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Zhang Y, Chen P, Fang X. Proteomic and metabolomic analysis of GH deficiency-induced NAFLD in hypopituitarism: insights into oxidative stress. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1371444. [PMID: 38836220 PMCID: PMC11148278 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1371444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Individuals with hypopituitarism (HPs) have an increased risk of developing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) due to growth hormone deficiency (GHD). We aimed to investigate the possible mechanisms underlying the relationship between GHD and NAFLD using proteomic and metabolomic insights. Methods Serum metabolic alternations were assessed in male HPs using untargeted metabolomics. A rat model of HP was established through hypophysectomy, followed by recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) intervention. The mechanisms underlying GHD-mediated NAFLD were elucidated through the application of label-free proteomics and phosphorylation proteomics. Results Metabolomic analysis revealed that biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, such as alanine, lactate, and creatine, were significantly elevated in HPs compared to age-matched controls. In rats, hypophysectomy led to marked hepatic steatosis, lipid peroxidation, and reduced glutathione (GSH), which were subsequently modulated by rhGH replacement. Proteomic analysis identified cytochrome P450s, mitochondrial translation elongation, and PPARA activating genes as the major distinguishing pathways in hypophysectomized rats. The processes of fatty acid transport, synthesis, oxidation, and NADP metabolism were tightly described. An enhanced regulation of peroxisome β-oxidation and ω-oxidation, together with a decreased NADPH regeneration, may exacerbate oxidative stress. Phosphoproteome data showed downregulation of JAK2-STAT5B and upregulation of mTOR signaling pathway. Conclusions This study identified proteo-metabolomic signatures associated with the development of NAFLD in pituitary GHD. Evidence was found of oxidative stress imbalance resulting from abnormal fatty acid oxidation and NADPH regeneration, highlighting the role of GH deficiency in the development of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peizhan Chen
- Clinical Research Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuqian Fang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Najibi A, Rezaei H, Manthari RK, Niknahad H, Jamshidzadeh A, Farshad O, Yan F, Ma Y, Xu D, Tang Z, Ommati MM, Heidari R. Cellular and mitochondrial taurine depletion in bile duct ligated rats: a justification for taurine supplementation in cholestasis/cirrhosis. Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 8:195-210. [PMID: 36685263 PMCID: PMC9850306 DOI: 10.5114/ceh.2022.119216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Taurine (TAU) is a free amino acid abundant in the human body. Various physiological roles have been attributed to TAU. At the subcellular level, mitochondria are the primary targets for TAU function. Meanwhile, it has been found that TAU depletion is associated with severe pathologies. Cholestasis is a severe clinical complication that can progress to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatic failure. Bile duct ligation (BDL) is a reliable model for assessing cholestasis/cirrhosis and related complications. The current study was designed to investigate the effects of cholestasis/cirrhosis on tissue and mitochondrial TAU reservoirs. Cholestatic rats were monitored (14 and 42 days after BDL surgery), and TAU levels were assessed in various tissues and isolated mitochondria. There was a significant decrease in TAU in the brain, heart, liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, intestine, lung, testis, and ovary of the BDL animals (14 and 42 days after surgery). Mitochondrial levels of TAU were also significantly depleted in BDL animals. Tissue and mitochondrial TAU levels in cirrhotic animals (42 days after the BDL operation) were substantially lower than those in the cholestatic rats (14 days after BDL surgery). These data indicate an essential role for tissue and mitochondrial TAU in preventing organ injury induced by cholestasis/cirrhosis and could justify TAU supplementation for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Najibi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Heresh Rezaei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ram Kumar Manthari
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Science, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Hossein Niknahad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Akram Jamshidzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Omid Farshad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, Taigu, China
| | - Yanqin Ma
- Department of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, Taigu, China
| | - Dongmei Xu
- Department of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, Taigu, China
| | - Zhongwei Tang
- Department of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, Taigu, China
| | | | - Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Dichtel LE, Corey KE, Haines MS, Chicote ML, Kimball A, Colling C, Simon TG, Long MT, Husseini J, Bredella MA, Miller KK. The GH/IGF-1 Axis Is Associated With Intrahepatic Lipid Content and Hepatocellular Damage in Overweight/Obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e3624-e3632. [PMID: 35779256 PMCID: PMC9387707 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Obesity is a state of relative growth hormone (GH) deficiency, and GH has been identified as a candidate disease-modifying target in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) because of its lipolytic and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the GH/IGF-1 axis has not been well characterized in NAFLD. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate serum GH and IGF-1 levels in relation to intrahepatic lipid content (IHL) and markers of hepatocellular damage and fibrosis in NAFLD. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 102 adults (43% women; age 19-67; BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) without type 2 diabetes. IHL was measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy; NAFLD was defined by ≥ 5% IHL. Peak-stimulated GH in response to GH releasing hormone and arginine was assessed as was serum IGF-1 (LC/MS). RESULTS There was no difference in mean age, BMI, or sex distribution in NAFLD vs controls. Mean (± SD) IHL was higher in NAFLD vs controls (21.8 ± 13.3% vs 2.9 ± 1.1%, P < 0.0001). Mean peak-stimulated GH was lower in NAFLD vs controls (9.0 ± 6.3 vs 15.4 ± 11.2 ng/mL, P = 0.003), including after controlling for age, sex, visceral adipose tissue, and fasting glucose. In a stepwise model, peak-stimulated GH predicted 14.6% of the variability in IHL (P = 0.004). Higher peak-stimulated GH was also associated with lower ALT. Higher serum IGF-1 levels were associated with lower risk of liver fibrosis by Fibrosis-4 scores. CONCLUSION Individuals with NAFLD have lower peak-stimulated GH levels but similar IGF-1 levels as compared to controls. Higher peak-stimulated GH levels are associated with lower IHL and less hepatocellular damage. Higher IGF-1 levels are associated with more favorable fibrosis risk scores. These data implicate GH and IGF-1 as potential disease modifiers in the development and progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Dichtel
- Correspondence: Laura Dichtel, MD, Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, BUL457, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Kathleen E Corey
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Melanie S Haines
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Mark L Chicote
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Allison Kimball
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Caitlin Colling
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Tracey G Simon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Michelle T Long
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jad Husseini
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Miriam A Bredella
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Karen K Miller
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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Fox R, Stenning K, Slee A, Macnaughtan J, Davies N. Sarcopenia in liver cirrhosis: Prevalence, pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies. Anal Biochem 2022; 647:114581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Late Health Effects of Partial Body Irradiation Injury in a Minipig Model Are Associated with Changes in Systemic and Cardiac IGF-1 Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063286. [PMID: 33807089 PMCID: PMC8005067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical, epidemiological, and experimental evidence demonstrate non-cancer, cardiovascular, and endocrine effects of ionizing radiation exposure including growth hormone deficiency, obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hyperinsulinemia. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling perturbations are implicated in development of cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. The minipig is an emerging model for studying radiation effects given its high analogy to human anatomy and physiology. Here we use a minipig model to study late health effects of radiation by exposing male Göttingen minipigs to 1.9–2.0 Gy X-rays (lower limb tibias spared). Animals were monitored for 120 days following irradiation and blood counts, body weight, heart rate, clinical chemistry parameters, and circulating biomarkers were assessed longitudinally. Collagen deposition, histolopathology, IGF-1 signaling, and mRNA sequencing were evaluated in tissues. Our findings indicate a single exposure induced histopathological changes, attenuated circulating IGF-1, and disrupted cardiac IGF-1 signaling. Electrolytes, lipid profiles, liver and kidney markers, and heart rate and rhythm were also affected. In the heart, collagen deposition was significantly increased and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) was induced following irradiation; collagen deposition and fibrosis were also observed in the kidney of irradiated animals. Our findings show Göttingen minipigs are a suitable large animal model to study long-term effects of radiation exposure and radiation-induced inhibition of IGF-1 signaling may play a role in development of late organ injuries.
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Hu B, Li H, Zhang X. A Balanced Act: The Effects of GH-GHR-IGF1 Axis on Mitochondrial Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:630248. [PMID: 33816476 PMCID: PMC8012549 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.630248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is multifaceted in response to cellular energy homeostasis and metabolism, with the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) being one of their main functions. Selective elimination of mitochondria by mitophagy, in conjunction with mitochondrial biogenesis, regulates mitochondrial function that is required to meet metabolic demand or stress response. Growth hormone (GH) binds to the GH receptor (GHR) and induces the JAK2/STAT5 pathway to activate the synthesis of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1). The GH–GHR–IGF1 axis has been recognized to play significant roles in somatic growth, including cell proliferation, differentiation, division, and survival. In this review, we describe recent discoveries providing evidence for the contribution of the GH–GHR–IGF1 axis on mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy (or autophagy), and mitochondrial function under multiple physiological conditions. This may further improve our understanding of the effects of the GH–GHR–IGF1 axis on mitochondrial function, which may be controlled by the delicate balance between mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy. Specifically, we also highlight the challenges that remain in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiquan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Martín-Estal I, Castilla-Cortázar I, Castorena-Torres F. The Placenta as a Target for Alcohol During Pregnancy: The Close Relation with IGFs Signaling Pathway. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 180:119-153. [PMID: 34159446 DOI: 10.1007/112_2021_58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol is one of the most consumed drugs in the world, even during pregnancy. Its use is a risk factor for developing adverse outcomes, e.g. fetal death, miscarriage, fetal growth restriction, and premature birth, also resulting in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Ethanol metabolism induces an oxidative environment that promotes the oxidation of lipids and proteins, triggers DNA damage, and advocates mitochondrial dysfunction, all of them leading to apoptosis and cellular injury. Several organs are altered due to this harmful behavior, the brain being one of the most affected. Throughout pregnancy, the human placenta is one of the most important organs for women's health and fetal development, as it secretes numerous hormones necessary for a suitable intrauterine environment. However, our understanding of the human placenta is very limited and even more restricted is the knowledge of the impact of toxic substances in its development and fetal growth. So, could ethanol consumption during this period have wounding effects in the placenta, compromising proper fetal organ development? Several studies have demonstrated that alcohol impairs various signaling cascades within G protein-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinase receptors, mainly through its action on insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling pathway. This last cascade is involved in cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation and in placentation. This review tries to examine the current knowledge and gaps in our existing understanding of the ethanol effects in insulin/IGFs signaling pathway, which can explain the mechanism to elucidate the adverse actions of ethanol in the maternal-fetal interface of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Martín-Estal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
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Fourman LT, Billingsley JM, Agyapong G, Ho Sui SJ, Feldpausch MN, Purdy J, Zheng I, Pan CS, Corey KE, Torriani M, Kleiner DE, Hadigan CM, Stanley TL, Chung RT, Grinspoon SK. Effects of tesamorelin on hepatic transcriptomic signatures in HIV-associated NAFLD. JCI Insight 2020; 5:140134. [PMID: 32701508 PMCID: PMC7455119 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.140134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common comorbidity among people living with HIV that has a more aggressive course than NAFLD among the general population. In a recent randomized placebo-controlled trial, we demonstrated that the growth hormone-releasing hormone analog tesamorelin reduced liver fat and prevented fibrosis progression in HIV-associated NAFLD over 1 year. As such, tesamorelin is the first strategy that has shown to be effective against NAFLD among the population with HIV. The current study leveraged paired liver biopsy specimens from this trial to identify hepatic gene pathways that are differentially modulated by tesamorelin versus placebo. Using gene set enrichment analysis, we found that tesamorelin increased hepatic expression of hallmark gene sets involved in oxidative phosphorylation and decreased hepatic expression of gene sets contributing to inflammation, tissue repair, and cell division. Tesamorelin also reciprocally up- and downregulated curated gene sets associated with favorable and poor hepatocellular carcinoma prognosis, respectively. Notably, among tesamorelin-treated participants, these changes in hepatic expression correlated with improved fibrosis-related gene score. Our findings inform our knowledge of the biology of pulsatile growth hormone action and provide a mechanistic basis for the observed clinical effects of tesamorelin on the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay T Fourman
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James M Billingsley
- Harvard Chan Bioinformatics Core, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George Agyapong
- Liver Center, Digestive Healthcare Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shannan J Ho Sui
- Harvard Chan Bioinformatics Core, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Meghan N Feldpausch
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julia Purdy
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Isabel Zheng
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chelsea S Pan
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathleen E Corey
- Liver Center, Digestive Healthcare Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Martin Torriani
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David E Kleiner
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Colleen M Hadigan
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Takara L Stanley
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Raymond T Chung
- Liver Center, Digestive Healthcare Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven K Grinspoon
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Castilla-Cortázar I, Aguirre GA, Femat-Roldán G, Martín-Estal I, Espinosa L. Is insulin-like growth factor-1 involved in Parkinson's disease development? J Transl Med 2020; 18:70. [PMID: 32046737 PMCID: PMC7014772 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that results in the death of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta and the reduction in dopaminergic control over striatal output neurons, leading to a movement disorder most commonly characterized by akinesia or bradykinesia, rigidity and tremor. Also, PD is less frequently depicted by sensory symptoms (pain and tingling), hyposmia, sleep alterations, depression and anxiety, and abnormal executive and working memory related functions. On the other hand, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is an endocrine, paracrine and autocrine hormone with several functions including tissue growth and development, insulin-like activity, proliferation, pro-survival, anti-aging, antioxidant and neuroprotection, among others. Herein this review tries to summarize all experimental and clinical data to understand the pathophysiology and development of PD, as well as its clear association with IGF-1, supported by several lines of evidence: (1) IGF-1 decreases with age, while aging is the major risk for PD establishment and development; (2) numerous basic and translational data have appointed direct protective and homeostasis IGF-1 roles in all brain cells; (3) estrogens seem to confer women strong protection to PD via IGF-1; and (4) clinical correlations in PD cohorts have confirmed elevated IGF-1 levels at the onset of the disease, suggesting an ongoing compensatory or "fight-to-injury" mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inma Castilla-Cortázar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000, 64710, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
- Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gabriel A Aguirre
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Giovana Femat-Roldán
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000, 64710, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
- Neurocenter, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Irene Martín-Estal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000, 64710, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Luis Espinosa
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000, 64710, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
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10
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Cruz-Topete D, Oakley RH, Cidlowski JA. Glucocorticoid Signaling and the Aging Heart. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:347. [PMID: 32528419 PMCID: PMC7266971 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A decline in normal physiological functions characterizes the aging process. While some of these changes are benign, the decrease in the function of the cardiovascular system that occurs during aging leads to the activation of pathological processes associated with an increased risk for heart disease and its complications. Imbalances in endocrine function are also common occurrences during the aging process. Glucocorticoids are primary stress hormones and are critical regulators of energy metabolism, inflammation, and cardiac function. Glucocorticoids exert their actions by binding the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and, in some instances, to the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). GR and MR are members of the nuclear receptor family of ligand-activated transcription factors. There is strong evidence that imbalances in GR and MR signaling in the heart have a causal role in cardiac disease. The extent to which glucocorticoids play a role in the aging heart, however, remains unclear. This review will summarize the positive and negative direct and indirect effects of glucocorticoids on the heart and the latest molecular and physiological evidence on how alterations in glucocorticoid signaling lead to changes in cardiac structure and function. We also briefly discuss the effects of other hormones systems such as estrogens and GH/IGF-1 on different cardiovascular cells during aging. We will also review the link between imbalances in glucocorticoid levels and the molecular processes responsible for promoting cardiomyocyte dysfunction in aging. Finally, we will discuss the potential for selectively manipulating glucocorticoid signaling in cardiomyocytes, which may represent an improved therapeutic approach for preventing and treating age-related heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cruz-Topete
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Diana Cruz-Topete
| | - Robert H. Oakley
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States
| | - John A. Cidlowski
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States
- John A. Cidlowski
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Miyauchi S, Miyake T, Miyazaki M, Eguchi T, Niiya T, Yamamoto S, Senba H, Furukawa S, Matsuura B, Hiasa Y. Insulin-like growth factor-1 is inversely associated with liver fibrotic markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Investig 2019; 10:1083-1091. [PMID: 30592792 PMCID: PMC6626962 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) regulates mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, inflammation, stellate cells and insulin sensitivity in the liver, and it might be associated with liver fibrosis from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. In contrast, type 2 diabetes mellitus is closely associated with the progression from non-alcoholic fatty liver to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis, so careful evaluation of liver fibrosis is required for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, we examined the relationship between IGF-1 and liver fibrosis markers in type 2 diabetes patients without obvious alcoholic consumption and determined whether IGF-1 is associated with fibrosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS We selected 415 patients with type 2 diabetes without obvious alcohol consumption, who were admitted to Uwajima City Hospital between May 2013 and December 2016. We collected and analyzed clinical data to determine correlations between IGF-1 or IGF-1 standard deviation score and fibrosis-4 index or 7S domain of type IV collagen. RESULTS Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the fibrosis-4 index was inversely correlated with IGF-1 and IGF-1 standard deviation score. Furthermore, the 7S domain of type IV collagen was also inversely correlated with IGF-1 and IGF-1 standard deviation score. CONCLUSIONS IGF-1 was inversely correlated with liver fibrosis markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients without obvious alcoholic consumption. Measuring serum IGF-1 levels might help clinicians to identify type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with advanced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shozo Miyauchi
- Department of Internal MedicineUwajima City HospitalUwajimaEhimeJapan
| | - Teruki Miyake
- Department of Gastroenterology and MetabologyEhime University Graduate School of MedicineToonEhimeJapan
| | - Masumi Miyazaki
- Department of Internal MedicineUwajima City HospitalUwajimaEhimeJapan
| | - Toru Eguchi
- Aira Diabetes and Thyroid ClinicAiraKagoshimaJapan
| | - Tetsuji Niiya
- Department of Internal MedicineMatsuyama Shimin HospitalMatsuyamaEhimeJapan
| | - Shin Yamamoto
- Department of Lifestyle‐related MedicineEhime University Graduate School of MedicineToonEhimeJapan
| | - Hidenori Senba
- Department of Gastroenterology and MetabologyEhime University Graduate School of MedicineToonEhimeJapan
| | - Shinya Furukawa
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive MedicineEhime University Graduate School of MedicineToonEhimeJapan
| | - Bunzo Matsuura
- Department of Lifestyle‐related MedicineEhime University Graduate School of MedicineToonEhimeJapan
| | - Yoichi Hiasa
- Department of Gastroenterology and MetabologyEhime University Graduate School of MedicineToonEhimeJapan
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Abstract
Non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. For this reason, a tremendous effort is being made worldwide to effectively circumvent these afflictions, where insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is being proposed both as a marker and as a central cornerstone in these diseases, making it an interesting molecule to focus on. Firstly, at the initiation of metabolic deregulation by overfeeding, IGF1 is decreased/inhibited. Secondly, such deficiency seems to be intimately related to the onset of MetS and establishment of vascular derangements leading to atherosclerosis and finally playing a definitive part in cerebrovascular and myocardial accidents, where IGF1 deficiency seems to render these organs vulnerable to oxidative and apoptotic/necrotic damage. Several human cohort correlations together with basic/translational experimental data seem to confirm deep IGF1 implication, albeit with controversy, which might, in part, be given by experimental design leading to blurred result interpretation.
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13
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Fukunaga K, Imachi H, Lyu J, Dong T, Sato S, Ibata T, Kobayashi T, Yoshimoto T, Yonezaki K, Matsunaga T, Murao K. IGF1 suppresses cholesterol accumulation in the liver of growth hormone-deficient mice via the activation of ABCA1. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E1232-E1241. [PMID: 30130150 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00134.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, several clinical studies have suggested that adult growth hormone (GH) deficiency that also has low concentration of IGF1 is associated with an increased prevalence of fatty liver (FL). ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is a pivotal regulator of lipid efflux from cells to apolipoproteins and plays an important role on formation of FL. In this study, we determined the effects of IGF1 on ABCA1 expression in GH-deficient mice to clarify its effects on FL. Western blotting, real-time PCR, and a luciferase assay were employed to examine the effect of IGF1. The binding of FoxO1 to the ABCA1 promoter was assessed by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Cholesterol accumulation was analyzed by Oil Red O stain and cholesterol content measurement. We confirmed that IGF1 upregulated the ABCA1 expression. The activity of a reporter construct containing the ABCA1 promoter was induced by IGF1, and this effect was blocked by LY294002, a specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Constitutively active Akt stimulated the ABCA1 promoter activity, and a dominant-negative mutant of Akt or mutagenesis of the FoxO1 response element abolished the effect of IGF1. A ChIP assay indicated that FoxO1 mediated IGF1 transcriptional activity by directly binding to the ABCA1 promoter region. For in vivo experiments, we used an inhibitor for the GH receptor (Pegvisomant) to reduce the IGF1 level. A high-fat diet induced FL in mice (C57BL/6J) given Pegvisomant treatment. IGF1 treatment stimulated ABCA1 expression to improve cholesterol accumulation in these mice. These results show that the PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 pathway contributes to the regulation of ABCA1 expression in response to IGF1 stimulation that suppressed FL in GH-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensaku Fukunaga
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University , Kagawa , Japan
| | - Hitomi Imachi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University , Kagawa , Japan
| | - Jingya Lyu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University , Kagawa , Japan
| | - Tao Dong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University , Kagawa , Japan
| | - Seisuke Sato
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University , Kagawa , Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ibata
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University , Kagawa , Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kobayashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University , Kagawa , Japan
| | - Takuo Yoshimoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University , Kagawa , Japan
| | - Kazuko Yonezaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University , Kagawa , Japan
| | - Toru Matsunaga
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Koji Murao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University , Kagawa , Japan
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14
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Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Two Differently Extracted Coptis chinensis in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetic Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:3248521. [PMID: 30302116 PMCID: PMC6158947 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3248521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Coptis chinensis (CC) is widely used to treat diabetes in traditional Chinese medicine due to its significant hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. It was reported that CC powders are more effective than CC decoctions. In this study, a rat model of type 2 diabetes was established and treated with supercritical-extracted CC and gastric juice extracted CC, respectively. Body weight, fasting plasma insulin, insulin resistance index, and lipid profiles were measured along with oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs). In addition, the levels of plasma proteins were compared between type 2 diabetic rats and CC-treated rats using an iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis. The results showed that the plasma levels of triglyceride (TC), total cholesterol (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in rats of both CC-treated groups were significantly decreased. In addition, the proteomic analysis identified 929 proteins, while 15 proteins were selected from these 929 proteins based on their expression levels and bioinformatic results. Among these 15 proteins, 9 proteins (IGF-1, Igfbp4, Igfbp-6, Igfals, C2, C4, Cfi, Prdx-2, and Prdx-3) were upregulated in the two CC-treated groups, while 6 proteins (Pla2g7, Pcyox1, ApoC-1, ApoC-3, ApoB-100, and ApoE) were downregulated. The functions of these proteins are associated with glucose metabolism, insulin action, immunity, inflammation, lipid metabolism, oxidation, and antioxidation. The two differently extracted CC did not show significant differences in terms of their treatment efficacy. This research expanded our understanding on the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of CC in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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15
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Dash C, Taylor T, Makambi K, Hicks J, Hagberg J, Adams-Campbell LL. Effect of exercise on metabolic syndrome in black women by family history and predicted risk of breast cancer: The FIERCE Study. Cancer 2018; 124:3355-3363. [PMID: 29975403 PMCID: PMC6108932 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the effects of supervised and home-based exercise interventions on changes in metabolic syndrome (MetS) according to breast cancer risk (high vs low) in black women enrolled in the Focused Intervention on Exercise to Reduce Cancer (FIERCE) trial. METHODS Postmenopausal, obese, metabolically unhealthy black women, 45 to 65 years old, were randomized to supervised aerobic exercise (73 women), home-based walking-based exercise (69 women), or a control arm (71 women). Participants in the exercise arms underwent a 6-month intervention with study assessments conducted at the baseline and 6 months. The primary outcome measure was MetS (fasting glucose, waist circumference, blood pressure, serum triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein [HDL]). The intervention effects on MetS, stratified by breast cancer risk as measured by the family history of breast cancer and model-based projected breast cancer risk, were examined with intent-to-treat analyses using generalized estimating equation models. RESULTS Among women with a family history of breast cancer, the exercise arms had lower mean MetS z scores, which suggested an improvement in the metabolic profile, than controls at 6 months (controls, + 0.55; home-based arm, -0.97, P < .01; supervised arm, -0.89, P < .01). Stratified analyses by projected breast cancer risk suggested similar but statistically nonsignificant findings, with those at high risk having more favorable changes in the MetS z score in the exercise arms versus the control arm. These changes were primarily attributable to changes in blood pressure, triglycerides, and HDL. CONCLUSIONS Short-term aerobic activity regimens may improve the metabolic profile and thereby reduce breast cancer risk in obese, metabolically unhealthy black women at high risk for cancer. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjeev Dash
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C
| | - Teletia Taylor
- Howard University Cancer Center, Howard University, Washington D.C
| | - Kepher Makambi
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C
| | - Jennifer Hicks
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C
| | - James Hagberg
- University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD
| | - Lucile L. Adams-Campbell
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C
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16
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Alisi A, Pampanini V, De Stefanis C, Panera N, Deodati A, Nobili V, Cianfarani S. Expression of insulin-like growth factor I and its receptor in the liver of children with biopsy-proven NAFLD. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201566. [PMID: 30063751 PMCID: PMC6067746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is one of the major complications of obesity, occurring already in pediatric age. Insulin like growth factor-I has been proposed as a potential therapeutic agent for its beneficial effect in experimental liver fibrosis. The aim of this work was to investigate the expression of insulin-like growth factor-I and its receptor in the liver of children with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and relate it to liver histological features. Methods 45 obese children and adolescents (14 females and 31 males) with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease were included. Insulin like growth factor-I and its receptor expression was evaluated in liver tissue by immunofluorescence and qPCR. Results The expression of insulin like growth factor-I and its receptor were significantly related to fibrosis and were higher in children with stage 3 fibrosis compared to stage 1 and 2 (p<0.001 and p = 0.007 respectively). mRNA of insulin like growth factor-I receptor was higher in more advanced stages of fibrosis (p<0.001). Furthermore, the expression of insulin like growth factor-I and its receptor in hepatic stellate cells, the cell type mostly involved in fibrosis progression, was significantly increased in stage 3 fibrosis compared to stage 1 (p = 0.01 and p = 0.008 respectively). Conclusions We demonstrated for the first time that insulin like growth factor-I and its receptor are upregulated in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. These findings give a new hint for the potential therapeutic use of insulin like growth factor-I in pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease complicated by liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Alisi
- Research Unit of Multifactorial Genetics and Epigenetics, “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital–IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Pampanini
- NORDFERTIL Research Lab Stockholm, Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Nadia Panera
- Research Unit of Multifactorial Genetics and Epigenetics, “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital–IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Deodati
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital–IRCCS, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Nobili
- Department of Pediatric- University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
- Hepato-Gastroenterology Disease Unit, “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital–IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Cianfarani
- NORDFERTIL Research Lab Stockholm, Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital–IRCCS, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
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17
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Mancini A, Di Segni C, Bruno C, Olivieri G, Guidi F, Silvestrini A, Meucci E, Orlando P, Silvestri S, Tiano L, Pontecorvi A. Oxidative stress in adult growth hormone deficiency: different plasma antioxidant patterns in comparison with metabolic syndrome. Endocrine 2018; 59:130-136. [PMID: 29143180 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a condition associated with increased cardiovascular risk and insulin-resistance. Oxidative stress (OS) could be a mechanism underlying both these phenomena. In order to investigate plasma antioxidant defenses in such condition, we evaluated adults with GHD, compared with controls and metabolic syndrome patients (MetS), studying plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10, lipophilic antioxidant) levels, both in its oxidized and reduced forms, correlating this data with metabolic and hormonal pattern. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this case-control study, 51 GHD, 36 controls, and 35 MetS were enrolled. An evaluation of hormonal and metabolic parameters was performed. TAC was measured using the system metmyoglobin -H202 and the chromogen ABTS, whose radical form is spectroscopically revealed; latency time (LAG) in the appearance of ABTS● is proportional to antioxidant in sample. CoQ10 was assayed by electrochemical method. RESULTS Despite HOMA index was higher in both GHD and MetS (2.2 ± 0.3 and 3.1 ± 0.3 vs. 1.2 ± 0.2 in controls), only in MetS we observed lower LAG levels (64.5 ± 3.1 s vs. 82.8 ± 5.8 in GHD and 80.6 ± 6.6 in controls), suggesting an increased consumption of antioxidants. LAG significantly correlated with uric acid only in MetS (r 2 = 0.65, p < 0.001), suggesting a different pattern of antioxidants. CoQ10 exhibited a trend toward lower levels in GHD, although not significant. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that GHD, although sharing with MetS various metabolic features, including increased HOMA levels, showed a different pattern of plasma antioxidants, suggesting inadequate reactivity toward radical production rather than an antioxidants consumption as in MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Mancini
- Operative Unit of Endocrinology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo A. Gemelli 8, Rome, 00168, Italy.
| | - Chantal Di Segni
- Operative Unit of Endocrinology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo A. Gemelli 8, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Carmine Bruno
- Operative Unit of Endocrinology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo A. Gemelli 8, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Giulio Olivieri
- Operative Unit of Endocrinology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo A. Gemelli 8, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Francesco Guidi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo A. Gemelli 8, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Andrea Silvestrini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo F. Vito 1, Rome, 00168, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Meucci
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo F. Vito 1, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Patrick Orlando
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - Sonia Silvestri
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Operative Unit of Endocrinology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo A. Gemelli 8, Rome, 00168, Italy
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18
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Olleros Santos-Ruiz M, Sádaba MC, Martín-Estal I, Muñoz U, Sebal Neira C, Castilla-Cortázar I. The single IGF-1 partial deficiency is responsible for mitochondrial dysfunction and is restored by IGF-1 replacement therapy. Growth Horm IGF Res 2017; 35:21-32. [PMID: 28648804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We previously described in cirrhosis and aging, both conditions of IGF-1 deficiency, a clear hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction with increased oxidative damage. In both conditions, the hepatic mitochondrial function was improved with low doses of IGF-1. The aim of this work was to explore if the only mere IGF-1 partial deficiency, without any exogenous insult, is responsible for hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction. METHODS Heterozygous (igf1+/-) mice were divided into two groups: untreated and treated mice with low doses of IGF-1. WT group was used as controls. Parameters of hepatic mitochondrial function were determined by flow cytometry, antioxidant enzyme activities were determined by spectrophotometry, and electron chain transport enzyme levels were determined by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analyses. Liver expression of genes coding for proteins involved in mitochondrial protection and apoptosis was studied by microarray analysis and RT-qPCR. RESULTS Hz mice showed a significant reduction in hepatic mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ATPase activity, and an increase in intramitochondrial free radical production and proton leak rates, compared to controls. These parameters were normalized by IGF-1 replacement therapy. No significant differences were found between groups in oxygen consumption and antioxidant enzyme activities, except for catalase, whose activity was increased in both Hz groups. Relevant genes coding for proteins involved in mitochondrial protection and survival were altered in Hz group and were reverted to normal in Hz+IGF-1 group. CONCLUSIONS The mere IGF-1 partial deficiency is per se associated with hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction sensitive to IGF-1 replacement therapy. Results in this work prove that IGF-1 is involved in hepatic mitochondrial protection, because it is able to reduce free radical production, oxidative damage and apoptosis. All these IGF-1 actions are mediated by the modulation of the expression of genes encoding citoprotective and antiapoptotic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M C Sádaba
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Martín-Estal
- Escuela de Medicina, CITES, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - U Muñoz
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Sebal Neira
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Castilla-Cortázar
- Fundacion de Investigacion HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain; Escuela de Medicina, CITES, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico.
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19
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Sivasubramaniyam T, Schroer SA, Li A, Luk CT, Shi SY, Besla R, Dodington DW, Metherel AH, Kitson AP, Brunt JJ, Lopes J, Wagner KU, Bazinet RP, Bendeck MP, Robbins CS, Woo M. Hepatic JAK2 protects against atherosclerosis through circulating IGF-1. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93735. [PMID: 28724798 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is considered both a metabolic and inflammatory disease; however, the specific tissue and signaling molecules that instigate and propagate this disease remain unclear. The liver is a central site of inflammation and lipid metabolism that is critical for atherosclerosis, and JAK2 is a key mediator of inflammation and, more recently, of hepatic lipid metabolism. However, precise effects of hepatic Jak2 on atherosclerosis remain unknown. We show here that hepatic Jak2 deficiency in atherosclerosis-prone mouse models exhibited accelerated atherosclerosis with increased plaque macrophages and decreased plaque smooth muscle cell content. JAK2's essential role in growth hormone signalling in liver that resulted in reduced IGF-1 with hepatic Jak2 deficiency played a causal role in exacerbating atherosclerosis. As such, restoring IGF-1 either pharmacologically or genetically attenuated atherosclerotic burden. Together, our data show hepatic Jak2 to play a protective role in atherogenesis through actions mediated by circulating IGF-1 and, to our knowledge, provide a novel liver-centric mechanism in atheroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharini Sivasubramaniyam
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science
| | - Stephanie A Schroer
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela Li
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology
| | - Cynthia T Luk
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science
| | - Sally Yu Shi
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science
| | - Rickvinder Besla
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology
| | - David W Dodington
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex P Kitson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jara J Brunt
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science
| | - Joshua Lopes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology
| | - Kay-Uwe Wagner
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle P Bendeck
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clinton S Robbins
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology
| | - Minna Woo
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science.,Department of Immunology.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Takahashi Y. The Role of Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I in the Liver. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071447. [PMID: 28678199 PMCID: PMC5535938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is characterized by metabolic abnormalities associated with visceral obesity, impaired quality of life, and increased mortality. Patients with adult GHD show increased prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy has been shown to improve these conditions. It has also been demonstrated that a decrease in the GH insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis is closely associated with the progression of general NAFLD, suggesting a physiological role of these hormones for the maintenance of the liver. NASH histologically demonstrates inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis, in addition to steatosis (and is a serious disease because it can progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in a subset of cases). While fibrosis determines the prognosis of the patient, efficacious treatment for fibrosis is crucial; however, it has not yet been established. Recent studies have clarified the essential roles of GH and IGF-I in the liver. GH profoundly reduces visceral fat, which plays an important role in the development of NAFLD. Furthermore, GH directly reduces lipogenesis in the hepatocytes. IGF-I induces cellular senescence and inactivates hepatic stellate cells, therefore ameliorating fibrosis. IGF-I treatment has been shown to improve animal models of NASH and cirrhosis, suggesting potential clinical applications of IGF-I in these conditions. In this review, I will focus on the important roles of GH and IGF-I in the liver, their underlying mechanisms, and their potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Takahashi
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
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21
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Morales-Garza LA, Puche JE, Aguirre GA, Muñoz Ú, García-Magariño M, De la Garza RG, Castilla-Cortazar I. Experimental approach to IGF-1 therapy in CCl 4-induced acute liver damage in healthy controls and mice with partial IGF-1 deficiency. J Transl Med 2017; 15:96. [PMID: 28472963 PMCID: PMC5418730 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cell necrosis, oxidative damage, and fibrogenesis are involved in cirrhosis development, a condition in which insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels are diminished. This study evaluates whether the exogenous administration of low doses of IGF-1 can induce hepatoprotection in acute carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage compared to healthy controls (Wt Igf+/+). Additionally, the impact of IGF-1 deficiency on a damaged liver was investigated in mice with a partial deficit of this hormone (Hz Igf1+/−). Methods Three groups of 25 ± 5-week-old healthy male mice (Wt Igf+/+) were included in the protocol: untreated controls (Wt). Controls that received CCl4 (Wt + CCl4) and Wt + CCl4 were treated subcutaneously with IGF-1 (2 µg/100 g body weight/day) for 10 days (Wt + CCl4 + IGF1). In parallel, three IGF-1-deficient mice (Hz Igf1+/−) groups were studied: untreated Hz, Hz + CCl4, and Hz + CCl4 + IGF-1. Microarray and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analyses, serum aminotransferases levels, liver histology, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were assessed at the end of the treatment in all groups. All data represent mean ± SEM. Results An altered gene coding expression pattern for proteins of the extracellular matrix, fibrosis, and cellular protection were found, as compared to healthy controls, in which IGF-1 therapy normalized in the series including healthy mice. Liver histology showed that Wt + CCl4 + IGF1 mice had less oxidative damage, fibrosis, lymphocytic infiltrate, and cellular changes when compared to the Wt + CCl4. Moreover, there was a correlation between MDA levels and the histological damage score (Pearson’s r = 0.858). In the IGF-1-deficient mice series, similar findings were identified, denoting a much more vulnerable hepatic parenchyma. Conclusions IGF1 treatment improved the biochemistry, histology, and genetic expression of pro-regenerative and cytoprotective factors in both series (healthy and IGF-1-deficient mice) with acute liver damage, suggesting that low doses of IGF-1, in acute liver damage, could be a feasible therapeutic option. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-017-1198-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan E Puche
- Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Úrsula Muñoz
- Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Inma Castilla-Cortazar
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico. .,Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Labandeira-Garcia JL, Rodríguez-Perez AI, Garrido-Gil P, Rodriguez-Pallares J, Lanciego JL, Guerra MJ. Brain Renin-Angiotensin System and Microglial Polarization: Implications for Aging and Neurodegeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:129. [PMID: 28515690 PMCID: PMC5413566 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia can transform into proinflammatory/classically activated (M1) or anti-inflammatory/alternatively activated (M2) phenotypes following environmental signals related to physiological conditions or brain lesions. An adequate transition from the M1 (proinflammatory) to M2 (immunoregulatory) phenotype is necessary to counteract brain damage. Several factors involved in microglial polarization have already been identified. However, the effects of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) on microglial polarization are less known. It is well known that there is a “classical” circulating RAS; however, a second RAS (local or tissue RAS) has been observed in many tissues, including brain. The locally formed angiotensin is involved in local pathological changes of these tissues and modulates immune cells, which are equipped with all the components of the RAS. There are also recent data showing that brain RAS plays a major role in microglial polarization. Level of microglial NADPH-oxidase (Nox) activation is a major regulator of the shift between M1/proinflammatory and M2/immunoregulatory microglial phenotypes so that Nox activation promotes the proinflammatory and inhibits the immunoregulatory phenotype. Angiotensin II (Ang II), via its type 1 receptor (AT1), is a major activator of the NADPH-oxidase complex, leading to pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory effects. However, these effects are counteracted by a RAS opposite arm constituted by Angiotensin II/AT2 receptor signaling and Angiotensin 1–7/Mas receptor (MasR) signaling. In addition, activation of prorenin-renin receptors may contribute to activation of the proinflammatory phenotype. Aged brains showed upregulation of AT1 and downregulation of AT2 receptor expression, which may contribute to a pro-oxidative pro-inflammatory state and the increase in neuron vulnerability. Several recent studies have shown interactions between the brain RAS and different factors involved in microglial polarization, such as estrogens, Rho kinase (ROCK), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF)-α, iron, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, and toll-like receptors (TLRs). Metabolic reprogramming has recently been involved in the regulation of the neuroinflammatory response. Interestingly, we have recently observed a mitochondrial RAS, which is altered in aged brains. In conclusion, dysregulation of brain RAS plays a major role in aging-related changes and neurodegeneration by exacerbation of oxidative
stress (OS) and neuroinflammation, which may be attenuated by pharmacological manipulation of RAS components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Labandeira-Garcia
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Rodríguez-Perez
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Garrido-Gil
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain
| | - Jannette Rodriguez-Pallares
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L Lanciego
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain.,Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of NavarraPamplona, Spain
| | - Maria J Guerra
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain
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23
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de la Garza RG, Morales-Garza LA, Martin-Estal I, Castilla-Cortazar I. Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Deficiency and Cirrhosis Establishment. J Clin Med Res 2017; 9:233-247. [PMID: 28270882 PMCID: PMC5330765 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr2761w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis represents the final stage of chronic liver damage, which can be due to different factors such as alcohol, metabolic syndrome with liver steatosis, autoimmune diseases, drugs, toxins, and viral infection, among others. Nowadays, cirrhosis is an important health problem and it is an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality, being the 14th most common cause of death worldwide. The physiopathological pathways that lead to fibrosis and finally cirrhosis partly depend on the etiology. Nevertheless, some common features are shared in this complex mechanism. Recently, it has been demonstrated that cirrhosis is a dynamic process that can be altered in order to delay or revert fibrosis. In addition, when cirrhosis has been established, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) deficiency or reduced availability is a common condition, independently of the etiology of chronic liver damage that leads to cirrhosis. IGF-1 deprivation seriously contributes to the progressive malnutrition of cirrhotic patient, increasing the vulnerability of the liver to establish an inflammatory and oxidative microenvironment with mitochondrial dysfunction. In this context, IGF-1 deficiency in cirrhotic patients can justify some of the common characteristics of these individuals. Several studies in animals and humans have been done in order to test the replacement of IGF-1 as a possible therapeutic option, with promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio G. de la Garza
- Centro de Investigacion Transferencia en Salud (CITES), Escuela Nacional de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, and Institute of Liver Diseases, Hospital San Jose, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Luis Alonso Morales-Garza
- Centro de Investigacion Transferencia en Salud (CITES), Escuela Nacional de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, and Institute of Liver Diseases, Hospital San Jose, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Irene Martin-Estal
- Centro de Investigacion Transferencia en Salud (CITES), Escuela Nacional de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, and Institute of Liver Diseases, Hospital San Jose, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Inma Castilla-Cortazar
- Centro de Investigacion Transferencia en Salud (CITES), Escuela Nacional de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, and Institute of Liver Diseases, Hospital San Jose, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
- Fundacion de Investigacion HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Zhu Y, Xiao X, Li G, Bu J, Zhou W, Zhou S. Isoflurane anesthesia induces liver injury by regulating the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:1608-1613. [PMID: 28413517 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that isoflurane may cause perioperative liver injury. However, the mechanism of its action remains unknown. The purpose of the present study was to determine this possible mechanism. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into one of three groups (all n=12): Control group (exposed to mock anesthesia), isoflurane group (exposed to 2% isoflurane for 90 min), and isoflurane + insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) group (exposed to 2% isoflurane for 90 min and then treated with IGF-1). Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting were conducted to determine the levels of expression of IGF-1 and its receptor IGF-R. Liver necrosis was assessed by histological examination. TUNEL assay was performed to determine the apoptosis of hepatic cells. In addition, the levels of the proteins caspase-3 and B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL) were measured. Compared with the control group, levels of IGF-1 and IGF-1R mRNA and protein were significantly decreased following exposure to isoflurane (all P<0.05). The necrosis rate and liver apoptosis were significantly increased in the group treated with isoflurane alone compared with the control group (P<0.05), but were significantly decreased compared with the isoflurane group following application of IGF-1 (P<0.05). Additionally, isoflurane exposure significantly increased levels of caspase-3 compared with the control group (P<0.05), but decreased levels of Bcl-xL (P<0.05). By contrast, application of IGF-1 reversed these changes. The present study therefore suggests that isoflurane induces liver injury in part by regulating the expression of IGF-1 and that application of IGF-1 may protect against liver injury induced by isoflurane exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxian Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Guowei Li
- Department of Orthopaedics II, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Juyuan Bu
- Department of General Surgery I, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Wenying Zhou
- Department of Center Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Shaopeng Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
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25
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The Association Between IGF-1 Levels and the Histologic Severity of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2017; 8:e217. [PMID: 28125073 PMCID: PMC5288606 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2016.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The mechanisms responsible for the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are incompletely understood. Growing evidence suggests that growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) may have roles in the development and progression of NAFLD. We hypothesized that lower serum IGF-1 levels would be associated with increased liver fat accumulation, inflammation, and fibrosis in a group of meticulously phenotyped obese subjects with liver biopsies. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional study was performed at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA and St. Mary's Hospital, Richmond, VA, USA. Liver biopsies were performed in 142 subjects during NAFLD work-up or bariatric surgery and were graded by a single, blinded pathologist. Main outcome measures included liver histology and serum IGF-1. Results: Mean age was 52±10 years and body mass index (BMI) was 43±9 kg/m2. Mean serum IGF-1 was lower in subjects with lobular inflammation (112±47 vs. 136±57 ng/ml, P=0.01), hepatocyte ballooning (115±48 vs. 135±57 ng/ml, P=0.05), higher fibrosis stage (stage 2–4 vs. 0–1; 96±40 vs. 125±51 ng/ml, P=0.005), and NASH (109±45 vs. 136±57 ng/ml, P=0.002). All results remained significant after controlling for age, BMI, and a diagnosis of diabetes, and all but hepatocyte ballooning (trend, P=0.06) remained significant after excluding individuals with cirrhosis. Steatosis was not significantly associated with mean serum IGF-1 levels. Conclusions: Low serum IGF-1 levels are associated with increased histologic severity of NAFLD when rigorously controlled for age, BMI, the presence of diabetes, and after the exclusion of subjects with cirrhosis. Further investigation is warranted to determine the differential effects of GH and IGF-1 on the development and progression of NAFLD, which could further elucidate pathophysiology and identify therapeutic targets.
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26
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Lara-Diaz VJ, Castilla-Cortazar I, Martín-Estal I, García-Magariño M, Aguirre GA, Puche JE, de la Garza RG, Morales LA, Muñoz U. IGF-1 modulates gene expression of proteins involved in inflammation, cytoskeleton, and liver architecture. J Physiol Biochem 2017; 73:245-258. [PMID: 28124277 PMCID: PMC5399066 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-016-0545-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Even though the liver synthesizes most of circulating IGF-1, it lacks its receptor under physiological conditions. However, according to previous studies, a damaged liver expresses the receptor. For this reason, herein, we examine hepatic histology and expression of genes encoding proteins of the cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix, and cell-cell molecules and inflammation-related proteins. A partial IGF-1 deficiency murine model was used to investigate IGF-1's effects on liver by comparing wild-type controls, heterozygous igf1+/-, and heterozygous mice treated with IGF-1 for 10 days. Histology, microarray for mRNA gene expression, RT-qPCR, and lipid peroxidation were assessed. Microarray analyses revealed significant underexpression of igf1 in heterozygous mice compared to control mice, restoring normal liver expression after treatment, which then normalized its circulating levels. IGF-1 receptor mRNA was overexpressed in Hz mice liver, while treated mice displayed a similar expression to that of the controls. Heterozygous mice showed overexpression of several genes encoding proteins related to inflammatory and acute-phase proteins and underexpression or overexpression of genes which coded for extracellular matrix, cytoskeleton, and cell junction components. Histology revealed an altered hepatic architecture. In addition, liver oxidative damage was found increased in the heterozygous group. The mere IGF-1 partial deficiency is associated with relevant alterations of the hepatic architecture and expression of genes involved in cytoskeleton, hepatocyte polarity, cell junctions, and extracellular matrix proteins. Moreover, it induces hepatic expression of the IGF-1 receptor and elevated acute-phase and inflammation mediators, which all resulted in liver oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Lara-Diaz
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto No. 3000 Pte. Col. Los Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - I Castilla-Cortazar
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto No. 3000 Pte. Col. Los Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico. .,Fundacion de Investigacion HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.
| | - I Martín-Estal
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto No. 3000 Pte. Col. Los Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - M García-Magariño
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto No. 3000 Pte. Col. Los Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - G A Aguirre
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto No. 3000 Pte. Col. Los Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - J E Puche
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - R G de la Garza
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto No. 3000 Pte. Col. Los Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - L A Morales
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto No. 3000 Pte. Col. Los Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - U Muñoz
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Nishizawa H, Iguchi G, Fukuoka H, Takahashi M, Suda K, Bando H, Matsumoto R, Yoshida K, Odake Y, Ogawa W, Takahashi Y. IGF-I induces senescence of hepatic stellate cells and limits fibrosis in a p53-dependent manner. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34605. [PMID: 27721459 PMCID: PMC5056388 DOI: 10.1038/srep34605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis determines patient prognosis; however, effective treatment for fibrosis has not been established. Oxidative stress and inflammation activate hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and promote fibrosis. In contrast, cellular senescence inhibits HSCs’ activity and limits fibrosis. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of IGF-I on NASH and cirrhotic models and to clarify the underlying mechanisms. We demonstrate that IGF-I significantly ameliorated steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in a NASH model, methionine-choline-deficient diet-fed db/db mice and ameliorated fibrosis in cirrhotic model, dimethylnitrosamine-treated mice. As the underlying mechanisms, IGF-I improved oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in the liver. In addition, IGF-I receptor was strongly expressed in HSCs and IGF-I induced cellular senescence in HSCs in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, in mice lacking the key senescence regulator p53, IGF-I did not induce cellular senescence in HSCs or show any effects on fibrosis. Taken together, these results indicate that IGF-I induces senescence of HSCs, inactivates these cells and limits fibrosis in a p53-dependent manner and that IGF-I may be applied to treat NASH and cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Nishizawa
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Hospital, Japan
| | - Genzo Iguchi
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Hospital, Japan
| | - Hidenori Fukuoka
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Hospital, Japan
| | | | - Kentaro Suda
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hironori Bando
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ryusaku Matsumoto
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yoshida
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yukiko Odake
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Wataru Ogawa
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takahashi
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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28
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Sádaba MC, Martín-Estal I, Puche JE, Castilla-Cortázar I. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) therapy: Mitochondrial dysfunction and diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1267-78. [PMID: 27020404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review resumes the association between mitochondrial function and diseases, especially neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, it summarizes the major role of IGF-1 as a mitochondrial protector, as studied in several experimental models (cirrhosis, aging …). The contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction to impairments in insulin metabolic signaling is also suggested by gene array analysis showing that reductions in gene expression, that regulates mitochondrial ATP production, are associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Moreover, reductions in oxidative capacity of mitochondrial electron transport chain are manifested in obese, insulin-resistant and diabetic patients. Genetic and environmental factors, oxidative stress, and alterations in mitochondrial biogenesis can adversely affect mitochondrial function, leading to insulin resistance and several pathological conditions, such as type 2 diabetes. Finally, it remains essential to know the exact mechanisms involved in mitochondrial generation and metabolism, mitophagy, apoptosis, and oxidative stress to establish new targets in order to develop potentially effective therapies. One of the newest targets to recover mitochondrial dysfunction could be the administration of IGF-1 at low doses. In the last years, it has been observed that IGF-1 therapy has several beneficial effects: restores physiological IGF-1 levels; improves insulin resistance and lipid metabolism; exerts mitochondrial protection; and has hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antioxidant and antifibrogenic effects. In consequence, treatment of mitochondrial dysfunctions with low doses of IGF-1 could be a powerful and useful effective therapy to restore normal mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Sádaba
- University CEU-San Pablo, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Madrid, Spain
| | - I Martín-Estal
- School of Medicine, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - J E Puche
- University CEU-San Pablo, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Madrid, Spain
| | - I Castilla-Cortázar
- School of Medicine, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico; Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.
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29
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Aguirre GA, De Ita JR, de la Garza RG, Castilla-Cortazar I. Insulin-like growth factor-1 deficiency and metabolic syndrome. J Transl Med 2016; 14:3. [PMID: 26733412 PMCID: PMC4702316 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0762-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Consistent evidence associates IGF-1 deficiency and metabolic syndrome. In this review, we will focus on the metabolic effects of IGF-1, the concept of metabolic syndrome and its clinical manifestations (impaired lipid profile, insulin resistance, increased glucose levels, obesity, and cardiovascular disease), discussing whether IGF-1 replacement therapy could be a beneficial strategy for these patients. The search plan was made in Medline for Pubmed with the following mesh terms: IGF-1 and "metabolism, carbohydrate, lipids, proteins, amino acids, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, diabetes" between the years 1963-2015. The search includes animal and human protocols. In this review we discuss the relevant actions of IGF-1 on metabolism and the implication of IGF-1 deficiency in the establishment of metabolic syndrome. Multiple studies (in vitro and in vivo) demonstrate the association between IGF-1 deficit and deregulated lipid metabolism, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and an altered metabolic profile of diabetic patients. Based on the available data we propose IGF-1 as a key hormone in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome; due to its implications in the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids. Previous data demonstrates how IGF-1 can be an effective option in the treatment of this worldwide increasing condition. It has to distinguished that the replacement therapy should be only undertaken to restore the physiological levels, never to exceed physiological ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Aguirre
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto No. 3000 Pte. Col. Los Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - J Rodríguez De Ita
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto No. 3000 Pte. Col. Los Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - R G de la Garza
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto No. 3000 Pte. Col. Los Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - I Castilla-Cortazar
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto No. 3000 Pte. Col. Los Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
- Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.
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30
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Intrauterine Growth Retardation (IUGR) as a Novel Condition of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) Deficiency. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 170:1-35. [DOI: 10.1007/112_2015_5001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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31
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Martin-Montañez E, Pavia J, Santin LJ, Boraldi F, Estivill-Torrus G, Aguirre JA, Garcia-Fernandez M. Involvement of IGF-II receptors in the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of IGF-II on adult cortical neuronal cultures. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1041-51. [PMID: 24667322 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) is a naturally occurring peptide that exerts known pleiotropic effects ranging from metabolic modulation to cellular development, growth and survival. IGF-II triggers its actions by binding to and activating IGF (IGF-I and IGF-II) receptors. In this study, we assessed the neuroprotective effect of IGF-II on corticosterone-induced oxidative damage in adult cortical neuronal cultures and the role of IGF-II receptors in this effect. We provide evidence that treatment with IGF-II alleviates the glucocorticoid-induced toxicity to neuronal cultures, and this neuroprotective effect occurred due to a decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and a return of the antioxidant status to normal levels. IGF-II acts via not only the regulation of synthesis and/or activity of antioxidant enzymes, especially manganese superoxide dismutase, but also the restoration of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase activity and mitochondrial membrane potential. Although the antioxidant effect of IGF-I receptor activation has been widely reported, the involvement of the IGF-II receptor in these processes has not been clearly defined. The present report is the first evidence describing the involvement of IGF-II receptors in redox homeostasis. IGF-II may therefore contribute to the mechanisms of neuroprotection by acting as an antioxidant, reducing the neurodegeneration induced by oxidative insults. These results open the field to new pharmacological approaches to the treatment of diseases involving imbalanced redox homeostasis. In this study, we demonstrated that the antioxidant effect of IGF-II is at least partially mediated by IGF-II receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Martin-Montañez
- Department of Pharmacology and Paediatrics, Malaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), E-29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - José Pavia
- Department of Pharmacology and Paediatrics, Malaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), E-29071 Malaga, Spain; Clinical Neurosciences Unit, Research Laboratory and Microscopy Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), Regional University Hospital of Malaga, E-29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Luis J Santin
- Department of Psychobiology, Malaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), E-29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Federica Boraldi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, I-41010 Modena, Italy
| | - Guillermo Estivill-Torrus
- Clinical Neurosciences Unit, Research Laboratory and Microscopy Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), Regional University Hospital of Malaga, E-29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - José A Aguirre
- Department of Human Physiology, Malaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), E-29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Maria Garcia-Fernandez
- Department of Human Physiology, Malaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
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32
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Zhang L, He YL, Li QZ, Hao XH, Zhang ZF, Yuan JX, Bai YP, Jin YL, Liu N, Chen G, Yun X, Yao SQ. N-acetylcysteine alleviated silica-induced lung fibrosis in rats by down-regulation of ROS and mitochondrial apoptosis signaling. Toxicol Mech Methods 2014; 24:212-9. [PMID: 24392833 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2013.879974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a normal metabolic product of cellular respiration, but too much ROS can induce cell apoptosis. Here, we used N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to inhibit ROS activity to explore the effects of NAC on silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats and provide evidence for study on the mechanism of silicosis. 24 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 180-220 g were randomly divided into three groups with eight rats in each group. Silicosis model group and NAC group were adopted non-tracheal exposure method of disposable intrapulmonary injection of 50 g/L, silica suspension 1 mL to establish animal silicosis model, NAC group treated with 600 mg/kg NAC by gavage from the right day of modeling, all animals were sacrificed after 28 days. The level of ROS contents and mitochondrial transmembrane potential changes of AM, the mRNA expression level of type I and type III procollagen, cytochrome C, cysteinyl aspartate specific protease-9 and caspase-3 were detected. The severity of pathological changes and pulmonary fibrosis were observed by pathologic specimens. It was showed that ROS contents and MTP changes were lower in the NAC group compared with the silicosis model group, other indexes were lower in the NAC group than the model group, but higher than those of the control group, the degree of lung fibrotic lesions observed from the pathological slices showed the same trend. These data indicated that NAC can reduce ROS content of AM in silica exposure rats, the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway can also be inhibited, the severity of pulmonary fibrosis alleviated as a result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Hebei United University , Tangshan, Hebei , China
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Guerra-Menéndez L, Sádaba MC, Puche JE, Lavandera JL, de Castro LF, de Gortázar AR, Castilla-Cortázar I. IGF-I increases markers of osteoblastic activity and reduces bone resorption via osteoprotegerin and RANK-ligand. J Transl Med 2013; 11:271. [PMID: 24161214 PMCID: PMC4231608 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bone is one of the major target tissues for Insulin-like Growth Factor I (IGF-I). Low doses of IGF-I were able to improve liver-associated osteopenia. In the present work, a model of partial IGF-I deficiency was used in order to provide insight into the mechanisms of the beneficial actions of IGF-I replacement therapy in bone. Methods Several proteins involved in osteoblastic/osteocyte and osteoclastic differentiation and activity were studied in the three experimental groups: control (CO) group (wild type mice, Igf+/+, n = 10), heterozygous Igf+/- group with partial IGF-I deficiency (Hz, n = 10), and heterozygous Igf+/- mice treated with IGF-I for 10 days (Hz + IGF-I, n = 10). Results Data in this paper confirm that the simple partial IGF-I deficiency is responsible for osteopenia, determined by densitometry and histopathology. These findings are associated with a reduced gene expression of osteoprotegerin, sclerostin, calcitonin receptor (CTR), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 and RUNX2. IGF-I replacement therapy normalized CTR gene expression and reduced markers of osteoclastic activity. Conclusions Low doses of IGF-I constituted a real replacement therapy that normalized IGF-I serum levels improving the expression of most of these proteins closely involved in bone-forming, and reducing bone resorption by mechanisms related to osteoprotegerin, RANKL and PTH receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Inma Castilla-Cortázar
- Department of Medical Physiology, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), School of Medicine, Room D-201, C/ Boadilla del Monte s/n, km 5,3, 28668 Madrid, Spain.
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Castilla-Cortazar I, Guerra L, Puche JE, Muñoz U, Barhoum R, Escudero E, Lavandera JL. An experimental model of partial insulin-like growth factor-1 deficiency in mice. J Physiol Biochem 2013; 70:129-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Puche JE, Castilla-Cortázar I. Human conditions of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) deficiency. J Transl Med 2012; 10:224. [PMID: 23148873 PMCID: PMC3543345 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a polypeptide hormone produced mainly by the liver in response to the endocrine GH stimulus, but it is also secreted by multiple tissues for autocrine/paracrine purposes. IGF-I is partly responsible for systemic GH activities although it possesses a wide number of own properties (anabolic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective actions). IGF-I is a closely regulated hormone. Consequently, its logical therapeutical applications seems to be limited to restore physiological circulating levels in order to recover the clinical consequences of IGF-I deficiency, conditions where, despite continuous discrepancies, IGF-I treatment has never been related to oncogenesis. Currently the best characterized conditions of IGF-I deficiency are Laron Syndrome, in children; liver cirrhosis, in adults; aging including age-related-cardiovascular and neurological diseases; and more recently, intrauterine growth restriction. The aim of this review is to summarize the increasing list of roles of IGF-I, both in physiological and pathological conditions, underlying that its potential therapeutical options seem to be limited to those proven states of local or systemic IGF-I deficiency as a replacement treatment, rather than increasing its level upper the normal range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan E Puche
- Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), School of Medicine, Department of Medical Physiology, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inma Castilla-Cortázar
- Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), School of Medicine, Department of Medical Physiology, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
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Floratou K, Giannopoulou E, Antonacopoulou A, Karakantza M, Adonakis G, Kardamakis D, Matsouka P. Oxidative stress due to radiation in CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells: protection by IGF-1. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2012; 53:672-685. [PMID: 22843358 PMCID: PMC3430413 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrs019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Radiation exerts direct as well as indirect effects on DNA through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Irradiated hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) experience DNA strand breaks, favoring genetic instability, due to ROS generation. Our aim was to study the effect of a range of radiation doses in HPCs and the possible protective mechanisms activated by insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). ROS generation was evaluated, in the presence or absence of IGF-1 in liquid cultures of human HPCs-CD34(+) irradiated with 1-, 2- and 5-Gy X-rays, using a flow cytometry assay. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) expression was studied by western blot analysis and visualized by an immunofluorescence assay. Apoptosis was estimated using the following assays: Annexin-V assay, DNA degradation assay, BCL-2/BAX mRNA and protein levels and caspase-9 protein immunofluorescence visualization. Viability and clonogenic potential were studied in irradiated HPCs. The generation of superoxide anion radicals at an early and a late time point was increased, while the hydrogen peroxide generation at a late time point was stable. IGF-1 presence further enhanced the radiation-induced increase of MnSOD at 24 h post irradiation. IGF-1 inhibited the mitochondria-mediated pathway of apoptosis by regulating the m-RNA and protein expression of BAX, BCL-2 and the BCL-2/BAX ratio and by decreasing caspase-9 protein expression. IGF-1 presence in culture media of irradiated cells restored the clonogenic capacity and the viability of HPCs as well. In conclusion, IGF-1 protects HPCs-CD34(+) from radiation effects, by eliminating the oxidative microenvironment through the enhancement of MnSOD activation and by regulating the mitochondria-mediated pathway of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Floratou
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Rio, 26504, Greece
| | - Efstathia Giannopoulou
- Clinical Oncology Laboratory, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Rio, 26504, Greece
| | - Anna Antonacopoulou
- Clinical Oncology Laboratory, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Rio, 26504, Greece
| | - Marina Karakantza
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Rio, 26504, Greece
| | - George Adonakis
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Rio, 26504, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kardamakis
- Radiotherapy Division of Radiology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Rio, 26504, Greece
| | - Panagiota Matsouka
- Division of Hematology, University of Thessaly Medical School, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, 41110, Greece
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GH-independent IGF-I action is essential to prevent the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in a GH-deficient rat model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 423:295-300. [PMID: 22659415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.05.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) from simple steatosis is associated with the mitochondrial dysfunction, enhanced oxidative stress, and inflammation. Recently, it has been reported that the prevalence of NAFLD (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease)/NASH is increased in patients with adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD), suggesting that the deficiencies in GH and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) are involved in the development of NAFLD/NASH; however, the precise underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. To clarify the mechanisms and the specific contribution of GH and IGF-I in these conditions, we examined the liver of a GH-deficient rat model, spontaneous dwarf rat (SDR) and the effect of GH and IGF-I administration. SDR showed steatosis and fibrosis in the liver in line with the phenotype observed in AGHD. Serum AST and ALT levels and triglyceride content in the liver were significantly increased in the SDR compared with the control. Intriguingly, the mitochondrial morphology in the SDR hepatocyte was impaired and the area was significantly decreased. Furthermore, oxidative stress in the SDR liver was enhanced. These changes were improved not only by GH but also by IGF-I administration, suggesting that GH-independent IGF-I action plays an essential role in the liver. In conclusion, we demonstrated that GH-deficient rat exhibits NASH and IGF-I plays an essential role to prevent the development of NASH. The improved mitochondrial function and reduced oxidative stress may contribute the effect of IGF-I in the liver.
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Grinberg YY, van Drongelen W, Kraig RP. Insulin-like growth factor-1 lowers spreading depression susceptibility and reduces oxidative stress. J Neurochem 2012; 122:221-9. [PMID: 22524542 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Spreading depression (SD), the likely cause of migraine aura and perhaps migraine, is triggered by widespread and unfettered neuronal hyperexcitability. Migraine and the initiating hyperexcitability of seizure, which involve oxidative stress (OS), are likely interrelated. Environmental enrichment (EE) decreases seizure and can reduce migraine. EE's well-characterized neuroprotective effect involves insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Accordingly, we asked if IGF-1 could mitigate the hyperexcitability that initiates SD using rat hippocampal slice cultures. We demonstrate that IGF-1 significantly decreased SD susceptibility and related OS. We mimicked OS of SD and observed that IGF-1 abolished hyperexcitability from OS. Application of an antioxidant significantly decreased SD susceptibility and co-administration of an antioxidant with IGF-1 produced no additive effect, whereas an oxidizer significantly increased SD, and this effect was abrogated by IGF-1. Moreover, IGF-1 significantly decreased baseline OS, despite seemingly paradoxically increasing CA3 bursting. These results suggest that IGF-1 increased endogenous antioxidants to levels sufficient to buffer against the OS of SD. Insulin similarly mitigated SD susceptibility, but required a far greater dose. Since brain IGF-1 increases with EE, and, like insulin, independently functions as an EE mimetic, we suggest that EE mimetics are a novel source of therapeutics for SD, and by extension, migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Y Grinberg
- Department of Neurology and Committee on Neurobiology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) play essential roles in growth in childhood, and continue to have important metabolic actions in adults. Adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD) is characterized by increased visceral adiposity, abnormal lipid profiles, premature atherosclerosis, decreased quality of life, and increased mortality. Recently, case reports and several clinical studies suggest that GHD state in adults is associated with an increased prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) or liver cirrhosis. As a mechanistic insight, growing evidence has revealed that GH as well as IGF-I play essential roles in the liver. Further investigation is necessary to clarify the precise mechanisms by which GH and IGF-I exert their effects in the liver; however, it should be noted that NAFLD/NASH has emerged as an important comorbidity in AGHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Takahashi
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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Makimura H, Stanley TL, Sun N, Hrovat MI, Systrom DM, Grinspoon SK. The association of growth hormone parameters with skeletal muscle phosphocreatine recovery in adult men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:817-23. [PMID: 21177784 PMCID: PMC3047233 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-2264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Previous studies have suggested a relationship between GH and mitochondrial function. However, little is known about the relationship of specific GH indices and in vivo measures of mitochondrial function in humans. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the association between GH, IGF-I, and phosphocreatine (PCr) recovery, a measure of mitochondrial function, in otherwise healthy adults. DESIGN Thirty-seven healthy men and women were studied at a single university medical center. Subjects underwent GH stimulation testing with GH releasing hormone-arginine and measurement of IGF-I. Mitochondrial function was determined by PCr recovery after submaximal exercise by (31)Phosphorous magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Subjects underwent assessment of lean and fat mass with use of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS There were no differences in PCr recovery between men and women (men 20.7±1.5 vs. women 24.8±1.4 mM/min; P > 0.05). IGF-I (r = 0.33; P = 0.04) was associated with PCr recovery in all subjects. Among men, IGF-I (r = 0.69; P = 0.003), peak stimulated GH (r = 0.52; P = 0.04), and GH area under the curve (AUC) (r = 0.53; P = 0.04) were significantly associated with PCr recovery. However, neither IGF-I, peak stimulated GH, nor GH AUC (all P > 0.05) were associated with PCr recovery in women. After adjusting for age, race, and physical activity, IGF-I remained significantly associated with PCr recovery (β = 0.10; P = 0.02) among men. CONCLUSIONS IGF-I, peak stimulated GH, and GH AUC are associated with skeletal muscle PCr recovery in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Makimura
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism and Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, LON 211, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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Wang X, Gong J, Liu X, Zhan R, Kong R, Zhao Y, Wan D, Leng X, Chen M, Qian L. Expression of uncoupling protein 3 in mitochondria protects against stress-induced myocardial injury: a proteomic study. Cell Stress Chaperones 2010; 15:771-9. [PMID: 20383618 PMCID: PMC3024060 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-010-0185-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been confirmed that stress plays an important role in the induction and development of cardiovascular diseases, but its mechanism and molecular basis remain unknown. In the present study, a myocardial injury model induced by restraint stress was established in rat. To screen for the related proteins involved in stress-induced myocardial injury, proteomic techniques based on 2-DE and mass spectrometry were used. In our results, ten proteins were found to be altered. The expression of eight of these proteins was increased after restraint stress, including cardiac myosin heavy chain, dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase component of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase, H(+)-transporting ATP synthase, albumin, and apolipoprotein A-I precursor. The expression of uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) and mitochondrial aconitase was decreased. Most of the proteins were related to energy metabolism. Further research indicated that UCP3 may mediate the myocardial cell response induced by restraint stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Tianjing Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjing, 300050 China
- Department of Stress Medicine, Institute of Health & Environmental Medicine, No.1 DaLi Road, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Jingbo Gong
- Key Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Tianjing Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjing, 300050 China
- Department of Stress Medicine, Institute of Health & Environmental Medicine, No.1 DaLi Road, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Tianjing Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjing, 300050 China
- Department of Stress Medicine, Institute of Health & Environmental Medicine, No.1 DaLi Road, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Rui Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Tianjing Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjing, 300050 China
- Department of Stress Medicine, Institute of Health & Environmental Medicine, No.1 DaLi Road, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Ruirui Kong
- Key Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Tianjing Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjing, 300050 China
- Department of Stress Medicine, Institute of Health & Environmental Medicine, No.1 DaLi Road, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Tianjing Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjing, 300050 China
- Department of Stress Medicine, Institute of Health & Environmental Medicine, No.1 DaLi Road, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Di Wan
- Key Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Tianjing Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjing, 300050 China
- Department of Stress Medicine, Institute of Health & Environmental Medicine, No.1 DaLi Road, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Xue Leng
- Key Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Tianjing Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjing, 300050 China
- Department of Stress Medicine, Institute of Health & Environmental Medicine, No.1 DaLi Road, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Tianjing Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjing, 300050 China
- Department of Stress Medicine, Institute of Health & Environmental Medicine, No.1 DaLi Road, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Lingjia Qian
- Key Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Tianjing Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjing, 300050 China
- Department of Stress Medicine, Institute of Health & Environmental Medicine, No.1 DaLi Road, Tianjin, 300050 China
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Mitochondrial pyrimidine nucleotide carrier (PNC1) regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and the invasive phenotype of cancer cells. Oncogene 2010; 29:3964-76. [PMID: 20453889 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) signalling pathway is essential for metabolism, cell growth and survival. It induces expression of the mitochondrial pyrimidine nucleotide carrier 1 (PNC1) in transformed cells, but the consequences of this for cell phenotype are unknown. Here we show that PNC1 is necessary to maintain mitochondrial function by controlling mitochondrial DNA replication and the ratio of transcription of mitochondrial genes relative to nuclear genes. PNC1 suppression causes reduced oxidative phosphorylation and leakage of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which activates the AMPK-PGC1alpha signalling pathway and promotes mitochondrial biogenesis. Overexpression of PNC1 suppresses mitochondrial biogenesis. Suppression of PNC1 causes a profound ROS-dependent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), whereas overexpression of PNC1 suppresses both basal EMT and induction of EMT by TGF-beta. Overall, our findings indicate that PNC1 is essential for mitochondria maintenance and suggest that its induction by IGF-I facilitates cell growth whereas protecting cells from an ROS-promoted differentiation programme that arises from mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Mitchell C, Robin MA, Mayeuf A, Mahrouf-Yorgov M, Mansouri A, Hamard M, Couton D, Fromenty B, Gilgenkrantz H. Protection against hepatocyte mitochondrial dysfunction delays fibrosis progression in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:1929-37. [PMID: 19808650 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.090332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that oxidative stress is involved in the physiopathology of liver fibrogenesis. However, amid the global context of hepatic oxidative stress, the specific role of hepatocyte mitochondrial dysfunction in the fibrogenic process is still unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether a targeted protection of hepatocytes against mitochondrial dysfunction could modulate fibrosis progression. We induced liver fibrogenesis by chronic carbon tetrachloride treatment (3 or 6 weeks of biweekly injections) in transgenic mice expressing Bcl-2 in their hepatocytes or in normal control mice. Analyses of mitochondrial DNA, respiratory chain complexes, and lipid peroxidation showed that Bcl-2 transgenic animals were protected against mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress resulting from carbon tetrachloride injury. Picrosirius red staining, alpha-smooth muscle actin immunohistochemistry, and real-time PCR for transforming growth factor-beta and collagen alpha-I revealed that Bcl-2 transgenic mice presented reduced fibrosis at early stages of fibrogenesis. However, at later stages increased nonmitochondrial/nonhepatocytic oxidative stress eventually overcame the capacity of Bcl-2 overexpression to prevent the fibrotic process. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time that specific protection against hepatocyte mitochondrial dysfunction plays a preventive role in early stages of fibrogenesis, delaying its onset. However, with the persistence of the aggression, this protection is no longer sufficient to impede fibrosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mitchell
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Fance
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Regimbeau JM, Fuks D, Kohneh-Shahri N, Terris B, Soubrane O. Restrictive model of compensated carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:6943-7. [PMID: 19058329 PMCID: PMC2773857 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.6943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To develop a simplified and quick protocol to induce cirrhosis and standardize models of partial liver resection in rats.
METHODS: In Fischer F344 rats two modified protocols of phenobarbital-carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) (dilution 50%) gavage to induce cirrhosis (frequency adjusted according to weight, but each subsequent dose was systematically administered) were tested, i.e. the rapid and slow protocols. Prothrombin time (PT) and total bilirubin (TB) were also evaluated. Animals from the rapid group underwent 15% hepatectomy and animals from the slow group underwent 70% hepatectomy.
RESULTS: Rapid protocol: This corresponded to 1 gavage/4 d over 6 wk (mortality 30%). Mean PT was 35.2 ± 2.8 s (normal: 14.5 s), and mean TB was 1.8 ± 0.2 mg/dL (normal: 0.1 mg/dL). Slow protocol: This corresponded to 1 gavage/6 d over 9 wk (mortality 10%). Mean PT was 11.8 ± 0.2 s (normal: 14.5 s), and mean TB was 0.4 ± 0.04 mg/dL (normal: 0.1 mg/dL). Pathological analyses were performed in both protocols which showed persistent cirrhosis at 3 mo. Rat mortality in the rapid gavage group who underwent 15% hepatectomy and in the slow gavage group who underwent 70% hepatectomy was 50% and 70%, respectively.
CONCLUSION: Our modified model is a simplified method to induce cirrhosis which is rapid (6 to 9 wk), efficient and stable up to 3 mo. Using this method, “Child Pugh A” or “Child Pugh BC” cirrhotic rats were obtained. Our models of cirrhosis and hepatectomy can be used in various situations focusing on postoperative survival.
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Wang SZ, Shang HW, Wang XC, Li B, Zhang B, Ding HG. Levels of ghrelin, GH, GRH and their clinical significances in patients with hepatitis B related liver cirrhosis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:3230-3233. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i28.3230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relationship between serum growth hormone (GH) and ghrelin, growth releasing hormone (GRH) and its clinical significance, and to study the expression of gastric ghrelin in patients with hepatitis B-related liver cirrhosis.
METHODS: Fifty-two patients with hepatitis B-related liver cirrhosis (LC) and 17 chronic HBV-infected patients as controls were enrolled in this study. The gender and average age were comparable between LC and control patients. Fasting plasma ghrelin levels, GRH and GH were measured using ELISA. The gastric expression of ghrelin was determined using immunohistochemistry staining.
RESULTS: Plasma ghrelin levels were slightly but not significantly decreased in hepatitis B related LC patients when compared with controls. The Plasma ghrelin levels in Child C patients were significantly decreased compared with Child A patients(0.75 ± 0.479 ng/L vs 1.38 ± 1.064 ng/L, P < 0.05). The Plasma ghrelin levels showed negative but not significant correlation to plasma GH levels, and positive correlations to serum GRH (r = 0.868, P < 0.001), blood urea nitrogen, albumin and hemoglobin (r = 0.357, 0.377, 0.367, all P < 0.05) in hepatitis B related LC patients.
CONCLUSION: The increased serum growth hormone levels in hepatitis B-related liver cirrhosis patients may be related to the increased GRH. These data suggest that fasting plasma ghrelin levels may be a useful indicator reflecting malnutrition in liver cirrhosis patients.
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