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Overview of Chios Mastic Gum (Pistacia lentiscus) Effects on Human Health. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030590. [PMID: 35276949 PMCID: PMC8838553 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the remarkable development of the medical industry in the current era, herbal products with therapeutic potentials arise as attractive alternative treatments. Consequently, Chios mastiha, a natural, aromatic resin obtained from the trunk and brunches of the mastic tree, has recently gained increasing scientific interest due to its multiple beneficial actions. Chios mastiha is being exclusively produced on the southern part of Chios, a Greek island situated in the northern Aegean Sea, and its therapeutic properties have been known since Greek antiquity. There is now substantial evidence to suggest that mastiha demonstrates a plethora of favorable effects, mainly attributed to the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties of its components. The main use of mastiha nowadays, however, is for the production of natural chewing gum, although an approval by the European Medicines Agency for mild dyspeptic disorders and for inflammations of the skin has been given. The aim of this article is to summarize the most important data about the therapeutic actions of Chios mastiha and discuss future fields for its medical application.
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Amerikanou C, Kanoni S, Kaliora AC, Barone A, Bjelan M, D'Auria G, Gioxari A, Gosalbes MJ, Mouchti S, Stathopoulou MG, Soriano B, Stojanoski S, Banerjee R, Halabalaki M, Mikropoulou EV, Kannt A, Lamont J, Llorens C, Marascio F, Marascio M, Roig FJ, Smyrnioudis I, Varlamis I, Visvikis‐Siest S, Vukic M, Milic N, Medic‐Stojanoska M, Cesarini L, Campolo J, Gastaldelli A, Deloukas P, Trivella MG, Francino MP, Dedoussis GV. Effect of Mastiha supplementation on NAFLD: The MAST4HEALTH Randomised, Controlled Trial. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2001178. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202001178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charalampia Amerikanou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education Harokopio University Athens Greece
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London EC1M 6BQ UK
| | - Andriana C. Kaliora
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education Harokopio University Athens Greece
| | | | - Mladen Bjelan
- Faculty of Medicine University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Giuseppe D'Auria
- Sequencing and Bioinformatics Service Fundació per al Foment de la Investigació Sanitària i Biomèdica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO‐Salut Pública) Avda. Catalunya 21 València 46020 Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública Av. Monforte de Lemos 3–5 Madrid 28029 Spain
| | - Aristea Gioxari
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education Harokopio University Athens Greece
| | - María José Gosalbes
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública Av. Monforte de Lemos 3–5 Madrid 28029 Spain
- Joint Research Unit in Genomics and Health Fundació per al Foment de la Investigació Sanitària i Biomèdica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO) and Institut de Biologia Integrativa de Sistemes (Universitat de València / Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas) Avda. Catalunya 21 València 46020 Spain
| | | | | | - Beatriz Soriano
- Biotechvana, Parc Científic Universitat de València Paterna Valencia Spain
| | - Stefan Stojanoski
- Faculty of Medicine University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia
- Centre for Imaging Diagnostics Oncology Insitute of Vojvodina Sremska Kamenica Serbia
| | | | - Maria Halabalaki
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry Department of Pharmacy National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Eleni V. Mikropoulou
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry Department of Pharmacy National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Aimo Kannt
- Sanofi Research and Development Industriepark Hoechst Frankfurt 65926 Germany
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt 60590 Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP Frankfurt 60596 Germany
| | - John Lamont
- Randox Laboratories Limited, Crumlin, Co. Antrim Northern Ireland UK
| | - Carlos Llorens
- Biotechvana, Parc Científic Universitat de València Paterna Valencia Spain
| | | | | | - Francisco J. Roig
- Biotechvana, Parc Científic Universitat de València Paterna Valencia Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad San Jorge Zaragoza 50830 Spain
| | | | - Iraklis Varlamis
- Department of Informatics and Telematics Harokopio University Athens Greece
| | | | - Milan Vukic
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology Zvornik University of East Sarajevo Zvornik 75400 Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Natasa Milic
- Faculty of Medicine University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Milica Medic‐Stojanoska
- Faculty of Medicine University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Clinical Centre of Vojvodina Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Lucia Cesarini
- Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology Niguarda Ca' Grande Hospital Milan Italy
| | | | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Cardiometabolic Risk Unit Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR Pisa Italy
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London EC1M 6BQ UK
- Centre for Genomic Health, Life Sciences Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Maria Giovanna Trivella
- Institute of Clinical Physiology CNR Milan Italy
- Cardiometabolic Risk Unit Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR Pisa Italy
| | - M. Pilar Francino
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública Av. Monforte de Lemos 3–5 Madrid 28029 Spain
- Joint Research Unit in Genomics and Health Fundació per al Foment de la Investigació Sanitària i Biomèdica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO) and Institut de Biologia Integrativa de Sistemes (Universitat de València / Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas) Avda. Catalunya 21 València 46020 Spain
| | - George V. Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education Harokopio University Athens Greece
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Kannt A, Papada E, Kammermeier C, D'Auria G, Jiménez‐Hernández N, Stephan M, Schwahn U, Madsen AN, Østergaard MV, Dedoussis G, Francino MP. Mastiha (Pistacia lentiscus) Improves Gut Microbiota Diversity, Hepatic Steatosis, and Disease Activity in a Biopsy-Confirmed Mouse Model of Advanced Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Fibrosis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1900927. [PMID: 31599067 PMCID: PMC7003480 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE As a result of the obesity epidemic, the prevalence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is increasing. No drug is approved for the treatment of NASH. In this study, the effect of a nutritional supplement, Mastiha or Chios mastic gum, on metabolic and histological parameters and on the gut microbiome in mice with NASH and fibrosis was investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Advanced NASH was induced by feeding C57BL/6J mice a diet rich in fat, sucrose, and cholesterol for 41 weeks. After randomization, animals received the NASH-inducing diet with or without 0.2% (w/w) Mastiha for a further 8 weeks. Disease activity was assessed by liver histology and determination of plasma transaminase activities. Fecal microbiota DNA extraction and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing were used to determine the composition of the gut microbiome. Mastiha supplementation led to a significant reduction in circulating alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, improvement in hepatic steatosis and collagen content, and a reduction in NAFLD activity score. Furthermore, it resulted in a partial but significant recovery of gut microbiota diversity and changes in identity and abundance of specific taxa. CONCLUSION This is the first study demonstrating an improvement in disease activity in mice with advanced NASH with fibrosis by a diet containing Mastiha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimo Kannt
- Sanofi Research and Development65926FrankfurtGermany
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical Faculty MannheimUniversity of Heidelberg68167MannheimGermany
| | | | | | - Giuseppe D'Auria
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research (FISABIO)46035ValenciaSpain
| | | | | | - Uwe Schwahn
- Sanofi Research and Development65926FrankfurtGermany
| | | | | | | | - M. Pilar Francino
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research (FISABIO)46035ValenciaSpain
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Vezza T, Algieri F, Rodríguez-Nogales A, Garrido-Mesa J, Utrilla MP, Talhaoui N, Gómez-Caravaca AM, Segura-Carretero A, Rodríguez-Cabezas ME, Monteleone G, Gálvez J. Immunomodulatory properties of Olea europaea leaf extract in intestinal inflammation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28731213 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201601066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Extracts from olive (Olea europaea) leaves are used in Mediterranean traditional medicine as anti-inflammatory agents. They contain antioxidant phenolic compounds, such as oleuropeoside, which could be interesting for the treatment of inflammatory conditions associated with oxidative stress in humans, including inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS AND RESULTS The anti-inflammatory effects of olive leaf extract (0.5-25 mg/kg) were studied in two mice models of colitis (DSS and DNBS). Olive leaf extract (0.1-100 μg/mL) immunomodulatory effects were also investigated in different cell types and in ex vivo organ cultures of mucosal explants of healthy donors and Crohn's disease (CD) patients. The extract showed effect in both colitis models reducing the expression of proinflammatory mediators (IL-1β, TNF-α, and iNOS), and improving the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity restoring the expression of ZO-1, MUC-2, and TFF-3. These effects were confirmed in vitro. Furthermore, it reduced the production of proinflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) in intestinal mucosal samples from CD patients. CONCLUSION Olive leaf extract presented intestinal anti-inflammatory activity in colitis mouse models, maybe be related to its immunomodulatory properties and the capacity to restore the intestinal epithelial barrier. Besides, the extract could also regulate the activity of cells involved in the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Vezza
- CIBER-EHD, Department of Pharmacology, ibs.GRANADA, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francesca Algieri
- CIBER-EHD, Department of Pharmacology, ibs.GRANADA, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alba Rodríguez-Nogales
- CIBER-EHD, Department of Pharmacology, ibs.GRANADA, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José Garrido-Mesa
- CIBER-EHD, Department of Pharmacology, ibs.GRANADA, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M Pilar Utrilla
- CIBER-EHD, Department of Pharmacology, ibs.GRANADA, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Nassima Talhaoui
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, Granada, Spain.,Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), PTS Granada, Avda.del Conocimiento s/n., Edificio Bioregión, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana María Gómez-Caravaca
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, Granada, Spain.,Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), PTS Granada, Avda.del Conocimiento s/n., Edificio Bioregión, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, Granada, Spain.,Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), PTS Granada, Avda.del Conocimiento s/n., Edificio Bioregión, Granada, Spain
| | - M Elena Rodríguez-Cabezas
- CIBER-EHD, Department of Pharmacology, ibs.GRANADA, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Julio Gálvez
- CIBER-EHD, Department of Pharmacology, ibs.GRANADA, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Koychev S, Dommisch H, Chen H, Pischon N. Antimicrobial Effects of Mastic Extract Against Oral and Periodontal Pathogens. J Periodontol 2017; 88:511-517. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2017.150691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefka Koychev
- Department of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Charité Medical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Dommisch
- Department of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Charité Medical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Charité Medical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nicole Pischon
- Department of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Charité Medical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Georgiadis I, Karatzas T, Korou LM, Katsilambros N, Perrea D. Beneficial health effects of Chios Gum Mastic and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: indications of common mechanisms. J Med Food 2015; 18:1-10. [PMID: 25133901 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For thousands of years, Chios Gum Mastic (CGM), the resin produced by the trunk of Pistachia lentiscus var Chia, has been used for culinary and medicinal purposes and several therapeutic properties have been attributed to it. CGM has been used in traditional medicine of various nations in the eastern Mediterranean area. This survey was carried out to identify biological mechanisms that could explain traditional usage and recent pharmacological findings. We reviewed the related scientific literature available from the NCBI PUBMED database on CGM studies and on natural products showing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist effects. We investigated whether CGM qualifies as a PPAR modulator. A large number of studies demonstrate that CGM has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, and anticancer properties. Recently, the first evidence of CGM antidiabetic effect became known. CGM chemical composition has been extensively analyzed and the presence of several compounds, especially triterpenoids is well documented. Some of them, oleanonic acid, oleanolic acid, and gallic acid are considered to act as PPAR modulators. PPARs are nuclear receptors functioning as transcription factors and thereby controlling cellular functions at the level of gene expression. PPARs are involved in the pathways of significant diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, inflammation, atheromatosis, and neoplasias, constituting a key target for pharmacological interventions. This article proposes that the synergistic action of some constituents of CGM on PPARs and more precisely on both PPARs isotypes-α and -γ, may be one of the major biological mechanisms via which CGM exerts its multiple effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Georgiadis
- Department of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research "N.S. Christeas," Athens School of Medicine, University of Athens , Athens, Greece
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Hadjimbei E, Botsaris G, Goulas V, Gekas V. Health-Promoting Effects ofPistaciaResins: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Potential Applications in the Food Industry. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2014.938350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Bozorgi M, Memariani Z, Mobli M, Salehi Surmaghi MH, Shams-Ardekani MR, Rahimi R. Five Pistacia species (P. vera, P. atlantica, P. terebinthus, P. khinjuk, and P. lentiscus): a review of their traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:219815. [PMID: 24453812 PMCID: PMC3876903 DOI: 10.1155/2013/219815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pistacia, a genus of flowering plants from the family Anacardiaceae, contains about twenty species, among them five are more popular including P. vera, P. atlantica, P. terebinthus, P. khinjuk, and P. lentiscus. Different parts of these species have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes like tonic, aphrodisiac, antiseptic, antihypertensive and management of dental, gastrointestinal, liver, urinary tract, and respiratory tract disorders. Scientific findings also revealed the wide pharmacological activities from various parts of these species, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticholinesterase, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antidiabetic, antitumor, antihyperlipidemic, antiatherosclerotic, and hepatoprotective activities and also their beneficial effects in gastrointestinal disorders. Various types of phytochemical constituents like terpenoids, phenolic compounds, fatty acids, and sterols have also been isolated and identified from different parts of Pistacia species. The present review summarizes comprehensive information concerning ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of the five mentioned Pistacia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbubeh Bozorgi
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
| | - Zahra Memariani
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
| | - Masumeh Mobli
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Salehi Surmaghi
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Shams-Ardekani
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Roja Rahimi
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
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Vlastos D, Mademtzoglou D, Drosopoulou E, Efthimiou I, Chartomatsidou T, Pandelidou C, Astyrakaki M, Chalatsi E, Mavragani-Tsipidou P. Evaluation of the genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of Chios mastic water by the in vitro micronucleus test on human lymphocytes and the in vivo wing somatic test on Drosophila. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69494. [PMID: 23936030 PMCID: PMC3720709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chios mastic gum, a plant-derived product obtained by the Mediterranean bush Pistacia lentiscus (L.) var. chia (Duham), has generated considerable interest because of its antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant and other beneficial properties. Its aqueous extract, called Chios mastic water (CMW), contains the authentic mastic scent and all the water soluble components of mastic. In the present study, the potential genotoxic activity of CMW, as well as its antigenotoxic properties against the mutagenic agent mitomycin-C (MMC), was evaluated by employing the in vitro Cytokinesis Block MicroNucleus (CBMN) assay and the in vivo Somatic Mutation And Recombination Test (SMART). In the former assay, lymphocytes were treated with 1, 2 and 5% (v/v) of CMW with or without MMC at concentrations 0.05 and 0.50 µg/ml. No significant micronucleus induction was observed by CMW, while co-treatment with MMC led to a decrease of the MMC-induced micronuclei, which ranged between 22.8 and 44.7%. For SMART, larvae were treated with 50 and 100% (v/v) CMW with or without MMC at concentrations 1.00, 2.50 and 5.00 µg/ml. It was shown that CMW alone did not modify the spontaneous frequencies of spots indicating lack of genotoxic activity. Τhe simultaneous administration of MMC with 100% CMW led to considerable alterations of the frequencies of MMC-induced wing spots with the total mutant clones showing reduction between 53.5 and 74.4%. Our data clearly show a protective role of CMW against the MMC-induced genotoxicity and further research on the beneficial properties of this product is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Vlastos
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Agrinio, Greece
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Rahimi R, Baghaei A, Baeeri M, Amin G, Shams-Ardekani MR, Khanavi M, Abdollahi M. Promising effect of Magliasa, a traditional Iranian formula, on experimental colitis on the basis of biochemical and cellular findings. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:1901-11. [PMID: 23569335 PMCID: PMC3613105 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i12.1901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the efficacy of Magliasa, a traditional Iranian formula, on experimental colitis.
METHODS: After botanical authentication of herbal ingredients, formulation of Magliasa, quantitative determination of total glucosinolates and total phenolic content, and analysis of the thin layer chromatography profile were performed. Colitis was then induced in male rats by instillation of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) in all groups, aside from the Sham group. The experimental groups consisted of: the Sham group that received only normal saline; the Mag-50, Mag-100 and Mag-200 groups, which received 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg per day of Magliasa, respectively; the control group, which received vehicle water orally; the infliximab group, which received infliximab (5 mg/kg per day, subcutaneously); and the Dexa group, which received dexamethasone (1 mg/kg per day, orally). After completing the treatment period (2 wk), the rats were sacrificed, the colon was removed, its macroscopic and microscopic changes were recorded, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), total antioxidant capacity, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were assessed in colon homogenate.
RESULTS: The mean value of total glucosinolates in one gram of Magliasa was 19 ± 1 μmol. The mean value of the total phenolic content was 293.8 ± 17.6 mg gallic acid equivalents per 100 gram of Magliasa. Macroscopic scores were significantly decreased in Mag-100 (1.80 ± 0.58, P = 0.019) and Mag-200 (1.20 ± 0.20, P = 0.001) compared to the control group (3.40 ± 0.24), although some inflammation and hyperemia were evident. Treatment of rats by dexamethasone (0.33 ± 0.21, P < 0.001) and infliximab (0.83 ± 0.31, P < 0.001) remarkably attenuated scores where mild hyperemia was observed macroscopically. In comparison to the control group (4.00 ± 0.32), only Mag-200 (1.60 ± 0.40) showed a significant decrease in colonic histopathological scores (P = 0.005). Minimal mucosal inflammation was observed in the Dexa group (0.67 ± 0.21, P < 0.001). The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and MPO were significantly lower in all groups compared to the controls (P < 0.05). A significant decrease in LPO was seen in the Mag-200 (3.27 ± 0.77, P = 0.01) and Dexa (3.44 ± 0.22, P = 0.011) groups in comparison to the control group (6.43 ± 0.61). Only dexamethasone caused a significant increase in antioxidant power in comparison to the control group (346.73 ± 9.9 vs 228.33 ± 2.75, P < 0.001). Infliximab and different doses of Magliasa did not show any remarkable increase in antioxidant capacity (P > 0.05). The effect of Magliasa in all of mentioned parameters, except antioxidant capacity, was dose dependent.
CONCLUSION: The effects of Magliasa in TNBS-induced colitis are encouraging and warrant clinical trials for further confirmation.
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Sánchez-Fidalgo S, Cárdeno A, Sánchez-Hidalgo M, Aparicio-Soto M, Villegas I, Rosillo M, de la Lastra CA. Dietary unsaponifiable fraction from extra virgin olive oil supplementation attenuates acute ulcerative colitis in mice. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 48:572-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Chios Mastic Fractions in Experimental Colitis: Implication of the Nuclear Factor κB Pathway in Cultured HT29 Cells. J Med Food 2012; 15:974-83. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Abstract
There has been increasing interest lately in understanding how natural dietary antioxidants affect chemoprevention, and recently, there has been a merging of information about antioxidants, endogenous and exogenous reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), and inflammation. RONS normally serve the cells as second messengers to regulate many of the intracellular signaling cascades that govern multiple cellular activities. However, when the amount of RONS exceeds the cell’s ability to metabolize/eliminate them, the cell becomes stressed and acquires genetic and epigenetic aberrations and dysregulated intracellular signaling cascades. In addition, there has been a better understanding of the role of tissue inflammation in the carcinogenesis process. Herein we integrate these fields to explain where RONS arise and how natural dietary antioxidants are principally working through refurbishing pathways that use RONS as second messengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Shu Wang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, TBRC, Room C4930 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Chieh-Ti Kuo
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, TBRC, Room C4930 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Yi-Wen Huang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, TBRC, Room C4930 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Gary D. Stoner
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, TBRC, Room C4930 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - John F. Lechner
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, TBRC, Room C4930 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
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Vallianou I, Peroulis N, Pantazis P, Hadzopoulou-Cladaras M. Camphene, a plant-derived monoterpene, reduces plasma cholesterol and triglycerides in hyperlipidemic rats independently of HMG-CoA reductase activity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20516. [PMID: 22073134 PMCID: PMC3207810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central to the pathology of coronary heart disease is the accumulation of lipids, cholesterol and triglycerides, within the intima of arterial blood vessels. The search for drugs to treat dislipidemia, remains a major pharmaceutical focus. In this study, we evaluated the hypolipidemic properties of the essential oil from Chios mastic gum (MGO). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The hypolipidemic effect of MGO was investigated in naïve as well as in rats susceptible to detergent-induced hyperlipidemia. Serum cholesterol and triglycerides were determined using commercial kits. HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A) reductase activity was measured in HepG2 cell extracts using a radioactive assay; cellular cholesterol and cholesterol esters were assessed using gas chromatography. MGO administration into naïve rats resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in the constitutive synthesis of serum cholesterol and triglycerides. In hyperlipidemic rats, MGO treatment had also a strong hypolipidemic effect. By testing various components of MGO, we show for the first time that the hypolipidemic action is associated with camphene. Administration of camphene at a dose of 30 µg/gr of body weight in hyperlipidemic rats resulted in a 54.5% reduction of total cholesterol (p<0.001), 54% of Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (p<0.001) and 34.5% of triglycerides (p<0.001). Treatment of HepG2 cells with camphene led to a decrease in cellular cholesterol content to the same extend as mevinolin, a known HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. The hypolipidemic action of camphene is independent of HMG-CoA reductase activity, suggesting that its hypocholesterolemic and hypotriglyceridemic effects are associated with a mechanism of action different than that of statins. CONCLUSIONS Given the critical role that the control of hyperlipidemia plays in cardiovascular disease, the results of our study provide insights into the use of camphene as an alternative lipid lowering agent and merits further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Vallianou
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Peroulis
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Margarita Hadzopoulou-Cladaras
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- * E-mail:
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15
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Giaginis C, Theocharis S. Current evidence on the anticancer potential of Chios mastic gum. Nutr Cancer 2011; 63:1174-84. [PMID: 22044444 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2011.607546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chios mastic gum derived from the plant Pistacia lentiscus L. variation chia has been shown to exert beneficial effects on a wide range of human disorders. The most comprehensive data so far have indicated that mastic gum provides protection against gastrointestinal malfunctions and bacterial infections. Substantial evidence has also suggested that mastic gum exhibits hepatoprotective and cardioprotective, antiinflammatory/antioxidant, and antiatherogenic properties. In the last decade, an increasing number of studies further evaluated the potential antiproliferative properties of mastic gum against several types of human neoplasia. The present review aims to summarize the current data concerning the anticancer activities of mastic gum and their major constituents, highlighting also the molecular mechanisms through which they exert anticancer function. Mastic gum constituents that belong to the chemical class of triterpenoids appear to be mainly responsible for its anticancer potential. Thus, a brief discussion is dedicated to the anticancer activity of synthetic and naturally occurring triterpenoid analogues with similar chemical structure to mastic gum constituents. Taking into consideration the available data so far, Chios mastic gum could be considered as a conglomeration of effective anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Giaginis
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Gioxari A, Kaliora AC, Papalois A, Agrogiannis G, Triantafillidis JK, Andrikopoulos NK. Pistacia lentiscus resin regulates intestinal damage and inflammation in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis. J Med Food 2011; 14:1403-11. [PMID: 21612460 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2010.0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastic (Pistacia lentiscus) of the Anacardiaceae family has exhibited anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in patients with Crohn's disease. This study was based on the hypothesis that mastic inhibits intestinal damage in inflammatory bowel disease, regulating inflammation and oxidative stress in intestinal epithelium. Four different dosages of P. lentiscus powder in the form of powder were administered orally to trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitic rats. Eighty-four male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to seven groups: A, control; B, colitic; C-F, colitic rats daily supplemented with P. lentiscus powder at (C) 50 mg/kg, (D) 100 mg/kg, (E) 200 mg/kg, and (F) 300 mg/kg of body weight; and G, colitic rats treated daily with cortisone (25 μg/kg of body weight). Colonic damage was assessed microscopically. The cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-10 and malonaldehyde were measured in colonic specimens. Results were expressed as mean ± SE values. Histological amelioration of colitis (P≤.001) and significant differences in colonic indices occurred after 3 days of treatment. Daily administration of 100 mg of P. lentiscus powder/kg of body weight decreased all inflammatory cytokines (P≤.05), whereas 50 mg of P. lentiscus powder/kg of body weight and cortisone treatment reduced only ICAM-1 (P≤.05 and P≤.01, respectively). Malonaldehyde was significantly suppressed in all treated groups (P≤.01). IL-10 remained unchanged. Cytokines and malonaldehyde remained unaltered after 6 days of treatment. Thus P. lentiscus powder could possibly have a therapeutic role in Crohn's disease, regulating oxidant/antioxidant balance and modulating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristea Gioxari
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Dietetics and Nutritional Science, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
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Bachmann M, Horn K, Rudloff I, Goren I, Holdener M, Christen U, Darsow N, Hunfeld KP, Koehl U, Kind P, Pfeilschifter J, Kraiczy P, Mühl H. Early production of IL-22 but not IL-17 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to live Borrelia burgdorferi: the role of monocytes and interleukin-1. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001144. [PMID: 20976193 PMCID: PMC2954834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
If insufficiently treated, Lyme borreliosis can evolve into an inflammatory disorder affecting skin, joints, and the CNS. Early innate immunity may determine host responses targeting infection. Thus, we sought to characterize the immediate cytokine storm associated with exposure of PBMC to moderate levels of live Borrelia burgdorferi. Since Th17 cytokines are connected to host defense against extracellular bacteria, we focused on interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22. Here, we report that, despite induction of inflammatory cytokines including IL-23, IL-17 remained barely detectable in response to B. burgdorferi. In contrast, T cell-dependent expression of IL-22 became evident within 10 h of exposure to the spirochetes. This dichotomy was unrelated to interferon-γ but to a large part dependent on caspase-1 and IL-1 bioactivity derived from monocytes. In fact, IL-1β as a single stimulus induced IL-22 but not IL-17. Neutrophils display antibacterial activity against B. burgdorferi, particularly when opsonized by antibodies. Since neutrophilic inflammation, indicative of IL-17 bioactivity, is scarcely observed in Erythema migrans, a manifestation of skin inflammation after infection, protective and antibacterial properties of IL-22 may close this gap and serve essential functions in the initial phase of spirochete infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Bachmann
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katharina Horn
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ina Rudloff
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Itamar Goren
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin Holdener
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Urs Christen
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nicole Darsow
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Hunfeld
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, North West Medical Centre, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ulrike Koehl
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Peter Kind
- Dermatohistological Laboratory Offenbach, Offenbach, Germany
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Peter Kraiczy
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Heiko Mühl
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Qiao J, Li A, Jin X, Wang J. Mastic alleviates allergic inflammation in asthmatic model mice by inhibiting recruitment of eosinophils. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 45:95-100. [PMID: 20855649 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0212oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of allergic asthma is characterized by airway inflammation, eosinophilia, and airway hyperresponsiveness. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of mastic, obtained from the stem and the leaves of Pistacia lentiscus trees, on allergic asthma. In an ovalbumin-induced mouse asthma model, mastic significantly inhibited eosinophilia, while reducing airway hyperresponsiveness and suppressing the production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-5 and IL-13) as well as chemokines (eotaxin, eotaxin2, and regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Moreover, mastic potently inhibited eotaxin-induced eosinophil chemotaxis in vitro without influencing eotaxin receptor, chemokine receptor 3, expression. These results suggest that mastic may contribute to the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianou Qiao
- 639 Zhizaoju Road, Respiratory Department, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
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Moulos P, Papadodima O, Chatziioannou A, Loutrari H, Roussos C, Kolisis FN. A transcriptomic computational analysis of mastic oil-treated Lewis lung carcinomas reveals molecular mechanisms targeting tumor cell growth and survival. BMC Med Genomics 2009; 2:68. [PMID: 20003503 PMCID: PMC2801511 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-2-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mastic oil from Pistacia lentiscus variation chia, a blend of bioactive terpenes with recognized medicinal properties, has been recently shown to exert anti-tumor growth activity through inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis and inflammatory response. However, no studies have addressed its mechanisms of action at genome-wide gene expression level. Methods To investigate molecular mechanisms triggered by mastic oil, Lewis Lung Carcinoma cells were treated with mastic oil or DMSO and RNA was collected at five distinct time points (3-48 h). Microarray expression profiling was performed using Illumina mouse-6 v1 beadchips, followed by computational analysis. For a number of selected genes, RT-PCR validation was performed in LLC cells as well as in three human cancer cell lines of different origin (A549, HCT116, K562). PTEN specific inhibition by a bisperovanadium compound was applied to validate its contribution to mastic oil-mediated anti-tumor growth effects. Results In this work we demonstrated that exposure of Lewis lung carcinomas to mastic oil caused a time-dependent alteration in the expression of 925 genes. GO analysis associated expression profiles with several biological processes and functions. Among them, modifications on cell cycle/proliferation, survival and NF-κB cascade in conjunction with concomitant regulation of genes encoding for PTEN, E2F7, HMOX1 (up-regulation) and NOD1 (down-regulation) indicated some important mechanistic links underlying the anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects of mastic oil. The expression profiles of Hmox1, Pten and E2f7 genes were similarly altered by mastic oil in the majority of test cancer cell lines. Inhibition of PTEN partially reversed mastic oil effects on tumor cell growth, indicating a multi-target mechanism of action. Finally, k-means clustering, organized the significant gene list in eight clusters demonstrating a similar expression profile. Promoter analysis in a representative cluster revealed shared putative cis-elements suggesting a common regulatory transcription mechanism. Conclusions Present results provide novel evidence on the molecular basis of tumor growth inhibition mediated by mastic oil and set a rational basis for application of genomics and bioinformatic methodologies in the screening of natural compounds with potential cancer chemopreventive activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Moulos
- Institute of Biological Research and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece.
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Magkouta S, Stathopoulos GT, Psallidas I, Papapetropoulos A, Kolisis FN, Roussos C, Loutrari H. Protective Effects of Mastic Oil FromPistacia LentiscusVariationChiaAgainst Experimental Growth of Lewis Lung Carcinoma. Nutr Cancer 2009; 61:640-8. [DOI: 10.1080/01635580902825647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Shi HX, Ren JL, Dong WG. Advances in studies on relation between inflammatory bowel disease and immunity. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:399-405. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i4.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Its main clinical manifestations are abdominal pain and diarrhea. Its etiology is complicated. Immune system is very important. Following factors, such as intestinal environment, immune cells, human leukocyte antigens, antibodies, anti- laminaribioside antibody, anti-chitobioside antibody IgA, cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, NO and NF-κB, play a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory bowel disease is related to all these factors. This paper reviews the possible role of these immune factors in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease.
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