1
|
Xie Y, Yao J, Jin W, Ren L, Li X. Induction and Maturation of Hepatocyte-Like Cells In Vitro: Focus on Technological Advances and Challenges. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:765980. [PMID: 34901010 PMCID: PMC8662991 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.765980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited by the poor proliferation and restricted sources of adult hepatocytes, there is an urgent need to find substitutes for proliferation and cultivation of mature hepatocytes in vitro for use in disease treatment, drug approval, and toxicity testing. Hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs), which originate from undifferentiated stem cells or modified adult cells, are considered good candidates because of their advantages in terms of cell source and in vitro expansion ability. However, the majority of induced HLCs are in an immature state, and their degree of differentiation is heterogeneous, diminishing their usability in basic research and limiting their clinical application. Therefore, various methods have been developed to promote the maturation of HLCs, including chemical approaches, alteration of cell culture systems, and genetic manipulation, to meet the needs of in vivo transplantation and in vitro model establishment. This review proposes different cell types for the induction of HLCs, and provide a comprehensive overview of various techniques to promote the generation and maturation of HLCs in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xie
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jia Yao
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weilin Jin
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,The Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Longfei Ren
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,The Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xun Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,The Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,The Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
赵 健, 李 东, 安 阳. [Roles of ten eleven translocation proteins family and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in epigenetic regulation of stem cells and regenerative medicine]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2021; 53:420-424. [PMID: 33879920 PMCID: PMC8072413 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2021.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The methylation of cytosine is one of the most fundamental epigenetic modifications in mammalian genomes, and is involved in multiple crucial processes including gene expression, cell differentiation, embryo development and oncogenesis. In the past, DNA methylation was thought to be an irreversible process, which could only be diluted passively through DNA replication. It is now becoming increa-singly obvious that DNA demethylation can be an active process and plays a crucial role in biological processes. Ten eleven translocation (TET) proteins are the key factors modulating DNA demethylation. This family contains three members: TET1, TET2 and TET3. Although three TET proteins have relatively conserved catalytic domains, their roles in organisms are not repeated, and their expression has significant cell/organ specificity. TET1 is mainly expressed in embryonic stem cells, TET2 is mainly expressed in hematopoietic system, and TET3 is widely expressed in cerebellum, cortex and hippocampus. This family catalyzes 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and other oxidative products, reactivates silenced-gene expression, in turn maintains stem cell pluripotency and regulates lineage specification. With the development of tissue engineering, organ transplantation, autologous tissue transplantation and artificial prosthesis have been widely used in clinical treatment, but these technologies have limitations. Regenerative medicine, which uses stem cells and stem cell related factors for treatment, may provide alternative therapeutic strategies for multiple diseases. Among all kinds of human stem cells, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are the most prospective stem cell lineage since they have no ethical issues and can be easily obtained with large quantities. To date, ADSCs have been shown to have strong proli-feration capacity, secrete numerous soluble factors and have multipotent differentiation ability. However, the underlying mechanism of the proliferation, secretion, acquired pluripotency, and lineage specific differentiation of ADSCs are still largely unknown. Some studies have explored the role of epigenetic regulation and TET protein in embryonic stem cells, but little is known about its role in ADSCs. By studying the roles of TET proteins and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in ADSCs, we could provide new theoretical foundation for the clinical application of ADSCs and the stem cell-based therapy. In the future, combined with bioprinting technology, ADSCs may be used in tissue and organ regeneration, plastic surgery reconstruction and other broader fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- 健芳 赵
- 北京大学第三医院成形外科,北京 100191Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- 北京大学第一医院整形烧伤外科,北京 100034Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - 东 李
- 北京大学第三医院成形外科,北京 100191Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 阳 安
- 北京大学第三医院成形外科,北京 100191Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rodríguez-Aguilera JR, Ecsedi S, Goldsmith C, Cros MP, Domínguez-López M, Guerrero-Celis N, Pérez-Cabeza de Vaca R, Chemin I, Recillas-Targa F, Chagoya de Sánchez V, Hernández-Vargas H. Genome-wide 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) emerges at early stage of in vitro differentiation of a putative hepatocyte progenitor. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7822. [PMID: 32385352 PMCID: PMC7210258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A basic question linked to differential patterns of gene expression is how cells reach different fates despite using the same DNA template. Since 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) emerged as an intermediate metabolite in active DNA demethylation, there have been increasing efforts to elucidate its function as a stable modification of the genome, including a role in establishing such tissue-specific patterns of expression. Recently we described TET1-mediated enrichment of 5hmC on the promoter region of the master regulator of hepatocyte identity, HNF4A, which precedes differentiation of liver adult progenitor cells in vitro. Here, we studied the genome-wide distribution of 5hmC at early in vitro differentiation of human hepatocyte-like cells. We found a global increase in 5hmC as well as a drop in 5-methylcytosine after one week of in vitro differentiation from bipotent progenitors, at a time when the liver transcript program is already established. 5hmC was overall higher at the bodies of overexpressed genes. Furthermore, by modifying the metabolic environment, an adenosine derivative prevents 5hmC enrichment and impairs the acquisition of hepatic identity markers. These results suggest that 5hmC could be a marker of cell identity, as well as a useful biomarker in conditions associated with cell de-differentiation such as liver malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Rafael Rodríguez-Aguilera
- Department of Cellular Biology and Development, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Cd. Mx., Mexico
| | - Szilvia Ecsedi
- Institute of Biology Valrose (iBV), The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) - National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Chloe Goldsmith
- Department of Immunity, Virus and Inflammation. Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRCL), Inserm U 1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, 69373, Lyon, CEDEX 08, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Cros
- Molecular Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Mariana Domínguez-López
- Department of Cellular Biology and Development, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Cd. Mx., Mexico
| | - Nuria Guerrero-Celis
- Department of Cellular Biology and Development, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Cd. Mx., Mexico
| | - Rebeca Pérez-Cabeza de Vaca
- Department of Cellular Biology and Development, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Cd. Mx., Mexico
- Division of Biomedical Research, Centro Médico Nacional "20 de noviembre", ISSSTE, San Lorenzo 502, Benito Juárez, 03100, Cd. Mx., Mexico
| | - Isabelle Chemin
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
| | - Félix Recillas-Targa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Cd. Mx., Mexico
| | - Victoria Chagoya de Sánchez
- Department of Cellular Biology and Development, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Cd. Mx., Mexico.
| | - Héctor Hernández-Vargas
- Department of Immunity, Virus and Inflammation. Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRCL), Inserm U 1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, 69373, Lyon, CEDEX 08, France.
- Department of Translational Research and Innovation. Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, 69373, Lyon, CEDEX 08, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bolleyn J, Rombaut M, Nair N, Branson S, Heymans A, Chuah M, VandenDriessche T, Rogiers V, De Kock J, Vanhaecke T. Genetic and Epigenetic Modification of Rat Liver Progenitor Cells via HNF4α Transduction and 5' Azacytidine Treatment: An Integrated miRNA and mRNA Expression Profile Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E486. [PMID: 32365562 PMCID: PMC7291069 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal liver-derived rat epithelial cells (rLEC) from biliary origin are liver progenitor cells that acquire a hepatocyte-like phenotype upon sequential exposure to hepatogenic growth factors and cytokines. Undifferentiated rLEC express several liver-enriched transcription factors, including the hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNF) 3β and HNF6, but not the hepatic master regulator HNF4α. In this study, we first investigated the impact of the ectopic expression of HNF4α in rLEC on both mRNA and microRNA (miR) level by means of microarray technology. We found that HNF4α transduction did not induce major changes to the rLEC phenotype. However, we next investigated the influence of DNA methyl transferase (DNMT) inhibition on the phenotype of undifferentiated naïve rLEC by exposure to 5' azacytidine (AZA), which was found to have a significant impact on rLEC gene expression. The transduction of HNF4α or AZA treatment resulted both in significantly downregulated C/EBPα expression levels, while the exposure of the cells to AZA had a significant effect on the expression of HNF3β. Computationally, dysregulated miRNAs were linked to target mRNAs using the microRNA Target Filter function of Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. We found that differentially regulated miRNA-mRNA target associations predict ectopic HNF4α expression in naïve rLEC to interfere with cell viability and cellular maturation (miR-19b-3p/NR4A2, miR30C-5p/P4HA2, miR328-3p/CD44) while it predicts AZA exposure to modulate epithelial/hepatic cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle progression and the differentiation of stem cells (miR-18a-5p/ESR1, miR-503-5p/CCND1). Finally, our computational analysis predicts that the combination of HNF4α transduction with subsequent AZA treatment might cause changes in hepatic cell proliferation and maturation (miR-18a-5p/ESR1, miR-503-5p/CCND1, miR-328-3p/CD44) as well as the apoptosis (miR-16-5p/BCL2, miR-17-5p/BCL2, miR-34a-5p/BCL2 and miR-494-3p/HMOX1) of naïve rLEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-cosmetology (IVTD), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; (J.B.); (M.R.); (S.B.); (A.H.); (V.R.); (T.V.)
| | - Matthias Rombaut
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-cosmetology (IVTD), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; (J.B.); (M.R.); (S.B.); (A.H.); (V.R.); (T.V.)
| | - Nisha Nair
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine (GTRM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; (N.N.); (M.C.); (T.V.)
| | - Steven Branson
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-cosmetology (IVTD), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; (J.B.); (M.R.); (S.B.); (A.H.); (V.R.); (T.V.)
| | - Anja Heymans
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-cosmetology (IVTD), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; (J.B.); (M.R.); (S.B.); (A.H.); (V.R.); (T.V.)
| | - Marinee Chuah
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine (GTRM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; (N.N.); (M.C.); (T.V.)
| | - Thierry VandenDriessche
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine (GTRM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; (N.N.); (M.C.); (T.V.)
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-cosmetology (IVTD), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; (J.B.); (M.R.); (S.B.); (A.H.); (V.R.); (T.V.)
| | - Joery De Kock
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-cosmetology (IVTD), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; (J.B.); (M.R.); (S.B.); (A.H.); (V.R.); (T.V.)
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-cosmetology (IVTD), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; (J.B.); (M.R.); (S.B.); (A.H.); (V.R.); (T.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ruoß M, Rebholz S, Weimer M, Grom-Baumgarten C, Athanasopulu K, Kemkemer R, Käß H, Ehnert S, Nussler AK. Development of Scaffolds with Adjusted Stiffness for Mimicking Disease-Related Alterations of Liver Rigidity. J Funct Biomater 2020; 11:E17. [PMID: 32183326 PMCID: PMC7151584 DOI: 10.3390/jfb11010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver toxicity is one of the most common reasons for the failure of drugs in clinical trials and frequent withdrawal from the market. Reasons for such failures include the low predictive power of in vivo studies, that is mainly caused by metabolic differences between humans and animals, and intraspecific variances. In addition to factors such as age and genetic background, changes in drug metabolism can also be caused by disease-related changes in the liver. Such metabolic changes have also been observed in clinical settings, for example, in association with a change in liver stiffness, a major characteristic of an altered fibrotic liver. For mimicking these changes in an in vitro model, this study aimed to develop scaffolds that represent the rigidity of healthy and fibrotic liver tissue. We observed that liver cells plated on scaffolds representing the stiffness of healthy livers showed a higher metabolic activity compared to cells plated on stiffer scaffolds. Additionally, we detected a positive effect of a scaffold pre-coated with fetal calf serum (FCS)-containing media. This pre-incubation resulted in increased cell adherence during cell seeding onto the scaffolds. In summary, we developed a scaffold-based 3D model that mimics liver stiffness-dependent changes in drug metabolism that may more easily predict drug interaction in diseased livers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ruoß
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.R.); (M.W.); (C.G.-B.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Silas Rebholz
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.R.); (M.W.); (C.G.-B.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Marina Weimer
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.R.); (M.W.); (C.G.-B.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry, Reutlingen University, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany; (K.A.); (R.K.)
| | - Carl Grom-Baumgarten
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.R.); (M.W.); (C.G.-B.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Kiriaki Athanasopulu
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry, Reutlingen University, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany; (K.A.); (R.K.)
| | - Ralf Kemkemer
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry, Reutlingen University, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany; (K.A.); (R.K.)
| | - Hanno Käß
- Faculty of Basic Science, University of Applied Sciences Esslingen, 73728 Esslingen am Neckar, Germany;
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.R.); (M.W.); (C.G.-B.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.R.); (M.W.); (C.G.-B.); (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Radhakrishnan S, Trentz OA, Reddy MS, Rela M, Kandasamy M, Sellathamby S. In vitro transdifferentiation of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells to neural lineage cells - a stage-specific incidence. Adipocyte 2019; 8:164-177. [PMID: 31033391 PMCID: PMC6768268 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2019.1607424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The present Study investigated the intrinsic ability of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and their neural transdifferentiation in a stage-specific manner. Woodbury’s Chemical induction was implemented with modifications to achieve neural transdifferentiation. In Group I, ADSCs were preinduced with β-mercaptoethanol (β-ME) and later, with neural induction medium (NIM). In Group II, ADSCs were directly treated with NIM. In Group III, a DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor 5-azacytidine was applied to understand whether transdifferentiation is controlled by epigenetic marks. Irrespective of the presence of (β-ME), the differentiation protocol resulted in glial-lineage cells. Group III produced poorly -differentiated neural cells with neuron-specific enolase positivity. A neuroprogenitor stage (NPC) was identified at d 11 after induction only in Group I. In other groups, this stage was not morphologically distinct. We explored the stage-specific incidence NPC, by alternatively treating them with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and antioxidants to validate if different signalling could cause varied outcomes (Group IV). They differentiated into neurons, as defined by cell polarity and expression of specific proteins. Meanwhile, neuroprogenitors exposed to NIM (Group I) produced glial-lineage cells. Further refinement and study of the occurrence and terminal differentiation of neuroprogenitors would identify a promising source for neural tissue replacement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subathra Radhakrishnan
- National Foundation for Liver Research (NFLR), Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai, India
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Omana Anna Trentz
- MIOT Institute of Research (MIR), MIOT International, Chennai, India
| | - Mettu Srinivas Reddy
- National Foundation for Liver Research (NFLR), Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai, India
- Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai, India
| | - Mohamed Rela
- National Foundation for Liver Research (NFLR), Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai, India
- Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai, India
| | - Mahesh Kandasamy
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Häussling V, Deninger S, Vidoni L, Rinderknecht H, Ruoß M, Arnscheidt C, Athanasopulu K, Kemkemer R, Nussler AK, Ehnert S. Impact of Four Protein Additives in Cryogels on Osteogenic Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:E67. [PMID: 31394780 PMCID: PMC6784125 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6030067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (Ad-MSCs) have great potential for bone tissue engineering. Cryogels, mimicking the three-dimensional structure of spongy bone, represent ideal carriers for these cells. We developed poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) cryogels, containing hydroxyapatite to mimic inorganic bone matrix. Cryogels were additionally supplemented with different types of proteins, namely collagen (Coll), platelet-rich plasma (PRP), immune cells-conditioned medium (CM), and RGD peptides (RGD). The different protein components did not affect scaffolds' porosity or water-uptake capacity, but altered pore size and stiffness. Stiffness was highest in scaffolds with PRP (82.3 kPa), followed by Coll (55.3 kPa), CM (45.6 kPa), and RGD (32.8 kPa). Scaffolds with PRP, CM, and Coll had the largest pore diameters (~60 µm). Ad-MSCs were osteogenically differentiated on these scaffolds for 14 days. Cell attachment and survival rates were comparable for all four scaffolds. Runx2 and osteocalcin levels only increased in Ad-MSCs on Coll, PRP and CM cryogels. Osterix levels increased slightly in Ad-MSCs differentiated on Coll and PRP cryogels. With differentiation alkaline phosphatase activity decreased under all four conditions. In summary, besides Coll cryogel our PRP cryogel constitutes as an especially suitable carrier for bone tissue engineering. This is of special interest, as this scaffold can be generated with patients' PRP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Häussling
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Unfallklinik Tuebingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Deninger
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Unfallklinik Tuebingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Laura Vidoni
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Unfallklinik Tuebingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Helen Rinderknecht
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Unfallklinik Tuebingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Ruoß
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Unfallklinik Tuebingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Arnscheidt
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Unfallklinik Tuebingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kiriaki Athanasopulu
- Department of Applied Chemistry Reutlingen University, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Kemkemer
- Department of Applied Chemistry Reutlingen University, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Andreas K Nussler
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Unfallklinik Tuebingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Unfallklinik Tuebingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Radhakrishnan S, Trentz OA, Martin CA, Reddy MS, Rela M, Chinnarasu M, Kalkura N, Sellathamby S. Effect of passaging on the stemness of infrapatellar fat pad‑derived stem cells and potential role of nucleostemin as a prognostic marker of impaired stemness. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:813-829. [PMID: 31115526 PMCID: PMC6579983 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infrapatellar fat pad‑derived stem cells (IFPSCs) are emerging as an alternative to adipose tissue‑derived stem cells (ADSCs) from other sources. They are a reliable source of autologous stem cells obtained from medical waste that are suitable for use in cell‑based therapy, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Such clinical applications require a vast number of high‑quality IFPSCs. Unlike embryonic stem cells (ESCs), ADSCs and IFPSCs have limited population doubling capacity; however, in vitro expansion of primary IFPSCs through multiple passages (referred to as P) is a crucial step to acquire the desired population of cells. The present study investigated the effect of multiple passages on the stemness of IFPSCs during expansion and the possibility of predicting the loss of stemness using certain markers. IFPSCs were isolated from infrapatellar fat pad tissue resected during knee arthroplasty performed on aged patients (>65 years old). These cells from the stromal vascular fraction were serially passaged to at least to P7, and their stemness characteristics were examined at each passage. It was observed that IFPSCs maintained their spindle‑shaped morphology, self‑renewability and homogeneity at P2‑4. Furthermore, immunostaining revealed that these cells expressed mesenchymal stem cell (CD166, CD90 and CD105) and ESC markers [Sox2, Nanog, Oct4 and nucleostemin (NS)], whereas the hematopoietic stem cell marker CD45 was absent. These cells were also able to differentiate into the three germ layer cell types, thus confirming their ability to generate clinical grade cells. The findings indicated that prolonged culture of IFPSCs (P>6) led to the loss of the stem cell proliferative marker NS, with an increased population doubling time and progression toward neuronal differentiation, acquiring a neurogenic phenotype. Additionally, IFPSCs demonstrated an inherent ability to secrete neurotrophic factors and express receptors for these factors, which is the cause of neuronal differentiation at later passages. Therefore, these findings validated NS as a prognostic indicator for impaired stemness and identified IFPSCs as a promising source for cell‑based therapy, particularly for neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subathra Radhakrishnan
- National Foundation for Liver Research, Cell Laboratory, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai 600100, India
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Omana Anna Trentz
- MIOT Institute of Research, MIOT International, Chennai 600089, India
| | - Catherine Ann Martin
- National Foundation for Liver Research, Cell Laboratory, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai 600100, India
- Crystal Growth Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India
| | - Mettu Srinivas Reddy
- National Foundation for Liver Research, Cell Laboratory, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai 600100, India
- Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai 600100, India
| | - Mohamed Rela
- National Foundation for Liver Research, Cell Laboratory, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai 600100, India
- Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai 600100, India
| | - Marimuthu Chinnarasu
- Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai 600100, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ruoß M, Damm G, Vosough M, Ehret L, Grom-Baumgarten C, Petkov M, Naddalin S, Ladurner R, Seehofer D, Nussler A, Sajadian S. Epigenetic Modifications of the Liver Tumor Cell Line HepG2 Increase Their Drug Metabolic Capacity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020347. [PMID: 30654452 PMCID: PMC6358789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Although human liver tumor cells have reduced metabolic functions as compared to primary human hepatocytes (PHH) they are widely used for pre-screening tests of drug metabolism and toxicity. The aim of the present study was to modify liver cancer cell lines in order to improve their drug-metabolizing activities towards PHH. It is well-known that epigenetics is strongly modified in tumor cells and that epigenetic regulators influence the expression and function of Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes through altering crucial transcription factors responsible for drug-metabolizing enzymes. Therefore, we screened the epigenetic status of four different liver cancer cell lines (Huh7, HLE, HepG2 and AKN-1) which were reported to have metabolizing drug activities. Our results showed that HepG2 cells demonstrated the highest similarity compared to PHH. Thus, we modified the epigenetic status of HepG2 cells towards 'normal' liver cells by 5-Azacytidine (5-AZA) and Vitamin C exposure. Then, mRNA expression of Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker SNAIL and CYP enzymes were measured by PCR and determinate specific drug metabolites, associated with CYP enzymes by LC/MS. Our results demonstrated an epigenetic shift in HepG2 cells towards PHH after exposure to 5-AZA and Vitamin C which resulted in a higher expression and activity of specific drug metabolizing CYP enzymes. Finally, we observed that 5-AZA and Vitamin C led to an increased expression of Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) and E-Cadherin and a significant down regulation of Snail1 (SNAIL), the key transcriptional repressor of E-Cadherin. Our study shows, that certain phase I genes and their enzyme activities are increased by epigenetic modification in HepG2 cells with a concomitant reduction of EMT marker gene SNAIL. The enhancing of liver specific functions in hepatoma cells using epigenetic modifiers opens new opportunities for the usage of cell lines as a potential liver in vitro model for drug testing and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ruoß
- Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Trauma Clinic, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Tehran 16635-148, Iran.
| | - Lisa Ehret
- Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Trauma Clinic, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Carl Grom-Baumgarten
- Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Trauma Clinic, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Martin Petkov
- Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Trauma Clinic, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Silvio Naddalin
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Ruth Ladurner
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Andreas Nussler
- Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Trauma Clinic, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Sahar Sajadian
- Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Trauma Clinic, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Continuous zebularine treatment enhances hepatic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells under liver-specific factors induction in vitro. Life Sci 2018; 215:57-63. [PMID: 30473025 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effect of zebularine, a stable inhibitor of DNA methylation, on hepatic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) under liver-specific factors induction in vitro. MAIN METHODS BM-MSCs were isolated from the mononuclear cell fraction of rabbit bone marrow samples. The identification of these cells was carried out by immunophenotype analysis. The three hepatic differentiation protocols of BM-MSCs were as follows: liver-specific factors (hepatocyte growth factor and epidermal growth factor) without zebularine, liver-specific factors combined with a 24 h zebularine pre-treatment, and liver-specific factors combined with continuous zebularine treatment. BM-MSCs cultured in basic medium without the differentiation stimuli were set as the control. Morphological features, liver-specific gene and protein expression, and functional analyses were assessed to evaluate hepatic differentiation of BM-MSCs. Global DNA methylation status was tested for investigating the underlying mechanism. KEY FINDINGS Flow cytometry immunophenotyping proved the isolated cells with plastic adherence and a spindle shape were CD29, CD90 positive and CD34, CD45 negative. Albumin (ALB) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) messenger RNA and protein expression, glycogen storage and urea production were significantly higher in the continuous zebularine-treated group than the other groups while the differences between the zebularine-untreated group and 24 h zebularine pre-treated group were not significant. Meanwhile, significant decrease of global DNA methylation was observed in the continuous zebularine-treated group. SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that continuous zebularine treatment can improve hepatic differentiation of BM-MSCs under liver-specific factors induction in vitro, and the decrease of global DNA methylation maybe involved in this process.
Collapse
|
11
|
Kornicka K, Szłapka-Kosarzewska J, Śmieszek A, Marycz K. 5-Azacytydine and resveratrol reverse senescence and ageing of adipose stem cells via modulation of mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:237-259. [PMID: 30370650 PMCID: PMC6307768 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and endocrine disorders have become prevalent issues in the field of both human and veterinary medicine. Equine metabolic syndrome is a complex disorder involving alternation in metabolism and chronic systemic inflammation. It has been shown that unfavourable microenvironment of inflamed adipose tissue negatively affects adipose stem cell population (ASC) residing within, markedly limiting their therapeutic potential. ASCsEMS are characterized by increased senescence apoptosis, excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondria deterioration and “autophagic flux.” The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether treatment of ASCsEMS with a combination of 5‐azacytydine (AZA) and resveratrol (RES) would reverse aged phenotype of these cells. For this reason, we performed the following analyzes: molecular biology (RT‐PCR), microscopic (immunofluorescence, TEM) and flow cytometry (JC‐1, ROS, Ki67). We evaluated the mitochondrial status, dynamics and clearance as well as autophagic pathways. Furthermore, we investigated epigenetic alternations in treated cells by measuring the expression of TET genes and analysis of DNA methylation status. We have demonstrated that AZA/RES treatment of ASCsEMS is able to rejuvenate these cells by modulating mitochondrial dynamics, in particular by promoting mitochondrial fusion over fission. After AZA/RES treatment, ASCsEMS were characterized by increased proliferation rate, decreased apoptosis and senescence and lower ROS accumulation. Our findings offer a novel approach and potential targets for the beneficial effects of AZA/RES in ameliorating stem cell dysfunctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kornicka
- Department of Experimental Biology, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Szłapka-Kosarzewska
- Department of Experimental Biology, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Śmieszek
- Department of Experimental Biology, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Department of Experimental Biology, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic - Equine Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, Gießen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ruoß M, Häussling V, Schügner F, Olde Damink LHH, Lee SML, Ge L, Ehnert S, Nussler AK. A Standardized Collagen-Based Scaffold Improves Human Hepatocyte Shipment and Allows Metabolic Studies over 10 Days. Bioengineering (Basel) 2018; 5:E86. [PMID: 30332824 PMCID: PMC6316810 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to pronounced species differences, hepatotoxicity of new drugs often cannot be detected in animal studies. Alternatively, human hepatocytes could be used, but there are some limitations. The cells are not always available on demand or in sufficient amounts, so far there has been only limited success to allow the transport of freshly isolated hepatocytes without massive loss of function or their cultivation for a long time. Since it is well accepted that the cultivation of hepatocytes in 3D is related to an improved function, we here tested the Optimaix-3D Scaffold from Matricel for the transport and cultivation of hepatocytes. After characterization of the scaffold, we shipped cells on the scaffold and/or cultivated them over 10 days. With the evaluation of hepatocyte functions such as urea production, albumin synthesis, and CYP activity, we showed that the metabolic activity of the cells on the scaffold remained nearly constant over the culture time whereas a significant decrease in metabolic activity occurred in 2D cultures. In addition, we demonstrated that significantly fewer cells were lost during transport. In summary, the collagen-based scaffold allows the transport and cultivation of hepatocytes without loss of function over 10 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ruoß
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Victor Häussling
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | | | - Serene M L Lee
- Hepacult GmbH, 82152 Martinsried/Planegg, Germany.
- Biobank of the Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the LMU, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Liming Ge
- Hepacult GmbH, 82152 Martinsried/Planegg, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Andreas K Nussler
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Luo YH, Chen J, Xiao EH, Li QY, Luo YM. Zebularine Promotes Hepatic Differentiation of Rabbit Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Interfering with p38 MAPK Signaling. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:9612512. [PMID: 30405726 PMCID: PMC6199887 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9612512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Demethylating agent zebularine is reported to be capable of inducing differentiation of stem cells by activation of methylated genes, though its function in hepatocyte differentiation is unclear. p38 signal pathway is involved in differentiation of hepatocytes and regulating of DNA methyltransferases 1 (DNMT1) expression. However, little is known about the impact of zebularine on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) and p38 signaling during hepatic differentiation. The present study investigated the effects of zebularine on hepatic differentiation of rabbit BMMSCs, as well as the role of p38 on DNMT1 and hepatic differentiation, with the aim of developing a novel strategy for improving derivation of hepatocytes. BMMSCs were treated with zebularine at concentrations of 10, 20, 50, and 100 μM in the presence of hepatocyte growth factor; changes in the levels of hepatic-specific alpha-fetoprotein and albumin were detected and determined by RT-PCR, WB, and immunofluorescence staining. Expression of DNMT1 and phosphorylated p38 as well as urea production and ICG metabolism was also analyzed. Zebularine at concentrations of 10, 20, and 50 μM could not affect cell viability after 48 h. Zebularine treatment leads to an inhibition of DNMT activity and increase of hepatic-specific proteins alpha-fetoprotein and albumin in BMMSCs in vitro; zebularine addition also induced expression of urea production of and ICG metabolism. p38 signal was activated in BMMSCs simulated with HGF; inhibition of p38 facilitated the synthesis of DNMT1 and albumin in cells. Zebularine restrained DNMT1 and phosphorylated p38 which were induced by HGF. Therefore, this study demonstrated that treatment with zebularine exhibited terminal hepatic differentiation of BMMSCs in vitro in association with hepatocyte growth factor; p38 pathway at least partially participates in zebularine-induced hepatic differentiation of rabbit BMMSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Heng Luo
- Department of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - En-Hua Xiao
- Department of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Qiu-Yun Li
- Department of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yong-Mei Luo
- Department of safety & environmental protection, Shenzhen Zhongjin Lingnan Nonfemet Company Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518040, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Marycz K, Kornicka K, Irwin‐Houston JM, Weiss C. Combination of resveratrol and 5-azacytydine improves osteogenesis of metabolic syndrome mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:4771-4793. [PMID: 29999247 PMCID: PMC6156237 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disorders have become more and more frequently diagnosed in humans and animals. In horses, equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is characterized by insulin resistance, hyperleptinemia, hyperinsulinemia, inflammation and usually by pathological obesity. Due to an increased inflammatory response in the adipose tissue, cytophysiological properties of adipose derived stem cells (ASC) have been impaired, which strongly limits their therapeutic potential. Excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species, mitochondria deterioration and accelerated ageing of those cells affect their multipotency and restrict the effectiveness of the differentiation process. In the present study, we have treated ASC isolated from EMS individuals with a combination of 5-azacytydine (AZA) and resveratrol (RES) in order to reverse their aged phenotype and enhance osteogenic differentiation. Using SEM and confocal microscope, cell morphology, matrix mineralization and mitochondrial dynamics were assessed. Furthermore, we investigated the expression of osteogenic-related genes with RT-PCR. We also investigated the role of autophagy during differentiation and silenced PARKIN expression with siRNA. Obtained results indicated that AZA/RES significantly enhanced early osteogenesis of ASC derived from EMS animals. Increased matrix mineralization, RUNX-2, collagen type I and osteopontin levels were noted. Furthermore, we proved that AZA/RES exerts its beneficial effects by modulating autophagy and mitochondrial dynamics through PARKIN and RUNX-2 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Marycz
- Department of Experimental BiologyWroclaw University of Environmental and Life SciencesWroclawPoland
- Wroclaw Research Centre EIT+WrocławPoland
| | - Katarzyna Kornicka
- Department of Experimental BiologyWroclaw University of Environmental and Life SciencesWroclawPoland
| | | | - Christine Weiss
- PferdePraxis Dr. Med. Vet. Daniel WeissFreienbachSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Reumann MK, Linnemann C, Aspera-Werz RH, Arnold S, Held M, Seeliger C, Nussler AK, Ehnert S. Donor Site Location Is Critical for Proliferation, Stem Cell Capacity, and Osteogenic Differentiation of Adipose Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells: Implications for Bone Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071868. [PMID: 29949865 PMCID: PMC6073876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adipose mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (Ad-MSCs) have been proposed as a suitable option for bone tissue engineering. However, donor age, weight, and gender might affect the outcome. There is still a lack of knowledge of the effects the donor tissue site might have on Ad-MSCs function. Thus, this study investigated proliferation, stem cell, and osteogenic differentiation capacity of human Ad-MSCs obtained from subcutaneous fat tissue acquired from different locations (abdomen, hip, thigh, knee, and limb). Ad-MSCs from limb and knee showed strong proliferation despite the presence of osteogenic stimuli, resulting in limited osteogenic characteristics. The less proliferative Ad-MSCs from hip and thigh showed the highest alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and matrix mineralization. Ad-MSCs from the abdomen showed good proliferation and osteogenic characteristics. Interestingly, the observed differences were not dependent on donor age, weight, or gender, but correlated with the expression of Sox2, Lin28A, Oct4α, and Nanog. Especially, low basal Sox2 levels seemed to be pivotal for osteogenic differentiation. Our data clearly show that the donor tissue site affects the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of Ad-MSCs significantly. Thus, for bone tissue engineering, the donor site of the adipose tissue from which the Ad-MSCs are derived should be adapted depending on the requirements, e.g., cell number and differentiation state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie K Reumann
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Caren Linnemann
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Romina H Aspera-Werz
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Sigrid Arnold
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Manuel Held
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
- Department of Hand, Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Claudine Seeliger
- Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany.
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Andreas K Nussler
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chaker D, Mouawad C, Azar A, Quilliot D, Achkar I, Fajloun Z, Makdissy N. Inhibition of the RhoGTPase Cdc42 by ML141 enhances hepatocyte differentiation from human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells via the Wnt5a/PI3K/miR-122 pathway: impact of the age of the donor. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:167. [PMID: 29921325 PMCID: PMC6009972 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0910-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs) are promising cells that may promote hepatocyte differentiation (Hep-Dif) and improve liver function, but the involvement of Cdc42, a key small RhoGTPase which plays a crucial role in aging, is still not well established. We hypothesized that the inhibition of Cdc42 may rescue the hepatogenic potential of hADSCs derived from aged donors. Methods hADSCs isolated from 61 women of different ages were cultured for evaluation of the proliferation of cells, adherence, apoptosis, immunomodulation, immunophenotyping, multipotency, gene expression, and cell function during Hep-Dif. Inhibition of Cdc42 by ML141 was realized during two phases: initiation (days –2 to 14 (D–2/14)) from undifferentiated to hepatoblast-like cells, or maturation (days 14 to 28 (D14/28)) from undifferentiated to hepatocyte-like cells. Mechanistic insights of the Wnt(s)/MAPK/PI3K/miR-122 pathways were studied. Results Cdc42 activity in undifferentiated hADSCs showed an age-dependent significant increase in Cdc42-GTP correlated to a decrease in Cdc42GAP; the low potentials of cell proliferation, doubling, adherence, and immunomodulatory ability (proinflammatory over anti-inflammatory) contrary to the apoptotic index of the aged group were significantly reversed by ML141. Aged donor cells showed a decreased potential for Hep-Dif which was rescued by ML141 treatment, giving rise to mature and functional hepatocyte-like cells as assessed by hepatic gene expression, cytochrome activity, urea and albumin production, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake, and glycogen storage. ML141-induced Hep-Dif showed an improvement in mesenchymal-epithelial transition, a switch from Wtn-3a/β-catenin to Wnt5a signaling, involvement of PI3K/PKB but not the MAPK (ERK/JNK/p38) pathway, induction of miR-122 expression, reinforcing the exosomes release and the production of albumin, and epigenetic changes. Inhibition of PI3K and miR-122 abolished completely the effects of ML141 indicating that inhibition of Cdc42 promotes the Hep-Dif through a Wnt5a/PI3K/miR-122/HNF4α/albumin/E-cadherin-positive action. The ML141(D–2/14) protocol had more pronounced effects when compared with ML141(D14/28); inhibition of DNA methylation in combination with ML141(D–2/14) showed more efficacy in rescuing the Hep-Dif of aged hADSCs. In addition to Hep-Dif, the multipotency of aged hADSC-treated ML141 was observed by rescuing the adipocyte and neural differentiation by inducing PPARγ/FABP4 and NeuN/O4 but inhibiting Pref-1 and GFAP, respectively. Conclusion ML141 has the potential to reverse the age-related aberrations in aged stem cells and promotes their hepatogenic differentiation. Selective inhibition of Cdc42 could be a potential target of drug therapy for aging and may give new insights on the improvement of Hep-Dif. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0910-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Chaker
- Lebanese University, Doctoral School for Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, Tripoli, Lebanon.,Reviva Regenerative Medicine Center, Human Genetic Center, Middle East Institute of Health Hospital, Bsalim, Lebanon.,Paris Saclay University, Doctoral School, Therapeutical Innovation, Inserm UMR935, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Albert Azar
- Reviva Regenerative Medicine Center, Human Genetic Center, Middle East Institute of Health Hospital, Bsalim, Lebanon
| | - Didier Quilliot
- Diabetologia-Endocrinology & Nutrition, CHRU Nancy, INSERM 954, University Henri Poincaré de Lorraine, Faculty of Medicine, Nancy, France
| | | | - Ziad Fajloun
- Lebanese University, Doctoral School for Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, Tripoli, Lebanon.,Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences III, Department of Biology, Kobbe, Lebanon
| | - Nehman Makdissy
- Lebanese University, Doctoral School for Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, Tripoli, Lebanon. .,Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences III, Department of Biology, Kobbe, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kornicka K, Marycz K, Marędziak M, Tomaszewski KA, Nicpoń J. The effects of the DNA methyltranfserases inhibitor 5-Azacitidine on ageing, oxidative stress and DNA methylation of adipose derived stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:387-401. [PMID: 27998022 PMCID: PMC5264131 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adipose tissue is a great source of adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) which are recognized from their ability to self‐renew and differentiation into multiple lineages. MSCs have promised a vast therapeutic potential in treatment many diseases including tissue injury and immune disorders. However, their regenerative potential profoundly depends on patients’ age. Age‐related deterioration of MSC is associated with cellular senescence mainly caused by increased DNA methylation status, accumulation of oxidative stress factors and mitochondria dysfunction. We found that DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor i.e. 5‐Azacytidine (5‐AZA) reversed the aged phenotype of MSCs. Proliferation rate of cells cultured with 5‐AZA was increased while the accumulation of oxidative stress factors and DNA methylation status were decreased. Simultaneously the mRNA levels of TET proteins involved in demethylation process were elevated in those cells. Moreover, cells treated with 5‐AZA displayed reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, ameliorated superoxide dismutase activity and increased BCL‐2/BAX ratio in comparison to control group. Our results indicates that, treating MSCs with 5‐AZA can be justified therapeutic intervention, that can slow‐down and even reverse aged‐ related degenerative changes in those cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kornicka
- Faculty of Biology, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.,Wroclaw Research Centre EIT+, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Faculty of Biology, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.,Wroclaw Research Centre EIT+, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Monika Marędziak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Jakub Nicpoń
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cipriano M, Correia JC, Camões SP, Oliveira NG, Cruz P, Cruz H, Castro M, Ruas JL, Santos JM, Miranda JP. The role of epigenetic modifiers in extended cultures of functional hepatocyte-like cells derived from human neonatal mesenchymal stem cells. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:2469-2489. [PMID: 27909741 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1901-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of predictive in vitro stem cell-derived hepatic models for toxicological drug screening is an increasingly important topic. Herein, umbilical cord tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hnMSCs) underwent hepatic differentiation using an optimized three-step core protocol of 24 days that mimicked liver embryogenesis with further exposure to epigenetic markers, namely the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA), the cytidine analogue 5-azacytidine (5-AZA) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). FGF-2 and FGF-4 were also tested to improve endoderm commitment and foregut induction during Step 1 of the differentiation protocol, being HHEX expression increased with FGF-2 (4 ng/mL). DMSO (1%, v/v) when added at day 10 enhanced cell morphology, glycogen storage ability, enzymatic activity and induction capacity. Moreover, the stability of the hepatic phenotype under the optimized differentiation conditions was examined up to day 34. Our findings showed that hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) acquired the ability to metabolize glucose, produce albumin and detoxify ammonia. Global transcriptional analysis of the HLCs showed a partial hepatic differentiation degree. Global analysis of gene expression in the different cells revealed shared expression of gene groups between HLCs and human primary hepatocytes (hpHeps) that were not observed between HepG2 and hpHeps. In addition, bioinformatics analysis of gene expression data placed HLCs between the HepG2 cell line and hpHeps and distant from hnMSCs. The enhanced hepatic differentiation observed was supported by the presence of the hepatic drug transporters OATP-C and MRP-2 and gene expression of the hepatic markers CK18, TAT, AFP, ALB, HNF4A and CEBPA; and by their ability to display stable UGT-, EROD-, ECOD-, CYP1A1-, CYP2C9- and CYP3A4-dependent activities at levels either comparable with or even higher than those observed in primary hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. Overall, an improvement of the hepatocyte-like phenotype was achieved for an extended culture time suggesting a role of the epigenetic modifiers in hepatic differentiation and maturation and presenting hnMSC-HLCs as an advantageous alternative for drug discovery and in vitro toxicology testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Cipriano
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J C Correia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S P Camões
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - N G Oliveira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P Cruz
- ECBio S.A., Amadora, Portugal
| | - H Cruz
- ECBio S.A., Amadora, Portugal
| | - M Castro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J L Ruas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - J P Miranda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cipriano M, Freyer N, Knöspel F, Oliveira NG, Barcia R, Cruz PE, Cruz H, Castro M, Santos JM, Zeilinger K, Miranda JP. Self-assembled 3D spheroids and hollow-fibre bioreactors improve MSC-derived hepatocyte-like cell maturation in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1815-1832. [PMID: 27590069 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1838-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
3D cultures of human stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) have emerged as promising models for short- and long-term maintenance of hepatocyte phenotype in vitro cultures by better resembling the in vivo environment of the liver and consequently increase the translational value of the resulting data. In this study, the first stage of hepatic differentiation of human neonatal mesenchymal stem cells (hnMSCs) was performed in 2D monolayer cultures for 17 days. The second stage was performed by either maintaining cells in 2D cultures for an extra 10 days, as control, or alternatively cultured in 3D as self-assembled spheroids or in multicompartment membrane bioreactor system. All systems enabled hnMSC differentiation into HLCs as shown by positive immune staining of hepatic markers CK-18, HNF-4α, albumin, the hepatic transporters OATP-C and MRP-2 as well as drug-metabolizing enzymes like CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. Similarly, all models also displayed relevant glucose, phase I and phase II metabolism, the ability to produce albumin and to convert ammonia into urea. However, EROD activity and urea production were increased in both 3D systems. Moreover, the spheroids revealed higher bupropion conversion, whereas bioreactor showed increased albumin production and capacity to biotransform diclofenac. Additionally, diclofenac resulted in an IC50 value of 1.51 ± 0.05 and 0.98 ± 0.03 in 2D and spheroid cultures, respectively. These data suggest that the 3D models tested improved HLC maturation showing a relevant biotransformation capacity and thus provide more appropriate reliable models for mechanistic studies and more predictive systems for in vitro toxicology applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madalena Cipriano
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nora Freyer
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fanny Knöspel
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nuno G Oliveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita Barcia
- ECBio S.A., Rua Henrique Paiva Couceiro, Nº 27, 2700-451, Amadora, Portugal
| | - Pedro E Cruz
- ECBio S.A., Rua Henrique Paiva Couceiro, Nº 27, 2700-451, Amadora, Portugal
| | - Helder Cruz
- ECBio S.A., Rua Henrique Paiva Couceiro, Nº 27, 2700-451, Amadora, Portugal
| | - Matilde Castro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge M Santos
- ECBio S.A., Rua Henrique Paiva Couceiro, Nº 27, 2700-451, Amadora, Portugal
| | - Katrin Zeilinger
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joana P Miranda
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Uzbas F, May ID, Parisi AM, Thompson SK, Kaya A, Perkins AD, Memili E. Molecular physiognomies and applications of adipose-derived stem cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016; 11:298-308. [PMID: 25504377 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9578-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASC) are multipotent with abilities to differentiate into multiple lineages including connective tissue and neural cells. Despite unlimited opportunity and needs for human and veterinary regenerative medicine, applications of adipose-derived stromal/stem cells are at present very limited. Furthermore, the fundamental biological factors regulating stemness in ASC and their stable differentiation into other tissue cells are not fully understood. The objective of this review was to provide an update on the current knowledge of the nature and isolation, molecular and epigenetic determinants of the potency, and applications of adipose-derived stromal/stem cells, as well as challenges and future directions. The first quarter of the review focuses on the nature of ASC, namely their definition, origin, isolation and sorting methods and multilineage differentiation potential, often with a comparison to mesenchymal stem cells of bone marrow. Due to the indisputable role of epigenetic regulation on cell identities, epigenetic modifications (DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling and microRNAs) are described broadly in stem cells but with a focus on ASC. The final sections provide insights into the current and potential applications of ASC in human and veterinary regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Uzbas
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Neuherberg, München, 85764, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sajadian SO, Ehnert S, Vakilian H, Koutsouraki E, Damm G, Seehofer D, Thasler W, Dooley S, Baharvand H, Sipos B, Nussler AK. Induction of active demethylation and 5hmC formation by 5-azacytidine is TET2 dependent and suggests new treatment strategies against hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:98. [PMID: 26366235 PMCID: PMC4567821 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global deregulation of DNA methylation is one of the crucial causes of hepato cellular carcinoma (HCC). It has been reported that the anti-cancer drug 5-azacytidine (5-AZA) mediates the activation of tumor suppressor genes through passive demethylation by inhibiting DNMT1. Recent evidence suggests that active demethylation which is mediated by ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins may also be an important step to control global methylation. However, there exists a controversial discussion in which TET proteins are involved in the demethylation process in HCC. Therefore, we firstly wanted to identify which of the TETs are involved in demethylation and later to study whether or not 5-AZA could trigger the TET-dependent active demethylation process in HCC. HCC cell lines (Huh-7, HLE, HLF), primary human hepatocytes (hHeps), and tissues from both healthy (55 patients) and HCC patients (55 patients) were included in this study; mRNA levels of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1, 2) and TETs (TET1-3) were studied via qPCR and confirmed by Western blot. The expression of 5hmC/5mC was determined by immunohistochemistry in human HCC tissues and the corresponding adjacent healthy liver. HCC cell lines were stimulated with 5-AZA (0-20 μM) and viability (Resazurin conversion), toxicity (LDH release), proliferation (PCNA), and 5hmC/5mC distribution were assessed. In addition, knockdown experiments on TET proteins in HCC cell lines using short interference RNAs (siRNAs), in the presence and absence of 5-AZA, were performed. RESULTS Our data applying qPCR, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting clearly show that TET2 and TET3 but not TET1 were significantly decreased in HCC tissue and different HCC cell lines compared to non-tumor liver tissues and hHeps. In addition, we show here for the first time applying knockdown experiments that 5-AZA is able to trigger an active TET2-dependent demethylation process with concomitant significant changes in 5hmC/5mC in HCC cell lines and hHeps. CONCLUSIONS Our data clearly show that the expression and activity of TET2 and TET3 proteins but not TET1 are impaired in hepatocellular carcinoma leading to the reduction of 5hmC in HCCs. Furthermore, this study identified a novel function of 5-azacytidine in promoting a TET-mediated generation of 5hmC suggesting that the availability of 5-AZA in cancer cells will have various effects on different epigenetic targets. These findings may open new therapeutic strategies for epigenetic drugs to treat HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Olsadat Sajadian
- />Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, BG Trauma Clinic, SWI, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- />Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, BG Trauma Clinic, SWI, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Haghighat Vakilian
- />Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at the Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Eirini Koutsouraki
- />Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor’s Building 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Georg Damm
- />Department of General Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- />Department of General Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Thasler
- />Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular, and Thoracic Surgery, University of Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- />Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- />Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at the Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bence Sipos
- />Department of Pathology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- />Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, BG Trauma Clinic, SWI, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yang D, Wang ZQ, Deng JQ, Liao JY, Wang X, Xie J, Deng MM, Lü MH. Adipose-derived stem cells: A candidate for liver regeneration. J Dig Dis 2015; 16:489-98. [PMID: 26121206 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The scarcity of donor livers and the impracticality of hepatocyte transplantation represent the biggest obstacles for the treatment of liver failure. Adipose-derived stem cells, with their ability to differentiate into the hepatic lineage, provide a reliable alternative cell source with clear ethical and practical advantages. Moreover, adipose-derived stem cells can effectively repair liver damage by the dominant indirect pattern and increase the number of hepatocytes by the secondary direct pattern. In recent years, the development of the indirect pattern, which mainly includes immunomodulatory and trophic effects, has become a hot topic in the field of cell engineering. Therefore, adipose-derived stem cells are considered to be ideal therapeutic stem cells for human liver regeneration. In this article, we reviewed the advantages of adipose-derived stem cells in liver regeneration, and explore their underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhong Qiong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jia Qi Deng
- School of Foreign Languages of Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Yuan Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ming Ming Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Mu Han Lü
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Epigenetic regulation of human adipose-derived stem cells differentiation. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 410:111-20. [PMID: 26307369 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2543-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells have more restricted differentiation potential than embryonic stem cells (ESCs), but upon appropriate stimulation can differentiate into cells of different germ layers. Epigenetic factors, including DNA modifications, take a significant part in regulation of pluripotency and differentiation of ESCs. Less is known about the epigenetic regulation of these processes in adult stem cells. Gene expression profile and location of DNA modifications in adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and their osteogenically differentiated lineages were analyzed using Agilent microarrays. Methylation-specific PCR and restriction-based quantitative PCR were applied for 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) detection in selected loci. The level of DNA modifications in the POU5F1 locus was quantified with deep sequencing. Expression levels of selected genes were assayed by real-time PCR. ADSCs differentiation into osteogenic lineages involved marked changes in both 5mC and 5hmC profiles, but 5hmC changes were more abundant. 5mC losses and 5hmC gains were the main events observed during ADSCs differentiation, and were accompanied by increased expression of TET1 (P = 0.009). In ADSCs, POU5F1 was better expressed than NANOG or SOX2 (P ≤ 0.001). Both 5mC and 5hmC marks were present in the POU5F1 locus, but only hydroxymethylation of specific cytosine showed significant effect on the gene expression. In summary, the data of our study suggest significant involvement of changes in 5hmC profile during the differentiation of human adult stem cells.
Collapse
|
24
|
Nooeaid P, Schulze-Tanzil G, Boccaccini AR. Stratified Scaffolds for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1340:191-200. [PMID: 26445840 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2938-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Stratified scaffolds are promising devices finding application in the field of osteochondral tissue engineering. In this scaffold type, different biomaterials are chosen to fulfill specific features required to mimic the complex osteochondral tissue interface, including cartilage, interlayer tissue, and subchondral bone. Here, the biomaterials and fabrication methods currently used to manufacture stratified multilayered scaffolds as well as cell seeding techniques for their characterization are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patcharakamon Nooeaid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstraße 6, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gundula Schulze-Tanzil
- Institute of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg and Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany
- Department for Orthopedic, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité-University of Medicine, Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Garystrasse 5, 90419, Berlin, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstraße 6, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ghallab A, Bolt HM. In vitro systems: current limitations and future perspectives. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:2085-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1404-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
26
|
Seeliger C, Karpinski K, Haug AT, Vester H, Schmitt A, Bauer JS, van Griensven M. Five freely circulating miRNAs and bone tissue miRNAs are associated with osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:1718-28. [PMID: 24431276 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis as a systemic skeletal disorder is characterized by increased bone fragility and the risk of fractures. According to the World Health Organization, osteoporosis is one of the 10 most common diseases and affects approximately 75 million people in Europe, the United States, and Japan. In this context, the identification of specific microRNA (miRNA) signatures is an important step for new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The focus of interest on miRNAs as biomarkers came with new publications identifying free circulating extracellular miRNAs associated with various types of cancer. This study aimed to identify specific miRNAs in patients with osteoporotic fractures compared with nonosteoporotic fractures. For the array analysis, miRNAs were isolated from the serum of 20 patients with hip fractures, transcribed, and the samples were pooled into 10 osteoporotic and 10 nonosteoporotic specimens. With each pool of samples, human serum and plasma miRNA PCR arrays were performed, which are able to identify 83 different miRNAs. Subsequently, a separate validation analysis of each miRNA found to be regulated in the array followed with miRNA samples isolated from the serum of 30 osteoporotic and 30 nonosteoporotic patients and miRNA samples isolated from the bone tissue of 20 osteoporotic and 20 nonosteoporotic patients. With the validation analysis of the regulated miRNAs, we identified 9 miRNAs, namely miR-21, miR-23a, miR-24, miR-93, miR-100, miR-122a, miR-124a, miR-125b, and miR-148a, that were significantly upregulated in the serum of patients with osteoporosis. In the bone tissue of osteoporotic patients, we identified that miR-21, miR-23a, miR-24, miR-25, miR-100, and miR-125b displayed a significantly higher expression. A total of 5 miRNAs display an upregulation both in serum and bone tissue. This study reveals an important role for several miRNAs in osteoporotic patients and suggested that they may be used as biomarkers for diagnostic purposes and may be a target for treating bone loss and optimizing fracture healing in osteoporotic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Seeliger
- Department of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Recent developments in in vitro toxicology: perspectives of European research and Tox21. Arch Toxicol 2014; 87:2043-6. [PMID: 24221536 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
28
|
Yan X, Ehnert S, Culmes M, Bachmann A, Seeliger C, Schyschka L, Wang Z, Rahmanian-Schwarz A, Stöckle U, De Sousa PA, Pelisek J, Nussler AK. 5-azacytidine improves the osteogenic differentiation potential of aged human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells by DNA demethylation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90846. [PMID: 24603866 PMCID: PMC3946260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic value of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Ad-MSCs) for bone regeneration is critically discussed. A possible reason for reduced osteogenic potential may be an age-related deterioration of the Ad-MSCs. In long term in vitro culture, epigenomic changes in DNA methylation are known to cause gene silencing, affecting stem cell growth as well as the differentiation potential. In this study, we observed an age-related decline in proliferation of primary human Ad-MSCs. Decreased Nanog, Oct4 and Lin28A and increased Sox2 gene-expression was accompanied by an impaired osteogenic differentiation potential of Ad-MSCs isolated from old donors (>60 a) as compared to Ad-MSCs isolated from younger donors (<45 a). 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5 hmC) and 5-methylcytonsine (5 mC) distribution as well as TET gene expression were evaluated to assess the evidence of active DNA demethylation. We observed a decrease of 5 hmC in Ad-MSCs from older donors. Incubation of these cells with 5-Azacytidine induced proliferation and improved the osteogenic differentiation potential in these cells. The increase in AP activity and matrix mineralization was associated with an increased presence of 5 hmC as well as with an increased TET2 and TET3 gene expression. Our data show, for the first time, a decrease of DNA hydroxymethylation in Ad-MSCs which correlates with donor-age and that treatment with 5-Azacytidine provides an approach which could be used to rejuvenate Ad-MSCs from aged donors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Yan
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Trauma Center, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Trauma Center, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mihaela Culmes
- Clinic of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anastasia Bachmann
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Trauma Center, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claudine Seeliger
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lilianna Schyschka
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Afshin Rahmanian-Schwarz
- Clinic for Hand-, Plastic-, Reconstructive- and Vascular Surgery, BG Trauma Center, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Stöckle
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Trauma Center, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paul A. De Sousa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jaroslav Pelisek
- Clinic of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Trauma Center, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|