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Tallini LR, Manfredini G, Rodríguez-Escobar ML, Ríos S, Martínez-Francés V, Feresin GE, Borges WDS, Bastida J, Viladomat F, Torras-Claveria L. The Anti-Cholinesterase Potential of Fifteen Different Species of Narcissus L. (Amaryllidaceae) Collected in Spain. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:536. [PMID: 38672806 PMCID: PMC11050805 DOI: 10.3390/life14040536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Narcissus L. is a renowned plant genus with a notable center of diversity and is primarily located in the Mediterranean region. These plants are widely recognized for their ornamental value, owing to the beauty of their flowers; nonetheless, they also hold pharmacological importance. In Europe, pharmaceutical companies usually use the bulbs of Narcissus pseudonarcissus cv. Carlton to extract galanthamine, which is one of the few medications approved by the FDA for the palliative treatment of mild-to-moderate symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of these plants in Alzheimer's disease. The alkaloid extract from the leaves of different species of Narcissus was obtained by an acid-base extraction work-up -procedure. The biological potential of the samples was carried out by evaluating their ability to inhibit the enzymes acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (AChE and BuChE, respectively). The species N. jacetanus exhibited the best inhibition values against AChE, with IC50 values of 0.75 ± 0.03 µg·mL-1, while N. jonquilla was the most active against BuChE, with IC50 values of 11.72 ± 1.15 µg·mL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana R. Tallini
- Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Giulia Manfredini
- Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Universita’ Degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - María Lenny Rodríguez-Escobar
- Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Segundo Ríos
- Estación Biológica Torretes-Jardín Botánico de la UA, Universidad de Alicante, Crtra. Sant Vicent del Raspeig, s/n, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Vanessa Martínez-Francés
- Department Biología Aplicada, Area de Botánica, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Av. Universidad, s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Gabriela E. Feresin
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Libertador General San Martin 1109 Oeste, San Juan 5400, Argentina
| | - Warley de Souza Borges
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, ES, Brazil
| | - Jaume Bastida
- Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Viladomat
- Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Torras-Claveria
- Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Pustahija F, Bašić N, Siljak-Yakovlev S. Karyotype Variability in Wild Narcissus poeticus L. Populations from Different Environmental Conditions in the Dinaric Alps. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:208. [PMID: 38256761 PMCID: PMC10818684 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Narcissus poeticus L. (Amaryllidaceae), a facultative serpentinophyte, is a highly variable species and particularly important ancestor of cultivated daffodils, but is rarely studied in field populations. This study, based on natural populations in the Balkans, focused on karyotype variability, genome size, ploidy and the presence of B chromosomes. Thirteen native populations from different environmental and soil conditions were collected and analyzed using flow cytometry to estimate nuclear genome size, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for physical mapping of rDNA, fluorochrome labeling (chromomycin and Hoechst) for heterochromatin organization and silver nitrate staining of nucleoli for determining rRNA gene activity. The organization of rDNA and natural triploids is reported here for the first time. The presence of individuals with B chromosomes (in 9/13 populations) and chromosomal rearrangements was also detected. The observed B chromosome showed three different morphotypes. The most frequent submetacentric type showed four different patterns, mainly with active ribosomal genes. The results obtained show that N. poeticus has a dynamic genome with variable genome size due to the presence of polyploidy, B chromosomes and chromosomal rearrangements. It is hypothesized that the observed changes reflect the response of the genome to different environmental conditions, where individuals with B chromosomes appear to have certain adaptive advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Pustahija
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Sarajevo, Zagrebačka 20, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, bâtiment 680–12, route 128, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Neđad Bašić
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Sarajevo, Zagrebačka 20, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sonja Siljak-Yakovlev
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, bâtiment 680–12, route 128, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Zhang L, Li P, Zhang X, Li J. Two floral forms in the same species-distyly. PLANTA 2023; 258:72. [PMID: 37656285 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This paper reviews the progress of research on the morphology, physiology and molecular biology of distyly in plants. It will help to elucidate the mysteries of distyly in plants. Distyly is a unique representative type of heterostyly in plants, primarily characterized by the presence of long style and short style within the flowers of the same species. This interesting trait has always fascinated researchers. With the rapid development of molecular biology, the molecular mechanism for the production of dimorphic styles in plants is also gaining ground. Researchers have been studying plant dimorphic styles from various perspectives. The researchers are gradually unravelling the mechanisms by which plants produce distyly traits. This paper reviews advances in the study of plant dimorphic style characteristics, mainly in terms of the morphology, physiology and molecular biology of plants with dimorphic styles. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis for the study of the mechanism of distyly formation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- College of Landscape and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 289 Lingyusi Street, P. O. Box 28, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Landscape and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 289 Lingyusi Street, P. O. Box 28, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China.
| | - Xiaoman Zhang
- College of Landscape and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 289 Lingyusi Street, P. O. Box 28, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China.
| | - Jinfeng Li
- College of Landscape and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 289 Lingyusi Street, P. O. Box 28, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
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Lu J, Yi H, Tan D, Baskin CC, Baskin JM. Germination of Seeds from Flowers along a Continuum of Long to Short Styles in the Cold Desert Perennial Herb Ixiolirion songaricum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1452. [PMID: 35684225 PMCID: PMC9182588 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We compared seed set, mass, and dormancy/germination of seeds from flowers at three points on the style-length continuum [long (LS), intermediate (IS), and short (SS) styles] in Ixiolirion songaricum. The effects of open and hand pollination (self and cross with pollen from upper and lower-level stamens) on seed set, mass, and dormancy/germination were assessed. Most freshly-matured seeds from LS, IS, and SS flowers were dormant, and dormancy was broken under laboratory and field conditions. After-ripened seeds from LS and IS flowers germinated to significantly higher percentages than those from SS flowers. In all pollination treatments, seed set and mass were significantly higher for LS and IS than for SS flowers. Seed set, mass, and germination for LS, IS, and SS flowers were significantly higher in open-pollinated and in cross-pollinated with pollen from upper and lower-level stamens than in self-pollination with pollen from upper- and lower-level stamens. These differences in offspring reproductive traits may be adaptive for I. songaricum in its rainfall-unpredictable environment. This is the first study to demonstrate the association between style length and germination in a species with continuous variation in style length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urümqi 830052, China; (J.L.); (C.C.B.); (J.M.B.)
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Grassland Resources and Ecology in Western Arid Region, College of Grassland Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urümqi 830052, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources and Ecology, College of Grassland Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urümqi 830052, China
| | - Haiyan Yi
- College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urümqi 830052, China; (J.L.); (C.C.B.); (J.M.B.)
- College of Biology and Geography Sciences, Kashgar University, Kashgar 844008, China
| | - Dunyan Tan
- College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urümqi 830052, China; (J.L.); (C.C.B.); (J.M.B.)
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Grassland Resources and Ecology in Western Arid Region, College of Grassland Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urümqi 830052, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources and Ecology, College of Grassland Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urümqi 830052, China
| | - Carol C. Baskin
- College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urümqi 830052, China; (J.L.); (C.C.B.); (J.M.B.)
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Jerry M. Baskin
- College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urümqi 830052, China; (J.L.); (C.C.B.); (J.M.B.)
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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Comparative Plastome Analysis of Three Amaryllidaceae Subfamilies: Insights into Variation of Genome Characteristics, Phylogeny, and Adaptive Evolution. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:3909596. [PMID: 35372568 PMCID: PMC8970886 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3909596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the latest APG IV classification system, Amaryllidaceae is placed under the order of Asparagus and includes three subfamilies: Agapanthoideae, Allioideae, and Amaryllidoideae, which include many economically important crops. With the development of molecular phylogeny, research on the phylogenetic relationship of Amaryllidaceae has become more convenient. However, the current comparative analysis of Amaryllidaceae at the whole chloroplast genome level is still lacking. In this study, we sequenced 18 Allioideae plastomes and combined them with publicly available data (a total of 41 plastomes), including 21 Allioideae species, 1 Agapanthoideae species, 14 Amaryllidoideae species, and 5 Asparagaceae species. Comparative analyses were performed including basic characteristics of genome structure, codon usage, repeat elements, IR boundary, and genome divergence. Phylogenetic relationships were detected using single-copy genes (SCGs) and ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS), and the branch-site model was also employed to conduct the positive selection analysis. The results indicated that all Amaryllidaceae species showed a highly conserved typical tetrad structure. The GC content and five codon usage indexes in Allioideae species were lower than those in the other two subfamilies. Comparison analysis of Bayesian and ML phylogeny based on SCGs strongly supports the monophyly of three subfamilies and the sisterhood among them. Besides, positively selected genes (PSGs) were detected in each of the three subfamilies. Almost all genes with significant posterior probabilities for codon sites were associated with self-replication and photosynthesis. Our study investigated the three subfamilies of Amaryllidaceae at the whole chloroplast genome level and suggested the key role of selective pressure in the adaptation and evolution of Amaryllidaceae.
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Development of an electrochemical biosensor for phylogenetic analysis of Amaryllidaceae based on the enhanced electrochemical fingerprint recorded from plant tissue. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 159:112212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Barrett SCH. 'A most complex marriage arrangement': recent advances on heterostyly and unresolved questions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1051-1067. [PMID: 31631362 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Heterostylous genetic polymorphisms provide paradigmatic systems for investigating adaptation and natural selection. Populations are usually comprised of two (distyly) or three (tristyly) mating types, maintained by negative frequency-dependent selection resulting from disassortative mating. Theory predicts this mating system should result in equal style-morph ratios (isoplethy) at equilibrium. Here, I review recent advances on heterostyly, focusing on examples challenging stereotypical depictions of the polymorphism and unresolved questions. Comparative analyses indicate multiple origins of heterostyly, often within lineages. Ecological studies demonstrate that structural components of heterostyly are adaptations improving the proficiency of animal-mediated cross-pollination and reducing pollen wastage. Both neutral and selective processes cause deviations from isoplethy in heterostylous populations, and, under some ecological and demographic conditions, cause breakdown of the polymorphism, resulting in either the evolution of autogamy and mixed mating, or transitions to alternative outcrossing systems, including dioecy. Earlier ideas on the genetic architecture of the S-locus supergene governing distyly have recently been overturned by discovery that the dominant S-haplotype is a hemizygous region absent from the s-haplotype. Ecological, phylogenetic and molecular genetic data have validated some features of theoretical models on the selection of the polymorphism. Although heterostyly is the best-understood floral polymorphism in angiosperms, many unanswered questions remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer C H Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, M5S 3B2, Canada
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Costa J, Torices R, Barrett SCH. Evolutionary history of the buildup and breakdown of the heterostylous syndrome in Plumbaginaceae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1278-1289. [PMID: 30825331 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary pathways leading to the heterostylous syndrome are not well understood, and models concerning the origins of distyly differ in the order in which reciprocal herkogamy and self-incompatibility evolve. We investigated the evolution and breakdown of distyly in Plumbaginaceae, a family with considerable diversity of floral traits and reproductive systems. Using Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo analyses and stochastic character mapping, we examined the evolutionary assembly and breakdown of the heterostylous syndrome based on a well-resolved phylogeny of 121 species of Plumbaginaceae and six outgroup taxa using five nuclear and plastid gene regions. We used the distribution of reproductive traits and reconstructed ancestral characters across phylogenies to evaluate competing models for the evolution of distyly. The most likely common ancestor of Plumbaginaceae was self-incompatible and monomorphic for sex-organ arrangement and pollen-stigma characters. Character state reconstructions indicated that reciprocal herkogamy evolved at least three times and that shifts to selfing and apomixis occurred on multiple occasions. Our results provide comparative support for the early ideas of H. G. Baker on evolutionary pathways in Plumbaginaceae, and the more recent selfing avoidance model by D. & B. Charlesworth in which distyly evolves from self-incompatible ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Costa
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rubén Torices
- Area of Biodiversity and Conservation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n., Móstoles, Madrid, E-28933, Spain
| | - Spencer C H Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3B2
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Rocha L, Ribeiro PL, Endress PK, Rapini A. A brainstorm on the systematics of Turnera (Turneraceae, Malpighiales) caused by insights from molecular phylogenetics and morphological evolution. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 137:44-63. [PMID: 30999036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With 145 species, Turnera is the largest genus of Turneraceae (Malpighiales). Despite several morphotaxonomic and cytogenetic studies, our knowledge about the phylogenetic relationships in Turnera remains mainly based on morphological data. Here, we reconstruct the most comprehensive phylogeny of Turnera with molecular data to understand the morphological evolution within this group and to assess its circumscription and infrageneric classification. We analyzed two nuclear and six plastid markers and 112 taxa, including species and infraspecific taxa, 97 from Turnera, covering the 11 series of the genus. Bayesian inference, maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses show that Turnera, as traditionally circumscribed, is not monophyletic. The genus is divided into two well-supported independent clades; one of them is sister to the genus Piriqueta and is here segregated as the new genus Oxossia. According to our reconstructions, Turnera probably evolved from an ancestor without extrafloral nectaries and with solitary, homostylous flowers with yellow petals. The emergences of extrafloral nectaries and distyly, both common in extant taxa, played an important role in the diversification of the genus. An updated infrageneric classification reflecting the relationships within Turnera is now possible based on morphological synapomorphies and is here designed for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamarck Rocha
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Botânica, Av. Transnordestina s.n., Feira de Santana, 44036-900 Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Luz Ribeiro
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Botânica, Av. Transnordestina s.n., Feira de Santana, 44036-900 Bahia, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Cruz das Almas, 44380-000 Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Peter K Endress
- University of Zurich, Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Alessandro Rapini
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Botânica, Av. Transnordestina s.n., Feira de Santana, 44036-900 Bahia, Brazil.
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Pérez-Barrales R, Abarca CA, Santos-Gally R, Schiestl FP, Arroyo J. The function of the floral corona in the pollination of a Mediterranean style dimorphic daffodil. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20 Suppl 1:118-127. [PMID: 29105981 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Narcissus papyraceus is a style dimorphic species with two floral forms, with anthers at similar height and stigmas above (long-styled L) and below (short-styled S) the anther level. The species is self-incompatible, but intra- and inter-morph compatible. Populations are either dimorphic (including both morphs) in the region of the Strait of Gibraltar, or L-monomorphic (with only L plants) in the inland of the Iberian Peninsula. This variation correlates with the most common floral visitors, being primarily long-tongued and short-tongued pollinators, respectively, a rare condition in Mediterranean plants. The maintenance of S-flowers relies on long-tongued insects, as only those deliver pollen to short-styled stigmas. Narcissus flowers present a long and narrow tube, at the bottom of which nectar accumulates, and a floral corona, which has been proposed as an important trait for the attraction of pollinators. Here we tested the importance of the corona on pollination of L and S flowers. We described UV reflectance patterns of the corona and tepals, and characterised VOCs in intact flowers and flowers with trimmed coronas. We also conducted a field experiment in the dimorphic and monomorphic region to estimate the importance of corona removal on seed production in stands with solitary plants and in groups to control for compatible pollen limitation. Reflectance was higher in the tepals than the corona, although both traits presented a reflectance peak around 450 nm wavelength. L- and S-flowers produced similar volatiles, regardless of the manipulation of the corona. Across dimorphic and monomorphic regions, S-flowers with the corona removed suffered a reduction in seed production of ca. 50%, while seed production remained similar in L flowers both with the corona intact and removed. Plants in solitary stands suffered a strong reduction in seed production, which was more pronounced in the monomorphic region. Our results suggest that the corona in Narcissus is more important for the pollination of S-flowers, which generally have lower seed production compared to L-flowers. Taken together, these results suggest that the floral corona indirectly plays an important role for maintenance of the polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pérez-Barrales
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - C A Abarca
- Unidad Lerma Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, México
| | - R Santos-Gally
- CONACYT-Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, Mexico City, México
| | - F P Schiestl
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J Arroyo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Marques I, Jürgens A, Aguilar JF, Feliner GN. Convergent recruitment of new pollinators is triggered by independent hybridization events in Narcissus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:731-742. [PMID: 26738752 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization can generate new species if some degree of isolation prevents gene flow between the hybrids and their progenitors. The recruitment of novel pollinators by hybrids has been hypothesized to be one way in which such reproductive isolation can be achieved. We tested whether pollinators contributed to isolation between two natural Narcissus hybrids and their progenitors using pollination experiments, observations, plus morphological and floral-volatile measurements. These hybrids share the same maternal but different paternal progenitors. We found that only the hybrids were visited by and pollinated by ants. The two hybrids exceeded their progenitors in floral-tube aperture size and nectar production. The emission of floral volatiles by hybrid plants was not only equal to or higher than the progenitor species, but also contained some new compounds not produced by the progenitors. The recruitment of ants as novel pollinators in the hybrids involved the combination of increased nectar secretion and the production of novel floral scent compounds. A breakdown of chemical defence against ants may also be involved. This study provides support for the hypothesis that the recruitment of novel pollinators can contribute to reproductive isolation between hybrids and their progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Marques
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, High Polytechnic School of Huesca, University of Zaragoza, C/Carretera de Cuarte Km 1, Huesca, E22071, Spain
- UBC Botanical Garden & Centre for Plant Research and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Andreas Jürgens
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Post Bag X01 Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
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Kameyama Y, Watanabe M, Kurosawa H, Nishimori T, Matsue D, Takyu M. Seasonal changes in pollen limitation and femaleness along the snowmelt gradient in a distylous alpine herb, Primula modesta. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:5352-5363. [PMID: 30151137 PMCID: PMC6102533 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flowering phenology of alpine plants is strongly determined by the timing of snowmelt, and the conditions of pollination of widely distributed plants vary greatly during their flowering season. We examined the reproductive success of the distylous alpine herb, Primula modesta, along the snowmelt gradient under natural conditions, and compared it with the result of artificial pollination experiments. In addition, the compositions and visit frequencies of pollinators to the flower of P. modesta were examined during the flowering period. The pin and thrum plants of P. modesta growing at the same site have an equal ability to produce seeds if a sufficient amount of legitimate pollen grains are deposited on the stigma surface. However, under natural conditions, their seed‐set success was often (even if not always) restricted by pollen limitation, and the functional gender of the pin and thrum plants biased to the female and male, respectively, associated with their growing sites. These variations were not ascribed to resource limitation nor biased morph ratio but to the seasonal changes in pollination situations, a replacement of pollinator types from long‐ to short‐tongued pollinators resulted in unidirectional pollen transfer from long stamens (thrum plants) to long styles (pin plants). The functional gender specialization may enhance the evolution of dioecy from heterostyly, but the severe pollen limitation may cause the breakdown of heterostyly into homostyly. To consider the evolutionary pathway of heterostylous plants, an accumulation of the empirical data is required demonstrating how phenological synchrony between plants and pollinators is decided and to what degree this relationship is stable over years, along with estimates of selection and gene flow in individual plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Kameyama
- Faculty of Regional Environment Science Tokyo University of Agriculture Tokyo 156-8502 Japan
| | - Manami Watanabe
- Faculty of Regional Environment Science Tokyo University of Agriculture Tokyo 156-8502 Japan.,Present address: OTA Floriculture Auction Co., Ltd. Tokyo 143-0001 Japan
| | - Hideki Kurosawa
- Faculty of Regional Environment Science Tokyo University of Agriculture Tokyo 156-8502 Japan.,Present address: Tamamura-machi Sawa-gun Gunma 370-1105 Japan
| | - Takuya Nishimori
- Faculty of Regional Environment Science Tokyo University of Agriculture Tokyo 156-8502 Japan.,Present address: OTA Floriculture Auction Co., Ltd. Tokyo 143-0001 Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsue
- Faculty of Regional Environment Science Tokyo University of Agriculture Tokyo 156-8502 Japan.,Present address: Hakone Botanical Garden of Wetlands Kanagawa 205-0631 Japan
| | - Masaaki Takyu
- Faculty of Regional Environment Science Tokyo University of Agriculture Tokyo 156-8502 Japan
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Fornoni J, Domínguez CA. Beyond the heterostylous syndrome. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:1191-1192. [PMID: 25952537 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fornoni
- Depto. Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Pos. 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Distrito Federal, México
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - César A Domínguez
- Depto. Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Pos. 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Distrito Federal, México
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Castric V, Billiard S, Vekemans X. Trait transitions in explicit ecological and genomic contexts: plant mating systems as case studies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 781:7-36. [PMID: 24277293 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7347-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants are astonishingly diverse in how they reproduce sexually, and the study of plant mating systems provides some of the most compelling cases of parallel and independent evolutionary transitions. In this chapter, we review how the massive amount of genomic data being produced is allowing long-standing predictions from ecological and evolutionary theory to be put to test. After a review of theoretical predictions about the importance of considering the genomic architecture of the mating system, we focus on a set of recent discoveries on how the mating system is controlled in a variety of model and non-model species. In parallel, genomic approaches have revealed the complex interaction between the evolution of genes controlling mating systems and genome evolution, both genome-wide and in the mating system control region. In several cases, major transitions in the mating system can be clearly associated with important ecological changes, hence illuminating an important interplay between ecological and genomic approaches. We also list a number of major unsolved questions that remain for the field, and highlight foreseeable conceptual developments that are likely to play a major role in our understanding of how plant mating systems evolve in Nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Castric
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Evolution des Populations Végétales (GEPV), UMR 8198; CNRS, Université Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies, Cité Scientifique, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France,
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15
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Berkov S, Martínez-Francés V, Bastida J, Codina C, Ríos S. Evolution of alkaloid biosynthesis in the genus Narcissus. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 99:95-106. [PMID: 24461780 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to reveal the relationships between alkaloid biosynthesis and phylogeny, we investigated by GC-MS the alkaloid patterns of 22 species and 3 hybrids (from 45 locations) from seven main sections of the genus Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae). The results indicate that the first alkaloids to evolve in the genus Narcissus were of the lycorine- and homolycorine-type. The alkaloid pattern of the Nevadensis section supports its recent separation from the Pseudonarcissus section. The plants of Narcissus pallidulus (Ganymedes section) show a predominance of Sceletium-type compounds, which are quite rare in the Amaryllidaceae family. Two successful evolutionary strategies involving alkaloid biosynthesis and leading to an expansion in taxa and occupied area were determined. Firstly, a diversification of alkaloid patterns and a high alkaloid concentration in the organs of the large Narcissus species (in the Pseudonarcissus section) resulted in an improved chemical defence in diverse habitats. Secondly, both plant size and alkaloid biosynthesis were reduced (in the Bulbocodium and Apodanthi sections) relegated to dry pastures and rocky places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Strahil Berkov
- Agrobioinstitute, 8 Dragan Tzankov, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria; Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 23 Acad. G. Bonchev str, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
| | - Vanessa Martínez-Francés
- Estación Biológica-Jardín Botánico Torretes, Instituto Universitario de Biodiversidad CIBIO, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Jaume Bastida
- Departament de Productes Naturals, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Juan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Codina
- Departament de Productes Naturals, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Juan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Segundo Ríos
- Estación Biológica-Jardín Botánico Torretes, Instituto Universitario de Biodiversidad CIBIO, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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de Vos JM, Wüest RO, Conti E. Small and ugly? Phylogenetic analyses of the "selfing syndrome" reveal complex evolutionary fates of monomorphic primrose flowers. Evolution 2014; 68:1042-57. [PMID: 24325205 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the most common trends in plant evolution, loss of self-incompatibility and ensuing increases in selfing, is generally assumed to be associated with a suite of phenotypic changes, notably a reduction of floral size, termed the selfing syndrome. We investigate whether floral morphological traits indeed decrease in a deterministic fashion after losses of self-incompatibility, as traditionally expected, using a phylogeny of 124 primrose species containing nine independent transitions from heterostyly (heteromorphic incompatibility) to homostyly (monomorphic self-compatibility), a classic system for evolution of selfing. We find similar overall variability of homostylous and heterostylous species, except for diminished herkogamy in homostyles. Bayesian mixed models demonstrate differences between homostylous and heterostylous species in all traits, but net effects across species are small (except herkogamy) and directionality differs among traits. Strongly drift-like evolutionary trajectories of corolla tube length and corolla diameter inferred by Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models contrast with expected deterministic trajectories toward small floral size. Lineage-specific population genetic effects associated with evolution of selfing may explain that reductions of floral size represent one of several possible outcomes of floral evolution after loss of heterostyly in primroses. Contrary to the traditional paradigm, selfing syndromes may, but do not necessarily evolve in response to increased selfing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurriaan M de Vos
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman St., Box G-W, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912.
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Sun M, Gross K, Schiestl FP. Floral adaptation to local pollinator guilds in a terrestrial orchid. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 113:289-300. [PMID: 24107683 PMCID: PMC3890390 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Studies of local floral adaptation in response to geographically divergent pollinators are essential for understanding floral evolution. This study investigated local pollinator adaptation and variation in floral traits in the rewarding orchid Gymnadenia odoratissima, which spans a large altitudinal gradient and thus may depend on different pollinator guilds along this gradient. METHODS Pollinator communities were assessed and reciprocal transfer experiments were performed between lowland and mountain populations. Differences in floral traits were characterized by measuring floral morphology traits, scent composition, colour and nectar sugar content in lowland and mountain populations. KEY RESULTS The composition of pollinator communities differed considerably between lowland and mountain populations; flies were only found as pollinators in mountain populations. The reciprocal transfer experiments showed that when lowland plants were transferred to mountain habitats, their reproductive success did not change significantly. However, when mountain plants were moved to the lowlands, their reproductive success decreased significantly. Transfers between populations of the same altitude did not lead to significant changes in reproductive success, disproving the potential for population-specific adaptations. Flower size of lowland plants was greater than for mountain flowers. Lowland plants also had significantly higher relative amounts of aromatic floral volatiles, while the mountain plants had higher relative amounts of other floral volatiles. The floral colour of mountain flowers was significantly lighter compared with the lowland flowers. CONCLUSIONS Local pollinator adaptation through pollinator attraction was shown in the mountain populations, possibly due to adaptation to pollinating flies. The mountain plants were also observed to receive pollination from a greater diversity of pollinators than the lowland plants. The different floral phenotypes of the altitudinal regions are likely to be the consequence of adaptations to local pollinator guilds.
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Kissling J, Barrett SCH. Variation and evolution of herkogamy in Exochaenium (Gentianaceae): implications for the evolution of distyly. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:95-102. [PMID: 23639954 PMCID: PMC3690988 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS AND AIMS The spatial separation of stigmas and anthers (herkogamy) in flowering plants functions to reduce self-pollination and avoid interference between pollen dispersal and receipt. Little is known about the evolutionary relationships among the three main forms of herkogamy - approach, reverse and reciprocal herkogamy (distyly) - or about transitions to and from a non-herkogamous condition. This problem was examined in Exochaenium (Gentianaceae), a genus of African herbs that exhibits considerable variation in floral morphology, including the three forms of herkogamy. METHODS Using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods, the evolutionary history of herkogamic and non-herkogamic conditions was reconstructed from a molecular phylogeny of 15 species of Exochaenium and four outgroup taxa, based on three chloroplast regions, the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and 2) and the 5·8S gene. Ancestral character states were determined and the reconstructions were used to evaluate competing models for the origin of reciprocal herkogamy. KEY RESULTS Reciprocal herkogamy originated once in Exochaenium from an ancestor with approach herkogamy. Reverse herkogamy and the non-herkogamic condition homostyly were derived from heterostyly. Distylous species possessed pendent, slightly zygomorphic flowers, and the single transition to reverse herkogamy was associated with the hawkmoth pollination syndrome. Reductions in flower size characterized three of four independent transitions from reciprocal herkogamy to homostyly. CONCLUSIONS The results support Lloyd and Webb's model in which distyly originated from an ancestor with approach herkogamy. They also demonstrate the lability of sex organ deployment and implicate pollinators, or their absence, as playing an important role in driving transitions among herkogamic and non-herkogamic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Kissling
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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19
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Santos-Gally R, Gonzalez-Voyer A, Arroyo J. DECONSTRUCTING HETEROSTYLY: THE EVOLUTIONARY ROLE OF INCOMPATIBILITY SYSTEM, POLLINATORS, AND FLORAL ARCHITECTURE. Evolution 2013; 67:2072-82. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Santos-Gally
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología; Universidad de Sevilla; Apartado 1095 41080 Sevilla Spain
| | - Alejandro Gonzalez-Voyer
- Department of Integrative Ecology; Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC); Av Américo Vespucio SN; 41092 Sevilla Spain
| | - Juan Arroyo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología; Universidad de Sevilla; Apartado 1095 41080 Sevilla Spain
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20
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Sletvold N, Trunschke J, Wimmergren C, Ågren J. Separating selection by diurnal and nocturnal pollinators on floral display and spur length inGymnadenia conopsea. Ecology 2012; 93:1880-91. [DOI: 10.1890/11-2044.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Vos JM, Keller B, Isham ST, Kelso S, Conti E. Reproductive implications of herkogamy in homostylous primroses: variation during anthesis and reproductive assurance in alpine environments. Funct Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.02016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jurriaan M. Vos
- Institute of Systematic Botany; University of Zürich; Zollikerstrasse 107; 8008; Zürich; Switzerland
| | - Barbara Keller
- Institute of Systematic Botany; University of Zürich; Zollikerstrasse 107; 8008; Zürich; Switzerland
| | - Samuel T. Isham
- Biology Department; The Colorado College; 14 East Cache La Poudre Street; Colorado Springs; CO; 80903; USA
| | - Sylvia Kelso
- Biology Department; The Colorado College; 14 East Cache La Poudre Street; Colorado Springs; CO; 80903; USA
| | - Elena Conti
- Institute of Systematic Botany; University of Zürich; Zollikerstrasse 107; 8008; Zürich; Switzerland
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22
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Cohen JI. A phylogenetic analysis of morphological and molecular characters of Lithospermum L. (Boraginaceae) and related taxa: evolutionary relationships and character evolution. Cladistics 2011; 27:559-580. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Ferrero V, Chapela I, Arroyo J, Navarro L. Reciprocal style polymorphisms are not easily categorised: the case of heterostyly in Lithodora and Glandora (Boraginaceae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2011; 13 Suppl 1:7-18. [PMID: 21134082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Interest in reciprocal floral polymorphisms, such as heterostyly, has increased in recent decades because they can be used as suitable model systems to study mechanisms of outbreeding and disassortative mating in plants. Heterostylous plants are characterised by the presence of discrete morphs that differ in sex organ position and in some other ancillary traits. As regards sex organ deployment, different types of polymorphisms have been described, depending on number and type of discrete classes present in populations and degree of reciprocity between them. However, a clear-cut characterisation of stylar polymorphisms does not appear to be the best approach when there is great variability among populations because of continuous variation of some of traits examined. A recent study in Lithodora sensu lato (recently split into two separate genera, Lithodora and Glandora) showed a wide variation in sex organ position across species in the genus, which warrants precise population analysis of stylar polymorphism and its reciprocity. We provide a detailed morphometric analysis of flower sexual traits and include those considered to be ancillary characters. We report a wide variation in these traits in populations of Lithodora s.l. and highlight the subjectivity of the former characterisation of style polymorphism based on visual inspection. Ancillary traits appear repeatedly in Lithodora and Glandora, particularly in the latter. The appearance of these traits seems to be related to greater reciprocity between sexual whorls in Glandora, with the exception of G. prostrata. These results agree with evolutionary steps proposed in the build-up of heterostyly according to some evolutionary models. We also examined variation in polymorphisms in light of current models for evolution of heterostyly, and, more specifically, we sought to verify the prediction that flower traits as a whole (i.e., flower integration) respond to selective pressure to assure the exact location of pollen on the pollinator body. Most reciprocal populations and species, where between-morph pollen transfer is expected to be higher, would show greater integration. Our results confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ferrero
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain.
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Larsen MM, Adsersen A, Davis AP, Lledó MD, Jäger AK, Rønsted N. Using a phylogenetic approach to selection of target plants in drug discovery of acetylcholinesterase inhibiting alkaloids in Amaryllidaceae tribe Galantheae. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sánchez JM, Ferrero V, Arroyo J, Navarro L. Patterns of style polymorphism in five species of the South African genus Nivenia (Iridaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2010; 106:321-31. [PMID: 20576739 PMCID: PMC2908166 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Heterostylous plants have been characterized by the presence of two or three discrete morphs that differ in their sex organ position within populations. This polymorphism is widely distributed among the angiosperms, but detailed studies are limited to few taxonomic groups. Although a small representation, evolutionary meaningful variations of the heterostylous syndrome have been reported when precise measurements of the sexual whorls were taken. A thorough exploration of groups where heterostyly has been reported should offer new opportunities to further testing the evolutionary hypotheses explaining heterostyly. Here, the traits defining heterostyly were explored in half of the species in Nivenia, the only genus of Iridiaceae where heterostyly has been reported. METHODS Detailed morphometric analysis of the flower sexual whorls and some traits considered as ancillary are supplied to determine for each population (a) the kind of stylar polymorphism, (b) the morph ratio and (c) the degree of reciprocity between sexual whorls. Also the rates of assortative (within morph) versus disassortative (between morphs) pollen transfer were estimated by analysing pollen loads on stigmas. The association between floral phenotypic integration and the reciprocity between sexual whorls was estimated; both characteristics have been quoted as dependent on the accuracy of the fit between pollinators and flowers and therefore related to the efficiency of pollen transfer. KEY RESULTS Different types of polymorphism, differing in their degree of reciprocity, were found in Nivenia. Effective disassortative mating appears to be common, since (a) all dimorphic populations show equal morph-ratios (isoplethy), and (b) the pollen placed on the stigmas of each morph is likely to be coming from the other (complementary) morph. The most reciprocal populations of the heterostylous species have also the highest values of phenotypical integration. CONCLUSIONS Stigma height dimorphism, as opposed to distyly, is proven for the first time in Nivenia. The presence of different types of polymorphism within the genus is consistent with hypotheses of the evolution of heterostyly. The role of the pollinators as the leading force of the transition seems to be apparent, since floral integration is related to reciprocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ciencia del Suelo, Universidad de Vigo, Spain.
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26
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Theiss KE, Holsinger KE, Evans MEK. Breeding system variation in 10 evening primroses (Oenothera sections Anogra and Kleinia; Onagraceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2010; 97:1031-9. [PMID: 21622473 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0900260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY We examined two accounts of the relationship between breeding system and life history variation in a clade of evening primroses (Oenothera, Onagraceae): (1) selection for reproductive assurance should generate an association between self-compatibility and monocarpy and (2) phylogenetic conservatism leads to retention of breeding system and life history traits among closely related taxa. • METHODS We performed over 4000 hand pollinations under greenhouse conditions to determine the compatibility of 10 Oenothera taxa (sections Anogra [17 taxa] and Kleinia [2 taxa)] for which breeding systems had not previously been reported. We used generalized linear mixed models to evaluate the influence of pollination treatment, parents, and population on fruiting success. • KEY RESULTS Among the taxa tested, six were self-incompatible, two were variable in compatibility, and two were self-compatible. We combined these data with published studies in Anogra and Kleinia and mapped breeding system and life history onto a published phylogeny. • CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence for phylogenetic conservatism, but detected considerable evolutionary lability in both traits. Additionally, we found no evidence for a consistent relationship between breeding system and life history. Only eight of 19 taxa followed the predicted association between self-incompatibility and polycarpy vs. self-compatibility and monocarpy. Instead, many taxa have retained self-incompatibility, regardless of monocarpy or polycarpy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Theiss
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 N. Eagleville Road, U-3043, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 USA
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27
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Cohen JI. "A case to which no parallel exists": The influence of Darwin's Different Forms of Flowers. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2010; 97:701-716. [PMID: 21622437 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0900395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Research on the subject of heterostyly is often traced back to 1877 when Charles Darwin published the landmark book The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species. This book synthesized heterostyly research at the time, much of which Darwin conducted, and it continues to be a major contribution to the study of the breeding system. In this book, Darwin discussed the ecology, morph-specific differences, self- and intramorph-incompatibility, evolution and origin, and floral development of heterostyly. Many of the hypotheses he proposed have been and continue to be tested. KEY RESULTS Throughout the 20(th) and 21(st) centuries, researchers have continued to identify new and different morph-specific floral characters, discover the mechanisms that underlie heteromorphic self-incompatibility, use phylogenies to examine the evolution of heterostyly, and determine novel floral developmental patterns in heterostylous species. From all of these studies, we have learned a great deal about the function, evolution, and development of heterostyly. CONCLUSIONS However, almost 150 years after Darwin's publications on the subject of heterostyly, we still have a great deal to learn concerning the breeding system, and new technologies and techniques are allowing for new advances in heterostyly research to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Cohen
- L. H. Bailey Hortorium, Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, 412 Mann Library Building, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA
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28
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Hodgins KA, Barrett SCH. Natural selection on floral traits through male and female function in wild populations of the heterostylous daffodil Narcissus triandrus. Evolution 2008; 62:1751-1763. [PMID: 18419752 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of natural selection in hermaphrodite populations require the analysis of performance through both female and male sex functions. Here, we investigate selection on three floral traits: flower number, flower length, and corona width through both sex functions in natural populations of the tristylous daffodil Narcissus triandrus. Selection through female function was examined in six populations, and in two of these we also estimated male selection gradients using multilocus microsatellite genotyping of parents and offspring. We detected significant directional selection for flower number through female function, and significant stabilizing selection for corona width and flower length through male function. Variation in male reproductive success was strongly influenced by the distance between mates and was significantly higher than variation in female reproductive success in one population, a result consistent with Bateman's principle. However, variation through both sex functions was similar in the other population and there was a significant negative correlation between female and male fitness indicating sex-specific trade-offs in reproductive success. Selection on floral design in N. triandrus was stronger through male than female function probably because floral morphology plays an important role in promoting effective cross-pollen transfer in populations of this heterostylous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Hodgins
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Rønsted N, Savolainen V, Mølgaard P, Jäger AK. Phylogenetic selection of Narcissus species for drug discovery. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2007.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hodgins KA, Barrett SCH. Geographic variation in floral morphology and style-morph ratios in a sexually polymorphic daffodil. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2008; 95:185-195. [PMID: 21632344 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.95.2.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Narcissus triandrus is a tristylous daffodil from the Iberian Peninsula that has striking geographical variation in floral morphology and style-morph ratios. Here, we investigate the relation between this variation and ecological factors to understand mechanisms governing morph ratios. We estimated morph ratios in 124 populations throughout the range of N. triandrus and measured 13 morphological traits in 35-78 populations. Sampling of morph ratios conducted over 2-10-yr intervals demonstrated strong temporal stability. Variation in floral and vegetative traits enabled statistical prediction of morph-frequency variation among populations. Latitudinal gradients in precipitation and temperature were correlated with plant and flower size, with larger flowers in northern populations associated with bumblebee visitation and stylar dimorphism. Flowers of the L- and M-morphs differed significantly from the S-morph in several size-related characters, unlike other tristylous species. This pattern and the similarity in anther positions of the L- and M-morphs suggest that the M-morph of N. triandrus originated through genetic modifiers that shortened styles of the L-morph. Our findings support the hypothesis that geographical variation in style-morph ratios is largely governed by climatic gradients in the Iberian Peninsula, which influence the floral morphology and pollination biology of N. triandrus populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Hodgins
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2 Canada
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Sargent RD, Goodwillie C, Kalisz S, Ree RH. Phylogenetic evidence for a flower size and number trade-off. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2007; 94:2059-2062. [PMID: 21636399 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.94.12.2059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The size and number of flowers displayed together on an inflorescence (floral display) influences pollinator attraction and pollen transfer and receipt, and is integral to plant reproductive success and fitness. Life history theory predicts that the evolution of floral display is constrained by trade-offs between the size and number of flowers and inflorescences. Indeed, a trade-off between flower size and flower number is a key assumption of models of inflorescence architecture and the evolution of floral display. Surprisingly, however, empirical evidence for the trade-off is limited. In particular, there is a lack of phylogenetic evidence for a trade-off between flower size and number. Analyses of phylogenetic independent contrasts (PICs) of 251 angiosperm species spanning 63 families yielded a significant negative correlation between flower size and flower number. At smaller phylogenetic scales, analyses of individual genera did not always find evidence of a trade-off, a result consistent with previous studies that have examined the trade-off for a single species or genus. Ours is the first study to support an angiosperm-wide trade-off between flower size and number and supports the theory that life history constraints have influenced the evolution of floral display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa D Sargent
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3140 USA
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Renner SS, Beenken L, Grimm GW, Kocyan A, Ricklefs RE. The evolution of dioecy, heterodichogamy, and labile sex expression in Acer. Evolution 2007; 61:2701-19. [PMID: 17894810 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The northern hemisphere tree genus Acer comprises 124 species, most of them monoecious, but 13 dioecious. The monoecious species flower dichogamously, duodichogamously (male, female, male), or in some species heterodichogamously (two morphs that each produce male and female flowers but at reciprocal times). Dioecious species cannot engage in these temporal strategies. Using a phylogeny for 66 species and subspecies obtained from 6600 nucleotides of chloroplast introns, spacers, and a protein-coding gene, we address the hypothesis (Pannell and Verdú, Evolution 60: 660-673. 2006) that dioecy evolved from heterodichogamy. This hypothesis was based on phylogenetic analyses (Gleiser and Verdú, New Phytol. 165: 633-640. 2005) that included 29-39 species of Acer coded for five sexual strategies (duodichogamous monoecy, heterodichogamous androdioecy, heterodichogamous trioecy, dichogamous subdioecy, and dioecy) treated as ordered states or as a single continuous variable. When reviewing the basis for these scorings, we found errors that together with the small taxon sample, cast doubt on the earlier inferences. Based on published studies, we coded 56 species of Acer for four sexual strategies, dioecy, monoecy with dichogamous or duodichogamous flowering, monoecy with heterodichogamous flowering, or labile sex expression, in which individuals reverse their sex allocation depending on environment-phenotype interactions. Using Bayesian character mapping, we infer an average of 15 transformations, a third of them involving changes from monoecy-cum-duodichogamy to dioecy; less frequent were changes from this strategy to heterodichogamy; dioecy rarely reverts to other sexual systems. Contra the earlier inferences, we found no switches between heterodichogamy and dioecy. Unexpectedly, most of the species with labile sex expression are grouped together, suggesting that phenotypic plasticity in Acer may be a heritable sexual strategy. Because of the complex flowering phenologies, however, a concern remains that monoecy in Acer might not always be distinguishable from labile sex expression, which needs to be addressed by long-term monitoring of monoecious trees. The 13 dioecious species occur in phylogenetically disparate clades that date back to the Late Eocene and Oligocene, judging from a fossil-calibrated relaxed molecular clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Renner
- Department of Biology, University of Munich, Menzinger Str. 67, D-80638 Munich, Germany.
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Nakamura K, Denda T, Kameshima O, Yokota M. Breakdown of distyly in a tetraploid variety of Ophiorrhiza japonica (Rubiaceae) and its phylogenetic analysis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2007; 120:501-9. [PMID: 17530166 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-007-0089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We examined the floral morph of tetraploid Ophiorrhiza japonica Blume var. amamiana Hatus. and diploid O. japonica var. japonica to elucidate the association of distyly and ploidy levels. Chloroplast DNA phylogeny was reconstructed to determine the number of tetraploidization events and floral morph shifts in O. japonica. All individuals of O. japonica var. amamiana proved to be long-homostylous, whereas O. japonica var. japonica was distylous with typical long- and short-styled flowers. Distyly is related to the ploidy level. The bagging treatment of flowers indicated that O. japonica var. amamiana is self-compatible and potentially automatically self-pollinating. In cpDNA sequencing analysis, no haplotype was shared between the two varieties. The cpDNA haplotype network displayed the monophyly of O. japonica var. amamiana, suggesting a single origin of this variety. Hence, both tetraploidization and the breakdown of distyly to homostyly in O. japonica var. amamiana likely occurred just once. Because O. japonica var. amamiana having the morphological and cytological entity is recognized as a single lineage and clearly separated from O. japonica var. japonica, this variety can be considered to be a distinct species. We therefore propose to raise O. japonica var. amamiana to the rank of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh Nakamura
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan.
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Abstract
R. H. Whittaker's idea that plant diversity can be divided into a hierarchy of spatial components from alpha at the within-habitat scale through beta for the turnover of species between habitats to gamma along regional gradients implies the underlying existence of alpha, beta, and gamma niches. We explore the hypothesis that the evolution of alpha, beta, and gamma niches is also hierarchical, with traits that define the alpha niche being labile, while those defining beta and gamma niches are conservative. At the alpha level we find support for the hypothesis in the lack of close significant phylogenetic relationship between meadow species that have similar alpha niches. In a second test, alpha niche overlap based on a variety of traits is compared between congeners and noncongeners in several communities; here, too, there is no evidence of a correlation between alpha niche and phylogeny. To test whether beta and gamma niches evolve conservatively, we reconstructed the evolution of relevant traits on evolutionary trees for 14 different clades. Tests against null models revealed a number of instances, including some in island radiations, in which habitat (beta niche) and elevational maximum (an aspect of the gamma niche) showed evolutionary conservatism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Silvertown
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
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Pérez-Barrales R, Vargas P, Arroyo J. New evidence for the Darwinian hypothesis of heterostyly: breeding systems and pollinators in Narcissus sect. Apodanthi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 171:553-67. [PMID: 16866958 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Here we analysed the role played by breeding systems and pollinators in the evolution of heterostyly by testing whether evolution towards heterostyly is associated with style polymorphism and changes in pollinator proficiency or breeding system variation (Darwinian hypothesis). We studied pollinators, pollen-transfer efficiency, and incompatibility systems in all seven species of Narcissus sect. Apodanthi for which we also obtained chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences from three spacers to infer phylogenetic relationships. Five species are self-incompatible and within-morph cross-compatible. Heterostylous (Narcissus albimarginatus) and style-dimorphic (Narcissus cuatrecasasii) species that have a high degree of reciprocity in stigma and anther height are primarily pollinated by solitary bees. The style-monomorphic species (Narcissus watieri) and the style-dimorphic species with the least stigma-anther reciprocity (Narcissus rupicola) are both self-compatible and pollinated by butterflies, moths and hover flies. Phylogenetic reconstruction of character transitions indicates that the shift from style dimorphism to distyly is associated with a shift to bee pollination. Pollination by lepidopterans and flies is associated with stable style dimorphism and monomorphism. Evolution and maintenance of style polymorphisms in this group of species are independent of incompatibility systems. Taken together, our results strongly support the pollinator-based model for evolution of heterostyly and style length polymorphisms in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Pérez-Barrales
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1095, 41080 Seville, Spain
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Bastida J, Lavilla R, Viladomat F. Chemical and biological aspects of Narcissus alkaloids. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2006; 63:87-179. [PMID: 17133715 PMCID: PMC7118783 DOI: 10.1016/s1099-4831(06)63003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This chapter discusses the chemical and biological aspects of Narcissus alkaloids. Numerous alkaloids have been isolated from Narcissus speciesasaresult of the continuing search for novel alkaloids with pharmacological activity in the Amaryllidaceae family. The alkaloids isolated from this genus, classified in relation to the different skeleton types. The different Narcissus wild species and intersectional hybrids, grouped into subgenera and sections, with their corresponding alkaloids, arranged according to their ring system are listed. The biosynthetic pathways of Narcissus alkaloids includes: (1) enzymatic preparation of the precursors, (2) primary cyclization mechanisms, (3) enzymatic preparation of intermediates, (4) secondary cyclization, diversification, and restructuring. The chapter discusses proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS) for Narcissus alkaloids. A list of the different Narcissus alkaloids, their spectroscopic properties, and literature with the most recent spectroscopic data is given. Several Narcissus extracts shows the following activities: antiviral, prophage induction, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, insecticidal, cytotoxic, antitumor, antimitotic, antiplatelet, hypotensive, emetic, acetylcholine esterase inhibitory, antifertility, antinociceptive, chronotropic, pheromone, plant growth inhibitor, and allelopathic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Bastida
- Departament de Productes Naturals, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Primula (c. 430 species) and relatives (Primulaceae) are paradigmatic to our understanding of distyly. However, the common co-occurrence of distyly and monomorphy in closely related groups within the family has made the interpretation of its evolution difficult.Here, we infer a chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) phylogeny for 207 accessions, including 51% of the species and 95% of the sections of Primula with monomorphic populations, using Bayesian methods. With this tree, we infer the distribution of ancestral states on critical nodes using parsimony and likelihood methods. The inferred cpDNA phylogeny is consistent with prior estimates. The most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of Primula is resolved as distylous using both methods of inference. However, whether the distyly in Primula, Hottonia, and Vitaliana arose once or three independent times is not clear. We conclude that monomorphism in descendants of the MRCA of Primula is derived from distyly in all cases. Thus, scenarios for the evolution of distyly that rely on the persistence of primitive monomorphy (such as in Primula section Sphondylia) require re-evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin R Mast
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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Barrett SCH, Harder LD. The evolution of polymorphic sexual systems in daffodils (Narcissus). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2005; 165:45-53. [PMID: 15720619 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Narcissus, the daffodil genus, exhibits an unusual diversity of sexual systems, with populations that are monomorphic, dimorphic or trimorphic for style length. Associated with this variation are striking differences among species in floral morphology and pollination biology. This diversity provides an opportunity to investigate the evolution of mating polymorphisms, and to determine how floral morphology promotes transitions among sexual systems. Because of the absence of heteromorphic incompatibility in Narcissus, floral morphology plays a key role in governing patterns of outcrossed mating. Phylogenetic evidence indicates that stylar monomorphism is ancestral in the genus, with multiple origins of stylar polymorphism, including independent origins of stigma-height dimorphism, distyly and tristyly. Sexual polymorphisms have evolved only in lineages with narrow floral tubes that are pollinated by Lepidoptera and/or long-tongued bees. Populations of polymorphic Narcissus species are typically dominated by the long-styled morph and display imperfect reciprocity in the positions of sexual organs. These features are consequences of the unusual association between stylar polymorphism and a self-incompatibility system that permits intramorph mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer C H Barrett
- Department of Botany, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada.
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