH, Kang SJ, Chiang YH, Chen KY. (-)-Phenserine inhibits neuronal apoptosis following ischemia/reperfusion injury. Brain Res 2017; 1677:118-128. [PMID: 28963051 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke commonly leads to adult disability and death worldwide. Its major symptoms are spastic hemiplegia and discordant motion, consequent to neuronal cell death induced by brain vessel occlusion. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is upregulated and allied with inflammation and apoptosis after stroke. Recent studies suggest that AChE inhibition ameliorates ischemia-reperfusion injury and has neuroprotective properties. (-)-Phenserine, a reversible AChE inhibitor, has a broad range of actions independent of its AChE properties, including neuroprotective ones. However, its protective effects and detailed mechanism of action in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model (MCAO) remain to be elucidated. This study investigated the therapeutic effects of (-)-phenserine for stroke in the rat focal cerebral ischemia model and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/RP) damage model in SH-SY5Y neuronal cultures. (-)-Phenserine mitigated OGD/PR-induced SH-SY5Y cell death, providing an inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship between concentration and survival. In MCAO challenged rats, (-)-phenserine reduced infarction volume, cell death and improved body asymmetry, a behavioral measure of stoke impact. In both cellular and animal studies, (-)-phenserine elevated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) levels, and decreased activated-caspase 3, amyloid precursor protein (APP) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, potentially mediated through the ERK-1/2 signaling pathway. These actions mitigated neuronal apoptosis in the stroke penumbra, and decreased matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) expression. In synopsis, (-)-phenserine significantly reduced neuronal damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury in a rat model of MCAO and cellular model of OGD/RP, demonstrating that its anti-apoptotic/neuroprotective/neurotrophic cholinergic and non-cholinergic properties warrant further evaluation in conditions of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Fu Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxiao Branch, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Huei Lai
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - John Chung-Che Wu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Robert E Becker
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Aristea Translational Medicine, Park City, UT, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yen-Hua Chen
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Jhen Kang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Yun Chen
- Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Wu J, Sun Z, Sun HS, Wu J, Weisel RD, Keating A, Li ZH, Feng ZP, Li RK. Intravenously Administered Bone Marrow Cells Migrate to Damaged Brain Tissue and Improve Neural Function in Ischemic Rats. Cell Transplant 2017; 16:993-1005. [DOI: 10.3727/000000007783472435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence suggests that bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are capable of regenerating damaged tissue. This study evaluated whether intravenously (noninvasively) administered, GFP-labeled BMSCs would migrate into damaged brain tissue and improve neurological function after a stroke. Wistar rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion. Twenty-four hours after injury, the rats received an IV injection of culture medium or BMSCs isolated from adult Wistar rats expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). Two hours after injury and 1, 3, and 7 days after cell transplantation, neurological function was evaluated using a neurological severity scale. On day 7, the brain scar size was determined using tetrazolium chloride staining, and the implanted cells were identified using confocal microscopy. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate apoptosis and angiogenesis in the ischemic region, as well as the spatial distribution of the implanted BMSCs relative to the native neural cells. Implanted BMSCs migrated throughout the territory of the middle cerebral artery by 7 days after transplantation. Most implanted cells were located in the scar area and border zone of the ischemic region, and some expressed the neuronal marker NeuN. Rats receiving BMSC transplantation exhibited reduced scar size, limited apoptosis, and enhanced angiogenic factor expression and vascular density in the ischemic region relative to the control group, as well as significant improvements in the neurological severity scores. Intravenously administrated BMSCs facilitated the structural and functional recovery of neural tissue following ischemic injury, perhaps mediated by enhanced angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhuo Sun
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jun Wu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard D. Weisel
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Armand Keating
- Division of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Toronto General Research Institute and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhi-Hong Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ren-Ke Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Eve DJ, Sanberg PR. Article Commentary: Regenerative Medicine: An Analysis of Cell Transplantation's Impact. Cell Transplant 2017; 16:751-764. [DOI: 10.3727/000000007783465136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Eve
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Paul R. Sanberg
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Chiang YH, Lin SZ, Zhou FC. Bridging Nigrostriatal Pathway with Fibroblast Growth Factor-Primed Peripheral Nerves and Fetal Ventral Mesencephalon Transplant Recuperates from Deficits in Parkinsonian Rats. Cell Transplant 2017; 15:475-82. [PMID: 17121158 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783981783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that the nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) pathway can be reconstructed in hemiparkinsonian rats with a bridge transplantation technique involving fetal ventral mesencephalic transplants and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. In this study, we examined if the nigrostriatal pathway can be restored by combining peripheral nervous tissue with the fetal ventral mesencephalon transplants. Adult rats were injected with 6-hydroxydopamine into left median forebrain bundle. Those with marked rotational behavior, which has been previously shown to indicate complete DA dennervtion, were used for transplant treatments. One month after the lesion, fetal ventral mesencephalic cells were transplanted into the nigral region followed by nigral-striatal grafting of peripheral nerves as a bridge. The bridging nerves (sciatic or intercostals) were pretreated with basic fibrous growth factor (nerve+bFGF+) or Hank's saline (nerve+bFGF-). We found that (a) animals receiving transplants of VM and bFGF+ nerve had a reduction in rotational behavior; (b) animals receiving bFGF- nerve bridge only had a partial improvement in rotation. Reinnervation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive (ir) fibers into the striatum was found in both of the above groups with more innervation in the former than in the latter. No TH-ir fibers in lesioned striatum or reduction in rotational behavior were found in animals receiving VM only, or VM plus bFGF. Taken together, our data indicate that peripheral nerve, with the aid of bFGF, greatly facilitates the reconstitution of the TH pathway from nigra to striatum and improves motor function in hemiparkinsonian rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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SanMartin A, Borlongan CV. Article Commentary: Cell Transplantation: Toward Cell Therapy. Cell Transplant 2017; 15:665-73. [PMID: 17176618 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783981666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Agneta SanMartin
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Wang X, Xu J, Wang Y, Yang L, Li Z. Protective effects of BMP‐7 against tumor necrosis factor α‐induced oligodendrocyte apoptosis. Int J Dev Neurosci 2016; 53:10-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Anesthesia Research InstituteCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Jun‐Mei Xu
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Anesthesia Research InstituteCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Ya‐Ping Wang
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Anesthesia Research InstituteCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Anesthesia Research InstituteCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Zhi‐Jian Li
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Anesthesia Research InstituteCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
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Bone morphogenetic protein-7 ameliorates cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury via inhibiting oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:23441-53. [PMID: 24287916 PMCID: PMC3876055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141223441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) is neuroprotective against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. The present study was undertaken to determine the molecular mechanisms involved in this effect. Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to 2 h of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), followed by 24 h of reperfusion. BMP-7 (10−4 g/kg) or vehicle was infused into rats at the onset of reperfusion via the tail vein. Neurological deficits, infarct volume, histopathological changes, oxidative stress-related biochemical parameters, neuronal apoptosis, and apoptosis-related proteins were assessed. BMP-7 significantly improved neurological and histological deficits, reduced the infarct volume, and decreased apoptotic cells after cerebral ischemia. BMP-7 also markedly enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and reduced the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in IR rats. In addition, Western blot analysis indicated that BMP-7 prevented cytochrome c release, inhibited activation of caspase-3, caspase-9 and caspase-8. Our data suggested that BMP-7 has protective effects against cerebral IR injury in rats, and the neuroprotective effects may be attributed to attenuating oxidative stress and inhibiting neuronal apoptosis.
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Di Liddo R, Grandi C, Venturini M, Dalzoppo D, Negro A, Conconi MT, Parnigotto PP. Recombinant human TAT-OP1 to enhance NGF neurogenic potential: preliminary studies on PC12 cells. Protein Eng Des Sel 2010; 23:889-97. [PMID: 20889531 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzq067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteogenic protein 1 (OP1), also known as bone morphogenic protein-7 (BMP7), is a multifunctional cytokine with demonstrated neurogenic potential. As the recombinant OP1 (rhOP1) was shown to provide axonal guidance cues and to prevent the reduction of dendritic growth in the injury-induced cortical cultures, it was suggested that an in vivo efficient rhOP1 delivery could enhance neurite growth and functional reconnectivity in the damaged brain. In the present work, we engineered a chimeric molecule in which rhBMP7 was fused to a protein transduction domain derived from HIV-1 TAT protein to deliver the denatured recombinant BMP7 into cells and obtain its chaperone-mediated folding, circumventing the expensive and not much efficient in vitro refolding procedures. When tested on rat PC12 cells, a widely used in vitro neurogenic differentiation model, the resulting fusion protein (rhTAT-OP1) demonstrated to enter fastly into the cells, lose HIV-TAT sequence and interact with membrane receptors activating BMP pathway by SMAD 1/5/8 phosphorylation. In comparison with nerve growth factor (NGF) and BMP7, it proved itself effective to induce the formation of more organized H and M neurofilaments. Moreover, if used in combination with NGF, it stimulated a significant (P < 0.05) and more precocious dendritic outgrowth with respect to NGF alone. These results indicate that rhTAT-OP1 fused with TAT transduction domain shows neurogenic activity and may be a promising enhancer factor in NGF-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Di Liddo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, Padua, Italy.
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder for which there is currently no effective therapy. Over the past several decades, there has been a considerable interest in neuroprotective therapies using trophic factors to alleviate the symptoms of PD. Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are a class of molecules that influence a number of neuronal functions, including cell survival and axonal growth. Experimental studies in animal models suggest that members of neurotrophin family and GDNF family of ligands (GFLs) have the potent ability to protect degenerating dopamine neurons as well as promote regeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system. In clinical trials, although no serious adverse events related to the NTF therapy has been reported in patients, they remain inconclusive. In this chapter, we attempt to give a brief overview on several different growth factors that have been explored for use in animal models of PD and those already used in PD patients.
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Lin JW, Shih CM, Chen YC, Lin CM, Tsai JT, Chiang YH, Shih R, Chiu PL, Hung KS, Yeh YS, Wei L, Chiu WT, Yang LY. Biochemical alteration in cerebrospinal fluid precedes behavioral deficits in Parkinsonian rats induced by 6-hydroxydopamine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 72 Suppl 2:S55-65; discussion S65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
The possibility of using stem cells to treat Parkinson's disease has excited physicians and patients alike. However, after many encouraging open-label studies of fetal cell transplantation for Parkinson's disease, three randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies found no net benefit. In addition, patients in two of the studies developed dyskinesias that persisted despite reductions in medication. To realize the promise of stem cells, research has been undertaken to understand and overcome the dual problems of unpredictable benefit and troublesome dyskinesias after dopaminergic cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Greene
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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12
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Chiocco MJ, Harvey BK, Wang Y, Hoffer BJ. Neurotrophic factors for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009; 13 Suppl 3:S321-8. [PMID: 18267258 DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(08)70024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a slowly progressive disorder with no known etiology. Pathologically, there is a loss of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra that project to the striatum. Current available therapies for PD are targeted to the restoration of striatal dopamine. These approaches may alleviate symptoms transiently, but fail to slow the progression of disease. One emergent therapeutic approach is the use of neurotrophic factors to halt or reverse the loss of dopaminergic neurons. There have been intensive research efforts both preclinically and clinically testing the efficacy and safety of neurotrophic factors for the treatment of PD. In this review, we discuss the neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties of various trophic factors, both old and recent, and their status as therapeutic molecules for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Chiocco
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Bani-Yaghoub M, Tremblay RG, Ajji A, Nzau M, Gangaraju S, Chitty D, Zurakowski B, Sikorska M. Neuroregenerative strategies in the brain: emerging significance of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7). Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 86:361-9. [DOI: 10.1139/o08-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Every year thousands of people suffer from brain injuries and stroke, and develop motor, sensory, and cognitive problems as a result of neuronal loss in the brain. Unfortunately, the damaged brain has a limited ability to enact repair and current modes of treatment are not sufficient to offset the damage. An extensive list of growth factors, neurotrophic factors, cytokines, and drugs has been explored as potential therapies. However, only a limited number of them may actually have the potential to effectively offset the brain injury or stroke-related problems. One of the treatments considered for future brain repair is bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7), a factor currently used in patients to treat non-neurological diseases. The clinical application of BMP7 is based on its neuroprotective role in stroke animal models. This paper reviews the current approaches considered for brain repair and discusses the novel convergent strategies by which BMP7 potentially can induce neuroregeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmud Bani-Yaghoub
- Neurogenesis and Brain Repair Group, Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Rd., Bldg. M-54, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Functional Polymer Systems Group, Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, QC J4B 6Y4, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Roger G. Tremblay
- Neurogenesis and Brain Repair Group, Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Rd., Bldg. M-54, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Functional Polymer Systems Group, Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, QC J4B 6Y4, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Abdellah Ajji
- Neurogenesis and Brain Repair Group, Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Rd., Bldg. M-54, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Functional Polymer Systems Group, Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, QC J4B 6Y4, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Munyao Nzau
- Neurogenesis and Brain Repair Group, Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Rd., Bldg. M-54, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Functional Polymer Systems Group, Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, QC J4B 6Y4, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Sandhya Gangaraju
- Neurogenesis and Brain Repair Group, Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Rd., Bldg. M-54, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Functional Polymer Systems Group, Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, QC J4B 6Y4, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - David Chitty
- Neurogenesis and Brain Repair Group, Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Rd., Bldg. M-54, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Functional Polymer Systems Group, Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, QC J4B 6Y4, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Bogdan Zurakowski
- Neurogenesis and Brain Repair Group, Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Rd., Bldg. M-54, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Functional Polymer Systems Group, Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, QC J4B 6Y4, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Marianna Sikorska
- Neurogenesis and Brain Repair Group, Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Rd., Bldg. M-54, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Functional Polymer Systems Group, Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, QC J4B 6Y4, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
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Quartu M, Serra MP, Boi M, Ferretti MT, Lai ML, Del Fiacco M. Tissue distribution of Ret, GFRalpha-1, GFRalpha-2 and GFRalpha-3 receptors in the human brainstem at fetal, neonatal and adult age. Brain Res 2007; 1173:36-52. [PMID: 17825269 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 07/28/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Occurrence and localization of receptor components of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family ligands, the Ret receptor tyrosine kinase and the GDNF family receptor (GFR) alpha-1 to -3, were examined by immunohistochemistry in the normal human brainstem at fetal, neonatal, and adult age. Immunoreactive elements were detectable at all examined ages with uneven distribution and consistent pattern for each receptor. As a rule, the GFRalpha-1 and GFRalpha-2 antisera produced the most abundant and diffuse tissue labelling. Immunoreactive perikarya were observed within sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves, dorsal column nuclei, olivary nuclear complex, reticular formation, pontine nuclei, locus caeruleus, raphe nuclei, substantia nigra, and quadrigeminal plate. Nerve fibers occurred within gracile and cuneate fasciculi, trigeminal spinal tract and nucleus, facial, trigeminal, vestibular and oculomotor nerves, solitary tract, medial longitudinal fasciculus, medial lemniscus, and inferior and superior cerebellar peduncles. Occasionally, glial cells were stained. Age changes were appreciable in the distribution pattern of each receptor. On the whole, in the grey matter, labelled perikarya were more frequently observed in pre- and perinatal than in adult specimens; on the other hand, in discrete regions, nerve fibers and terminals were abundant and showed a plexiform arrangement only in adult tissue; finally, distinct fiber systems in the white matter were immunolabelled only at pre- and perinatal ages. The results obtained suggest the involvement of Ret and GFRalpha receptors signalling in processes subserving both the organization of discrete brainstem neuronal systems during development and their functional activity and maintenance in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Quartu
- Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
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Matsukawa N, Maki M, Yasuhara T, Hara K, Yu G, Xu L, Kim KM, Morgan JC, Sethi KD, Borlongan CV. Overexpression of D2/D3 receptors increases efficacy of ropinirole in chronically 6-OHDA-lesioned Parkinsonian rats. Brain Res 2007; 1160:113-23. [PMID: 17573046 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 05/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ropinirole, which is a non-ergot dopamine agonist derivative, exerts therapeutic benefits in Parkinson's disease (PD). Based on recent studies implicating dopamine receptors 2 and 3 (D2R and D3R) as possible targets of ropinirole, we over-expressed these dopamine receptor genes in the dopamine-denervated striatum of rodents to reveal whether their over-expression modulated ropinirole activity. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats initially received unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the medial forebrain bundle. At 1 month after surgery, successfully lesioned animals (3 or less forelimb akinesia score, and 8 or more apomorphine-induced rotations/min over 1 h) were randomly assigned to intrastriatal injection (ipsilateral to the lesion) of blank lentiviral vector, D2R, D3R or both genes. At about 5 months post-lesion, ropinirole (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered daily for 9 consecutive days. The subtherapeutic dose of ropinirole improved the use of previously akinetic forelimb and produced robust circling behavior in lesioned animals with striatal over-expression of both D2R and D3R compared to lesioned animals that received blank vector. In contrast, the subtherapeutic dose of ropinirole generated only modest motor effects in lesioned animals with sole over-expression of D2R or D3R. Western immunoblot and autoradiographic assays showed enhanced D2R and D3R protein levels coupled with normalized D2R and D3R binding in the ventral striatum of lesioned animals with lentiviral over-expression of both D2R and D3R relative to vehicle-treated lesioned animals. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that D2R and D3R GFP fluorescent cells colocalized with enkephalin and substance P immunoreactive medium spiny neurons. These data support the use of the subtherapeutic dose of ropinirole in a chronic model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Matsukawa
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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