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Kim J, Kim J, Kim D, Bello AB, Kim BJ, Cha B, Lee S. Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells from human iPSC-derived teratomas for osteochondral defect regeneration. Bioeng Transl Med 2024; 9:e10629. [PMID: 38435815 PMCID: PMC10905541 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for personalized medicine, as they can be differentiated into specific cell types, especially mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Therefore, our study sought to assess the feasibility of deriving MSCs from teratomas generated from human iPSCs. Teratomas serve as a model to mimic multilineage human development, thus enriching specific somatic progenitors and stem cells. Here, we discovered a small, condensed mass of MSCs within iPSC-generated teratomas. Afterward, we successfully isolated MSCs from this condensed mass, which was a byproduct of teratoma development. To evaluate the characteristics and cell behaviors of iPSC-derived MSCs (iPSC-MSCs), we conducted comprehensive assessments using qPCR, immunophenotype analysis, and cell proliferation-related assays. Remarkably, iPSC-MSCs exhibited an immunophenotype resembling that of conventional MSCs, and they displayed robust proliferative capabilities, similar to those of higher pluripotent stem cell-derived MSCs. Furthermore, iPSC-MSCs demonstrated the ability to differentiate into multiple lineages in vitro. Finally, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of iPSC-MSCs using an osteochondral defect model. Our findings demonstrated that teratomas are a promising source for the isolation of condensed MSCs. More importantly, our results suggest that iPSC-MSCs derived from teratomas possess the capacity for tissue regeneration, highlighting their promise for future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiseong Kim
- Department of Biomedical TechnologyDongguk UniversityGoyang‐siRepublic of Korea
| | - Jin‐Su Kim
- Department of Biomedical ScienceCHA UniversitySeongnam‐siRepublic of Korea
- Biomaterials Research CenterCELLINBIO Co., Ltd.Suwon‐siGyeonggi‐doRepublic of Korea
| | - Dohyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical TechnologyDongguk UniversityGoyang‐siRepublic of Korea
| | - Alvin Bacero Bello
- Department of Biomedical TechnologyDongguk UniversityGoyang‐siRepublic of Korea
- Department of Integrative EngineeringChung‐Ang UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Byoung Ju Kim
- Department of Rearch & Development teamATEMsSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Byung‐Hyun Cha
- Division of Biomedical ConvergenceCollege of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National UniversityChuncheon‐siRepublic of Korea
| | - Soo‐Hong Lee
- Department of Biomedical TechnologyDongguk UniversityGoyang‐siRepublic of Korea
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2
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Bhujel B, Oh SH, Kim CM, Yoon YJ, Kim YJ, Chung HS, Ye EA, Lee H, Kim JY. Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Exosomes: A Novel Therapeutic Approach for Corneal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10917. [PMID: 37446091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The cornea, with its delicate structure, is vulnerable to damage from physical, chemical, and genetic factors. Corneal transplantation, including penetrating and lamellar keratoplasties, can restore the functions of the cornea in cases of severe damage. However, the process of corneal transplantation presents considerable obstacles, including a shortage of available donors, the risk of severe graft rejection, and potentially life-threatening complications. Over the past few decades, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has become a novel alternative approach to corneal regeneration. Numerous studies have demonstrated the potential of MSCs to differentiate into different corneal cell types, such as keratocytes, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells. MSCs are considered a suitable candidate for corneal regeneration because of their promising therapeutic perspective and beneficial properties. MSCs compromise unique immunomodulation, anti-angiogenesis, and anti-inflammatory properties and secrete various growth factors, thus promoting corneal reconstruction. These effects in corneal engineering are mediated by MSCs differentiating into different lineages and paracrine action via exosomes. Early studies have proven the roles of MSC-derived exosomes in corneal regeneration by reducing inflammation, inhibiting neovascularization, and angiogenesis, and by promoting cell proliferation. This review highlights the contribution of MSCs and MSC-derived exosomes, their current usage status to overcome corneal disease, and their potential to restore different corneal layers as novel therapeutic agents. It also discusses feasible future possibilities, applications, challenges, and opportunities for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basanta Bhujel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Heon Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Min Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Ji Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jae Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Seok Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ah Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
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3
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Yen BL, Liu K, Sytwu H, Yen M. Clinical implications of differential functional capacity between tissue‐specific human mesenchymal stromal/stem cells. FEBS J 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Linju Yen
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group Institute of Cellular & System Medicine National Health Research Institutes (NHRI) Zhunan Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology Cathay General Hospital Shiji New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Ko‐Jiunn Liu
- National Institute of Cancer Research NHRI Zhunan Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology Taipei Medical University Taiwan
| | - Huey‐Kang Sytwu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases & Vaccinology NHRI Zhunan Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology & Immunology National Defense Medical Center Taipei Taiwan
| | - Men‐Luh Yen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology National Taiwan University (NTU) Hospital & College of Medicine NTU Taipei Taiwan
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4
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Liu TM. Application of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells in regenerative medicine. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1826-1844. [PMID: 35069985 PMCID: PMC8727229 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i12.1826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent the most clinically used stem cells in regenerative medicine. However, due to the disadvantages with primary MSCs, such as limited cell proliferative capacity and rarity in the tissues leading to limited MSCs, gradual loss of differentiation during in vitro expansion reducing the efficacy of MSC application, and variation among donors increasing the uncertainty of MSC efficacy, the clinical application of MSCs has been greatly hampered. MSCs derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-MSCs) can circumvent these problems associated with primary MSCs. Due to the infinite self-renewal of hPSCs and their differentiation potential towards MSCs, hPSC-MSCs are emerging as an attractive alternative for regenerative medicine. This review summarizes the progress on derivation of MSCs from human pluripotent stem cells, disease modelling and drug screening using hPSC-MSCs, and various applications of hPSC-MSCs in regenerative medicine. In the end, the challenges and concerns with hPSC-MSC applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Ming Liu
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 138648, Singapore
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5
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Pluripotent-derived Mesenchymal Stem/stromal Cells: an Overview of the Derivation Protocol Efficacies and the Differences Among the Derived Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 18:94-125. [PMID: 34545529 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10258-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are remarkable tools for regenerative medicine. Therapeutic approaches using these cells can promote increased activity and viability in several cell types through diverse mechanisms such as paracrine and immunomodulatory activities, contributing substantially to tissue regeneration and functional recovery. However, biological samples of human MSCs, usually obtained from adult tissues, often exhibit variable behavior during in vitro culture, especially with respect to cell population heterogeneity, replicative senescence, and consequent loss of functionality. Accordingly, it is necessary to establish standard protocols to generate high-quality, stable cell cultures, for example, by using pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) in derivation protocols of MSC-like cells since PSCs maintain their characteristics consistently during culture. However, the available protocols seem to generate distinct populations of PSC-derivedMSCs (PSC-MSCs) with peculiar attributes, which do not always resemble bona fide primary MSCs. The present review addresses the developmental basis behind some of these derivation protocols, exposing the differences among them and discussing the functional properties of PSC-MSCs, shedding light on elements that may help determine standard characterizations and criteria to evaluate and define these cells.
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Kwon D, Ahn HJ, Han MJ, Ji M, Ahn J, Seo KW, Kang KS. Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I Pseudo-Homozygous Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 16:792-808. [PMID: 32712868 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-09990-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are an important type of cell that are highly recognized for their safety and efficacy as a cell therapy agent. In order to obtain MSC, primary tissues (adipose tissue, bone marrow, and umbilical cord blood) must be used; however, these tissues, especially umbilical cord blood, are difficult to obtain due to various reasons, such as the low birth rate trend. In addition, to maximize the safety and efficacy of MSC as allogenic cell therapeutic agents, it is desirable to minimize the possibility of an immune rejection reaction after in vivo transplantation. This study tried to establish a novel method for producing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-derived MSC in which the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-class I gene is knocked out. To do so, dermal fibroblast originated iPSC generation using Yamanaka 4-factor, HLA class I gene edited iPSC generation using CRISPR/Cas9, and differentiation from iPSC to MSC using MSC culture medium was utilized. Through this, HLA-A, B, and C pseudo-homozygous iPSC-derived MSC (KO iMSC) were produced by monoallelically knocking out the polymorphic HLA-A, B, and C genes, which are the major causes of immune rejection during allogenic cell transplantation. Produced KO iMSC possesses multipotency and it was safe in vivo to be able to be differentiated to cartilage. In addition, it was not attacked by natural killer cells unlike HLA class I null cells. In conclusion, KO iMSC that do not induce immune rejection during allogenic cell transplantation can be produced. In the future, KO iMSC can be successfully utilized as allogenic cell therapeutic agents for many recipients through HLA screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daekee Kwon
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute in Kangstem Biotech, Biomedical Science Building, #81 Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Ahn
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute in Kangstem Biotech, Biomedical Science Building, #81 Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Mi-Jung Han
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute in Kangstem Biotech, Biomedical Science Building, #81 Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Minjun Ji
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute in Kangstem Biotech, Biomedical Science Building, #81 Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jongchan Ahn
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute in Kangstem Biotech, Biomedical Science Building, #81 Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Seo
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute in Kangstem Biotech, Biomedical Science Building, #81 Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Kang
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute in Kangstem Biotech, Biomedical Science Building, #81 Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea. .,Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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7
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Wang LT, Liu KJ, Sytwu HK, Yen ML, Yen BL. Advances in mesenchymal stem cell therapy for immune and inflammatory diseases: Use of cell-free products and human pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:1288-1303. [PMID: 34008922 PMCID: PMC8380447 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.21-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell therapy (MSCT) for immune and inflammatory diseases continues to be popular based on progressive accumulation of preclinical mechanistic evidence. This has led to further expansion in clinical indications from graft rejection, autoimmune diseases, and osteoarthritis, to inflammatory liver and pulmonary diseases including COVID‐19. A clear trend is the shift from using autologous to allogeneic MSCs, which can be immediately available as off‐the‐shelf products. In addition, new products such as cell‐free exosomes and human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)‐derived MSCs are exciting developments to further prevalent use. Increasing numbers of trials have now published results in which safety of MSCT has been largely demonstrated. While reports of therapeutic endpoints are still emerging, efficacy can be seen for specific indications—including graft‐vs‐host‐disease, strongly Th17‐mediated autoimmune diseases, and osteoarthritis—which are more robustly supported by mechanistic preclinical evidence. In this review, we update and discuss outcomes in current MSCT clinical trials for immune and inflammatory disease, as well as new innovation and emerging trends in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Tzu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, National Taiwan University (NTU) Hospital & College of Medicine, NTU, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ko-Jiunn Liu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases & Vaccinology, NHRI, Zhunan, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department & Graduate Institute of Microbiology & Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Men-Luh Yen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, National Taiwan University (NTU) Hospital & College of Medicine, NTU, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - B Linju Yen
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular & System Medicine, NHRI, Zhunan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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8
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Liu Y, Wong CW, Chang SW, Hsu SH. An injectable, self-healing phenol-functionalized chitosan hydrogel with fast gelling property and visible light-crosslinking capability for 3D printing. Acta Biomater 2021; 122:211-219. [PMID: 33444794 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Self-healing hydrogels attract broad attention as cell/drug carriers for direct injection into damaged tissues or as bioinks for three-dimensional (3D) printing of tissue-like constructs. For application in 3D printing, the self-healing hydrogels should maintain the steady rheological properties during printing process, and be further stabilized by secondary post-printing crosslinking. Here, a chitosan self-healing hydrogel is developed for injectable hydrogel and printable ink using phenol-functionalized chitosan and dibenzaldehyde-terminated telechelic poly(ethylene glycol). Phenol functionalization of chitosan can introduce unique interaction that allows the hydrogel to possess fast gelling rate, good self-healing ability, and long-range critical gel behavior, as well as secondary visible light-crosslinking capability. The hydrogel is easily pre-formed in a syringe and extruded through a 26-gauge needle to produce a continuous and stackable filament. The cell-laden hydrogel is successfully printed into a 3D construct. Moreover, the hydrogel is developed for modular 3D printing, where hydrogel modules (LEGO-like building blocks) are individually printed and assembled into an integrated construct followed by secondary visible light-crosslinking. The versatile phenol-functionalized chitosan self-healing hydrogel will open up numerous potential applications, particularly in 3D bioprinting and modular 3D bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chui-Wei Wong
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shu-Wei Chang
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shan-Hui Hsu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, R.O.C..
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9
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Wang LT, Lee YW, Bai CH, Chiang HC, Wang HH, Yen BL, Yen ML. A Rapid and Highly Predictive in vitro Screening Platform for Osteogenic Natural Compounds Using Human Runx2 Transcriptional Activity in Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:607383. [PMID: 33537299 PMCID: PMC7849832 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.607383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid aging of worldwide populations had led to epidemic increases in the incidence of osteoporosis (OP), but while treatments are available, high cost, adverse effects, and poor compliance continue to be significant problems. Naturally occurring plant-based compounds including phytoestrogens can be good and safe candidates to treat OP, but screening for osteogenic capacity has been difficult to achieve, largely due to the requirement of using primary osteoblasts or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the progenitors of osteoblasts, to conduct time-consuming in vitro and in vivo osteogenic assay. Taking advantage of MSC osteogenic capacity and utilizing a promoter reporter assay for Runx2, the master osteogenesis transcription factor, we developed a rapid in vitro screening platform to screen osteogenic small molecules including natural plant-based compounds. We screened eight plant-derived compounds from different families including flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds, alkaloids, and isothiocyanates for osteogenic capacity using the human RUNX2-promoter luciferase reporter (hRUNX2-luc) transduced into the mouse MSC line, C3H10T1/2, with daidzein-a well-studied osteogenic phytoestrogen-as a positive control. Classical in vitro and in vivo osteogenesis assays were performed using primary murine and human bone marrow MSCs (BMMSCs) to validate the accuracy of this rapid screening platform. Using the MSC/hRUNX2-luc screening platform, we were able not only to shorten the selection process for osteogenic compounds from 3∼4 weeks to just a few days but also simultaneously perform comparisons between multiple compounds to assess relative osteogenic potency. Predictive analyses revealed nearly absolute correlation of the MSC/hRUNX2-luc reporter platform to the in vitro classical functional assay of mineralization using murine BMMSCs. Validation using human BMMSCs with in vitro mineralization and in vivo osteogenesis assays also demonstrated nearly absolute correlation to the MSC/hRUNX2-luc reporter results. Our findings therefore demonstrate that the MSC/hRUNX2 reporter platform can accurately, rapidly, and robustly screen for candidate osteogenic compounds and thus be relevant for therapeutic application in OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Tzu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University (NTU) Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Lee
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chyi-Huey Bai
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Chiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University (NTU) Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Huan Wang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - B. Linju Yen
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cathay General Hospital Shiji, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Men-Luh Yen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University (NTU) Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Hsieh CT, Ariga K, Shrestha LK, Hsu SH. Development of MOF Reinforcement for Structural Stability and Toughness Enhancement of Biodegradable Bioinks. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1053-1064. [PMID: 33411512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a technology that can precisely fabricate customized tissues and organs. Hydrogel materials that can embed living cells for use in 3D printing are called bioinks. However, there are only limited options of bioinks currently because they require the following features at once, such as printability, repetitive layer-by-layer stacking (stackability), structure stabilization, and biological properties. A polyurethane-gelatin double network hydrogel bioink was previously reported to own tunable modulus through changing the solid content, but cell viability at the high solid content is inevitably reduced. In the present study, the reinforcement effects of a metal-organic framework (MOF), zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), in the PUG bioink were evaluated. The printability, stackability, thermoresponsiveness, and shear-thinning behavior of the PUG-ZIF-8 composite hydrogels were examined. It was found that the PUG composite hydrogel containing 1250 μg/mL ZIF-8 crystals showed significant structural stability and modulus enhancement (∼2.5-fold). However, the PUG bioink containing 1250 μg/mL ZIF-8 crystals may lead to cell senescence or death. The cytocompatible concentration of ZIF-8 crystals in the bioink was about 875 μg/mL, and this concentration was much higher than the reported tolerable amount (∼50 μg/mL) of ZIF-8 for biomedical applications. The strong reinforcement effect of ZIF-8 and the drug-loading/sensing possibilities of MOFs may open new opportunities for using MOFs in 3D bioprinting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Tien Hsieh
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0827, Japan
| | - Lok Kumar Shrestha
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Shan-Hui Hsu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan RoadZhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, R.O.C
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11
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Wang LT, Wang HH, Chiang HC, Huang LY, Chiu SK, Siu LK, Liu KJ, Yen ML, Yen BL. Human Placental MSC-Secreted IL-1β Enhances Neutrophil Bactericidal Functions during Hypervirulent Klebsiella Infection. Cell Rep 2020; 32:108188. [PMID: 32997996 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKP) causes severe infections even in healthy individuals by escaping surveillance and killing from polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), the first-line leukocytes in bacterial infections; moreover, the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains further limits treatment options. We therefore assess whether multilineage mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), best known for immunomodulation toward T cells, could be therapeutic for highly virulent bacterial infections via modulation of PMNs. We find that both bone marrow MSCs and placental MSCs (PMSCs) preserve in vitro PMN survival, but only PMSCs significantly enhance multiple PMN bactericidal functions, including phagocytosis, through secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). PMSC treatment of hvKP-infected mice suppresses T and natural killer (NK) cell responses as expected but can preferentially recruit PMNs and enhance antibacterial functions to allow for disease survival; IL-1β knockdown in PMSCs significantly decreases hvKP clearance, worsening survival and resulting in 100% lethality. Our data strongly implicate the possible use of PMSCs for infections of PMN-resistant hvKP strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Tzu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University (NTU) Hospital and College of Medicine, NTU, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Huan Wang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan 350, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Chiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University (NTU) Hospital and College of Medicine, NTU, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yueh Huang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, NHRI, Zhunan 350, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Kang Chiu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - L Kristopher Siu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, NHRI, Zhunan 350, Taiwan; Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Jiunn Liu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, NHRI, Zhunan 350, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Men-Luh Yen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University (NTU) Hospital and College of Medicine, NTU, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - B Linju Yen
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan 350, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cathay General Hospital Shiji, New Taipei 221, Taiwan.
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12
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Yen BL, Hwa HL, Hsu PJ, Chen PM, Wang LT, Jiang SS, Liu KJ, Sytwu HK, Yen ML. HLA-G Expression in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) Is Related to Unique Methylation Pattern in the Proximal Promoter as well as Gene Body DNA. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145075. [PMID: 32708387 PMCID: PMC7404323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multipotent human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) harbor clinically relevant immunomodulation, and HLA-G, a non-classical MHC class I molecule with highly restricted tissue expression, is one important molecule involved in these processes. Understanding of the natural regulatory mechanisms involved in expression of this elusive molecule has been difficult, with near exclusive reliance on cancer cell lines. We therefore studied the transcriptional control of HLA-G in primary isolated human bone marrow- (BM), human embryonic stem cell-derived (hE-), as well as placenta-derived MSCs (P-MSCs), and found that all 3 types of MSCs express 3 of the 7 HLA-G isoforms at the gene level; however, fibroblasts did not express HLA-G. Protein validation using BM- and P-MSCs demonstrated expression of 2 isoforms including a larger HLA-G-like protein. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) stimulation upregulated both gene and protein expression in MSCs but not the constitutively expressing JEG-3 cell line. Most interestingly in human MSCs and placental tissue, hypomethylation of CpG islands not only occurs on the HLA-G proximal promoter but also on the gene body as well, a pattern not seen in either of the 2 commonly used choriocarcinoma cell lines which may contribute to the unique HLA-G expression patterns and IFN-γ-responsiveness in MSCs. Our study implicates the importance of using normal cells and tissues for physiologic understanding of tissue-specific transcriptional regulation, and highlight the utility of human MSCs in unraveling the transcriptional regulation of HLA-G for better therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Linju Yen
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular & System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan 350, Taiwan;
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Cathay General Hospital Shiji, Taipei 221, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (B.L.Y.); (M.-L.Y.); Tel.: +886-37-246-166 (ext. 37501) (B.L.Y.); +886-2-2312-3456 (ext. 71560) (M.-L.Y.); Fax: +886-37-587-408 (B.L.Y); +886-2-2391-1302 (M.-L.Y.)
| | - Hsiao-Lin Hwa
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, National Taiwan University (NTU) Hospital & College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (H.-L.H.); (P.-M.C.); (L.-T.W.)
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, NTU, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ju Hsu
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular & System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan 350, Taiwan;
| | - Pei-Min Chen
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, National Taiwan University (NTU) Hospital & College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (H.-L.H.); (P.-M.C.); (L.-T.W.)
| | - Li-Tzu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, National Taiwan University (NTU) Hospital & College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (H.-L.H.); (P.-M.C.); (L.-T.W.)
| | - Shih-Sheng Jiang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, NHRI, Zhunan 350, Taiwan; (S.-S.J.); (K.-J.L.)
| | - Ko-Jiunn Liu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, NHRI, Zhunan 350, Taiwan; (S.-S.J.); (K.-J.L.)
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases & Vaccinology, NHRI, Zhunan 350, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Men-Luh Yen
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, National Taiwan University (NTU) Hospital & College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (H.-L.H.); (P.-M.C.); (L.-T.W.)
- Correspondence: (B.L.Y.); (M.-L.Y.); Tel.: +886-37-246-166 (ext. 37501) (B.L.Y.); +886-2-2312-3456 (ext. 71560) (M.-L.Y.); Fax: +886-37-587-408 (B.L.Y); +886-2-2391-1302 (M.-L.Y.)
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Nakayama N, Pothiawala A, Lee JY, Matthias N, Umeda K, Ang BK, Huard J, Huang Y, Sun D. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived chondroprogenitors for cartilage tissue engineering. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2543-2563. [PMID: 31915836 PMCID: PMC11104892 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cartilage of joints, such as meniscus and articular cartilage, is normally long lasting (i.e., permanent). However, once damaged, especially in large animals and humans, joint cartilage is not spontaneously repaired. Compensating the lack of repair activity by supplying cartilage-(re)forming cells, such as chondrocytes or mesenchymal stromal cells, or by transplanting a piece of normal cartilage, has been the basis of therapy for biological restoration of damaged joint cartilage. Unfortunately, current biological therapies face problems on a number of fronts. The joint cartilage is generated de novo from a specialized cell type, termed a 'joint progenitor' or 'interzone cell' during embryogenesis. Therefore, embryonic chondroprogenitors that mimic the property of joint progenitors might be the best type of cell for regenerating joint cartilage in the adult. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are expected to differentiate in culture into any somatic cell type through processes that mimic embryogenesis, making human (h)PSCs a promising source of embryonic chondroprogenitors. The major research goals toward the clinical application of PSCs in joint cartilage regeneration are to (1) efficiently generate lineage-specific chondroprogenitors from hPSCs, (2) expand the chondroprogenitors to the number needed for therapy without loss of their chondrogenic activity, and (3) direct the in vivo or in vitro differentiation of the chondroprogenitors to articular or meniscal (i.e., permanent) chondrocytes rather than growth plate (i.e., transient) chondrocytes. This review is aimed at providing the current state of research toward meeting these goals. We also include our recent achievement of successful generation of "permanent-like" cartilage from long-term expandable, hPSC-derived ectomesenchymal chondroprogenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Nakayama
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, 1825 Pressler St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Azim Pothiawala
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, 1825 Pressler St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - John Y Lee
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, 1825 Pressler St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nadine Matthias
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, 1825 Pressler St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Katsutsugu Umeda
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, 1825 Pressler St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Bryan K Ang
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, 1825 Pressler St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Weil Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Johnny Huard
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO, USA
| | - Yun Huang
- Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Deqiang Sun
- Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
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14
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Hsieh CT, Hsu SH. Double-Network Polyurethane-Gelatin Hydrogel with Tunable Modulus for High-Resolution 3D Bioprinting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:32746-32757. [PMID: 31407899 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b10784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a technology to print materials (bioink) with cells into customized tissues for regeneration or organoids for drug screening applications. Herein, a series of biodegradable polyurethane (PU)-gelatin hydrogel with tunable mechanical properties and degradation rates were developed as the bioink. The PU-gelatin hydrogel demonstrated good printability in 24-31 °C and could print a complicated structure such as the nose-shaped construct. Due to the excellent shear thinning and fast strain recovery properties, the PU-gelatin hydrogel also had long working windows for bioprinting (over 24 h), stacking ability (up to 80 layers), and feasibility for high-resolution printing (through an 80 μm nozzle). The structure stability of the PU-gelatin hydrogel was maintained by two-stage double-network formation through Ca2+ chelation and thermal gelation at 37 °C without any toxic cross-linking reagent. The compressive modulus of printed PU-gelatin hydrogel constructs increased in about 3-fold by the treatment of CaCl2 solution for 15 min and enhanced further after incubation because of the thermal sensitivity of PU at 37 °C. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) printed with the PU-gelatin hydrogel through the 80 μm nozzle showed good viability, high mobility, and ∼200% proliferation ratio (or an ∼300% proliferation ratio through a 200 μm nozzle) in 10 days. Furthermore, the MSC-laden PU-gelatin constructs containing small molecular drug Y27632 underwent chondrogenesis in 10 days. The novel series of PU-gelatin hydrogels with tunable modulus, long working window, convenient bioprinting process, and high-resolution printing possibilities may serve as new bioink for 3D bioprinting of various tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Tien Hsieh
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shan-Hui Hsu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan, R.O.C
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine , National Health Research Institutes , Zhunan 35053 , Taiwan, R.O.C
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15
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Current Trends and Future Perspective of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Exosomes in Corneal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122853. [PMID: 31212734 PMCID: PMC6627168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The corneal functions (transparency, refractivity and mechanical strength) deteriorate in many corneal diseases but can be restored after corneal transplantation (penetrating and lamellar keratoplasties). However, the global shortage of transplantable donor corneas remains significant and patients are subject to life-long risk of immune response and graft rejection. Various studies have shown the differentiation of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into various corneal cell types. With the unique properties of immunomodulation, anti-angiogenesis and anti-inflammation, they offer the advantages in corneal reconstruction. These effects are widely mediated by MSC differentiation and paracrine signaling via exosomes. Besides the cell-free nature of exosomes in circumventing the problems of cell-fate control and tumorigenesis, the vesicle content can be genetically modified for optimal therapeutic affinity. The pharmacology and toxicology, xeno-free processing with sustained delivery, scale-up production in compliant to Good Manufacturing Practice regulations, and cost-effectiveness are the current foci of research. Routes of administration via injection, topical and/or engineered bioscaffolds are also explored for its applicability in treating corneal diseases.
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16
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Abdal Dayem A, Lee SB, Kim K, Lim KM, Jeon TI, Seok J, Cho ASG. Production of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Through Stem Cell Reprogramming. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081922. [PMID: 31003536 PMCID: PMC6514654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess a broad spectrum of therapeutic applications and have been used in clinical trials. MSCs are mainly retrieved from adult or fetal tissues. However, there are many obstacles with the use of tissue-derived MSCs, such as shortages of tissue sources, difficult and invasive retrieval methods, cell population heterogeneity, low purity, cell senescence, and loss of pluripotency and proliferative capacities over continuous passages. Therefore, other methods to obtain high-quality MSCs need to be developed to overcome the limitations of tissue-derived MSCs. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), are considered potent sources for the derivation of MSCs. PSC-derived MSCs (PSC-MSCs) may surpass tissue-derived MSCs in proliferation capacity, immunomodulatory activity, and in vivo therapeutic applications. In this review, we will discuss basic as well as recent protocols for the production of PSC-MSCs and their in vitro and in vivo therapeutic efficacies. A better understanding of the current advances in the production of PSC-MSCs will inspire scientists to devise more efficient differentiation methods that will be a breakthrough in the clinical application of PSC-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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17
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Xu M, Shaw G, Murphy M, Barry F. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Are Functionally and Genetically Different From Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Stem Cells 2019; 37:754-765. [PMID: 30779868 PMCID: PMC6591688 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There has been considerable interest in the generation of functional mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) preparations from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and this is now regarded as a potential source of unlimited, standardized, high‐quality cells for therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine. Although iMSCs meet minimal criteria for defining MSCs in terms of marker expression, there are substantial differences in terms of trilineage potential, specifically a marked reduction in chondrogenic and adipogenic propensity in iMSCs compared with bone marrow‐derived (BM) MSCs. To reveal the cellular basis underlying these differences, we conducted phenotypic, functional, and genetic comparisons between iMSCs and BM‐MSCs. We found that iMSCs express very high levels of both KDR and MSX2 compared with BM‐MSCs. In addition, BM‐MSCs had significantly higher levels of PDGFRα. These distinct gene expression profiles were maintained during culture expansion, suggesting that prepared iMSCs are more closely related to vascular progenitor cells (VPCs). Although VPCs can differentiate along the chondrogenic, osteogenic, and adipogenic pathways, they require different inductive conditions compared with BM‐MSCs. These observations suggest to us that iMSCs, based on current widely used preparation protocols, do not represent a true alternative to primary MSCs isolated from BM. Furthermore, this study highlights the fact that high levels of expression of typical MSC markers such as CD73, CD90, and CD105 are insufficient to distinguish MSCs from other mesodermal progenitors in differentiated induced pluripotent stem cell cultures. stem cells2019;37:754–765
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Affiliation(s)
- Maojia Xu
- The Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Georgina Shaw
- The Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Mary Murphy
- The Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Frank Barry
- The Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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18
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Jiang B, Yan L, Wang X, Li E, Murphy K, Vaccaro K, Li Y, Xu RH. Concise Review: Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Human Pluripotent Cells, an Unlimited and Quality-Controllable Source for Therapeutic Applications. Stem Cells 2019; 37:572-581. [PMID: 30561809 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the long discrepancy over their definition, heterogeneity, and functions, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have proved to be a key player in tissue repair and homeostasis. Generally, somatic tissue-derived MSCs (st-MSCs) are subject to quality variations related to donated samples and biosafety concern for transmission of potential pathogens from the donors. In contrast, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are unlimited in supply, clear in the biological background, and convenient for quality control, genetic modification, and scale-up production. We, and others, have shown that hPSCs can differentiate in two dimensions or three dimensions to MSCs (ps-MSCs) via embryonic (mesoderm and neural crest) or extraembryonic (trophoblast) cell types under serum-containing or xeno-free and defined conditions. Compared to st-MSCs, ps-MSCs appear less mature, proliferate faster, express lower levels of inflammatory cytokines, and respond less to traditional protocols for st-MSC differentiation to other cell types, especially adipocytes. Nevertheless, ps-MSCs are capable of immune modulation and treatment of an increasing number of animal disease models via mitochondria transfer, paracrine, exosomes, and direct differentiation, and can be potentially used as a universal and endless therapy for clinical application. This review summarizes the progress on ps-MSCs and discusses perspectives and challenges for their potential translation to the clinic. Stem Cells 2019;37:572-581.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiang
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yan
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Enqin Li
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Kyle Murphy
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kyle Vaccaro
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yingcui Li
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ren-He Xu
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, People's Republic of China
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19
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Chen Z, Ren X, Xu X, Zhang X, Hui Y, Liu Z, Shi L, Fang Y, Ma L, Liu Y, Terheyden-Keighley D, Liu L, Zhang X. Genetic Engineering of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Precise Cell Fate Tracing during Human Lineage Development. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:1257-1271. [PMID: 30449321 PMCID: PMC6234918 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is highly desirable to specify human developmental principles in an appropriate human model with advanced genetic tools. However, genetically engineering human cells with lineage-tracing systems has not been achieved. Here we introduce strategies to construct lineage-tracing systems in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). The AAVS1 locus was suitable for the integration of the conditional reporter. The Cre-LoxP and Flp-FRT systems were highly sensitive, which may cause inaccurate lineage labeling in human cells. The recombination sensitivity and tracing fidelity could be finely tuned by modification of the LoxP recombination site. Moreover, tamoxifen-controllable CreERT2-LoxP and FlpERT2-FRT systems showed compelling advantages in tightly tracing human lineages temporally. In proof-of-principle experiments, we traced human PAX6+ neuroectoderm cells and revealed their full neural lineage differentiation potency both in vitro and in vivo. Devising and optimizing of lineage-tracing systems in hESCs will thus set up a solid foundation for human developmental studies. Two-step strategy for constructing lineage-tracing systems in human PSCs Tracing fidelity could be shaped via modifying the LoxP sequences Temporal tracing could be achieved by introducing inducible recombinases Tracing PAX6-expressing neuroectoderm identifies its full neural lineage potency
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Chen
- Brain and Spinal Cord Innovative Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xudong Ren
- Brain and Spinal Cord Innovative Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangjie Xu
- Brain and Spinal Cord Innovative Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Brain and Spinal Cord Innovative Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Hui
- Brain and Spinal Cord Innovative Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongliang Liu
- Brain and Spinal Cord Innovative Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Brain and Spinal Cord Innovative Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujiang Fang
- Brain and Spinal Cord Innovative Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Brain and Spinal Cord Innovative Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Brain and Spinal Cord Innovative Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Daniel Terheyden-Keighley
- Brain and Spinal Cord Innovative Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Brain and Spinal Cord Innovative Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Reconstruction and Regeneration of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Brain and Spinal Cord Innovative Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Reconstruction and Regeneration of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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20
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Wang LT, Jiang SS, Ting CH, Hsu PJ, Chang CC, Sytwu HK, Liu KJ, Yen BL. Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Results in Downregulation of c-Myc and DNA Replication Pathways with Immunomodulation Toward CD4 and CD8 Cells. Stem Cells 2018; 36:903-914. [PMID: 29396902 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multilineage tissue-source mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess strong immunomodulatory properties and are excellent therapeutic agents, but require constant isolation from donors to combat replicative senescence. The differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into MSCs offers a renewable source of MSCs; however, reports on their immunomodulatory capacity have been discrepant. Using MSCs differentiated from iPSCs reprogrammed using diverse cell types and protocols, and in comparison to human embryonic stem cell (ESC)-MSCs and bone marrow (BM)-MSCs, we performed transcriptome analyses and assessed for functional immunomodulatory properties. Differentiation of MSCs from iPSCs results in decreased c-Myc expression and its downstream pathway along with a concomitant downregulation in the DNA replication pathway. All four lines of iPSC-MSCs can significantly suppress in vitro activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation to a similar degree as ESC-MSCs and BM-MSCs, and modulate CD4 T lymphocyte fate from a type 1 helper T cell (Th1) and IL-17A-expressing (Th17) cell fate to a regulatory T cell (Treg) phenotype. Moreover, iPSC-MSCs significantly suppress cytotoxic CD8 T proliferation, activation, and differentiation into type 1 cytotoxic T (Tc1) and IL-17-expressing CD8 T (Tc17) cells. Coculture of activated PBMCs with human iPSC-MSCs results in an overall shift of secreted cytokine profile from a pro-inflammatory environment to a more immunotolerant milieu. iPSC-MSC immunomodulation was also validated in vivo in a mouse model of induced inflammation. These findings support that iPSC-MSCs possess low oncogenicity and strong immunomodulatory properties regardless of cell-of-origin or reprogramming method and are good potential candidates for therapeutic use. Stem Cells 2018;36:903-914.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Tzu Wang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center (NDMC), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular & System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Sheng Jiang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, NHRI, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chiao-Hsuan Ting
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular & System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pei-Ju Hsu
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular & System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Chi Chang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center (NDMC), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular & System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center (NDMC), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, NDMC, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ko-Jiunn Liu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, NHRI, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - B Linju Yen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center (NDMC), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular & System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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21
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Precise immune tolerance for hPSC derivatives in clinical application. Cell Immunol 2017; 326:15-23. [PMID: 28866278 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) promise a foreseeing future for regeneration medicine and cell replacement therapy with their abilities to produce almost any types of somatic cells of the body. The complicated immunogenicity of hPSC derivatives and context dependent responses in variable transplantations greatly hurdle the practical application of hPSCs in clinic. Especially for applications of hPSCs, induction of immune tolerance at the same time increases the risks of tumorigenesis. Over the past few years, thanks to the progress in immunology and practices in organ transplantation, endeavors on exploring strategies to induce long term protection of allogeneic transplants have shed light on overcoming this barrier. Novel genetic engineering techniques also allow to precisely cradle the immune response of transplantation. Here we reviewed the current understanding on immunogenicity, and efforts have been attempted on inducing immune tolerance for hPSC derivatives, with extra focus on modifying the graft cells. We also glimpse on employing cutting-edge genome editing technologies for this purpose, which will potentially endow hPSC derivatives with the nature of wide spectrum drugs for therapy.
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Characterization of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Like Cells Derived From Human iPSCs via Neural Crest Development and Their Application for Osteochondral Repair. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:1960965. [PMID: 28607560 PMCID: PMC5451770 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1960965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a promising cell source for the repair of skeletal disorders. Recently, neural crest cells (NCCs) were reported to be effective for inducing mesenchymal progenitors, which have potential to differentiate into osteochondral lineages. Our aim was to investigate the feasibility of MSC-like cells originated from iPSCs via NCCs for osteochondral repair. Initially, MSC-like cells derived from iPSC-NCCs (iNCCs) were generated and characterized in vitro. These iNCC-derived MSC-like cells (iNCMSCs) exhibited a homogenous population and potential for osteochondral differentiation. No upregulation of pluripotent markers was detected during culture. Second, we implanted iNCMSC-derived tissue-engineered constructs into rat osteochondral defects without any preinduction for specific differentiation lineages. The implanted cells remained alive at the implanted site, whereas they failed to repair the defects, with only scarce development of osteochondral tissue in vivo. With regard to tumorigenesis, the implanted cells gradually disappeared and no malignant cells were detected throughout the 2-month follow-up. While this study did not show that iNCMSCs have efficacy for repair of osteochondral defects when implanted under undifferentiated conditions, iNCMSCs exhibited good chondrogenic potential in vitro under appropriate conditions. With further optimization, iNCMSCs may be a new source for tissue engineering of cartilage.
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Tokita R, Nakajima K, Inoue K, Al-Wahabi A, Ser-Od T, Matsuzaka K, Inoue T. Differentiation behavior of iPS cells cultured on PLGA with osteoinduction medium. Dent Mater J 2017; 36:103-110. [PMID: 28090031 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2016-087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present report, we have generated osteoblast-like cells derived from mouse induced-pluripotent stem (iPS) cells on PLGA with osteoinduction medium in vitro and in vivo. The cell culture period was 2 weeks. At 2 weeks, mRNA level of type I collagen was significantly higher than at 1 week. Osteocalcin mRNA level at 2 weeks was tendency to increase compared with at 1 week. And the cells cultured on PLGA were positive for immunofluorescent staining of osteocalcin and alizarin red S staining. The scaffold and osteogenic-like cells induced in vitro were implanted subcutaneously into SCID mice. In resected teratoma, hard tissues resembling bone were observed mixed with other tissues on the scaffold. The sum of these findings suggests that PLGA does not disturb the osteogenesis of iPS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Tokita
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Tokyo Dental College
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c-Maf regulates pluripotency genes, proliferation/self-renewal, and lineage commitment in ROS-mediated senescence of human mesenchymal stem cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:35404-18. [PMID: 26496036 PMCID: PMC4742114 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are therapeutically relevant multilineage and immunomodulatory progenitors. Ex vivo expansion of these rare cells is necessary for clinical application and can result in detrimental senescent effects, with mechanisms still largely unknown. We found that vigorous ex vivo expansion of human adipose tissue-derived MSCs (hAMSCs) results in proliferative decline, cell cycle arrest, and altered differentiation capacity. This senescent phenotype was associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and with increased expression of G1 cell -cycle inhibitors— p15INK4b and p16INK4a — but decreased expression of pluripotency genes—Oct-4, Sox-2, Nanog, and c-Myc—as well as c-Maf a co-factor of MSC lineage-specific transcription factor and sensitive to oxidative stress. These global changes in the transcriptional and functional programs of proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal were all mediated by ROS-induced suppression of c-Maf, as evidenced by binding of c-Maf to promoter regions of multiple relevant genes in hAMSCs which could be reduced by exogenous ROS. Our findings implicate the strong effects of ROS on multiple stem cell functions with a central role for c-Maf in stem cell senescence.
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Peng KY, Lee YW, Hsu PJ, Wang HH, Wang Y, Liou JY, Hsu SH, Wu KK, Yen BL. Human pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show potent neurogenic capacity which is enhanced with cytoskeletal rearrangement. Oncotarget 2016; 7:43949-43959. [PMID: 27304057 PMCID: PMC5190070 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are paraxial mesodermal progenitors with potent immunomodulatory properties. Reports also indicate that MSCs can undergo neural-like differentiation, offering hope for use in neurodegenerative diseases. However, ex vivo expansion of these rare somatic stem cells for clinical use leads to cellular senescence. A newer source of MSCs derived from human pluripotent stem cells (PSC) can offer the 'best-of-both-worlds' scenario, abrogating the concern of teratoma formation while preserving PSC proliferative capacity. PSC-derived MSCs (PSC-MSCs) also represent MSCs at the earliest developmental stage, and we found that these MSCs harbor stronger neuro-differentiation capacity than post-natal MSCs. PSC-MSCs express higher levels of neural stem cell (NSC)-related genes and transcription factors than adult bone marrow MSCs at baseline, and rapidly differentiate into neural-like cells when cultured in either standard neurogenic differentiation medium (NDM) or when the cytoskeletal modulator RhoA kinase (ROCK) is inhibited. Interestingly, when NDM is combined with ROCK inhibition, PSC-MSCs undergo further commitment, acquiring characteristics of post-mitotic neurons including nuclear condensation, extensive dendritic growth, and neuron-restricted marker expression including NeuN, β-III-tubulin and Doublecortin. Our data demonstrates that PSC-MSCs have potent capacity to undergo neural differentiation and also implicate the important role of the cytoskeleton in neural lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Yen Peng
- 1 Department of Life Science, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan
- 2 Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Lee
- 2 Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ju Hsu
- 2 Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Huan Wang
- 2 Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yun Wang
- 3 Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, NHRI, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Yang Liou
- 2 Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Hui Hsu
- 4 Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kenneth K. Wu
- 5 Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - B. Linju Yen
- 2 Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Taiwan
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Qi X, Zhang J, Yuan H, Xu Z, Li Q, Niu X, Hu B, Wang Y, Li X. Exosomes Secreted by Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Repair Critical-Sized Bone Defects through Enhanced Angiogenesis and Osteogenesis in Osteoporotic Rats. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:836-49. [PMID: 27313497 PMCID: PMC4910602 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.14809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone defects caused by trauma, severe infection, tumor resection and skeletal abnormalities are common osteoporotic conditions and major challenges in orthopedic surgery, and there is still no effective solution to this problem. Consequently, new treatments are needed to develop regeneration procedures without side effects. Exosomes secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs, hiPSC-MSC-Exos) incorporate the advantages of both MSCs and iPSCs with no immunogenicity. However, there are no reports on the application of hiPSC-MSC-Exos to enhance angiogenesis and osteogenesis under osteoporotic conditions. HiPSC-MSC-Exos were isolated and identified before use. The effect of hiPSC-MSC-Exos on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow MSCs derived from ovariectomized (OVX) rats (rBMSCs-OVX) in vitro were investigated. In vivo, hiPSC-MSC-Exos were implanted into critical size bone defects in ovariectomized rats, and bone regeneration and angiogenesis were examined by microcomputed tomography (micro-CT), sequential fluorescent labeling analysis, microfil perfusion and histological and immunohistochemical analysis. The results in vitro showed that hiPSC-MSC-Exos enhanced cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and up-regulated mRNA and protein expression of osteoblast-related genes in rBMSCs-OVX. In vivo experiments revealed that hiPSC-MSC-Exos dramatically stimulated bone regeneration and angiogenesis in critical-sized calvarial defects in ovariectomized rats. The effect of hiPSC-MSC-Exos increased with increasing concentration. In this study, we showed that hiPSC-MSC-Exos effectively stimulate the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs-OVX, with the effect increasing with increasing exosome concentration. Further analysis demonstrated that the application of hiPSC-MSC-Exos+β-TCP scaffolds promoted bone regeneration in critical-sized calvarial defects by enhancing angiogenesis and osteogenesis in an ovariectomized rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qi
- 1. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieyuan Zhang
- 1. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.; 2. Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- 3. Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengliang Xu
- 1. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Li
- 2. Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Niu
- 2. Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Hu
- 2. Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Wang
- 2. Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- 1. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Zhang J, Guan J, Qi X, Ding H, Yuan H, Xie Z, Chen C, Li X, Zhang C, Huang Y. Dimethyloxaloylglycine Promotes the Angiogenic Activity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from iPSCs via Activation of the PI3K/Akt Pathway for Bone Regeneration. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:639-52. [PMID: 27194942 PMCID: PMC4870708 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.14025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascularization of tissue-engineered bone is a prerequisite step for the successful repair of bone defects. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) plays an essential role in angiogenesis-osteogenesis coupling during bone regeneration and can activate the expression of angiogenic factors in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Dimethyloxaloylglycine (DMOG) is an angiogenic small molecule that can inhibit prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) enzymes and thus regulate the stability of HIF-1α in cells at normal oxygen tension. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived MSCs (hiPSC-MSCs) are promising alternatives for stem cell therapy. In this study, we evaluated the effect of DMOG on promoting hiPSC-MSCs angiogenesis in tissue-engineered bone and simultaneously explored the underlying mechanisms in vitro. The effectiveness of DMOG in improving the expression of HIF-1α and its downstream angiogenic genes in hiPSC-MSCs demonstrated that DMOG significantly enhanced the gene and protein expression profiles of angiogenic-related factors in hiPSC-MSCs by sustaining the expression of HIF-1α. Further analysis showed that DMOG-stimulated hiPSC-MSCs angiogenesis was associated with the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) and with an increase in VEGF production. The effects could be blocked by the addition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002. In a critical-sized calvarial defect model in rats, DMOG-treated hiPSC-MSCs showed markedly improved angiogenic capacity in the tissue-engineered bone, leading to bone regeneration. Collectively, the results indicate that DMOG, via activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, promotes the angiogenesis of hiPSC-MSCs in tissue-engineered bone for bone defect repair and that DMOG-treated hiPSC-MSCs can be exploited as a potential therapeutic tool in bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyuan Zhang
- 1. Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Junjie Guan
- 1. Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xin Qi
- 1. Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hao Ding
- 1. Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- 2. Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zongping Xie
- 1. Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Chunyuan Chen
- 3. Graduate School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- 1. Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Changqing Zhang
- 1. Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yigang Huang
- 1. Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
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Koltsova AM, Zenin VV, Yakovleva TK, Poljanskaya GG. Characterization of a novel mesenchymal stem cell line derived from human embryonic stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990519x16010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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29
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Liu YH, Peng KY, Chiu YW, Ho YL, Wang YH, Shun CT, Huang SY, Lin YS, De Vries AAF, Pijnappels DA, Lee NT, Yen BL, Yen ML. Human Placenta-Derived Multipotent Cells (hPDMCs) Modulate Cardiac Injury: From Bench to Small and Large Animal Myocardial Ischemia Studies. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:2463-78. [DOI: 10.3727/096368915x687200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death globally, and stem cell therapy remains one of the most promising strategies for regeneration or repair of the damaged heart. We report that human placenta-derived multipotent cells (hPDMCs) can modulate cardiac injury in small and large animal models of myocardial ischemia (MI) and elucidate the mechanisms involved. We found that hPDMCs can undergo in vitro cardiomyogenic differentiation when cocultured with mouse neonatal cardiomyocytes. Moreover, hPDMCs exert strong proangiogenic responses in vitro toward human endothelial cells mediated by secretion of hepatocyte growth factor, growth-regulated oncogene-α, and interleukin-8. To test the in vivo relevance of these results, small and large animal models of acute MI were induced in mice and minipigs, respectively, by permanent left anterior descending (LAD) artery ligation, followed by hPDMC or culture medium-only implantation with follow-up for up to 8 weeks. Transplantation of hPDMCs into mouse heart post-acute MI induction improved left ventricular function, with significantly enhanced vascularity in the cell-treated group. Furthermore, in minipigs post-acute MI induction, hPDMC transplantation significantly improved myocardial contractility compared to the control group ( p=0.016) at 8 weeks postinjury. In addition, tissue analysis confirmed that hPDMC transplantation induced increased vascularity, cardiomyogenic differentiation, and antiapoptotic effects. Our findings offer evidence that hPDMCs can modulate cardiac injury in both small and large animal models, possibly through proangiogenesis, cardiomyogenesis, and suppression of cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Our study offers mechanistic insights and preclinical evidence on using hPDMCs as a therapeutic strategy to treat severe cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hung Liu
- Section of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Pan Chiao, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yen Peng
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, ChungLi, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Chiu
- Section of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Pan Chiao, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lwun Ho
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital (NTUH), Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Horng Wang
- Nursing Department of Yuanpei University, Hsin-Chu City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Tung Shun
- Department and Graduate Institute of Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine (COM), National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yun Huang
- Section of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Pan Chiao, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shuan Lin
- Section of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Pan Chiao, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Daniël A. Pijnappels
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nan-Ting Lee
- School of Medicine, COM, Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, NTU Hospital, NTU, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - B. Linju Yen
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Men-Luh Yen
- School of Medicine, COM, Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, NTU Hospital, NTU, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, NTU, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lepage SI, Nagy K, Sung HK, Kandel RA, Nagy A, Koch TG. Generation, Characterization, and Multilineage Potency of Mesenchymal-Like Progenitors Derived from Equine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 25:80-9. [PMID: 26414480 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are more and more frequently used to treat orthopedic injuries in horses. However, these cells are limited in their expandability and differentiation capacity. Recently, the first equine-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines were reported by us [ 1 ]. In vitro differentiation of iPSCs into MSC-like cells is an attractive alternative to using MSCs derived from other sources, as a much larger quantity of patient-specific cells with broad differentiation potential could be generated. However, the differentiation capacity of iPSCs to MSCs and the potential for use in tissue engineering have yet to be explored. In this study, equine iPSCs were induced to differentiate into an MSC-like population. Upon induction, the iPSCs changed morphology toward spindle-shaped cells similar to MSCs. The ensuing iPSC-MSCs exhibited downregulation of pluripotency-associated genes and an upregulation of MSC-associated genes. In addition, the cells expressed the same surface markers as MSCs derived from equine umbilical cord blood. We then assessed the multilineage differentiation potential of iPSC-MSCs. Although chondrogenesis was not achieved after induction with transforming growth factor-beta 3 (TGFβ3) and/or bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP-4) in 3D pellet culture, mineralization characteristic of osteogenesis and lipid droplet accumulation characteristic of adipogenesis were observed after chemical induction. We demonstrate a protocol for the derivation of MSC-like progenitor populations from equine iPS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah I Lepage
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristina Nagy
- 2 Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hoon-Ki Sung
- 2 Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rita A Kandel
- 3 Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,4 Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andras Nagy
- 2 Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,5 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas G Koch
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario, Canada .,6 Department of Clinical Studies, Orthopedic Research Lab, Aarhus University , Aarhus, Denmark
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Human Gingival Integration-Free iPSCs; a Source for MSC-Like Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:13633-48. [PMID: 26084043 PMCID: PMC4490513 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160613633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered a potential autologous therapy for tissue engineering. The available procedures for MSC retrieval from patients are invasive, and their limited in vitro proliferation restricts their use in the treatment of damaged tissues. Therefore, it is important to establish an alternative and safe source of MSCs. The objective of this study was to demonstrate induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation from a combination of an accessible source tissue and an integration-free method; we also attempted the differentiation of iPSCs into MSC-like cells (MSLCs) for future autologous tissue engineering. iPSCs were derived from human gingival tissues, which are easily accessible in the field of dentistry, via the use of non-integrating episomal plasmids. Established iPSCs expressed embryonic stem (ES) cell-specific markers, as assessed by gene analysis and immunocytochemistry. Embryoid bodies and teratoma formation were formed from iPSCs, showing their capacity to differentiate into three germ layers. Furthermore, we were successful in differentiating iPSCs into MSLCs. They tested positively for their capacity of trilineage differentiation. Our results demonstrate that human gingival integration-free iPSCs, readily accessible stem cells generated using episomal plasmid vectors, are a promising source of MSLCs, which can be used in tissue regeneration.
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Zhang J, Guan J, Niu X, Hu G, Guo S, Li Q, Xie Z, Zhang C, Wang Y. Exosomes released from human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived MSCs facilitate cutaneous wound healing by promoting collagen synthesis and angiogenesis. J Transl Med 2015; 13:49. [PMID: 25638205 PMCID: PMC4371881 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hiPSC-MSCs) have emerged as a promising alternative for stem cell transplantation therapy. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-Exos) can play important roles in repairing injured tissues. However, to date, no reports have demonstrated the use of hiPSC-MSC-Exos in cutaneous wound healing, and little is known regarding their underlying mechanisms in tissue repair. Methods hiPSC-MSC-Exos were injected subcutaneously around wound sites in a rat model and the efficacy of hiPSC-MSC-Exos was assessed by measuring wound closure areas, by histological and immunofluorescence examinations. We also evaluated the in vitro effects of hiPSC-MSC-Exos on both the proliferation and migration of human dermal fibroblasts and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by cell-counting and scratch assays, respectively. The effects of exosomes on fibroblast collagen and elastin secretion were studied in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and quantitative reverse-transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In vitro capillary network formation was determined in tube-formation assays. Results Transplanting hiPSC-MSC-Exos to wound sites resulted in accelerated re-epithelialization, reduced scar widths, and the promotion of collagen maturity. Moreover, hiPSC-MSC-Exos not only promoted the generation of newly formed vessels, but also accelerated their maturation in wound sites. We found that hiPSC-MSC-Exos stimulated the proliferation and migration of human dermal fibroblasts and HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Similarly, Type I, III collagen and elastin secretion and mRNA expression by fibroblasts and tube formation by HUVECs were also increased with increasing hiPSC-MSC-Exos concentrations. Conclusions Our findings suggest that hiPSC-MSC-Exos can facilitate cutaneous wound healing by promoting collagen synthesis and angiogenesis. These data provide the first evidence for the potential of hiPSC-MSC-Exos in treating cutaneous wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyuan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China. .,Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Junjie Guan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China. .,Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xin Niu
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guowen Hu
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China. .,Graduate School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Shangchun Guo
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qing Li
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zongping Xie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China. .,Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
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Krylova TA, Musorina AS, Zenin VV, Yakovleva TK, Poljanskaya GG. A comparative analysis of mesenchymal stem-cell lines derived from bone marrow and limb muscle of early human embryos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990519x14060042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Shtrichman R, Zeevi-Levin N, Zaid R, Barak E, Fishman B, Ziskind A, Shulman R, Novak A, Avrahami R, Livne E, Lowenstein L, Zussman E, Itskovitz-Eldor J. The Generation of Hybrid Electrospun Nanofiber Layer with Extracellular Matrix Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells, for Regenerative Medicine Applications. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:2756-67. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Shtrichman
- The Berlin Family Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, The Sohnis and Forman Families Stem Cell Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Regeneration Research, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Naama Zeevi-Levin
- The Berlin Family Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, The Sohnis and Forman Families Stem Cell Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Regeneration Research, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rinat Zaid
- The Berlin Family Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, The Sohnis and Forman Families Stem Cell Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Regeneration Research, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Efrat Barak
- The Berlin Family Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, The Sohnis and Forman Families Stem Cell Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Regeneration Research, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Bettina Fishman
- The Berlin Family Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, The Sohnis and Forman Families Stem Cell Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Regeneration Research, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Anna Ziskind
- The Berlin Family Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, The Sohnis and Forman Families Stem Cell Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Regeneration Research, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rita Shulman
- The Berlin Family Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, The Sohnis and Forman Families Stem Cell Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Regeneration Research, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Atara Novak
- The Berlin Family Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, The Sohnis and Forman Families Stem Cell Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Regeneration Research, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ron Avrahami
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Erella Livne
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lior Lowenstein
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eyal Zussman
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Joseph Itskovitz-Eldor
- The Berlin Family Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, The Sohnis and Forman Families Stem Cell Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Regeneration Research, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Tan Y, Ooi S, Wang L. Immunogenicity and tumorigenicity of pluripotent stem cells and their derivatives: genetic and epigenetic perspectives. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 9:63-72. [PMID: 24160683 PMCID: PMC3873036 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x113086660068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
One aim of stem cell-based therapy is to utilize pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) as a supplementary source of cells
to repair or replace tissues or organs that have ceased to function due to severe tissue damage. However, PSC-based therapy
requires extensive research to ascertain if PSC derivatives are functional without the risk of tumorigenicity, and also
do not engender severe immune rejection that threatens graft survival and function. Recently, the suitability of induced
pluripotent stem cells applied for patient-tailored cell therapy has been questioned since the discovery of several genetic
and epigenetic aberrations during the reprogramming process. Hence, it is crucial to understand the effect of these abnormalities
on the immunogenicity and survival of PSC grafts. As induced PSC-based therapy represents a hallmark for the
potential solution to prevent and arrest immune rejection, this review also summarizes several up-to-date key findings in
the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa K1H8M5, Canada.
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Characterization and evaluation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human embryonic stem cells and bone marrow. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 358:149-64. [PMID: 24927918 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1926-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been studied for years as primary cell sources for regenerative biology and medicine. MSCs have been derived from cell and tissue sources, such as bone marrow (BM), and more recently from ESCs. This study investigated MSCs derived from BM, H1- and H9-ESC lines in terms of morphology, surface marker and growth factor receptor expression, proliferative capability, modulation of immune cell growth and multipotency, in order to evaluate ESC-MSCs as a cell source for potential regenerative applications. The results showed that ESC-MSCs exhibited spindle-shaped morphology similar to BM-MSCs but of various sizes, and flow cytometric immunophenotyping revealed expression of characteristic MSC surface markers on all tested cell lines except H9-derived MSCs. Differences in growth factor receptor expression were also shown between cell lines. In addition, ESC-MSCs showed greater capabilities for cell proliferation, and suppression of leukocyte growth compared to BM-MSCs. Using standard protocols, induction of ESC-MSC differentiation along the adipogenic, osteogenic, or chondrogenic lineages was less effective compared to that of BM-MSCs. By adding bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) into transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1)-supplemented induction medium, chondrogenesis of ESC-MSCs was significantly enhanced. Our findings suggest that ESC-MSCs and BM-MSCs show differences in their surface marker profiles and the capacities of proliferation, immunomodulation, and most importantly multi-lineage differentiation. Using modified chondrogenic medium with BMP7 and TGFβ1, H1-MSCs can be effectively induced as BM-MSCs for chondrogenesis.
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Diederichs S, Tuan RS. Functional comparison of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal cells and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells from the same donor. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1594-610. [PMID: 24625206 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a high potential for therapeutic efficacy in treating diverse musculoskeletal injuries and cardiovascular diseases, and for ameliorating the severity of graft-versus-host and autoimmune diseases. While most of these clinical applications require substantial cell quantities, the number of MSCs that can be obtained initially from a single donor is limited. Reports on the derivation of MSC-like cells from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are, thus, of interest, as the infinite proliferative capacity of PSCs opens the possibility to generate large amounts of uniform batches of MSCs. However, characterization of such MSC-like cells is currently inadequate, especially with regard to the question of whether these cells are equivalent or identical to MSCs. In this study, we have derived MSC-like cells [induced PSC-derived MSC-like progenitor cells (iMPCs)] using four different methodologies from a newly established induced PSC line reprogrammed from human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), and compared the iMPCs directly with the originating parental BMSCs. The iMPCs exhibited typical MSC/fibroblastic morphology and MSC-typical surface marker profile, and they were capable of differentiation in vitro along the osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages. However, compared with the parental BMSCs, iMPCs displayed a unique expression pattern of mesenchymal and pluripotency genes and were less responsive to traditional BMSC differentiation protocols. We, therefore, conclude that iMPCs generated from PSCs via spontaneous differentiation represent a distinct population of cells which exhibit MSC-like characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solvig Diederichs
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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38
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Ting CH, Ho PJ, Yen BL. Age-related decreases of serum-response factor levels in human mesenchymal stem cells are involved in skeletal muscle differentiation and engraftment capacity. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1206-16. [PMID: 24576136 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle (SkM) comprise ∼40% of human body weight. Injury or damage to this important tissue can result in physical disability, and in severe cases is difficult for its endogenous stem cell-the satellite cell-to reverse effectively. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are postnatal progenitor/stem cells that possess multilineage mesodermal differentiation capacity, including toward SkM. Adult bone marrow (BM) is the best-studied source of MSCs; however, aging also decreases BMMSC numbers and can adversely affect differentiation capacity. Therefore, we asked whether human sources of developmentally early stage mesenchymal stem cells (hDE-MSCs) isolated from embryonic stem cells, fetal bone, and term placenta could be cellular sources for SkM repair. Under standard muscle-inducing conditions, hDE-MPCs differentiate toward a SkM lineage rather than cardiomyocytic or smooth muscle lineages, as evidenced by increased expression of SkM-associated markers and in vitro myotube formation. In vivo transplantation revealed that SkM-differentiated hDE-MSCs can efficiently incorporate into host SkM tissue in a mouse model of SkM injury. In contrast, adult BMMSCs do not express SkM-associated genes after in vitro SkM differentiation nor engraft in vivo. Further investigation of possible factors responsible for this difference in SkM differentiation potential revealed that, compared with adult BMMSCs, hDE-MSCs expressed higher levels of serum response factor (SRF), a transcription factor critical for SkM lineage commitment. Moreover, knockdown of SRF in hDE-MSCs resulted in decreased expression of SkM-related genes after in vitro differentiation and decreased in vivo engraftment. Our results implicate SRF as a key factor in age-related SkM differentiation capacity of MSCs, and demonstrate that hDE-MSCs are possible candidates for SkM repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Hsuan Ting
- 1 Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center , Taipei, Taiwan
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39
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Janson IA, Kong YP, Putnam AJ. Nanotopographic substrates of poly (methyl methacrylate) do not strongly influence the osteogenic phenotype of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90719. [PMID: 24594848 PMCID: PMC3940926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical, mechanical, and topographical features of the extracellular matrix (ECM) have all been documented to influence cell adhesion, gene expression, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Topography plays a key role in the architecture and functionality of various tissues in vivo, thus raising the possibility that topographic cues can be instructive when incorporated into biomaterials for regenerative applications. In the literature, there are discrepancies regarding the potential roles of nanotopography to enhance the osteogenic phenotype of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). In this study, we used thin film substrates of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with nanoscale gratings to investigate the influence of nanotopography on the osteogenic phenotype of MSCs, focusing in particular on their ability to produce mineral similar to native bone. Topography influenced focal adhesion size and MSC alignment, and enhanced MSC proliferation after 14 days of culture. However, the osteogenic phenotype was minimally influenced by surface topography. Specifically, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression was not increased on nanotopographic films, nor was calcium deposition improved after 21 days in culture. Ca: P ratios were similar to native mouse bone on films with gratings of 415 nm width and 200 nm depth (G415) and 303 nm width and 190 nm depth (G303). Notably, all surfaces had Ca∶P ratios significantly lower than G415 films. Collectively, these data suggest that, PMMA films with nanogratings are poor drivers of an osteogenic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac A. Janson
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yen P. Kong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Putnam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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40
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A simple method for deriving functional MSCs and applied for osteogenesis in 3D scaffolds. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2243. [PMID: 23873182 PMCID: PMC3718204 DOI: 10.1038/srep02243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a simple method for bone engineering using biodegradable scaffolds with mesenchymal stem cells derived from human induced-pluripotent stem cells (hiPS-MSCs). The hiPS-MSCs expressed mesenchymal markers (CD90, CD73, and CD105), possessed multipotency characterized by tri-lineages differentiation: osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic, and lost pluripotency - as seen with the loss of markers OCT3/4 and TRA-1-81 - and tumorigenicity. However, these iPS-MSCs are still positive for marker NANOG. We further explored the osteogenic potential of the hiPS-MSCs in synthetic polymer polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds or PCL scaffolds functionalized with natural polymer hyaluronan and ceramic TCP (PHT) both in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that these iPS-MSCs are functionally compatible with the two 3D scaffolds tested and formed typically calcified structure in the scaffolds. Overall, our results suggest the iPS-MSCs derived by this simple method retain fully osteogenic function and provide a new solution towards personalized orthopedic therapy in the future.
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41
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42
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Kang R, Luo Y, Zou L, Xie L, Lysdahl H, Jiang X, Chen C, Bolund L, Chen M, Besenbacher F, Bünger C. Osteogenesis of human induced pluripotent stem cells derived mesenchymal stem cells on hydroxyapatite contained nanofibers. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra44181d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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43
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Hynes K, Menicanin D, Gronthos S, Bartold MP. Differentiation of iPSC to Mesenchymal Stem-Like Cells and Their Characterization. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1357:353-74. [PMID: 25468410 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2014_142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are a unique population of adult stem cells that have the capacity to differentiate into numerous cell types as well as the ability to modulate the immune system. As such, MSC represent a promising stem cell population for use in the clinical treatment of a range of disorders involving tissue regeneration as well as the immune system. The lack of accessibility to MSC is currently limiting the use of MSC in mainstream clinical treatment strategies. It is therefore imperative for the future success of stem cell-based treatment approaches that are more reliable, and accessible sources of MSC are identified. The present chapter describes a method for generating MSC-like cells from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), with equivalent growth and functional properties to parental MSC populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Hynes
- Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre, School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia. .,Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia. .,Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Cancer Theme, Level 5 South, SAHMRI, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Danijela Menicanin
- Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre, School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Cancer Theme, Level 5 South, SAHMRI, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Cancer Theme, Level 5 South, SAHMRI, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mark P Bartold
- Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre, School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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44
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Carrion B, Janson IA, Kong YP, Putnam AJ. A safe and efficient method to retrieve mesenchymal stem cells from three-dimensional fibrin gels. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2013; 20:252-63. [PMID: 23808842 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) display multipotent characteristics that make them ideal for potential therapeutic applications. MSCs are typically cultured as monolayers on tissue culture plastic, but there is increasing evidence suggesting that they may lose their multipotency over time in vitro and eventually cease to retain any resemblance to in vivo resident MSCs. Three-dimensional (3D) culture systems that more closely recapitulate the physiological environment of MSCs and other cell types are increasingly explored for their capacity to support and maintain the cell phenotypes. In much of our own work, we have utilized fibrin, a natural protein-based material that serves as the provisional extracellular matrix during wound healing. Fibrin has proven to be useful in numerous tissue engineering applications and has been used clinically as a hemostatic material. Its rapid self-assembly driven by thrombin-mediated alteration of fibrinogen makes fibrin an attractive 3D substrate, in which cells can adhere, spread, proliferate, and undergo complex morphogenetic programs. However, there is a significant need for simple cost-effective methods to safely retrieve cells encapsulated within fibrin hydrogels to perform additional analyses or use the cells for therapy. Here, we present a safe and efficient protocol for the isolation of MSCs from 3D fibrin gels. The key ingredient of our successful extraction method is nattokinase, a serine protease of the subtilisin family that has a strong fibrinolytic activity. Our data show that MSCs recovered from 3D fibrin gels using nattokinase are not only viable but also retain their proliferative and multilineage potentials. Demonstrated for MSCs, this method can be readily adapted to retrieve any other cell type from 3D fibrin gel constructs for various applications, including expansion, bioassays, and in vivo implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Carrion
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
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45
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Hynes K, Menicanin D, Han J, Marino V, Mrozik K, Gronthos S, Bartold PM. Mesenchymal stem cells from iPS cells facilitate periodontal regeneration. J Dent Res 2013; 92:833-9. [PMID: 23884555 DOI: 10.1177/0022034513498258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been considered as a potential therapy for the treatment of periodontal defects arising from periodontitis. However, issues surrounding their accessibility and proliferation in culture significantly limit their ability to be used as a mainstream treatment approach. It is therefore important that alternative, easily accessible, and safe populations of stem cells be identified. Controlled induction of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) into MSC-like cells is emerging as an attractive source for obtaining large populations of stem cells for regenerative medicine. We have successfully induced iPSC to differentiate into MSC-like cells. The MSC-like cells generated satisfied the International Society of Cellular Therapy's minimal criteria for defining multipotent MSC, since they had plastic adherent properties, expressed key MSC-associated markers, and had the capacity to undergo tri-lineage differentiation. Importantly, the resulting iPSC-MSC-like cells also had the capacity, when implanted into periodontal defects, to significantly increase the amount of regeneration and newly formed mineralized tissue present. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that MSC derived from iPSC have the capacity to aid periodontal regeneration and are a promising source of readily accessible stem cells for use in the clinical treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hynes
- School of Dentistry, Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Moslem M, Valojerdi MR, Pournasr B, Muhammadnejad A, Baharvand H. Therapeutic potential of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells in mice with lethal fulminant hepatic failure. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:1785-99. [PMID: 23394436 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x662462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale production and noninvasive methods for harvesting mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), particularly in elderly individuals, has prompted researchers to find new patient-specific sources for MSCs in regenerative medicine. This study aims to produce MSCs from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and to evaluate their therapeutic effects in a CCl4-induced mouse model of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). hiPSC-MSCs have shown MSC morphology, antigen profile and differentiation capabilities, and improved hepatic function in our model. hiPSC-MSC-transplanted animals provide significant benefit in terms of survival, serum LDH, total bilirubin, and lipid peroxidation. hiPSC-MSC therapy resulted in a one-third reduction of histologic activity index and a threefold increase in the number of proliferating hepatocytes. This was accompanied by a significant decrease in the expression levels of collagen type I, Mmp13, Mmp2, and Mmp9 genes and increase in Timp1 and Timp2 genes in transplanted groups. hiPSC-MSCs secreted hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in vitro and also expressed HGF in evaluated liver sections. Similar results were observed with human bone marrow (hBM)-derived MSCs. In conclusion, our results have demonstrated that hiPSC-MSCs might be valuable appropriate alternatives for hBM-MSCs in FHF liver repair and support liver function by cell therapy with a large-scale production capacity, patient-specific nature, and no invasive MSC harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Moslem
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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47
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Krylova TA, Koltsova AM, Zenin VV, Musorina AS, Yakovleva TK, Poljanskaya GG. Comparative characteristics of new lines of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human embryonic stem cells, bone marrow, and foreskin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990519x12020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Eberle I, Moslem M, Henschler R, Cantz T. Engineered MSCs from Patient-Specific iPS Cells. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 130:1-17. [PMID: 22915200 DOI: 10.1007/10_2012_156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stroma/stem cells (MSCs) represent a heterogenic cell population that can be isolated from various tissues of the body or can be generated from pluripotent stem cells by in vitro differentiation. Various promising pre-clinical and clinical studies suggest that MSCs might stimulate endogenous regeneration and/or act as anti-inflammatory agents, which could be of high therapeutic relevance for a number of diseases, including graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, inflammatory bowel diseases, or some forms of liver failure. Notably, conflicting results of various studies illustrated that the source of MSCs, the cultivation condition, and the way of administration have important effects on the desired clinical effect. Some of the involved molecular pathways have recently been elucidated and an artificial modulation of these pathways by engineered MSCs might result in superfunctional MSCs for enhanced endogenous regeneration or anti-inflammatory response. In this review, we summarize important findings of conventional MSCs for applications in gastroenterology and we describe the state-of-the-art for the generation of patient-derived iPS cells that eventually might provide genetically engineered superfunctional iPS cells for advanced cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Eberle
- Junior Research Group Stem Cell Biology, OE 8881, Cluster-of-Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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49
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Spontaneous osteogenesis of MSCs cultured on 3D microcarriers through alteration of cytoskeletal tension. Biomaterials 2012; 33:556-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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