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Einstein SA, Steyn LV, Weegman BP, Suszynski TM, Sambanis A, O'Brien TD, Avgoustiniatos ES, Firpo MT, Graham ML, Janecek J, Eberly LE, Garwood M, Putnam CW, Papas KK. Hypoxia within subcutaneously implanted macroencapsulation devices limits the viability and functionality of densely loaded islets. FRONTIERS IN TRANSPLANTATION 2023; 2:1257029. [PMID: 38993891 PMCID: PMC11235299 DOI: 10.3389/frtra.2023.1257029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Subcutaneous macroencapsulation devices circumvent disadvantages of intraportal islet therapy. However, a curative dose of islets within reasonably sized devices requires dense cell packing. We measured internal PO2 of implanted devices, mathematically modeled oxygen availability within devices and tested the predictions with implanted devices containing densely packed human islets. Methods Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) within implanted empty devices was measured by noninvasive 19F-MRS. A mathematical model was constructed, predicting internal PO2, viability and functionality of densely packed islets as a function of external PO2. Finally, viability was measured by oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in day 7 explants loaded at various islet densities. Results In empty devices, PO2 was 12 mmHg or lower, despite successful external vascularization. Devices loaded with human islets implanted for 7 days, then explanted and assessed by OCR confirmed trends proffered by the model but viability was substantially lower than predicted. Co-localization of insulin and caspase-3 immunostaining suggested that apoptosis contributed to loss of beta cells. Discussion Measured PO2 within empty devices declined during the first few days post-transplant then modestly increased with neovascularization around the device. Viability of islets is inversely related to islet density within devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Einstein
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Radiology, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Leah V Steyn
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Bradley P Weegman
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Sylvatica Biotech Inc., North Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Thomas M Suszynski
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Athanassios Sambanis
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Timothy D O'Brien
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | | | - Meri T Firpo
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Melanie L Graham
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
- Department of Surgery, Preclinical Research Center, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Jody Janecek
- Department of Surgery, Preclinical Research Center, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Lynn E Eberly
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Michael Garwood
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Charles W Putnam
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Klearchos K Papas
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Sakata N, Yoshimatsu G, Kawakami R, Aoyagi C, Kodama S. Optimal temperature for the long-term culture of adult porcine islets for xenotransplantation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1280668. [PMID: 37901206 PMCID: PMC10611499 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1280668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine islet xenotransplantation represents a promising therapy for severe diabetes mellitus. Long-term culture of porcine islets is a crucial challenge to permit the on-demand provision of islets. We aimed to identify the optimal temperature for the long-term culture of adult porcine islets for xenotransplantation. We evaluated the factors potentially influencing successful 28-day culture of islets at 24°C and 37°C, and found that culture at 37°C contributed to the stability of the morphology of the islets, the proliferation of islet cells, and the recovery of endocrine function, indicated by the expression of genes involved in pancreatic development, hormone production, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. These advantages may be provided by islet-derived CD146-positive stellate cells. The efficacy of xenotransplantation using islets cultured for a long time at 37°C was similar to that of overnight-cultured islets. In conclusion, 37°C might be a suitable temperature for the long-term culture of porcine islets, but further modifications will be required for successful xenotransplantation in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoaki Sakata
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Gumpei Yoshimatsu
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryo Kawakami
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chikao Aoyagi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shohta Kodama
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
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Eve DJ, Sanberg PR. Article Commentary: Regenerative Medicine: An Analysis of Cell Transplantation's Impact. Cell Transplant 2017; 16:751-764. [DOI: 10.3727/000000007783465136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Eve
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Paul R. Sanberg
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Zhu HT, Yu L, Lyu Y, Wang B. Optimal pig donor selection in islet xenotransplantation: current status and future perspectives. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2015; 15:681-91. [PMID: 25091986 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1400120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Islet transplantation is an attractive treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Xenotransplantation, using the pig as a donor, offers the possibility of an unlimited supply of islet grafts. Published studies demonstrated that pig islets could function in diabetic primates for a long time (>6 months). However, pig-islet xenotransplantation must overcome the selection of an optimal pig donor to obtain an adequate supply of islets with high-quality, to reduce xeno-antigenicity of islet and prolong xenograft survival, and to translate experimental findings into clinical application. This review discusses the suitable pig donor for islet xenotransplantation in terms of pig age, strain, structure/function of islet, and genetically modified pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-tao Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
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Jin SM, Lee HS, Oh SH, Park HJ, Park JB, Kim JH, Kim SJ. Adult porcine islet isolation using a ductal preservation method and purification with a density gradient composed of histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution and iodixanol. Transplant Proc 2015; 46:1628-32. [PMID: 24935338 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the fragility of adult porcine islets, reduction of shearing stress in islet purification using histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution and iodixanol could be an effective strategy. We examined the effect of ductal preservation with HTK solution and an islet purification protocol that utilizes HTK solution and iodixanol in adult porcine islet isolation. METHODS Islets were isolated with a modified Ricordi method using adult Prestige World Genetics (PWG) and Yucatan pigs. The discontinuous density gradient was composed of either HTK solution/iodixanol (n = 23, iodixanol group) or Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS)/Ficoll (n = 17, Ficoll group). In the iodixanol group, ductal injection of HTK solution was performed before purification. RESULTS In PWG pigs, significantly higher islet yield after purification (3480 ± 214.2 islet equivalent [IEQ]/g, P = .003) and higher recovery rate (85.45% ± 3.49%, P = .0043) were obtained from the HTK/iodixanol group as compared to the HBSS/Ficoll group (1905 ± 323.2 IEQ/g, and 67.22% ± 4.77%, respectively). Similar results were obtained in Yucatan pigs with greater body weight. CONCLUSION Ductal preservation and iodixanol-based islet purification using HTK solution improved the yield of adult porcine islet isolation compared to the conventional method using HBSS and Ficoll. The results of this study support the feasibility of an adult porcine islet isolation protocol using HTK solution and iodixanol, which have the favorable physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-M Jin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H-S Lee
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S-H Oh
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H J Park
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J B Park
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J H Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - S J Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Scott WE, Weegman BP, Balamurugan AN, Ferrer-Fabrega J, Anazawa T, Karatzas T, Jie T, Hammer BE, Matsumoto S, Avgoustiniatos ES, Maynard KS, Sutherland DER, Hering BJ, Papas KK. Magnetic resonance imaging: a tool to monitor and optimize enzyme distribution during porcine pancreas distention for islet isolation. Xenotransplantation 2014; 21:473-9. [PMID: 24986758 PMCID: PMC4174958 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Porcine islet xenotransplantation is emerging as a potential alternative for allogeneic clinical islet transplantation. Optimization of porcine islet isolation in terms of yield and quality is critical for the success and cost-effectiveness of this approach. Incomplete pancreas distention and inhomogeneous enzyme distribution have been identified as key factors for limiting viable islet yield per porcine pancreas. The aim of this study was to explore the utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a tool to investigate the homogeneity of enzyme delivery in porcine pancreata. Traditional and novel methods for enzyme delivery aimed at optimizing enzyme distribution were examined. Pancreata were procured from Landrace pigs via en bloc viscerectomy. The main pancreatic duct was then cannulated with an 18-g winged catheter and MRI performed at 1.5-T. Images were collected before and after ductal infusion of chilled MRI contrast agent (gadolinium) in physiological saline. Regions of the distal aspect of the splenic lobe and portions of the connecting lobe and bridge exhibited reduced delivery of solution when traditional methods of distention were utilized. Use of alternative methods of delivery (such as selective re-cannulation and distention of identified problem regions) resolved these issues, and MRI was successfully utilized as a guide and assessment tool for improved delivery. Current methods of porcine pancreas distention do not consistently deliver enzyme uniformly or adequately to all regions of the pancreas. Novel methods of enzyme delivery should be investigated and implemented for improved enzyme distribution. MRI serves as a valuable tool to visualize and evaluate the efficacy of current and prospective methods of pancreas distention and enzyme delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Scott
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Proteomic analysis of pancreas in miniature pigs according to developmental stages using two-dimensional electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Lab Anim Res 2014; 30:1-7. [PMID: 24707298 PMCID: PMC3973805 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2014.30.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ transplantation is limited by the shortage of human organs. Many studies have sought to overcome this hurdle by using animal organs. Porcine organs, especially from miniature pigs, have been used for organ xenotransplantation rather than nonhuman primates. While the molecular profiling for transplantation is well known in humans and rodents, the situation for pigs is almost completely unknown. The present study examined protein regulation of the developing stages of the pancreatic proteome (4 day-old miniature neonate, 19 day-old miniature piglet, and 14 month-old miniature adult pigs) using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Thirteen different expressed spots were observed and nine were identified. The data presented within this study provides critical direction relating to the development of pancreas of miniature pigs, which will assist future proteome analysis of the pancreas, and advance our understanding of the hurdles facing xenotransplantation.
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Zhu HT, Wang WL, Yu L, Wang B. Pig-islet xenotransplantation: recent progress and current perspectives. Front Surg 2014; 1:7. [PMID: 25593932 PMCID: PMC4287008 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2014.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Islet xenotransplantation is one prospective treatment to bridge the gap between available human cells and needs of patients with diabetes. Pig represents an ideal candidate for obtaining such available cells. However, potential clinical application of pig islet still faces obstacles including inadequate yield of high-quality functional islets and xenorejection of the transplants. Adequate amounts of available islets can be obtained by selection of a suitable pathogen-free source herd and the development of isolation and purification method. Several studies demonstrated the feasibility of successful preclinical pig-islet xenotransplantation and provided insights and possible mechanisms of xenogeneic immune recognition and rejection. Particularly promising is the achievement of long-term insulin independence in diabetic models by means of distinct islet products and novel immunotherapeutic strategies. Nonetheless, further efforts are needed to obtain much more safety and efficacy data to translate these findings into clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wan-Li Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Liang Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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9
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Zhu H, Yu L, He Y, Wang B. Nonhuman primate models of type 1 diabetes mellitus for islet transplantation. J Diabetes Res 2014; 2014:785948. [PMID: 25389531 PMCID: PMC4217338 DOI: 10.1155/2014/785948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet transplantation is an attractive treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Animal models of diabetes mellitus (DM) contribute a lot to the experimental studies of islet transplantation and to evaluations of isolated islet grafts for future clinical applications. Diabetic nonhuman primates (NHPs) represent the suitable models of DMs to better evaluate the effectiveness of islet transplantation, to assess new strategies for controlling blood glucose (BG), relieving immune rejection, or prolonging islet survival, and eventually to translate the preclinical data into tangible clinical practice. This review introduces some NHP models of DM, clarifies why and how the models should be used, and elucidates the usefulness and limitations of the models in islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Liang Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yayi He
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
- *Bo Wang:
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Jin X, Zeng L, Zhang S, He S, Ren Y, Chen Y, Wei L, Wang L, Li H, Cheng J, Lu Y. Human insulin versus porcine insulin in rhesus monkeys with diabetes mellitus. J Med Primatol 2012; 42:1-9. [PMID: 23106308 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monkeys with insulin-dependent diabetes are important preclinical animal models for islet transplantation. Exogenous insulin should be administered to achieve good glycemic control and minimize the long-term vascular complications associated with diabetes until the graft function recovered completely. However, the effect of multiple daily injections of porcine or human insulin and the long-term effects of porcine insulin have not been studied in diabetic rhesus monkeys. METHODS Diabetic rhesus monkeys, using a 6-month self-control insulin comparison experiment, were used to detect the incidence of adverse events and long-term diabetes complication events after long-term administration of porcine insulin. RESULTS In this study, we found that a 20% higher dose of porcine insulin results in similar glycemic control as the human insulin regimen, and adverse events were seldom reported when porcine insulin was administered. Moreover, long-term injection with porcine insulin could delay the rate and severity of diabetes-related complications. CONCLUSIONS Porcine insulin as a competent candidate for regular insulin therapy to maintain blood glucose levels in insulin-dependent diabetic monkeys during preclinical studies of islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Graham ML, Mutch LA, Kittredge JA, Rieke EF, Robinson NA, Zolondek EK, Faig AW, DuFour TA, Munson JW, Schuurman HJ. Management of adverse side-effects after chemotherapy in macaques as exemplified by streptozotocin: case studies and recommendations. Lab Anim 2012; 46:178-92. [DOI: 10.1258/la.2012.011077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The chemotherapeutic streptozotocin is used for induction of diabetes in animal models including non-human primates. Being a cytotoxic nitrosourea compound, it can be associated with adverse events (AEs), mainly nausea and emesis, nephrotoxicity, elevated liver transaminase levels, pulmonary oedema and, most prominently, metabolic acidosis: these can be severe in some cases. The incidence and gravity are to some extent related to the characteristics of the individual animal, diagnostic tools, prompt recognition of symptoms and supportive measures. Careful animal selection, dose adaptation and supportive actions such as renal protective hydration are the main tools in managing AEs, but do not fully eliminate unavoidable and sometimes life-threatening conditions. In our centre we have built experience in a cohort of 78 cynomolgus and rhesus macaques in which six cases manifested severe AEs (8%). This experience has prompted implementation of strategies for early detection and management of adverse effects, together with an animal refinement programme. We present here specific pretreatment regimens, post-infusion laboratory evaluations, and flow charts to assess/treat metabolic acidosis and precipitating factors. Case reports of the six animals with severe AEs are presented to illustrate management of AEs, especially metabolic acidosis, and criteria for early euthanasia where appropriate. We conclude that improved monitoring and validated tools allow for optimal management of adverse effects in an early stage of their manifestation. Reduced morbidity and mortality not only improve individual animal wellbeing but also avoid model-induced confounding that diminishes the translational value of the experimental protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Graham
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lucas A Mutch
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jessica A Kittredge
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Eric F Rieke
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Nicholas A Robinson
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Zolondek
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Aaron W Faig
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Theresa A DuFour
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - James W Munson
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Henk-Jan Schuurman
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Some ethical, social, and legal considerations of xenotransplantation. Methods Mol Biol 2012. [PMID: 22566004 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-845-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation has changed its focus from solid organs to cells and tissues, and it is now mainly conceived of and regulated as a pharmaceutical product. Animal cell therapies are showing promising results and may involve fewer risks than organs. However, countries should be cautious about allowing xenotransplantation clinical trials to develop. Regulatory frameworks should contain specific conditions about the safety of the source animals, of the xenotransplantation product, and of the manufacturing process. In turn, these frameworks should ensure that preclinical studies indicate safety and efficacy of the procedure and that risk-management protocols are in place to identify, contain, and combat any outbreak of infection in a timely manner. The fragile balance between individual and collective rights and the tensions of globalization make necessary a coordinated international action to harmonize global practices in this field. Xenotransplantation clinical trials should be carried out in a context in which specific safety and ethical issues are addressed, and in an environment in which specific practices that facilitate public engagement as a form of shared responsibility for regulatory decision making are promoted as well.
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Abstract
Pig islet xenotransplantation is effective in treating diabetes. Nowadays, the research of islet xenotransplantation is still in the research phase, and its clinical use is mainly restricted by the shortage of functional islets and graft rejection. In recent years, several studies have demonstrated the feasibility of successful preclinical pig islet xenotransplantation. Moreover, promising results concerning prolonged insulin independence were achieved with the improvement of islet isolation technologies, application of novel immunotherapeutic strategies, and the development of transplantation surgery. This review aims to elucidate the advances in the separation and preparation of transplanted pig islet, immunological rejection and treatments, potential safety problems, and clinical studies.
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Adenovirus-mediated heme oxygenase-1 gene transfer to neonatal porcine islet-like cluster cells: the effects on gene expression and protection from cell stress. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-012-6108-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ho JH, Tseng TC, Ma WH, Ong WK, Chen YF, Chen MH, Lin MW, Hong CY, Lee OK. Multiple intravenous transplantations of mesenchymal stem cells effectively restore long-term blood glucose homeostasis by hepatic engraftment and β-cell differentiation in streptozocin-induced diabetic mice. Cell Transplant 2011; 21:997-1009. [PMID: 22004871 DOI: 10.3727/096368911x603611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Depletion of pancreatic β-cells results in insulin insufficiency and diabetes mellitus (DM). Single transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells exhibits short-term effects in some preclinical studies. Here, we further investigated the long-term therapeutic effects of multiple intravenous MSC transplantations. In this study, multiple human MSC transplantations (4.2 × 10(7) cells/kg each time) were performed intravenously at 2-week intervals into streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice for 6 months. Blood sugar, insulin, renal function, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were monitored. We demonstrated that compared to single intravenous transplantation, which only transiently decreased hyperglycemia, multiple MSC transplantations effectively restored blood glucose homeostasis. Systemic oxidative stress levels were reduced from the seventh week of treatment. From the 11th week, production of human insulin was markedly increased. When MSC transplantation was skipped after blood sugar level returned to normal at the end of 15th week, a sharp rebound of blood sugar occurred, and was then controlled by subsequent transplantations. At the end of 6 months, histopathology examination revealed MSCs specifically engrafted into liver tissues of the recipients. Fifty-one percent of human cells in the recipient liver coexpressed human insulin, especially those surrounding the central veins. Taken together, intravenous MSC delivery was safe and effective for blood glucose stabilization in this preclinical DM model. Multiple transplantations were essential to restore and maintain glucose homeostasis through decreasing systemic oxidative stress in the early stage and insulin production in the late stage. Liver engraftment and differentiation into insulin-producing cells account for the long-term therapeutic effects of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Ho
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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Graham ML, Mutch LA, Rieke EF, Kittredge JA, Faig AW, DuFour TA, Munson JW, Zolondek EK, Hering BJ, Schuurman HJ. Refining the high-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic non-human primate model: an evaluation of risk factors and outcomes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:1218-30. [DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In preparation for islet transplantation, diabetes was induced using streptozotocin (STZ) in non-human primates ranging from juveniles to adults with diverse body types: we studied the process with respect to the diabetic state and emergence of adverse events (AEs) and their severity, and identified risk factors for clinical and laboratory AEs. Pharmaceutical-grade STZ was given based on body surface area (BSA) (1050–1250 mg/m2, equivalent to 80–108 mg/kg) or on body weight (BW) (100 mg/kg) to 54 cynomolgus and 24 rhesus macaques. AEs were related to risk factors, i.e. obesity parameters, BW and BSA, age and STZ dose in mg/m2. Clinical AEs during the first days after infusion prompted euthanasia of three animals. Except for those three animals, diabetes was successfully induced as shown by circulating C-peptide levels, the intravenous glucose tolerance test and/or arginine stimulation test. C-peptide after infusion weakly correlated ( P = 0.048) with STZ dose in mg/m2. Grade ≥3 nephrotoxicity or hepatotoxicity (serum markers >3× baseline or >5 × baseline, respectively) occurred in about 10% of cases and were generally mild and reversible. Grade ≥2 clinical AEs occurred in seven of 78 animals, reversed in four cases and significantly correlated with obesity parameters. Taking girth-to-height ratio (GHtR) as an indicator of obesity, with threshold value 0.92–0.95, the positive predictive value of obesity for AEs was 92% and the specificity 94%. We conclude that diabetes is successfully induced in non-obese animals using a 100 mg/kg pharmaceutical grade STZ dose. Obesity is a significant risk factor, and animals with a higher than normal GHtR should preferably receive a lower dose. The incidence of relevant clinical or laboratory AEs is low. Careful monitoring and supportive medical intervention can result in recovery of AEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Graham
- Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, 424 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lucas A Mutch
- Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, 424 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Eric F Rieke
- Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, 424 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jessica A Kittredge
- Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, 424 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Aaron W Faig
- Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, 424 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Theresa A DuFour
- Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, 424 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - James W Munson
- Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, 424 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Zolondek
- Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, 424 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bernhard J Hering
- Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, 424 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Henk-Jan Schuurman
- Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, 424 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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17
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Ma X, Ye B, Gao F, Liang Q, Dong Q, Liu Y, Rong P, Wang W, Yi S. Tissue factor knockdown in porcine islets: an effective approach to suppressing the instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction. Cell Transplant 2011; 21:61-71. [PMID: 21669037 DOI: 10.3727/096368911x580563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) expression on islets has been shown to trigger instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR), leading to rapid islet loss in portal vein islet transplantation. This study investigated whether antisense RNA-mediated TF gene knockdown in islets could suppress IBMIR as a strategy to overcome IBMIR. Neonatal porcine islet cell clusters (NICCs) were transfected with or without TF-specific antisense RNA or a nonspecific RNA by a lipid-based method. Expression of both TF gene and protein in NICCs was analyzed after transfection by real-time PCR, Western blot, and FACS, respectively. The impact of antisense RNA transfection on NICC viability and in vitro function was examined by FACS and insulin release test, respectively. The effect of TF knockdown in NICCs on IBMIR was assessed with an in vitro tubing loop assay using human blood. A significant reduction in TF gene and protein expression was achieved in TF antisense RNA but not control RNA transfected NICCs, which did not affect NICCs' viability or their insulin secreting capacity. Incubation of TF antisense RNA transfected with human blood resulted in a considerable reduction in blood clot formation, platelet consumption, and complement and coagulation activation compared to that observed in the loops containing human blood and untreated or control RNA transfected NICCs. Consistent with these findings, infiltrating neutrophils in the blood clots with entrapped TF antisense RNA transfected NICCs was also reduced substantially compared to that seen in the clots containing untreated or control RNA transfected NICCs. This study presents a nontoxic TF antisense RNA-mediated TF knockdown in porcine islets that leads to an effective suppression of IBMIR, suggesting a potentially new strategy to improve islet transplantation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Ma
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiang Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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18
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Arcidiacono JA, Evdokimov E, Lee MH, Jones J, Rudenko L, Schneider B, Snoy PJ, Wei CH, Wensky AK, Wonnacott K. Regulation of xenogeneic porcine pancreatic islets. Xenotransplantation 2011; 17:329-37. [PMID: 20955290 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2010.00592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of xenogeneic porcine pancreatic islets has been shown to be a potentially promising alternative to using human allogeneic islets to treat insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes (T1D). This article provides an overview of the existing FDA regulatory framework that would be applied to the regulation of clinical trials utilizing xenogeneic porcine pancreatic islets to treat T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Arcidiacono
- FDA, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Office of Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapies, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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19
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Hilling DE, Rijkelijkhuizen JKRA, Töns HAM, Terpstra OT, Bouwman E. Porcine islet isolation outcome is not affected by the amount and distribution of collagen in the pancreas. Xenotransplantation 2010; 17:250-5. [PMID: 20636546 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2010.00589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Variable islet yields in porcine islet isolation may be caused by the collagen substrate within the pancreas. The aim of the present study was to determine the total amount and distribution of collagen within porcine pancreata and their relationship to islet isolation outcome. A total of 64 juvenile and 76 adult porcine pancreata of eight purebred breeds were histologically examined. The amount of collagen was quantitatively assessed in tissue samples stained with Sirius Red. Collagen distribution was semi-quantitatively determined by assessing the presence of collagen in the endocrine-exocrine interface and within the islet, in tissue samples stained with Sirius Red and anti-insulin. Islet isolation was performed in 58 pancreata of the adult group. Total collagen content and islet encapsulation ranged widely in both adult and juvenile pigs. However, the majority of islets in adult and juvenile pigs had no or only a limited collagen capsule. The difference in collagen content between adult and juvenile pigs could not be explained by age. Furthermore, no differences between adult and juvenile pigs were found in islet encapsulation or the amount of intra-islet collagen. In adult pigs, no significant relationships were found between obtained islet yield and total collagen content, islet encapsulation or amount of collagen within the islet. Considering the limitations in experimental design (staining method) and study material, isolation outcome does not seem to be affected by the total collagen content or collagen distribution. The influence of other matrix elements and collagen subtypes should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise E Hilling
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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20
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Porcine islets are the most suitable for xeno-islet transplantation. However, it is necessary to establish an effective preservation method against its fragility. Recently, we developed a new cooling and preservation (Keep and Fresh [KFC]; FUJIYA Co, Tokushima, Japan) system, which can maintain viability of hepatocyte. In this study, we examined the KFC for porcine islet preservation. METHODS Isolated porcine islets were preserved in CMRL 1066 culture media with bovine serum at 37°C, 22°C, and 4°C and KFC for 24, 48, and 72 hours. Islet recovery rate, purity, and viability were evaluated. RESULTS After 24-hour preservation, the recovery rate was the highest in the KFC, but no significant difference was found. After 48-hour preservation, the recovery rate by the KFC was 73.9% ± 17.3%, which was significantly higher than the other groups (48.7% ± 28.6% at 37°C, P < 0.01; 46.6% ± 15.5% at 22°C, P < 0.01; 61.5% ± 20.0% at 4°C, P < 0.05). After 72-hour preservation, the difference of recovery rate was clearer. In the KFC group, purities and viabilities were the highest among the groups after 24-, 48-, and 72-hour preservation. CONCLUSIONS The KFC system significantly improved porcine islet preservation; therefore, the KFC might be useful for porcine islet preservation.
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21
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Atchison NA, Fan W, Papas KK, Hering BJ, Tsapatsis M, Kokkoli E. Binding of the fibronectin-mimetic peptide, PR_b, to alpha5beta1 on pig islet cells increases fibronectin production and facilitates internalization of PR_b functionalized liposomes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:14081-8. [PMID: 20704278 PMCID: PMC2932789 DOI: 10.1021/la101264h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Islet transplantation is a promising treatment for type 1 diabetes. Recent studies have demonstrated that human islet allografts can restore insulin independence to patients with this disease. As islet isolation and immunotherapeutic techniques improve, the demand for this cell-based therapy will dictate the need for other sources of islets. Pig islets could provide an unlimited supply for xenotransplantation and have shown promise as an alternative to human islet allografts. However, stresses imposed during islet isolation and transplantation decrease islet viability, leading to loss of graft function. In this study, we investigated the ability of a fibronectin-mimetic peptide, PR_b, which specifically binds to the alpha(5)beta(1) integrin, to re-establish lost extracellular matrix (ECM) around isolated pig islets and increase internalization of liposomes. Confocal microscopy and Western blotting were used to show the presence of the integrin alpha(5)beta(1) on the pig islets on day 0 (day of isolation) as well as on different days of islet culture. Islets cultured in medium supplemented with free PR_b for 48 h were found to have increased levels of ECM fibronectin secretion compared to islets in normal culture conditions. Using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry, we found that PR_b peptide-amphiphile functionalized liposomes delivered to the pig islets internalized into the cells in a PR_b concentration dependent manner and nonfunctionalized liposomes showed minimal internalization. These studies proved that the fibronectin-mimetic peptide, PR_b, is an appropriate peptide bullet for applications involving alpha(5)beta(1) expressing pig islet cells. Fibronectin production stimulated through alpha(5)beta(1) PR_b binding may decrease apoptosis and therefore increase islet viability in culture. In addition, PR_b peptide-amphiphile functionalized liposomes may be used for targeted delivery of different agents to pig islet cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. Atchison
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Klearchos K. Papas
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Bernhard J. Hering
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Michael Tsapatsis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Efrosini Kokkoli
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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22
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van Poll D, Nahmias Y, Soto-Gutierrez A, Ghasemi M, Yagi H, Kobayashi N, Yarmush ML, Hertl M. Human immune reactivity against liver sinusoidal endothelial cells from GalTα(1,3)GalT-deficient pigs. Cell Transplant 2010; 19:783-9. [PMID: 20573304 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x508898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Elimination of galactose-α(1,3)galactose (Gal) expression in pig organs has been previously shown to prevent hyperacute xenograft rejection. However, naturally present antibodies to non-Gal epitopes activate endothelial cells, leading to acute humoral xenograft rejection. Still, it is unknown whether xenogeneic pig liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) from α(1,3)galactosyltransferase (GalT)-deficient pigs are damaged by antibody and complement-mediated mechanisms. The present study examined the xeno-antibody response of LSECs from GalT-deficient and wild pigs. Isolated LSEC from wild-type and GalT pigs were expose to human and baboon sera; IgM and IgG binding was analyzed by flow cytometry. Complement activation (C3a and CH50) was quantified in vitro from serum-exposed LSEC cultures using Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent assay (ELISA). Levels of complement-activated cytotoxicity (CAC) were also determined by a fluorescent Live-Dead Assay and by the quantification of LDH release. IgM binding to GalT knockout (KO) LSECs was significantly lower (80% human and 87% baboon) compare to wild-type pig LSEC. IgG binding was low in all groups. Moreover, complement activation (C3a and CH50) levels released following exposure to human or baboon sera were importantly reduced (42% human and 52% baboon), CAC in GalT KO LSECs was reduced by 60% in human serum and by 72% in baboon serum when compared to wild-type LSECs, and LDH release levels were reduced by 37% and 57%, respectively. LSECs from GalT KO pigs exhibit a significant protection to humoral-induced cell damage compared to LSECs from wild pigs when exposed to human serum. Although insufficient to inhibit xenogeneic reactivity completely, transgenic GalT KO expression on pig livers might contribute to a successful application of clinical xenotransplantation in combination with other protective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan van Poll
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and the Shriners Hospitals for Children, Center for Engineering in Medicine, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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23
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Cann JA, Kavanagh K, Jorgensen MJ, Mohanan S, Howard TD, Gray SB, Hawkins GA, Fairbanks LA, Wagner JD. Clinicopathologic characterization of naturally occurring diabetes mellitus in vervet monkeys. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:713-8. [PMID: 20460450 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810370011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of chronic metabolic diseases characterized by persistent fasting hyperglycemia, and it can be of either polygenic or monogenic origin. Animal models have played an important role in elucidating the pathophysiology of the polygenic Type 1 and type 2 DM forms; however, useful animal models of the monogenic forms do not exist. The authors describe 4 cases of naturally occurring DM in vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus), 1 of which has clinicopathologic findings consistent with type 2 DM, including persistent hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, islet amyloidosis, and reduced islet insulin immunostaining. In contrast, the 3 remaining animals have clinicopathologic similarities to a monogenic form of the disease, including a lack of islet amyloidosis and hypertriglyceridemia, as well as normal islet insulin immunostaining. In addition, pedigree analysis conducted on one of these animals is consistent with either an autosomal dominant or mitochondrial inheritance pattern, which supports a monogenic form of DM. The authors thus hypothesize that a naturally occurring monogenic form of diabetes may occur in vervet monkeys, making them a potential animal model for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Cann
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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24
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Kim YG, Gil GC, Jang KS, Lee S, Kim HI, Kim JS, Chung J, Park CG, Harvey DJ, Kim BG. Qualitative and quantitative comparison of N-glycans between pig endothelial and islet cells by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry-based strategy. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2009; 44:1087-1104. [PMID: 19373860 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
N-glycan structures released from miniature pig endothelial and islet cells were determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF), negative ion electrospray ionization (ESI) MS/MS and normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography (NP-HPLC) combined with exoglycosidase digestion. Totally, the identified structures were 181 N-glycans including 129 sialylated and 18 alpha-galactosylated glycans from pig endothelial cells and 80 N-glycans including 41 sialylated and one alpha-galactosylated glycans from pig islet cells. The quantity of the alpha-galactosylated glycans from pig islet cells was certainly neglectable compared to pig endothelial cells. A number of NeuGc-terminated N-glycans (80 from pig endothelial cells and 13 from pig islet cells) are newly detected by our mass spectrometric strategies. The detailed structural information will be a matter of great interest in organ or cell xenotransplantation using alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout (GalT-KO) pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Gon Kim
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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25
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Cooper DKC, Casu A. Chapter 4: Pre-clinical efficacy and complication data required to justify a clinical trial. Xenotransplantation 2009; 16:229-238. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2009.00543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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26
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Kim HI, Lee SY, Jin SM, Kim KS, Yu JE, Yeom SC, Yoon TW, Kim JH, Ha J, Park CG, Kim SJ. Parameters for successful pig islet isolation as determined using 68 specific-pathogen-free miniature pigs. Xenotransplantation 2009; 16:11-8. [PMID: 19243556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2008.00504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Islet cell transplantation is a novel therapeutic modality for the cure of diabetes. Pig islet cells are an attractive substitute for human islet cells; however, they are known to be particularly difficult to isolate because of a weak islet capsule and a tendency to be fragmented during enzymatic digestion. Therefore, parameters favoring successful pig islet isolation were investigated using specific-pathogen-free (SPF) miniature pigs. METHODS Sixty-eight SPF miniature pigs were used for islet isolation. Birth weight, body weight, age, sex, pregnancy history, and the fasting blood glucose levels of each pig were determined. Each pig's general condition was assessed with regard to feeding status and physical activity. Pancreas procurement was performed by one surgical team. Anesthesia duration, operation duration, procedure quality, and perfusate type were recorded. After pancreatectomy, a biopsy was performed for islet density analysis. Decapsulation, cannulation duration, degree of distension, and cold ischemic time were assessed. During islet isolation, pancreas weight, digestion time, and digested tissue proportion were recorded. Isolation results were evaluated by total islet equivalents (IEQ), islet equivalents per gram of pancreas (IEQ/g), isolation index, islet recovery rate, purity, and visual grade. To identify the predictors of higher islet isolation yield, we performed binary logistic regression analysis with significant (P < 0.05) variables from the univariate analysis. RESULTS The pigs were categorized into high (n = 34) and low yield (n = 34) groups according to the median IEQ/g or total IEQ values. Body weight and age were significantly different between the two groups. Being male or a positive history of pregnancy in females was factors favoring successful islet isolation. General condition assessments failed to estimate islet isolation results. Long anesthesia duration, which might have caused ischemic injury to the pancreas, negatively affected islet isolation results. Decapsulation, cannulation duration, and subsequent pancreas distension were significantly important in successful islet isolation. Inter-lot variability of Liberase was not observed because of screening processes performed before purchase. Isolation index and islet recovery rate correlated well with islet yields. CONCLUSIONS Multivariate analysis using total IEQ and IEQ/g as outcome variables indicated that age older than 2, being male and moderate distension by Liberase injection are major determinants influencing successful islet isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Il Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
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27
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Hering BJ, Walawalkar N. Pig-to-nonhuman primate islet xenotransplantation. Transpl Immunol 2009; 21:81-6. [PMID: 19427901 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes continues to present a therapeutic challenge. The restoration of normoglycemia and insulin independence in immunosuppressed type 1 diabetic recipients of human islet allografts has highlighted the potential of cell-based diabetes therapy. The unlimited and on-demand availability of pig islets from healthy, young, living, designated pathogen-free, and potentially genetically modified donors presents unique opportunities for improving the availability and outcomes of islet replacement therapies in diabetes. One of the fundamental prerequisites for initiating clinical research is a favorable benefit-over-harm determination in the stringent preclinical transplant model in nonhuman primates. To date, xenotransplants of pig islet cell therapy products have been reported by 15 institutions in 181 NHPs, including xenotransplants in 72 non-diabetic and 109 diabetic recipients. These studies have demonstrated the feasibility of successful preclinical islet xenotransplantation and have provided insights into the critical events operative in the immune recognition and destruction of islet xenografts in nonhuman primates. Particularly promising is the recent achievement of prolonged insulin independence in this model by means of several distinct islet xenotransplantation products, implantation sites, and immunotherapeutic strategies. Further progress appears likely and the development of suitable source pigs will position the scientific community to translate these findings safely to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard J Hering
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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28
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Kim MK, Oh JY, Ko JH, Lee HJ, Jung JH, Wee WR, Lee JH, Park CG, Kim SJ, Ahn C, Kim SJ, Hwang SY. DNA microarray-based gene expression profiling in porcine keratocytes and corneal endothelial cells and comparative analysis associated with xeno-related rejection. J Korean Med Sci 2009; 24:189-96. [PMID: 19399257 PMCID: PMC2672115 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2009.24.2.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine to rat corneal xenotransplantation resulted in severe inflammation and rejection of the corneal stroma, whereas an allograft showed mainly endothelial cell-associated rejection. We, therefore, investigated and compared the gene expression between porcine keratocytes and corneal endothelial cells. RNA was isolated from primary cultured porcine or human keratocytes and porcine corneal endothelial cells. Gene expression was comparatively analyzed after normalization with microarray method using Platinum pig 13 K oligo chip (GenoCheck Co., Ltd., Ansan, Korea). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for C1R, CCL2, CXCL6, and HLA-A in porcine keratocytes and corneal endothelial cells. As a result, upregulated expression more than 2 folds was observed in 1,162 genes of porcine keratocytes versus porcine endothelial cells. Among the immune-regulatory genes, SEMA3C, CCL2, CXCL6, F3, HLA-A, CD97, IFI30, C1R, and G1P3 were highly expressed in porcine keratocytes, compared to porcine corneal endothelial cells or human keratocytes. When measured by real-time PCR, the expression of C1R, CCL2, and HLA-A was higher in porcine keratocytes compared to that in porcine corneal endothelial cells. In conclusion, the increased expression of C1R, CCL2, and HLA-A genes in porcine keratocytes might be responsible for the stromal rejection observed in a porcine to rat corneal xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee Kum Kim
- Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center and Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Youn Oh
- Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center and Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Ko
- Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center and Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Lee
- Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center and Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Jung
- Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Ryang Wee
- Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center and Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Hak Lee
- Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chung-Gyu Park
- Xenotransplantation Research Center and Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Joon Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center and Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Curie Ahn
- Xenotransplantation Research Center and Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Jun Kim
- Division of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
- GenoCheck Co. Ltd., Ansan, Korea
| | - Seung Yong Hwang
- Division of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
- GenoCheck Co. Ltd., Ansan, Korea
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29
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Kobayashi T, Arefanian H, Harb G, Tredget EB, Rajotte RV, Korbutt GS, Rayat GR. Prolonged survival of microencapsulated neonatal porcine islet xenografts in immune-competent mice without antirejection therapy. Cell Transplant 2009; 17:1243-56. [PMID: 19181218 DOI: 10.3727/096368908787236602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that in vitro culture of islets prolonged islet graft survival in immune-competent mice without administration of antirejection drugs. However, we recently showed that in vitro cultured microencapsulated neonatal porcine islets (NPI) were rejected in immune-competent mice not receiving antirejection therapy. The aim of this study was to determine whether culture of microencapsulated NPI in vivo could promote long-term survival of microencapsulated NPI in immune-competent mice without administration of antirejection drugs. Microencapsulated NPI that were cultured in vitro for 7 and 50 days or transplanted initially in immune-deficient C.B.-17 SCID-BEIGE mice for 100 days (in vivo cultured) were characterized and transplanted into streptozotocin-induced diabetic immune-competent BALB/c mice. Day 50 in vitro cultured and day 100 in vivo cultured microencapsulated NPI showed significantly higher insulin and DNA content, indicating maturation of NPI compared to day 7 in vitro cultured microencapsulated NPI. Interestingly, in vivo cultured microencapsulated NPI expressed lower levels of porcine antigens compared to day 7 and day 50 in vitro cultured microencapsulated NPI. Transplantation of day 7 in vitro cultured microencapsulated NPI did not reverse diabetes in immune-competent BALB/c mouse recipients. In contrast, transplantation of day 50 in vitro cultured and in vivo cultured microencapsulated NPI into diabetic immune-competent BALB/c mice resulted in the immediate reversal of hyperglycemia within 2 days posttransplantation. However, all recipients of day 50 in vitro cultured microencapsulated NPI eventually rejected their grafts by day 15 posttransplantation, while 6 of 10 BALB/c mouse recipients of in vivo cultured microencapsulated NPI maintained normoglycemia for 100 days posttransplantation. These results show that in vivo culture of NPI in immune-deficient mice results in the modulation of NPI, which allows for their long-term survival in immune-competent mice without antirejection therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunehiro Kobayashi
- Surgical-Medical Research Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Goto M, Tjernberg J, Dufrane D, Elgue G, Brandhorst D, Ekdahl KN, Brandhorst H, Wennberg L, Kurokawa Y, Satomi S, Lambris JD, Gianello P, Korsgren O, Nilsson B. Dissecting the instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction in islet xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2009; 15:225-34. [PMID: 18957045 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2008.00482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A massive destruction of transplanted tissue occurs immediately following transplantation of pancreatic islets from pig to non-human primates. The detrimental instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR), triggered by the porcine islets, is a likely explanation for this tissue loss. This reaction may also be responsible for mediating an adaptive immune response in the recipient that requires a heavy immunosuppressive regimen. MATERIALS AND METHODS Low molecular weight dextran sulfate (LMW-DS) and the complement inhibitor Compstatin were used in a combination of in vitro and in vivo studies designed to dissect the xenogeneic IBMIR in a non-human primate model of pancreatic islet transplantation. Adult porcine islets (10,000 IEQs/kg) were transplanted intraportally into three pairs of cynomolgus monkeys that had been treated with LMW-DS or heparin (control), and the effects on the IBMIR were characterized. Porcine islets were also incubated in human blood plasma in vitro to assess complement inhibition by LMW-DS and Compstatin. RESULTS Morphological scoring and immunohistochemical staining revealed that the severe islet destruction and macrophage, neutrophilic granulocyte, and T-cell infiltration observed in the control (heparin-treated) animals were abrogated in the LMW-DS-treated monkeys. Both coagulation and complement activation were significantly reduced in monkeys treated with LMW-DS, but IgM and complement fragments were still found on the islet surface. This residual complement activation could be inhibited by Compstatin in vitro. CONCLUSIONS The xenogeneic IBMIR in this non-human primate model is characterized by an immediate binding of antibodies that triggers deleterious complement activation and a subsequent clotting reaction that leads to further complement activation. The effectiveness of LMW-DS (in vivo and in vitro) and Compstatin (in vitro) in inhibiting this IBMIR provides the basis for a protocol that can be used to abrogate the IBMIR in pig-human clinical islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Goto
- Tohoku University International Advanced Research and Education Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Ferrer J, Scott WE, Weegman BP, Suszynski TM, Sutherland DER, Hering BJ, Papas KK. Pig pancreas anatomy: implications for pancreas procurement, preservation, and islet isolation. Transplantation 2009; 86:1503-10. [PMID: 19077881 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31818bfda1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Islet transplantation is emerging as a treatment option for selected patients with type 1 diabetes. The limited human islet supply from cadavers and poor islet yield and quality remain substantial impediments to progress in the field. Use of porcine islets holds great promise for large-scale application of islet transplantation. Consistent isolation of porcine islets is dependent on advances in pancreas procurement, pancreas preservation, and islet isolation, requiring detailed knowledge of the porcine pancreatic anatomy. The primary aim of this study was to describe the vascular and ductal anatomy of the porcine pancreas to guide and improve organ preservation and enzyme perfusion. METHODS Pancreata were removed by en bloc viscerectomy from 65 female Landrace pigs. RESULTS Fifteen percentage of organs exhibited inconsistent vascular branching from the celiac trunk. All organs showed uniform patterns of branching at the superior mesenteric artery. The superior and inferior mesenteric veins merged to become the portal vein in all but one case in which the inferior mesenteric vein drained into the splenic vein. Ninety-seven percent of pancreata had three lobes: duodenal lobe (DL), connecting lobe (CL), and splenic lobe (SL); 39% demonstrated ductal communication between the CL and the other two lobes; 50% had ductal communication only between the CL and duodenal lobe; and 11% presented other types of ductal delineation. CONCLUSIONS Accounting for the variations in vascular and ductal anatomy, as detailed in this study, will facilitate development of protocols for preservation, optimal enzyme administration, and pancreas distention and digestion, and will ultimately lead to substantial improvements in isolation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Ferrer
- Department of Surgery, Diabetes Institute for Immunology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwajung Kim
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaeseog Yang
- Transplantation Center Seoul National, University Hospital, Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Curie Ahn
- Division of Nephrology, Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
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Ichii H, Ricordi C. Current status of islet cell transplantation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 16:101-12. [PMID: 19110649 DOI: 10.1007/s00534-008-0021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite substantial advances in islet isolation methods and immunosuppressive protocol, pancreatic islet cell transplantation remains an experimental procedure currently limited to the most severe cases of type 1 diabetes mellitus. The objectives of this treatment are to prevent severe hypoglycemic episodes in patients with hypoglycemia unawareness and to achieve a more physiological metabolic control. Insulin independence and long term-graft function with improvement of quality of life have been obtained in several international islet transplant centers. However, experimental trials of islet transplantation clearly highlighted several obstacles that remain to be overcome before the procedure could be proposed to a much larger patient population. This review provides a brief historical perspective of islet transplantation, islet isolation techniques, the transplant procedure, immunosuppressive therapy, and outlines current challenges and future directions in clinical islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohito Ichii
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Leonard M Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Wee YM, Kim SC, Koo SK, Kim YH, Jung EJ, Choi MY, Park YH, Park KT, Lim DG, Han DJ. Improved islet yields after purification following the novel endogenous trypsin inhibitor and histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate treatment in pigs. Transplant Proc 2008; 40:2585-7. [PMID: 18929808 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult porcine islet xenotransplantation into humans is greatly diminished by the difficulty to isolate islets because of their fragility. The goal of this study was to improve the efficacy of islet yields using endogenous trypsin inhibitor and histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) perfusate. METHOD We compared two porcine islet isolation protocols: Eurocollins solution for in situ pancreas perfusion without use of an endogenous trypsin inhibitor versus HTK solution including endogenous trypsin inhibitor for pancreas perfusion. RESULTS Endogenous trypsin inhibitor and HTK strategies significantly improved total islet yield, recovery, and islet index after purification (P < .05), whereas unpurified islet yield did not increase. An average of 228,000 +/- 95,000 islet equivalents (IEQ) (n = 20) purified islets were obtained in the first group compared with 115,000 +/- 56,000 IEQ (n = 18) in the second group. The average islet index was significantly increased in the first group compared with the second group before and after purification: before: 0.28 versus 0.49 versus after: 0.25 versus 0.4 (P < .05). At this time, islet purity, viability, and stimulation index did not show a significant difference between groups. CONCLUSION Our study showed that endogenous trypsin inhibitor and HTK strategies significantly improved purified islet isolation efficacy because of reduction of islet fragility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Wee
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul, Korea
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Lee HI, Kim MK, Oh JY, Ko JH, Lee HJ, Wee WR, Lee JH. The role of cyclosporine and mycophenolate in an orthotopic porcine-to-rat corneal xenotransplantation. J Korean Med Sci 2008; 23:492-501. [PMID: 18583888 PMCID: PMC2526542 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2008.23.3.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed this study to investigate the feature of rejection in porcine-to-rat corneal orthotopic transplantation and to evaluate the effect of cyclosporine and mycophenolate on the xeno-rejection. Orthotopic corneal transplantation was done at 91 Sprague-Dawley rats, and they were divided into 10 groups based on the combination of immunosuppressants including dexamethasone, cyclosporine, and mycophenolate mofetil. Graft survival was analyzed and grafted eyes were examined with Hematoxylin & Eosin and CD4 or CD8 staining. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were done for interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and interferon (IFN)-gamma in cornea, lacrimal gland, and cervical lymph nodes. The longest median survival of the immune suppressant group was 11.00+/-1.96 days, which showed no statistical differences compared with that of control (8.00+/-1.52 days). The neutrophils were prominent in the early phase but soon gave way to the monocytes. The number of CD8+ cells was higher than that of CD4+ cells. IL-2 and IFN-gamma markedly increased at 10 to13 days in cornea, lacrimal glands, and cervical lymph nodes, which showed a decrease with immunosuppressants except in the cornea. In conclusion, cyclosporine and mycophenolate could not prevent the rejection in porcine to rat orthotopic corneal xenograft associated with infiltration of CD8+ and innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Il Lee
- Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mee Kum Kim
- Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Youn Oh
- Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Ko
- Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Lee
- Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Ryang Wee
- Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Hak Lee
- Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Arefanian H, Tredget EB, Rajotte RV, Korbutt GS, Gill RG, Rayat GR. Combination of anti-CD4 with anti-LFA-1 and anti-CD154 monoclonal antibodies promotes long-term survival and function of neonatal porcine islet xenografts in spontaneously diabetic NOD mice. Cell Transplant 2008; 16:787-98. [PMID: 18087999 DOI: 10.3727/000000007783465244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is caused by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet beta-cells, which are required for the production of insulin. Islet transplantation has been shown to be an effective treatment option for TIDM; however, the current shortage of human islet donors limits the application of this treatment to patients with brittle T1DM. Xenotransplantation of pig islets is a potential solution to the shortage of human donor islets provided xenograft rejection is prevented. We demonstrated that a short-term administration of a combination of anti-LFA-1 and anti-CD154 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was highly effective in preventing rejection of neonatal porcine islet (NPI) xenografts in non-autoimmune-prone B6 mice. However, the efficacy of this therapy in preventing rejection of NPI xenografts in autoimmune-prone nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice is not known. Given that the current application of islet transplantation is for the treatment of T1DM, we set out to determine whether a combination of anti-LFA-1 and anti-CD154 mAbs could promote long-term survival of NPI xenografts in NOD mice. Short-term administration of a combination of anti-LFA-1 and anti-CD154 mAbs, which we found highly effective in preventing rejection of NPI xenografts in B6 mice, failed to promote long-term survival of NPI xenografts in NOD mice. However, addition of anti-CD4 mAb to short-term treatment of a combination of anti-LFA-1 and anti-CD154 mAbs resulted in xenograft function in 9/12 animals and long-term graft (>100 days) survival in 2/12 mice. Immunohistochemical analysis of islet grafts from these mice identified numerous insulin-producing beta-cells. Moreover, the anti-porcine antibody as well as autoreactive antibody responses in these mice was reduced similar to those observed in naive nontransplanted mice. These data demonstrate that simultaneous targeting of LFA-1, CD154, and CD4 molecules can be effective in inducing long-term islet xenograft survival and function in autoimmune-prone NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Arefanian
- Surgical-Medical Research Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Rogers SA, Chen F, Talcott MR, Faulkner C, Thomas JM, Thevis M, Hammerman MR. Long-term engraftment following transplantation of pig pancreatic primordia into non-immunosuppressed diabetic rhesus macaques. Xenotransplantation 2008; 14:591-602. [PMID: 17991147 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2007.00429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplantation therapy for human diabetes is limited by a shortage of donor organs, and transplant function diminished over time by cell death and limited potential for expansion of beta cells in pancreas or islets. Outcomes are complicated by immunosuppression. A way to overcome supply and expansion problems is to xenotransplant embryonic tissue. Previously, we have shown that beta cells originating from embryonic day (E) 28 (E28) pig pancreatic primordia transplanted into the mesentery of streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic (type 1) Lewis rats or Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) diabetic (type 2) rats engraft and normalize glucose tolerance without the need for host immune-suppression. METHODS In this study, we transplant E28 pig pancreatic primordia in the mesentery of STZ-diabetic rhesus macaques. RESULTS Long-term engraftment of pig beta cells within liver, pancreas and mesenteric lymph nodes post-transplantation of E28 pig pancreatic primordia into STZ-diabetic rhesus macaques is demonstrated by electron microscopy, positive immune-histochemistry for insulin, and positive RT-PCR and in situ hybridization for porcine proinsulin mRNA. Insulin requirements were reduced in one macaque followed over 22 months post-transplantation and porcine insulin detected in plasma using sequential affinity chromatography, HPLC and mass spectrometry. Of potential importance for application of this transplantation technology to treatment of diabetes in humans and confirmatory of our previous findings in Lewis and ZDF rats, no host immunosuppression is required. CONCLUSIONS Under selected circumstances, pancreatic primordia elicit a muted immune response relative to more differentiated tissue, such that engraftment occurs in non-immunosuppressed hosts. Our findings that pig pancreatic primordia engraft long-term in non-immunosuppressed STZ-diabetic rhesus macaques establishes the potential for their use in human diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Rogers
- George M. O'Brien Center for Kidney Disease Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Park CG, Kim JS, Kim YH. Current Status and Future Perspectives of Xenotransplantation and Stem Cell Research in Transplantation Field. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2008. [DOI: 10.5124/jkma.2008.51.8.732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Gyu Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea.
| | - Jung-Sik Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea.
| | - Yong-Hee Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea.
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Casu A, Bottino R, Balamurugan AN, Hara H, van der Windt DJ, Campanile N, Smetanka C, Cooper DKC, Trucco M. Metabolic aspects of pig-to-monkey (Macaca fascicularis) islet transplantation: implications for translation into clinical practice. Diabetologia 2008; 51:120-9. [PMID: 17960359 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0844-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Attempts to use an alternative source of islets to restore glucose homeostasis in diabetic patients require preclinical islet xenotransplantation models to be tested. These models raise questions about metabolic compatibility between species and the most appropriate metabolic parameters to be used to monitor graft function. The present study investigated and compared relevant gluco-metabolic parameters in pigs, monkeys and the pig-to-monkey islet transplantation model to gain insight into the potential clinical outcome of pig-to-human islet transplantation. METHODS Basal and IVGTT-stimulated blood glucose, C-peptide, insulin and glucagon levels were assessed in non-diabetic pigs and monkeys. The same parameters were used to evaluate the performance of porcine islet xenografts in diabetic monkeys. RESULTS Non-diabetic cynomolgus monkeys showed lower levels of fasting and stimulated blood glucose but higher levels of C-peptide and insulin than non-diabetic pigs. The reported levels in humans lie between those of monkeys and pigs, and differences in metabolic parameters between pigs and humans appear to be smaller than those between pigs and cynomolgus monkeys. The transplantation data indicated that the degree of graft function (evaluated by the measurement of C-peptide levels) necessary to normalise blood glucose in the recipient was determined by the recipient levels rather than by the donor levels. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The differences between donor and recipient species may affect the transplantation outcome and need to be considered when assessing graft function in xenotransplantation models. Given the differences between monkeys and humans as potential recipients of pig islets, it should be easier to reach glucose homeostasis in pig-to-human than in pig-to-non-human primate islet xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Casu
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Rangos Research Centre, Rm 6103, 3460 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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40
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Ponte GM, Pileggi A, Messinger S, Alejandro A, Ichii H, Baidal DA, Khan A, Ricordi C, Goss JA, Alejandro R. Toward maximizing the success rates of human islet isolation: influence of donor and isolation factors. Cell Transplant 2007; 16:595-607. [PMID: 17912951 DOI: 10.3727/000000007783465082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to make islet transplantation a therapeutic option for patients with diabetes there is an urgent need for more efficient islet cell processing to maximize islet recovery. Improved donor management, organ recovery techniques, implementation of more stringent donor criteria, and improved islet cell processing techniques may contribute to enhance organ utilization for transplantation. We have analyzed the effects of donor and islet processing factors on the success rate of human islet cell processing for transplantation performed at a single islet cell processing center. Islet isolation outcomes improved when vasopressors, and in particular pitressin, and steroids were used for the management of multiorgan donors. Higher islet yields were obtained from adult male donors, BMI >25 kg/m2, adequate glycemic control during hospital stay, and when the pancreas was retrieved by a local surgical team. Successful isolations were obtained in 58% of the cases when > or = 4 donor criteria were met, and even higher success rates (69%) were observed when considering > or = 5 criteria. Our data suggest that a sequential, integrated approach is highly desirable to improve the success rate of islet cell processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaston M Ponte
- Cell Transplant Center and Clinical Islet Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Larsen MO, Rolin B, Raun K, Bjerre Knudsen L, Gotfredsen CF, Bock T. Evaluation of beta-cell mass and function in the Göttingen minipig. Diabetes Obes Metab 2007; 9 Suppl 2:170-9. [PMID: 17919191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2007.00785.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Increased knowledge about beta-cell mass and function is important for our understanding of the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The relationship between the two is difficult to study in humans, whereas animal models allow studies of consequences of, for example, reduction of beta-cell mass and induction of obesity and procurement of the pancreas for histological examination. An overview of results obtained in the Göttingen minipig in relation to beta-cell function, and mass is provided here. Effects of a primary reduction of beta-cell mass have indicated that not all of the defects of pulsatile insulin secretion in human T2DM can be explained by reduced beta-cell mass. Furthermore, induction of obesity has shown deterioration of beta-cell function and morphological changes in the pancreas. As in humans, obesity leads to an increased beta-cell volume in the minipig, and based on the increased number of islets, neogenesis of islets is an important factor in expansion of beta-cell mass in this species. Measurement of beta-cell function as an estimate of beta-cell mass is, at present, the only method possible in humans, and this approach has been validated using lean and obese minipigs with a range of beta-cell mass. The effects on beta-cell function and mass of obesity of longer duration and/or more pronounced hyperglycaemia remains to be determined, but the models developed so far represent a valuable tool for such investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Larsen
- Department of GLP-1 and Obesity Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark.
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Cardona K, Milas Z, Strobert E, Cano J, Jiang W, Safley SA, Gangappa S, Hering BJ, Weber CJ, Pearson TC, Larsen CP. Engraftment of adult porcine islet xenografts in diabetic nonhuman primates through targeting of costimulation pathways. Am J Transplant 2007; 7:2260-8. [PMID: 17845561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.01933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in human allogeneic islet transplantation have established beta-cell replacement therapy as a potentially viable treatment option for individuals afflicted with Type 1 diabetes. Two recent successes, one involving neonatal porcine islet xenografts transplanted into diabetic rhesus macaques treated with a costimulation blockade-based regimen and the other involving diabetic cynomolgus monkeys transplanted with adult porcine islet xenografts treated with an alternative multidrug immunosuppressive regimen have demonstrated the feasibility of porcine islet xenotransplantation in nonhuman primate models. In the current study, we assessed whether transplantation of adult porcine islet xenografts into pancreatectomized macaques, under the cover of a costimulation blockade-based immunosuppressive regimen (CD28 and CD154 blockade), could correct hyperglycemia. Our findings suggest that the adult porcine islets transplanted into rhesus macaques receiving a costimulation blockade-based regimen are not uniformly subject to hyperacute rejection, can engraft (2/5 recipients), and have the potential to provide sustained normoglycemia. These results provide further evidence to suggest that porcine islet xenotransplantation may be an attainable strategy to alleviate the islet supply crisis that is one of the principal obstacles to large-scale application of islet replacement therapy in the treatment of Type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Cardona
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Balamurugan AN, Nelson EJR, Ramakrishna B, Gunasekaran S. Effect of various immunosuppressive monotherapies on survival and histopathology of monkey islet xenografts in rats. Xenotransplantation 2007; 14:316-22. [PMID: 17669173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2007.00409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The isolation and testing of monkey islets after transplantation in small animal models provides basic information about their functional capacity. We describe the effect of cyclosporine A (CsA), tacrolimus (FK506) or prednisolone monotherapy on preventing monkey islet graft rejection after xenoTx in a rat model. Histopathological aspects are reported. METHODS Indian bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata radiata) islets were isolated by a simple stationary digestion technique using collagenase. The islets were purified with dextran density gradients and were transplanted under the renal capsule of normal or diabetic rats. The rats received a daily dose of CsA, or FK506, or prednisolone, and the grafts were removed at different intervals to determine islet survival. The effect of discontinuation of CsA on islet graft survival was also monitored. Histological examination of islets transplanted into normal or streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was carried out. In diabetic rats, islet survival was determined by the graft's ability to achieve euglycemia. RESULTS Reversal of diabetes was achieved in all transplanted diabetic rats, demonstrating the efficacy of the isolated monkey islets. Histological examination indicated that monkey islets survived in the presence of continuous high-dose immunosuppressive monotherapy in rats. Various types of infiltrating cells were observed in the grafted area at varying times after transplantation, depending on the immunosuppressive treatment. After discontinuation of CsA, the grafts were protected for a short period. CONCLUSIONS This study provided evidence for monkey islet survival after transplantation into rats receiving immunosuppressive monotherapy. Basic information on infiltrating cell types may be important in the study of xenograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Balamurugan
- Department of Physiology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, TN, India.
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Dufrane D, Nenquin M, Henquin JC. Nutrient control of insulin secretion in perifused adult pig islets. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2007; 33:430-8. [PMID: 17584514 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Xenotransplantation of pig islets is a potential solution to the shortage of human islets, but our knowledge of how these islets secrete insulin in response to nutrients is still fragmentary. This was the question addressed in the present study. METHODS After 24 h culture adult pig islets were perifused to characterize the dynamics of insulin secretion. Some responses were compared to those in human islets. RESULTS Increasing glucose from 1 to 15 mM weakly (approximately 2x) stimulated insulin secretion, which was potentiated (approximately 12x) by the cAMP-producing agent, forskolin. The effect of glucose was concentration-dependent (threshold at 3-5 mM and maximum at approximately 10 mM). The pattern of secretion was biphasic with a small first phase and an ascending second phase, and a paradoxical increase when the glucose concentration was abruptly lowered. Diazoxide abolished glucose-induced insulin secretion and tolbutamide reversed the inhibition. Glucose also increased secretion when islets were depolarized with tolbutamide or KCl. Insulin secretion was increased by leucine+glutamine, arginine, alanine or a mixture of amino acids, but their effect was significant only in the presence of forskolin. Upon stimulation by glucose alone, human islets secreted approximately 10x more insulin than pig islets, and the kinetics was characterized by a large first phase, a flat second phase, and rapid reversibility. CONCLUSIONS Compared with human islets, in vitro insulin secretion by adult pig islets is characterized by a different kinetics and a major quantitative deficiency that can be corrected by cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dufrane
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Louvain Faculty of Medicine, UCL 55.30, avenue Hippocrate 55, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Ponte GM, Baidal DA, Romanelli P, Faradji RN, Poggioli R, Cure P, Froud T, Selvaggi G, Pileggi A, Ricordi C, Alejandro R. Resolution of severe atopic dermatitis after tacrolimus withdrawal. Cell Transplant 2007; 16:23-30. [PMID: 17436852 DOI: 10.3727/000000007783464524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive agent used in solid organ and islet transplantation. Its topical form has shown benefit in the treatment of inflammatory skin conditions. Although tacrolimus has a wide spectrum of side effects, dermatological complications related to systemic tacrolimus therapy are limited in the literature. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic pruritic cutaneous condition that usually begins in infancy and is characterized by an increased Th2 response. We report the case of a patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and history of AD latent for 10 years who developed severe dermatitis and alopecia 5 months after undergoing allogeneic islet transplantation and initiating a steroid-free immunosuppressive regimen with sirolimus and tacrolimus maintenance. After exclusion of other possible causes for the progression and exacerbation of the clinical presentation of AD, discontinuation of tacrolimus and introduction of mycophenolate mofetil resulted in full remission of the symptoms. The beneficial effects of tacrolimus withdrawal suggest a cause-effect relationship between this adverse event and the utilization of the drug. Islet graft function remained stable after modification of the therapeutic regimen (stable glycemic control and unchanged C-peptide).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaston M Ponte
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Ezzelarab M, Yeh P, Wagner R, Cooper DKC. Babesia as a complication of immunosuppression following pig-to-baboon heart transplantation. Xenotransplantation 2007; 14:162-5. [PMID: 17381691 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2007.00375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a baboon that developed anemia, leukocytosis, fever, and anorexia while immunosuppressed following a pig heart transplant. Blood smears indicated babesia infection of the erythrocytes, and this was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. A 1-week course of treatment with doxycycline successfully eradicated the organism. Babesia, a widespread blood parasite that can infect humans, has been reported to be present in the erythrocytes of approximately a third of baboons housed in facilities in the USA, without overt signs of infection. Immunosuppression can reduce the host's immune system, and result in proliferation of the parasite, leading to hemolysis and other features of infection, sometimes with fatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ezzelarab
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. [corrected]
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Rood PPM, Bottino R, Balamurugan AN, Smetanka C, Ezzelarab M, Busch J, Hara H, Trucco M, Cooper DKC. Induction of diabetes in cynomolgus monkeys with high-dose streptozotocin: adverse effects and early responses. Pancreas 2006; 33:287-92. [PMID: 17003651 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpa.0000235307.04110.a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Streptozotocin (STZ) has been widely used to induce diabetes in nonhuman primates, although it has been found difficult to achieve complete diabetes without serious adverse effects. We have investigated different types and dosages of STZ to find a way to safely induce complete diabetes in cynomolgus monkeys. METHODS After adequate hydration, 10 monkeys received STZ. Five monkeys received conventional STZ (Sigma) at a dosage of 1250 mg/m ("high dose"; n = 4) or 60 mg/kg ("low dose"; n = 1; Group 1). Five monkeys received Zanosar STZ (Sicor Pharmaceuticals, Irvine, CA) at 150 mg/kg (high dose; n = 5; Group 2). RESULTS High-dose Group 1 monkeys became completely diabetic (n = 4), but a protein-losing nephropathy was observed in 3 of the 4 monkeys. The monkey that received 60 mg/kg STZ failed to become fully diabetic (C-peptide, > 1.86 ng/mL). Group 2 (high-dose Zanosar-treated) monkeys became completely diabetic but with no apparent adverse effects. A triphasic blood glucose response to STZ was documented in all the high-dose STZ-treated monkeys. Low-dose STZ failed to result in a triphasic response. CONCLUSIONS (1) High-dose Zanosar STZ induced diabetes safely in cynomolgus monkeys without adverse effects. (2) A triphasic blood glucose response suggested the complete induction of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pleunie P M Rood
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Baertschiger RM, Buhler LH. Xenotransplantation literature update May-June 2006. Xenotransplantation 2006; 13:475-80. [PMID: 16925673 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2006.00339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reto M Baertschiger
- Surgical Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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