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Matallana-Puerto CA, Cardoso JCF. Ratatouille of flowers! Rats as potential pollinators of a petal-rewarding plant in the urban area. Ecology 2022; 103:e3778. [PMID: 35657118 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Matallana-Puerto
- Grupo de Investigación Biología para la Conservación, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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2
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Fuster F, Kaiser-Bunbury CN, Traveset A. Pollination effectiveness of specialist and opportunistic nectar feeders influenced by invasive alien ants in the Seychelles. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:957-969. [PMID: 32592166 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Opportunistic nectar-feeders may act as effective pollinators; nonetheless, we still lack information on whether these opportunistic species differ in their pollination effectiveness from specialized nectarivorous vertebrates and insects. Many nectar specialists have coevolved with the plants on which they feed; therefore, we would expect higher pollination effectiveness in specialists than in opportunistic feeders. Here, we assessed quantity and quality components of pollination effectiveness in specialist and opportunistic vertebrate nectarivores and insects, focusing on three plants from the Seychelles: Thespesia populnea, Polyscias crassa, and Syzygium wrightii. METHODS We determined the quantity component (QNC) of pollination effectiveness with pollinator observations, and the quality component (QLC) by measuring fruit and seed set resulting from single visits by each pollinator. To detect potential negative effects of invasive ants on native plant-pollinator interactions, we classified pollinator visits (quantity component) as disturbed (>6 ants/30 min) vs. undisturbed. RESULTS All focal plants were visited by insects, and vertebrate specialist and opportunist nectarivores, yet their pollination effectiveness differed. Flying insects were the most effective pollinators of T. populnea. The other two plants were most effectively pollinated by vertebrates; i.e., sunbirds (nectar specialists) in S. wrightii and Phelsuma geckos (nectar opportunists) in P. crassa, despite marked variation in QNC and QLC. Ant presence was associated with lower pollinator visitation rate in P. crassa and S. wrightii. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the importance of all pollinator guilds, including opportunist nectarivorous vertebrates as pollinators of island plants, and the vulnerability of such interactions to disruption by nonnative species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Fuster
- Global Change Research Group, Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Miquel Marqués 21, 07190, Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Christopher N Kaiser-Bunbury
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Anna Traveset
- Global Change Research Group, Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Miquel Marqués 21, 07190, Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
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Diller C, Castañeda-Zárate M, Johnson SD. Generalist birds outperform specialist sunbirds as pollinators of an African Aloe. Biol Lett 2019; 15:20190349. [PMID: 31362606 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bird pollination systems are dominated by specialist nectarivores, such as hummingbirds in the Americas and sunbirds in Africa. Opportunistic (generalist) avian nectarivores such as orioles, weavers and bulbuls have also been implicated as plant pollinators, but their effectiveness as agents of pollen transfer is poorly known. Here, we compare the single-visit effectiveness of specialist and opportunistic avian nectarivores as pollinators of Aloe ferox, a plant that relies almost exclusively on birds for seed production. We found that the number of pollen grains on stigmas of flowers receiving single visits by opportunistic avian nectarivores was approximately threefold greater than on those receiving single visits by specialist sunbirds and about twofold greater than on those that received single visits by honeybees. The number of pollen grains on stigmas of flowers visited by sunbirds was similar to that on stigmas of unvisited flowers. These results show that opportunistic birds are highly effective pollinators of A. ferox, supporting the idea that some plants are specialized for pollination by opportunistic birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Diller
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermartizburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Miguel Castañeda-Zárate
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermartizburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Steven D Johnson
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermartizburg 3209, South Africa
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Jaca J, Rodríguez N, Nogales M, Traveset A. Impact of alien rats and honeybees on the reproductive success of an ornithophilous endemic plant in Canarian thermosclerophyllous woodland relicts. Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-02040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abrahamczyk S. Comparison of the ecology and evolution of plants with a generalist bird pollination system between continents and islands worldwide. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1658-1671. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Abrahamczyk
- Nees‐Institute for Biodiversity of PlantsUniversity of Bonn 53115 Bonn Germany
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Jaca J, Nogales M, Traveset A. Reproductive success of the Canarian Echium simplex (Boraginaceae) mediated by vertebrates and insects. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:216-226. [PMID: 30334319 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Oceanic island ecosystems favour the appearance of novel interactions as a consequence of their depauperate and disharmonic flora and fauna. We investigated Echium simplex, endemic to the Anaga Biosphere Reserve in NE Tenerife, Canary Islands, belongs to the Canarian bird-flower element. Along two flowering seasons, we studied the breeding system of E. simplex, identified the floral visitors and compared the pollination effectiveness of different animal guilds (insects versus vertebrates) by means of selective exclosures. E. simplex is self-compatible but selfing significantly reduced fruit set. The flowers were visited by five bird species (mostly Phylloscopus canariensis and Serinus canarius, but also Cyanistes teneriffae, Sylvia atricapilla and Sylvia melanocephala), a lizard species (Gallotia galloti) and over a hundred insect species (mainly hymenopterans and coleopterans). Flying insects increased fruit set whereas small flower dwellers (mostly beetles) decreased both fruit and seed set. Vertebrates had a negligible effect on reproductive success. We conclude that although the floral resources provided by E. simplex may be important to some vertebrate species, these do not appear to contribute to increase fitness of the plant, which was more dependent upon flying insects for fruit and seed set. We additionally found that plant reproductive structures are heavily damaged by feral goats, which threaten the maintenance of this Canarian endemic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jaca
- Global Change Research Group, Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats IMEDEA (CSIC- UIB), Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - M Nogales
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (CSIC-IPNA), C/ Astrofísico Fco, La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - A Traveset
- Global Change Research Group, Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats IMEDEA (CSIC- UIB), Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
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7
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Hervías-Parejo S, Traveset A. Pollination effectiveness of opportunistic Galápagos birds compared to that of insects: From fruit set to seedling emergence. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1142-1153. [PMID: 30035803 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Relying on floral traits to assess pollination systems has been shown to underestimate the ecological service that novel mutualisms can provide. Although vertebrates with opportunistic food habits are common on islands, usually feeding upon flowers of entomophilous species (ES), little is known about how effective they are as pollinators. In a previous study, we had reported that native insectivorous and frugivorous Galápagos birds commonly visit ES flowers, without assessing whether they act as pollinators. Here we investigate this by focusing on three typically ES (Cryptocarpus pyriformis, Waltheria ovata, Cordia lutea) and one mostly ornithophilous species (OS), Opuntia echios. METHODS The quantitative component (QNC: the product of floral visit frequency and number of flowers contacted) and qualitative components (QLC: fruit and seed set, fruit length, and mass and proportion of seedling emergence) of pollination effectiveness of birds was compared with that of insects. KEY RESULTS Birds were not quantitatively important pollinators compared to insects. However, selective exclusion experiments in the four plant species revealed that all qualitative components of fitness improved when both birds and insects visited the flowers. Our study is the first to confirm pollination effectiveness of ES by native opportunistic birds. CONCLUSIONS The Galápagos pollination systems are probably more generalized than previous data suggested and, given that ES dominate the flora of this archipelago, we argue that, contrary to expectation, birds might have an important role in maintaining the reproductive success and diversity of plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hervías-Parejo
- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Global Change Research Group, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Anna Traveset
- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Global Change Research Group, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
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Olesen JM, Damgaard CF, Fuster F, Heleno RH, Nogales M, Rumeu B, Trøjelsgaard K, Vargas P, Traveset A. Disclosing the double mutualist role of birds on Galápagos. Sci Rep 2018; 8:57. [PMID: 29311551 PMCID: PMC5758524 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17592-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Life on oceanic islands deviate in many ways from that on the mainland. Their biodiversity is relatively poor and some groups are well-represented, others not, especially not insects. A scarcity of insects forces birds to explore alternative food, such as nectar and fruit. In this way, island birds may pollinate and disperse seed to an extent unseen on any mainland; they may even first consume floral resources of a plant species and then later harvest the fruit of the same species. Through this biotic reuse, they may act as double mutualists. The latter have never been studied at the level of the network, because they are traditionally considered rare. We sampled pollination and seed-dispersal interactions on Galápagos and constructed a plant-bird mutualism network of 108 plant (12% being double mutualists) and 21 bird species (48% being double mutualists), and their 479 interactions, being either single (95%) or double mutualisms (5%). Double mutualists constitute the core in the pollination-dispersal network, coupling the two link types together. They may also initiate positive feedbacks (more pollination leading to more dispersal), which theoretically are known to be unstable. Thus, double mutualisms may be a necessary, but risky prerequisite to the survival of island biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens M Olesen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Christian F Damgaard
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Francisco Fuster
- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Ruben H Heleno
- Center for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel Nogales
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (CSIC-IPNA), La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Beatriz Rumeu
- Center for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | - Anna Traveset
- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain
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Ojeda DI, Valido A, Fernández de Castro AG, Ortega-Olivencia A, Fuertes-Aguilar J, Carvalho JA, Santos-Guerra A. Pollinator shifts drive petal epidermal evolution on the Macaronesian Islands bird-flowered species. Biol Lett 2017; 12:rsbl.2016.0022. [PMID: 27122008 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollinator shifts are considered to drive floral trait evolution, yet little is still known about the modifications of petal epidermal surface at a biogeographic region scale. Here we investigated how independent shifts from insects to passerine birds in the Macaronesian Islands consistently modified this floral trait (i.e. absence of papillate cells). Using current phylogenies and extensive evidence from field observations, we selected a total of 81 plant species and subspecies for petal microscopy and comparative analysis, including 19 of the 23 insular species pollinated by opportunistic passerine birds (Macaronesian bird-flowered element). Species relying on passerine birds as the most effective pollinators (bird-pollinated) independently evolved at least five times and in all instances associated with a loss of papillate cells, whereas species with a mixed pollination system (birds plus insects and/or other vertebrates) evolved at least five times in Macaronesia and papillate cells were lost in only 25% of these transitions. Our findings suggest that petal micromorphology is a labile trait during pollinator shifts and that papillate cells tend to be absent on those species where pollinators have limited mechanical interaction with flowers, including opportunistic passerine birds that forage by hovering or from the ground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario I Ojeda
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F.D Roosevelt 50, 1050, Belgium
| | - Alfredo Valido
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), C/Américo Vespucio s/n, La Cartuja, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | | | - Ana Ortega-Olivencia
- Área de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas s.n., Badajoz 06006, Spain
| | | | - José A Carvalho
- Jardim Botânico da Madeira Eng. Rui Vieira, Caminho do Meio, 9064-512 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
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Mairal M, Sanmartín I, Aldasoro JJ, Culshaw V, Manolopoulou I, Alarcón M. Palaeo-islands as refugia and sources of genetic diversity within volcanic archipelagos: the case of the widespread endemicCanarina canariensis(Campanulaceae). Mol Ecol 2015; 24:3944-63. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Mairal
- Real Jardín Botánico (RJB-CSIC); 28014 Madrid Spain
| | - I. Sanmartín
- Real Jardín Botánico (RJB-CSIC); 28014 Madrid Spain
| | - J. J. Aldasoro
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB); 08038 Barcelona Spain
| | - V. Culshaw
- Real Jardín Botánico (RJB-CSIC); 28014 Madrid Spain
| | | | - M. Alarcón
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB); 08038 Barcelona Spain
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11
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Gomes VGN, Quirino ZGM, Machado IC. Pollination and seed dispersal of Melocactus ernestii Vaupel subsp. ernestii (Cactaceae) by lizards: an example of double mutualism. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16:315-322. [PMID: 23890160 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies show that the mutualistic role of lizards as pollinators and seed dispersers has been underestimated, with several ecological factors promoting such plant-animal interactions, especially on oceanic islands. Our aim is to provide a quantitative assessment of pollination and seed dispersal mutualisms with lizards in continental xeric habitats. We carried out focal observations of natural populations of Melocactus ernestii (Cactaceae) in the Caatinga, a Brazilian semiarid ecosystem, in order to record the frequency of visits, kind of resource searched and behaviour of visiting animals towards flowers and/or fruits. We made a new record of the lizard Tropidurus semitaeniatus foraging on flowers and fruits of M. ernestii. During the search for nectar, T. semitaeniatus contacted the reproductive structures of the flowers and transported pollen attached to its snout. Nectar production started at 14:00 h, with an average volume of 24.4 μl and an average concentration of solutes of 33%. Approximately 80% of the seeds of M. ernestii found in the faeces of T. semitaeniatus germinated under natural conditions. The roles of T. semitaeniatus as pollinator and seed disperser for M. ernestii show a clear relationship of double mutualism between two endemic species, which may result from the environmental conditions to which both species are subject. Seasonality, low water availability and arthropod supply in the environment, high local lizard densities, continuous nectar production by the flower and fruits with juicy pulp may be influencing the visits and, consequently, pollination and seed dispersal by lizards in this cactus.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G N Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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12
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Florivore impacts on plant reproductive success and pollinator mortality in an obligate pollination mutualism. Oecologia 2013; 173:1345-54. [PMID: 23836090 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-013-2694-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Florivores are present in many pollination systems and can have direct and indirect effects on both plants and pollinators. Although the impact of florivores are commonly examined in facultative pollination mutualisms, their effects on obligate mutualism remain relatively unstudied. Here, we used experimental manipulations and surveys of naturally occurring plants to assess the effect of florivory on the obligate pollination mutualism between yuccas and yucca moths. Yucca filamentosa (Agavaceae) is pollinated by the moth Tegeticula cassandra (Lepidoptera: Prodoxidae), and the mutualism also attracts two florivores: a generalist, the leaf-footed bug Leptoglossus phyllopus (Hemiptera: Coreidae), and a specialist, the beetle Hymenorus densus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Experimental manipulations of leaf-footed bug densities on side branches of Y. filamentosa inflorescences demonstrated that feeding causes floral abscission but does not reduce pollen or seed production in the remaining flowers. Similar to the leaf-footed bugs, experimental manipulations of beetle densities within individual flowers demonstrated that beetle feeding also causes floral abscission, but, in addition, the beetles also cause a significant reduction in pollen availability. Path analyses of phenotypic selection based on surveys of naturally occurring plants revealed temporal variation in the plant traits important to plant fitness and the effects of the florivores on fitness. Leaf-footed bugs negatively impacted fitness when fewer plants were flowering and leaf-footed bug density was high, whereas beetles had a positive effect on fitness when there were many plants flowering and their densities were low. This positive effect was likely due to adult beetles consuming yucca moth eggs while having a negligible effect on floral abscission. Together, the actions of both florivores either augmented the relationship of plant traits and fitness or slightly weakened the relationship. Overall, the results suggest that, although florivores are always present during flowering, the impact of florivores on phenotypic selection in yuccas is strongly mitigated by changes in their densities on plants from year to year. In contrast, both florivores consistently influenced pollinator larval mortality through floral abscission, and H. densus beetles additionally via the consumption of pollinator eggs.
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Puentes A, Ågren J. Additive and non-additive effects of simulated leaf and inflorescence damage on survival, growth and reproduction of the perennial herb Arabidopsis lyrata. Oecologia 2012; 169:1033-42. [PMID: 22349755 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2276-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Herbivores may damage both leaves and reproductive structures, and although such combined damage may affect plant fitness non-additively, this has received little attention. We conducted a 2-year field experiment with a factorial design to examine the effects of simulated leaf (0, 12.5, 25, or 50% of leaf area removed) and inflorescence damage (0 vs. 50% of inflorescences removed) on survival, growth and reproduction in the perennial herb Arabidopsis lyrata. Leaf and inflorescence damage negatively and independently reduced flower, fruit and seed production in the year of damage; leaf damage also reduced rosette size by the end of the first season and flower production in the second year. Leaf damage alone reduced the proportion of flowers forming a fruit and fruit production per plant the second year, but when combined with inflorescence damage no such effect was observed (significant leaf × inflorescence damage interaction). Damage to leaves (sources) caused a greater reduction in future reproduction than did simultaneous damage to leaves and inflorescences (sinks). This demonstrates that a full understanding of the effects of herbivore damage on plant fitness requires that consequences of damage to vegetative and reproductive structures are evaluated over more than 1 year and that non-additive effects are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Puentes
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Ojeda I, Santos-Guerra A, Jaén-Molina R, Oliva-Tejera F, Caujapé-Castells J, Cronk Q. The origin of bird pollination in Macaronesian Lotus (Loteae, Leguminosae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 62:306-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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