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Moser MS, Hallem EA. Astacin metalloproteases in human-parasitic nematodes. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2024; 126:177-204. [PMID: 39448190 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2024]
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes infect over 2 billion individuals worldwide, primarily in low-resource areas, and are responsible for several chronic and potentially deadly diseases. Throughout their life cycle, these parasites are thought to use astacin metalloproteases, a subfamily of zinc-containing metalloendopeptidases, for processes such as skin penetration, molting, and tissue migration. Here, we review the known functions of astacins in human-infective, soil-transmitted parasitic nematodes - including the hookworms Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale, the threadworm Strongyloides stercoralis, the giant roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides, and the whipworm Trichuris trichiura - as well as the human-infective, vector-borne filarial nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti, Onchocerca volvulus, and Brugia malayi. We also review astacin function in parasitic nematodes that infect other mammalian hosts and discuss the potential of astacins as anthelmintic drug targets. Finally, we highlight the molecular and genetic tools that are now available for further exploration of astacin function and discuss how a better understanding of astacin function in human-parasitic nematodes could lead to new avenues for nematode control and drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Moser
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental PhD Program; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Elissa A Hallem
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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Schreiber M, Macháček T, Vajs V, Šmídová B, Majer M, Hrdý J, Tolde O, Brábek J, Rösel D, Horák P. Suppression of the growth and metastasis of mouse melanoma by Taenia crassiceps and Mesocestoides corti tapeworms. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1376907. [PMID: 38571957 PMCID: PMC10987685 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1376907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is still one of the leading causes of death, with an estimated 19.3 million new cases every year. Our paper presents the tumor-suppressing effect of Taenia crassiceps and Mesocestoides corti on B16F10 melanoma, the intraperitoneal application of which followed the experimental infection with these tapeworms, resulting in varying degrees of effectiveness in two strains of mice. In the case of M. corti-infected ICR mice, a strong tumor growth suppression occurred, which was accompanied by a significant reduction in the formation of distant metastases in the liver and lung. Tapeworm-infected C57BL/6J mice also showed a suppression of tumor growth and, in addition, the overall survival of infected C57BL/6J mice was significantly improved. Experiments with potential cross-reaction of melanoma and tapeworm antigens with respective specific antibodies, restimulation of spleen T cells, or the direct effect of tapeworm excretory-secretory products on melanoma cells in vitro could not explain the phenomenon. However, infections with T. crassiceps and M. corti increased the number of leukocytes possibly involved in anti-tumor immunity in the peritoneal cavity of both ICR and C57BL/6J mice. This study unveils the complex interplay between tapeworm infections, immune responses, and melanoma progression, emphasizing the need for further exploration of the mechanisms driving observed tumor-suppressive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schreiber
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Macháček
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vojtěch Vajs
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Barbora Šmídová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Majer
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiří Hrdý
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ondřej Tolde
- Department of Cell Biology, and Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec (BIOCEV), Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Brábek
- Department of Cell Biology, and Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec (BIOCEV), Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Daniel Rösel
- Department of Cell Biology, and Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec (BIOCEV), Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petr Horák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Kumari R, Muni S, Kumar R, Kumar R, Kumar A, Kumar S, Kumari N. Comparison of Cytokines Profiles and Monocyte Response Among Tuberculosis Patients Versus Patients Coinfected With Intestinal Helminth and Tuberculosis. Cureus 2024; 16:e51726. [PMID: 38318585 PMCID: PMC10839430 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) and intestinal helminth infections often coexist, posing a significant health challenge. TB, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and helminths elicit distinct immune responses - Th1 for TB and Th2 for helminths. Co-infection introduces a complex immunological challenge, potentially compromising TB control. This study addresses the research gap by comparing cytokine profiles and monocyte responses in TB patients, helminth-infected individuals, and those with both. Insights gained may enhance diagnosis, treatment, and disease control strategies where TB and helminths prevail. Methods A cross-sectional observational study conducted at Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, aimed to compare cytokine profiles and monocyte responses in TB patients and those coinfected with TB and helminths. The study included 150 newly diagnosed active TB individuals aged 18 to 65 years. TB diagnosis was confirmed through clinical assessment, sputum microscopy, and GeneXpert (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) testing. Stool examination employed various methods, including the Kato-Katz technique and formalin-ether concentration. Blood samples were collected for hematological analysis, cytokine profiling, and monocyte isolation. Statistical analysis, using SPSS version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), included descriptive statistics, and t-test analyses. Results In our study of 150 participants, half (50.0%) showed positive helminth status. The sociodemographic analysis revealed no significant differences in age, gender, education, occupation, marital status, smoking, alcohol, BMI, diabetes, and hypertension between TB patients (n=75) and TB+Helminth patients (n=75), ensuring baseline matching. The prevalence of specific helminth infections in TB+Helminth patients included Ascaris lumbricoides (24.0%), Trichuris trichiura (18.7%), and others. Hematological parameters showed significant differences, with TB+Helminth patients exhibiting higher RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, neutrophil count, and monocyte count; also eosinophil count was more raised in TB+Helminth patients (0.36 x 103/μL) when compared to TB patients (0.25 x 103/μL). Cytokine profiles and monocyte responses varied significantly between the groups, with TB patients having higher IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels, while TB+Helminth patients had elevated IL-10. Monocyte response time did not differ significantly. Conclusion The observed differences in hematological parameters and cytokine profiles emphasize the need for tailored approaches to diagnosis and treatment in co-infected individuals. These findings suggest that the management of TB patients should consider the potential influence of helminth co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Kumari
- Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, IND
| | - Sweta Muni
- Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, IND
| | - Randhir Kumar
- Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, IND
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, IND
| | - Abay Kumar
- Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, IND
| | - Shailesh Kumar
- Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, IND
| | - Namrata Kumari
- Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, IND
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Mpaka-Mbatha MN, Naidoo P, Bhengu KN, Islam MM, Singh R, Nembe-Mafa N, Mkhize-Kwitshana ZL. Cytokine Gene Expression Profiles during HIV and Helminth Coinfection in Underprivileged Peri-Urban South African Adults. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2475. [PMID: 37568838 PMCID: PMC10417227 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13152475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal helminth parasites are potent stimulators of T helper type 2 (Th2) and regulatory Th3 anti-inflammatory immune responses, while human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are activators of predominantly T helper type 1(Th1) pro-inflammatory responses. Studies investigating the immune profiles of individuals coinfected with helminths and HIV are scarce. Although it is well known that helminths cause a type 2 immune response during the chronic stage of infection that is characterised by Th2 cell differentiation, eosinophil recruitment, and alternative macrophage activation, the immune mechanisms that regulate tissue damage at the time of parasite invasion are poorly understood. AIM The aim of the study was to determine the cytokine gene expression profiles during HIV and helminth coinfection in underprivileged South African adults living in a peri-urban area with poor sanitary conditions and a lack of clean water supply. METHOD Study participants (n = 164) were subdivided into uninfected controls, HIV-infected, helminth-infected, and HIV and helminth-coinfected groups. The Kato-Katz and Mini Parasep techniques and Ascaris lumbricoides-specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE) and Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) levels were used to detect helminth infections. Participants' HIV status was determined using two HIV1/2 antibody test kits. RNA was isolated from white blood cells for cytokine (Th1-, Th2-, and Th17-related) and transcription factor gene expression profiling using real-time PCR. RESULTS Multivariate regression data were adjusted for age, gender, BMI, antiretroviral treatment (ART), and nutritional supplement intake. The HIV and helminth-coinfected group had significantly higher tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (adjusted β = 0.53, p = 0.036), interleukin 2 (IL-2) (adjusted β = 6.48, p = 0.008), and interleukin 17 (IL-17) (adjusted β = 1.16, p = 0.001) levels and lower GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) levels (adjusted β = -0.77, p = 0.018) compared to the uninfected controls. No statistical significance was noted for Th2-related cytokines. CONCLUSION The coinfected group had higher proinflammatory Th1- and Th17-related cytokine gene expression profiles compared to the uninfected controls. The findings suggest that pro-inflammatory responses are elevated during coinfection, which supports the hypothesis that helminths have a deleterious effect on HIV immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda N. Mpaka-Mbatha
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nelson R. Mandela Medical School Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (P.N.); (K.N.B.); (N.N.-M.); (Z.L.M.-K.)
- Division of Research Capacity Development (RCD), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Pragalathan Naidoo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nelson R. Mandela Medical School Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (P.N.); (K.N.B.); (N.N.-M.); (Z.L.M.-K.)
- Division of Research Capacity Development (RCD), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Khethiwe N. Bhengu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nelson R. Mandela Medical School Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (P.N.); (K.N.B.); (N.N.-M.); (Z.L.M.-K.)
- Division of Research Capacity Development (RCD), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Umlazi, Durban 4031, South Africa
| | - Md. Mazharul Islam
- Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality, Doha P.O. Box 3508, Qatar;
| | - Ravesh Singh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa;
| | - Nomzamo Nembe-Mafa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nelson R. Mandela Medical School Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (P.N.); (K.N.B.); (N.N.-M.); (Z.L.M.-K.)
| | - Zilungile L. Mkhize-Kwitshana
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nelson R. Mandela Medical School Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (P.N.); (K.N.B.); (N.N.-M.); (Z.L.M.-K.)
- Division of Research Capacity Development (RCD), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
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Vanhooren M, Stoefs A, Van Den Broucke S, Van Esbroeck M, Demuyser T, Kindt S. Intestinal helminthic infections: a narrative review to guide the hepatogastroenterologist. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2023; 86:460-473. [PMID: 37814562 DOI: 10.51821/86.3.11895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal helminthic infections are not uncommon in Western Europe, mainly due to modern travel, emigration and globalization. Moreover, some helminthic infections are endemic in Western Europe and are part of the everyday clinical practice. The hepatogastroenterologist should therefore recognize and manage these patients or at least refer them to appropriate reference centers. Signs and symptoms are often unspecific or even absent. Discerning the disease at an early stage avoids expensive diagnostic testing, life-threatening complications and in some cases even further spread of the disease. This review article aims to guide the hepatogastroenterologist when suspecting a helminthic infection by addressing the most prevalent symptoms, summarizing the most probable associated helminthic entities, highlighting practical steps in diagnosis and available treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vanhooren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Stoefs
- Department of Microbiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Van Den Broucke
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITMA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - M Van Esbroeck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITMA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - T Demuyser
- Department of Microbiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
- AIMS lab, Center for Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Kindt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
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Esperante D, Flisser A, Mendlovic F. The many faces of parasite calreticulin. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1101390. [PMID: 36993959 PMCID: PMC10040973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1101390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin from parasites and its vertebrate hosts share ~50% identity and many of its functions are equally conserved. However, the existing amino acid differences can affect its biological performance. Calreticulin plays an important role in Ca2+ homeostasis and as a chaperone involved in the correct folding of proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum. Outside the endoplasmic reticulum, calreticulin is involved in several immunological functions such as complement inhibition, enhancement of efferocytosis, and immune upregulation or inhibition. Several parasite calreticulins have been shown to limit immune responses and promote infectivity, while others are strong immunogens and have been used for the development of potential vaccines that limit parasite growth. Furthermore, calreticulin is essential in the dialogue between parasites and hosts, inducing Th1, Th2 or regulatory responses in a species-specific manner. In addition, calreticulin participates as initiator of endoplasmic reticulum stress in tumor cells and promotion of immunogenic cell death and removal by macrophages. Direct anti-tumoral activity has also been reported. The highly immunogenic and pleiotropic nature of parasite calreticulins, either as positive or negative regulators of the immune response, render these proteins as valuable tools to modulate immunopathologies and autoimmune disorders, as well as a potential treatment of neoplasms. Moreover, the disparities in the amino acid composition of parasite calreticulins might provide subtle variations in the mechanisms of action that could provide advantages as therapeutic tools. Here, we review the immunological roles of parasite calreticulins and discuss possible beneficial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Esperante
- Plan de Estudios Combinados en Medicina (PECEM), Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Flisser
- Plan de Estudios Combinados en Medicina (PECEM), Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fela Mendlovic
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anahuac Mexico Norte, Huixquilucan, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Fela Mendlovic,
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Elmeligy E, Abdelbaset A, Elsayed HK, Bayomi SA, Hafez A, Abu-Seida AM, El-Khabaz KAS, Hassan D, Ghandour RA, Khalphallah A. Oxidative stress in Strongylus spp. infected donkeys treated with piperazine citrate versus doramectin. Open Vet J 2021; 11:238-250. [PMID: 34307081 PMCID: PMC8288743 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2021.v11.i2.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Parasitic infection is one of the main problems in equidae, particularly donkeys. Aim: This study evaluated the oxidative stress in donkeys infected with Strongylus spp by determining the correlation between antioxidants levels; malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and the severity of parasitic infection. It also compared the therapeutic efficacy of piperazine citrate as an oral anthelmintic drug and Doramectin as an injectable one. Methods: The study was conducted on 40 donkeys naturally infected with Strongylus spp. These donkeys were divided into two groups (20 donkeys each) according to treatment; One group was treated with piperazine citrate (PipTG) and the other with doramectin (DoraTG). Thorough clinical examination, hematological, biochemical, and parasitological assays were performed before (Day 0) and after treatment (Days 7, 14, 21, and 28). All data were statistically analyzed by independent-sample t-test or paired t-test. Results: In both groups, mean values of MDA were significantly reduced, while those of TAC were significantly elevated after treatment on days 7, 14, 21, and 28. These significant changes were reported after treatment between PipTG and DoraTG in favor of DoraTG. Serum concentrations of MDA were significantly reduced, while those of TAC were significantly elevated for DoraTG treatment group when their values were compared with those of PipTG either on days 7, 14, 21, or 28. Significant correlations were reported in PipTG and DoraTG. Negative significant correlations were reported between fecal egg count (FEC) and each of whole blood picture indices (RBCS, Hb, and PCV), serum TAC and faecal egg count reduction percentage FECR%. A positive correlation was seen between FEC and MDA. MDA exhibited a negative correlation with both blood picture and TAC; hence, TAC was positively correlated with these blood picture indices in both PipTG and DoraTG. In PipTG, anthelmintic resistance (R) was present on days 7 and 14, while it was suspected (S) at day 21 then it was absent (N) at day 28. In DoraTG, anthelmintic resistance was suspected (S) on day 7, then it became absent (N) on days 14, 21, and 28 post therapy. Conclusion: The immunological status of the infected donkeys had greatly improved after treatment. The therapeutic efficacy of injectable doramectin was more efficient than that of oral piperazine citrate in Strongylus spp. infected donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas Elmeligy
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Abdelbaset Abdelbaset
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hanan K Elsayed
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Sara A Bayomi
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hafez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Ashraf M Abu-Seida
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Khaled A S El-Khabaz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Dalia Hassan
- Department of Animal & Poultry Hygiene and Environmental Sanitation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Rehab A Ghandour
- Department of physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Arafat Khalphallah
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Ehsan M, Hu RS, Liang QL, Hou JL, Song X, Yan R, Zhu XQ, Li X. Advances in the Development of Anti- Haemonchus contortus Vaccines: Challenges, Opportunities, and Perspectives. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030555. [PMID: 32971770 PMCID: PMC7565421 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal nematode parasite Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) is a resident of tropical and subtropical regions worldwide that imposes significant production losses, economic losses, and animal health issues in the small ruminant industry, particularly sheep and goats. Considerable efforts have been made to understand how immunity is elicited against H. contortus infection. Various potential vaccine antigens have been tested by different methods and strategies applied in animal models, and significant progress has been made in the development of vaccines against H. contortus. This review highlighted and shared the knowledge about the current understanding of host immune responses to H. contortus and ongoing challenges in the development of a protective, effective, and long-lasting vaccine against H. contortus infection. We have also pinpointed some achievements and failures in the development and testing of vaccines, which will establish a road map for future research directions to explore new effective vaccine candidates for controlling and preventing H. contortus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ehsan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (M.E.); (R.-S.H.); (Q.-L.L.); (J.-L.H.)
| | - Rui-Si Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (M.E.); (R.-S.H.); (Q.-L.L.); (J.-L.H.)
| | - Qin-Li Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (M.E.); (R.-S.H.); (Q.-L.L.); (J.-L.H.)
| | - Jun-Ling Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (M.E.); (R.-S.H.); (Q.-L.L.); (J.-L.H.)
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.S.); (R.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.S.); (R.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (M.E.); (R.-S.H.); (Q.-L.L.); (J.-L.H.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-354-628-8993
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.S.); (R.Y.); (X.L.)
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Immunomodulatory effect of Syphacia obvelata in treatment of experimental DSS-induced colitis in mouse model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19127. [PMID: 31836772 PMCID: PMC6911064 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of helminth parasite infections to manipulate the immune system of their host towards T regulatory responses has been proposed to suppress the inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective and therapeutic effect of Syphacia obvelata in the treatment of experimental DSS -induced colitis. 50 male C57BL/6 mice were divided into 5 groups: healthy uninfected controls, DSS colitis, receiving only S. obv, preventive (S. obv + DSS) and therapeutic group (DSS + S.obv). Colitis intensity was investigated by measuring body weight changes, stool consistency/bleeding and colon length. To evaluate the immune responses induced by this nematode, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-17, IFN-γ and expressing of FoxP3+ T cells were measured in mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer’s patches cells. Mice in preventive and therapeutic groups treated with S. obv egg significantly ameliorated the severity of the DSS colitis, indicated by the reduced disease manifestations, improved histopathological scores correlated with the up regulation of Treg responses and down regulation of proinflammatory cytokines. S. obv can prevention and reverse on-going murine DSS colitis. The data suggest that induction of Tregs and change in cytokine profiles during helminthic therapies were responsible for reversed inflammatory events in IBD.
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Suppression of Obesity by an Intestinal Helminth through Interactions with Intestinal Microbiota. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00042-19. [PMID: 30962398 PMCID: PMC6529657 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00042-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is increasingly causing lifestyle diseases in developed countries where helminthic infections are rarely seen. Here, we investigated whether an intestinal nematode, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, has a suppressive role in diet-induced obesity in mice. Infection with H. polygyrus suppressed weight gain in obese mice, which was associated with increased uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression in adipocytes and a higher serum norepinephrine (NE) concentration. Blocking interactions of NE with its receptor on adipocytes resulted in the failure to prevent weight gain and to enhance UCP1 expression in obese mice infected with H. polygyrus, indicating that NE is responsible for the protective effects of H. polygyrus on obesity. In addition to sympathetic nerve-derived NE, the intestinal microbiota was involved in the increase in NE. Infection with H. polygyrus altered the composition of intestinal bacteria, and antibiotic treatment to reduce intestinal bacteria reversed the higher NE concentration, UCP1 expression, and prevention of the weight gain observed after H. polygyrus infection. Our data indicate that H. polygyrus exerts suppressive roles on obesity through modulation of microbiota that produce NE.
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11
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Effect of Trichinella spiralis intervention on TNBS-induced experimental colitis in mice. Immunobiology 2019; 224:147-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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12
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Mkhize BT, Mabaso MHL, Madurai S, Mkhize-Kwitshana ZL. The Investigation of the Use of Prealbumin as a Tool for Nutritional Assessment in Adults Coinfected with HIV and Intestinal Helminth Parasites in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7805857. [PMID: 30065944 PMCID: PMC6051331 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7805857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Serum prealbumin is considered to be as important as albumin in the nutritional status assessment. However, there is relatively little evidence of its advantage over the commonly used albumin. This study investigated the use of prealbumin compared to albumin as a marker of nutritional status in adults singly and dually infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and intestinal helminths, with or without inflammatory conditions, in different body mass index (BMI) categories. This cross-sectional study was conducted in a periurban setting in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Multivariate multinomial logistic regression models were fitted to investigate the effect of prealbumin and albumin in nutritional assessment among HIV and helminth individuals with or without inflammation, indicated by elevated and normal C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. In normal CRP, albumin was significantly lower in unadjusted BMI [RRR = 0.8, p = 0.001] and in normal weight [RRR = 0.7, p = 0.003] and overweight [RRR = 0.5, p = 0.001] participants. In elevated CRP, albumin was significantly lower [RRR = 0.8, p = 0.050] and prealbumin was significantly higher in unadjusted BMI [RRR = 1.2, p = 0.034] and overweight [RRR = 1.4, p = 0.052] individuals. The current study found that prealbumin can differentiate between inflammation-induced reduction of albumin and true malnutrition in adults singly or coinfected with HIV and intestinal helminths in the presence or absence of inflammation in various BMI categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. T. Mkhize
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - M. H. L. Mabaso
- Epidemiology and Strategic Information Unit, HIV/AIDS, STI and TB (HAST), Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | - S. Madurai
- Global Clinical and Viral Laboratory, Durban, South Africa
| | - Z. L. Mkhize-Kwitshana
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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13
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Zavala GA, García OP, Camacho M, Ronquillo D, Campos‐Ponce M, Doak C, Polman K, Rosado JL. Intestinal parasites: Associations with intestinal and systemic inflammation. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40:e12518. [PMID: 29364525 PMCID: PMC5901043 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate associations between intestinal parasitic infection with intestinal and systemic inflammatory markers in school-aged children with high rates of obesity. Plasma concentrations of C-Reactive Protein (CRP), leptin, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 were measured as systemic inflammation markers and count of stool leukocytes as marker of intestinal inflammation in 291 children (6-10 years). Intestinal parasitic infection was measured by stool examination. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the odds of having high inflammatory markers for each parasite or group of parasites as compared to parasite-free children while adjusting for sex, age, mother's educational level and percentage of body fat. The prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths and intestinal protozoa infections was 12% and 36%, respectively. Parasitic infection was not associated with CRP, IL-6, IL-10 or TNF-α. Children infected with Ascaris lumbricoides (aOR: 5.91, 95% CI: 1.97-17.70) and Entamoeba coli (aOR: 8.46, 95% CI: 2.85-25.14) were more likely to have higher stool leucocytes than parasite-free children. Children with multiple infections (aOR: 10.60, 95% CI: 2.85-25.14) were more likely to have higher leptin concentrations than parasite-free children. Intestinal parasitic infection was not associated with systemic inflammation, but was associated with intestinal inflammation. Having multiple infections were associated with higher leptin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. A. Zavala
- Facultad de Ciencias NaturalesUniversidad Autónoma de QuerétaroQuerétaroMexico
- Faculty of Earth & Life SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - O. P. García
- Facultad de Ciencias NaturalesUniversidad Autónoma de QuerétaroQuerétaroMexico
| | - M. Camacho
- Facultad de Ciencias NaturalesUniversidad Autónoma de QuerétaroQuerétaroMexico
| | - D. Ronquillo
- Facultad de Ciencias NaturalesUniversidad Autónoma de QuerétaroQuerétaroMexico
| | - M. Campos‐Ponce
- Faculty of Earth & Life SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - C. Doak
- Faculty of Earth & Life SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - K. Polman
- Faculty of Earth & Life SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical SciencesInstitute of Tropical Medicine AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - J. L. Rosado
- Facultad de Ciencias NaturalesUniversidad Autónoma de QuerétaroQuerétaroMexico
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Muñoz-Carrillo JL, Muñoz-López JL, Muñoz-Escobedo JJ, Maldonado-Tapia C, Gutiérrez-Coronado O, Contreras-Cordero JF, Moreno-García MA. Therapeutic Effects of Resiniferatoxin Related with Immunological Responses for Intestinal Inflammation in Trichinellosis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2017; 55:587-599. [PMID: 29320813 PMCID: PMC5776891 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2017.55.6.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune response against Trichinella spiralis at the intestinal level depends on the CD4+ T cells, which can both suppress or promote the inflammatory response through the synthesis of diverse cytokines. During the intestinal phase, the immune response is mixed (Th1/Th2) with the initial predominance of the Th1 response and the subsequent domination of Th2 response, which favor the development of intestinal pathology. In this context, the glucocorticoids (GC) are the pharmacotherapy for the intestinal inflammatory response in trichinellosis. However, its therapeutic use is limited, since studies have shown that treatment with GC suppresses the host immune system, favoring T. spiralis infection. In the search for novel pharmacological strategies that inhibit the Th1 immune response (proinflammatory) and assist the host against T. spiralis infection, recent studies showed that resiniferatoxin (RTX) had anti-inflammatory activity, which decreased the serum levels of IL-12, INF-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α, NO, and PGE2, as well the number of eosinophils in the blood, associated with decreased intestinal pathology and muscle parasite burden. These researches demonstrate that RTX is capable to inhibit the production of Th1 cytokines, contributing to the defense against T. spiralis infection, which places it as a new potential drug modulator of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Muñoz-Carrillo
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México.,Laboratory of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | | | | | - Claudia Maldonado-Tapia
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
| | - Oscar Gutiérrez-Coronado
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Earth and Life Sciences, University Center of Los Lagos, University of Guadalajara, Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, México
| | - Juan Francisco Contreras-Cordero
- Laboratory of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - María Alejandra Moreno-García
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
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15
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Sotillo J, Ferreira I, Potriquet J, Laha T, Navarro S, Loukas A, Mulvenna J. Changes in protein expression after treatment with Ancylostoma caninum excretory/secretory products in a mouse model of colitis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41883. [PMID: 28191818 PMCID: PMC5304188 DOI: 10.1038/srep41883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Different reports have highlighted the potential use of helminths and their secretions in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) conditions; however, no reports have investigated their effects at a proteome level. Herein, we characterise the protein expression changes that occur in lamina propria (LP) and the intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) of mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis treated with Ancylostoma caninum excretory/secretory (ES) products using a quantitative proteomic approach. We have shown how parasite products can significantly alter the expression of proteins involved in immune responses, cell death and with an antioxidant activity. Interestingly, significant changes in the expression levels of different mucins were observed in this study. MUC13, a mucin implicated in gastrointestinal homeostasis, was upregulated in the LP of mice with DSS-induced colitis treated with ES, while MUC2, a major component of mucus, was upregulated in the IEC. In addition, A. caninum proteins have an important effect on proteins with antioxidant functions and proteins involved in intestinal homeostasis and tissue integrity and regeneration. Understanding how parasites can ameliorate IBD pathogenesis can help us design novel treatments for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sotillo
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Ivana Ferreira
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeremy Potriquet
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Severine Navarro
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Jason Mulvenna
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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16
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Ferretti CJ, Hollander E. The Role of Inflammation in Autism Spectrum Disorder. CURRENT TOPICS IN NEUROTOXICITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13602-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Mohammadi R, Hosseini-Safa A, Ehsani Ardakani MJ, Rostami-Nejad M. The relationship between intestinal parasites and some immune-mediated intestinal conditions. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2015; 8:123-31. [PMID: 25926937 PMCID: PMC4403024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades, the incidence of infestation by minor parasites has decreased in developed countries. Infectious agents can also suppress autoimmune and allergic disorders. Some investigations show that various protozoa and helminthes are connected with the main immune-mediated intestinal conditions including celiac disease (CD), inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Celiac disease is a digestive and autoimmune disorder that can damage the small intestine and characterized by a multitude gastrointestinal (GI) and extra GI symptoms. IBD (including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the small intestine and colon. The etiology of IBD is unknown, but it may be related to instability in the intestinal microflora that leading to an immoderate inflammatory response to commensal microbiota. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common, long-term condition of the digestive system. Bloating, diarrhoea and/or constipation are nonspecific symptoms of IBS. Various studies have shown that some intestinal parasites can effect on immune system of infected hosts and in some cases, they are able to modify and change the host's immune responses, particularly in autoimmune disorders like celiac disease and IBD. The main objective of this review is to investigate the relationship between intestinal parasites and different inflammatory bowel disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,
| | - Ahmad Hosseini-Safa
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Rostami-Nejad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Harnessing the helminth secretome for therapeutic immunomodulators. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:964350. [PMID: 25133189 PMCID: PMC4123613 DOI: 10.1155/2014/964350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Helminths are the largest and most complex pathogens to invade and live within the human body. Since they are not able to outpace the immune system by rapid antigen variation or faster cell division or retreat into protective niches not accessible to immune effector mechanisms, their long-term survival depends on influencing and regulating the immune responses away from the mode of action most damaging to them. Immunologists have focused on the excretory and secretory products that are released by the helminths, since they can change the host environment by modulating the immune system. Here we give a brief overview of the helminth-associated immune response and the currently available helminth secretome data. We introduce some major secretome-derived immunomodulatory molecules and describe their potential mode of action. Finally, the applicability of helminth-derived therapeutic proteins in the treatment of allergic and autoimmune inflammatory disease is discussed.
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19
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Pae M, Wu D. Immunomodulating effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate from green tea: mechanisms and applications. Food Funct 2014; 4:1287-303. [PMID: 23835657 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60076a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Consuming green tea or its active ingredient, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), has been shown consistently to benefit the healthy functioning of several body systems. In the immune system specifically, accumulating evidence has revealed an immunomodulating effect of green tea/EGCG. Several types of immune cells in both the innate and adaptive immune systems are known to be affected in varying degrees by green tea/EGCG. Among them, the dramatic effect on T cell functions has been repeatedly demonstrated, including T cell activation, proliferation, differentiation, and production of cytokines. In particular, dysregulated T cell function with respect to different subsets of CD4(+) T cells is a critical pathogenic factor in the development of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Recent studies have shown that EGCG affects the differentiation of naïve CD4(+) T cells into different effector subsets in a way that would be expected to favorably impact autoimmunity. Consistent with these findings, studies using animal models of autoimmune diseases have reported disease improvement in animals treated with green tea/EGCG. Altogether, these studies identify and support the use of EGCG as a potential therapeutic agent in preventing and ameliorating T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. Given the paucity of information in human studies, the translational value of these findings needs to be verified in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munkyong Pae
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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20
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Hassona Y, Scully C, Delgado-Azanero W, de Almeida OP. Oral helminthic infestations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 6:99-107. [PMID: 24574305 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oral infections caused by helminths (worms) are rarely encountered in clinical practice, and consequently, there is a paucity of information in the medical and dental literature about these conditions. In the present article, we review the English literature related to oral helminthic infestations. The main oral infections caused by helminths include four roundworm (trichinosis, trichuriasis, filariasis, and larva migrans) and three tapeworm infections (cysticercosis, sparganosis, and echinococcosis). Cases are mainly encountered in endemic areas and mainly present a benign clinical picture. The diagnosis of oral helminthic infections is mostly established after histopathological examination, which shows parasitic larvae lined by fibrous tissue and inflammatory cells. Surgical excision is the preferred treatment of isolated oral lesions caused by helminths; however, patients should undergo thorough medical evaluation to exclude the possible involvement of other body systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazan Hassona
- Department of Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Pathology and Periodontics, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Health-General Health, Oral Medicine, Bristol Dental Hospital and School, Bristol, UK
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21
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Bhardwaj EK, Else KJ, Rogan MT, Warhurst G. Increased susceptibility to Trichuris muris infection and exacerbation of colitis in Mdr1a-/- mice. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:1797-1806. [PMID: 24587657 PMCID: PMC3930978 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i7.1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the influence of Trichuris muris (T. muris) infection in a mouse model of genetic susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease, Mdr1a-/-.
METHODS: Mdr1a-/- mice were housed under specific pathogen free conditions to slow the development of colitis and compared to congenic FVB controls. Mice were infected with approximately 200 embryonated ova from T. muris and assessed for worm burden and histological and functional markers of gut inflammation on day 19 post infection.
RESULTS: Mdr1a-/- mice exhibited a marked increase in susceptibility to T. muris infection with a 10-fold increase in colonic worm count by day 19 pi compared to FVB controls. Prior to infection, Mdr1a-/- exhibited low-level mucosal inflammation with evidence of an enhanced Th1 environment. T. muris infection accelerated the progression of colitis in Mdr1a-/- as evidenced by marked increases in several indicators including histological damage score, mucosal CD4+ T-cell and DC infiltration and dramatically increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
CONCLUSION: These data provide further evidence of the complex interaction between T. muris and an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-susceptible host which may have relevance to the application of helminth therapy in the treatment of human IBD.
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22
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McGowan NE, Marks NJ, McInnes CJ, Deane D, Maule AG, Scantlebury M. Effects of parasitism and morphology on squirrelpox virus seroprevalence in grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis). PLoS One 2014; 9:e83106. [PMID: 24416155 PMCID: PMC3885396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive species have been cited as major causes of population extinctions in several animal and plant classes worldwide. The North American grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) has a major detrimental effect on native red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) populations across Britain and Ireland, in part because it can be a reservoir host for the deadly squirrelpox virus (SQPV). Whilst various researchers have investigated the epizootiology of SQPV disease in grey squirrels and have modelled the consequent effects on red squirrel populations, less work has examined morphological and physiological characteristics that might make individual grey squirrels more susceptible to contracting SQPV. The current study investigated the putative relationships between morphology, parasitism, and SQPV exposure in grey squirrels. We found geographical, sex, and morphological differences in SQPV seroprevalence. In particular, larger animals, those with wide zygomatic arch widths (ZAW), males with large testes, and individuals with concurrent nematode and/or coccidial infections had an increased seroprevalence of SQPV. In addition, males with larger spleens, particularly those with narrow ZAW, were more likely to be exposed to SQPV. Overall these results show that there is variation in SQPV seroprevalence in grey squirrels and that, consequently, certain individual, or populations of, grey squirrels might be more responsible for transmitting SQPV to native red squirrel populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha E. McGowan
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Nikki J. Marks
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J. McInnes
- Vaccines and Diagnostics, Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Deane
- Vaccines and Diagnostics, Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron G. Maule
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Scantlebury
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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23
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Taghipour N, Aghdaei HA, Haghighi A, Mossafa N, Tabaei SJS, Rostami-Nejad M. Potential treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a review of helminths therapy. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2014; 7:9-16. [PMID: 25436093 PMCID: PMC4017549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is most common in highly industrialized Western countries but uncommon in less developed areas of the world where helminths are frequent. The hygiene hypothesis proposes that the recent increase in allergic and autoimmune diseases is due to modern highly hygienic life styles and medical conditions. Loss of routine exposure to parasitic helminths, as a result of increasing lifestyle-associated factors, may be one factor leading to the increased disease prevalence. In animal models and clinical trials of IBD, gastrointestinal nematodes colonization suppresses intestinal inflammation through multiple mechanisms including induction of innate and adaptive regulatory circuits. Studies using helminths like Trichuris suis or Necator americanus showed that these helminths are safe and may be effective therapeutic approaches for the control of IBD and other immune diseases. The aim of present review was to exploring the therapeutic use of helminths for the control of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Taghipour
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Haghighi
- Department of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nariman Mossafa
- Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Javad Seyyed Tabaei
- Department of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rostami-Nejad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Arinola GO, Oluwole O, Oladokun R, Adedokun BO, Olopade OI, Olopade CO. Intestinal Helminthic Infection Increases Serum Levels of IL-2 and Decreases Serum TGF-Beta Levels in Nigerian Asthmatic Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/oji.2014.41001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Campolina SS, Araujo MSS, Rezende TMRL, Matoso L, Quites HFO, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho OA, Gazzinelli A, Correa-Oliveira R. Effective anthelmintic therapy of residents living in endemic area of high prevalence for Hookworm and Schistosoma mansoni infections enhances the levels of allergy risk factor anti-Der p1 IgE. RESULTS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 5:6-12. [PMID: 25905031 PMCID: PMC4404415 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work were investigated the relationship between Hookworm/Schistosoma mansoni infections and allergy related risk factors in two endemic areas with distinct prevalence of infections and co-infection. The intensity of infections, eosinophilia, allergy risk factors, infections status and anti-Der p1 IgE levels before and 2 years (population 1) and 3 years (population 2) after anthelmintic treatment, were evaluated. It was observed that the population with lower prevalence and intensity of infection (population 2) had lower eosinophils counts (>600/mm3) and higher animal contact than the population with higher parasites intensity (population 1). After anthelmintic treatment the intensity of S. mansoni single infection decreased, but no changes were observed in Hookworm and co-infected individuals. The anthelmintic treatment also enhanced anti-Der p1 IgE optical density in ELISA on the subgroups that became negative for helminth infection regardless of their previous infection condition in population 1. Facing that, we evaluated the anti-Der p1 IgE reactivity index, and the ratio (after/before treatment) was significantly higher in patients co-infected before treatment. On the other hand, no association between anti-Der p1 IgE reactivity index and the intensity of infections were observed. In conclusion, effective anthelmintic therapy of subjects from endemic areas with high prevalence of Hookworm and S. mansoni infections enhances anti-Der p1 IgE levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina S Campolina
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcio S S Araujo
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tércia M R L Rezende
- Faculdade de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Matoso
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Humberto F O Quites
- Faculdade de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Olindo A Martins-Filho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andrea Gazzinelli
- Faculdade de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil ; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Correa-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil ; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Low D, Nguyen DD, Mizoguchi E. Animal models of ulcerative colitis and their application in drug research. Drug Des Devel Ther 2013; 7:1341-57. [PMID: 24250223 PMCID: PMC3829622 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s40107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific pathogenesis underlying inflammatory bowel disease is complex, and it is even more difficult to decipher the pathophysiology to explain for the similarities and differences between two of its major subtypes, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC). Animal models are indispensable to pry into mechanistic details that will facilitate better preclinical drug/therapy design to target specific components involved in the disease pathogenesis. This review focuses on common animal models that are particularly useful for the study of UC and its therapeutic strategy. Recent reports of the latest compounds, therapeutic strategies, and approaches tested on UC animal models are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daren Low
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deanna D Nguyen
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for the Study of inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emiko Mizoguchi
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for the Study of inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Low D, Nguyen DD, Mizoguchi E. Animal models of ulcerative colitis and their application in drug research. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2013. [PMID: 24250223 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s40107.ecollection] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The specific pathogenesis underlying inflammatory bowel disease is complex, and it is even more difficult to decipher the pathophysiology to explain for the similarities and differences between two of its major subtypes, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC). Animal models are indispensable to pry into mechanistic details that will facilitate better preclinical drug/therapy design to target specific components involved in the disease pathogenesis. This review focuses on common animal models that are particularly useful for the study of UC and its therapeutic strategy. Recent reports of the latest compounds, therapeutic strategies, and approaches tested on UC animal models are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daren Low
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Current drug targets for helminthic diseases. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:1819-31. [PMID: 23529336 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
More than 2 billion people are infected with helminth parasites across the globe. The burgeoning drug resistance against current anthelmintics in parasitic worms of humans and livestock requires urgent attention to tackle these recalcitrant worms. This review focuses on the advancements made in the area of helminth drug target discovery especially from the last few couple of decades. It highlights various approaches made in this field and enlists the potential drug targets currently being pursued to target economically important helminth species both from human as well as livestock to combat disease pathology of schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, and other important macroparasitic diseases. Research in the helminths study is trending to identify potential and druggable targets through genomic, proteomic, biochemical, biophysical, in vitro experiments, and in vivo experiments in animal models. The availability of major helminths genome sequences and the subsequent availability of genome-scale functional datasets through in silico search and prioritization are expected to guide the experimental work necessary for target-based drug discovery. Organized and documented list of drug targets from various helminths of economic importance have been systematically covered in this review for further exploring their use and applications, which can give physicians and veterinarians effective drugs in hand to enable them control worm infections.
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Conway KL, Kuballa P, Khor B, Zhang M, Shi HN, Virgin HW, Xavier RJ. ATG5 regulates plasma cell differentiation. Autophagy 2013; 9:528-37. [PMID: 23327930 DOI: 10.4161/auto.23484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved homeostatic process in which cytoplasmic contents are degraded and recycled. Two ubiquitin-like conjugation pathways are required for the generation of autophagosomes, and ATG5 is necessary for both of these processes. Studies of mice deficient in ATG5 reveal a key role for autophagy in T lymphocyte function, as well as in B cell development and B-1a B cell maintenance. However, the role of autophagy genes in B cell function and antibody production has not been described. Using mice in which Atg5 is conditionally deleted in B lymphocytes, we showed here that this autophagy gene is essential for plasma cell homeostasis. In the absence of B cell ATG5 expression, antibody responses were significantly diminished during antigen-specific immunization, parasitic infection and mucosal inflammation. Atg5-deficient B cells maintained the ability to produce immunoglobulin and undergo class-switch recombination, yet had impaired SDC1 expression, significantly decreased antibody secretion in response to toll-like receptor ligands, and an inability to upregulate plasma cell transcription factors. These results build upon previous data demonstrating a role for ATG5 in early B cell development, illustrating its importance in late B cell activation and subsequent plasma cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L Conway
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Cho MK, Park MK, Kang SA, Choi SH, Ahn SC, Yu HS. Trichinella spiralis infection suppressed gut inflammation with CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cell recruitment. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2012; 50:385-90. [PMID: 23230342 PMCID: PMC3514436 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to know the effect of pre-existing Trichinella spiralis infection on experimentally induced intestinal inflammation and immune responses, we induced colitis in T. spiralis-infected mice and observed the severity of colitis and the levels of Th1, Th2, and regulatory cytokines and recruitment of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T (regulatory T; Treg) cells. Female C57BL/6 mice were infected with 250 muscle larvae; after 4 weeks, induction of experimental colitis was performed using 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). During the induction period, we observed severity of colitis, including weight loss and status of stool, and evaluated the disease activity index (DAI). A significantly low DAI and degree of weight loss were observed in infected mice, compared with uninfected mice. In addition, colon length in infected mice was not contracted, compared with uninfected mice. We also observed a significant increase in production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and IFN-γ, in spleen lymphocytes treated with DSS; however, such an increase was not observed in infected mice treated with DSS. Of particular interest, production of regulatory cytokines, IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, in spleen lymphocytes showed a significant increase in mice infected with T. spiralis. A similar result was observed in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). Subsets of the population of Treg cells in MLN and spleen showed significant increases in mice infected with T. spiralis. In conclusion, T. spiralis infection can inhibit the DSS-induced colitis in mice by enhancing the regulatory cytokine and Treg cells recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyoung Cho
- Department of Parasitology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan 626-813, Korea
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Cantorna MT. Vitamin D, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 523:103-6. [PMID: 22085500 PMCID: PMC3374859 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has now been more than 20years since the vitamin D receptor was identified in cells of the immune system. The immune system has now been established as an important target of vitamin D. Vitamin D receptor knockout and vitamin D deficient mice have a surplus of effector T cells that have been implicated in the pathology of multiple sclerosis (MS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The active form of vitamin D directly and indirectly suppresses the function of these pathogenic T cells while inducing several regulatory T cells that suppress MS and IBD development. There is reason to believe that vitamin D could be an environmental factor that may play a role in the development of these immune mediated diseases in the clinic but at present there has not been a causal relationship established. Nonetheless, current evidence suggests that improving vitamin D status and/or using vitamin D receptor agonists may be useful in MS and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita T Cantorna
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, 115 Henning Bldg., The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Shen YM, Zhao Y, Zeng Y, Yan L, Chen BL, Leng AM, Mu YB, Zhang GY. Inhibition of Pim-1 kinase ameliorates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:1822-31. [PMID: 22466098 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pim-1 kinase is involved in the control of cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. Recent evidence suggests that Pim kinases play a role in immune regulation and inflammation. However, the role of Pim-1 kinase in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) remains unclear. AIMS The aims of this study were to explore the role of Pim-1 kinase in the pathology of IBD and to assess whether inhibiting Pim-1 kinase may be of therapeutic benefit as a treatment regimen for IBD. METHODS Colitic mouse model was established by the induction of dextran sodium sulfate. The expression of Pim-1 in the colonic samples of control and colitic mice was examined. Furthermore, the mice were treated with Pim-1inhibitor (PIM-Inh), then the body weight and colon inflammation were evaluated, and the production of cytokines including IFN-γ, IL-4, TGF-β and IL-17 in colon tissues was determined by ELISA. The expression of T cell master transcription factors T-bet, ROR-γt, GATA-3 and Foxp3 and Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and inducible nitric oxide synthase in colon tissues was detected by real-time PCR and western blot. Finally, the effect of LPS on Pim-1 expression and the effects of PIM-Inh on LPS-induced upregualtion of p65 and TNF-α in RAW264.7 cells were examined by real-time PCR and western blot. RESULTS Pim-1 expression was correlated with the degree of mucosal inflammation in vivo, and it was significantly induced by LPS in vitro. PIM-Inh had protective effects on acute colitis in vivo. Mechanistically, PIM-Inh reduced the proinflammatory immune response through the inhibition of the overactivation of macrophages and the down-regulation of excessive Th1- and Th17-type immune responses. Furthermore, PIM-Inh could skew T cell differentiation towards a Treg phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Pim-1 kinase is involved in mucosal injury/inflammation and Pim-1 kinase inhibitor may provide a novel therapeutic approach for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ming Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Early studies that used parasite-infected interleukin-4 (IL-4) reporter animals led us to identify basophils as the primary source of IL-4 and hence propose the hypothesis that basophils trigger the development of antigen-specific T helper type 2 (Th2) immune responses in vivo. These findings appeared to resolve a long-standing puzzle underlying Th2 immunity, that is, 'what is the source of the initial IL-4 necessary for CD4 T-cell differentiation into Th2 effector cells?'. However, results from extensive investigations of the contribution of basophils to Th2 immunity unveiled some controversial data that cast doubt on the initial hypothesis. In this review, the consensus and the controversy regarding the roles of basophils in infection and immunity, as well as outstanding questions for the future, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Booki Min
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Thakar J, Pathak AK, Murphy L, Albert R, Cattadori IM. Network model of immune responses reveals key effectors to single and co-infection dynamics by a respiratory bacterium and a gastrointestinal helminth. PLoS Comput Biol 2012; 8:e1002345. [PMID: 22253585 PMCID: PMC3257297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-infections alter the host immune response but how the systemic and local processes at the site of infection interact is still unclear. The majority of studies on co-infections concentrate on one of the infecting species, an immune function or group of cells and often focus on the initial phase of the infection. Here, we used a combination of experiments and mathematical modelling to investigate the network of immune responses against single and co-infections with the respiratory bacterium Bordetella bronchiseptica and the gastrointestinal helminth Trichostrongylus retortaeformis. Our goal was to identify representative mediators and functions that could capture the essence of the host immune response as a whole, and to assess how their relative contribution dynamically changed over time and between single and co-infected individuals. Network-based discrete dynamic models of single infections were built using current knowledge of bacterial and helminth immunology; the two single infection models were combined into a co-infection model that was then verified by our empirical findings. Simulations showed that a T helper cell mediated antibody and neutrophil response led to phagocytosis and clearance of B. bronchiseptica from the lungs. This was consistent in single and co-infection with no significant delay induced by the helminth. In contrast, T. retortaeformis intensity decreased faster when co-infected with the bacterium. Simulations suggested that the robust recruitment of neutrophils in the co-infection, added to the activation of IgG and eosinophil driven reduction of larvae, which also played an important role in single infection, contributed to this fast clearance. Perturbation analysis of the models, through the knockout of individual nodes (immune cells), identified the cells critical to parasite persistence and clearance both in single and co-infections. Our integrated approach captured the within-host immuno-dynamics of bacteria-helminth infection and identified key components that can be crucial for explaining individual variability between single and co-infections in natural populations. Infections with different infecting agents can alter the immune response against any one parasite and the relative abundance and persistence of the infections within the host. This is because the immune system is not compartmentalized but acts as a whole to allow the host to maintain control of the infections as well as repair damaged tissues and avoid immuno-pathology. There is no comprehensive understanding of the immune responses during co-infections and of how systemic and local mechanisms interact. Here we integrated experimental data with mathematical modelling to describe the network of immune responses of single and co-infection by a respiratory bacterium and a gastrointestinal helminth. We were able to identify key cells and functions responsible for clearing or reducing both parasites and showed that some mechanisms differed between type of infection as a result of different signal outputs and cells contributing to the immune processes. This study highlights the importance of understanding the immuno-dynamics of co-infection as a host response, how immune mechanisms differ from single infections and how they may alter parasite persistence, impact and abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juilee Thakar
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ashutosh K. Pathak
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lisa Murphy
- Division of Animal Production and Public Health, Veterinary School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Réka Albert
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Isabella M. Cattadori
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cançado GGL, Fiuza JA, de Paiva NCN, Lemos LDCD, Ricci ND, Gazzinelli-Guimarães PH, Martins VG, Bartholomeu DC, Negrão-Corrêa DA, Carneiro CM, Fujiwara RT. Hookworm products ameliorate dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in BALB/c mice. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:2275-86. [PMID: 21290484 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several lines of evidence have shown that helminthiasis can significantly reduce disease severity in animal models of intestinal inflammation, airway inflammation/hyperreactivity, diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. Identification and characterization of helminth-derived immunomodulatory molecules that contribute to anticolitis effects could lead to new therapeutic approaches in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) without the need for helminth infection. We evaluated the therapeutic potential of adult human hookworm, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, crude (Aw) and excreted/secreted (ES) products on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in BALB/c mice. METHODS Colitis was induced by 5% DSS oral administration for 7 days. Clinical disease severity was monitored daily during concomitant intraperitoneal treatment with helminth-derived products. Additionally, several pathways of immunological modulation induced by A. ceylanicum products (MPO, EPO, Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokine responses) in the inflamed intestinal microenvironment were assessed. Finally, the histopathological profile of the colon was characterized. RESULTS Hookworm products are able to modulate the potent proinflammatory response induced by DSS, mainly through the downregulation of Th1 and Th17 cytokines. These proteins also reduce clinical and colonic microscopic inflammation scores as well as EPO and MPO activity. CONCLUSIONS Ancylostoma ceylanicum Aw and ES mediators have an important therapeutic potential in experimental colitis in mice, which may provide a more socially acceptable form of therapy for patients with IBDs as opposed to using living worms. Our results support the urgency of further isolation and recombinant expression of active hookworm products responsible for the beneficial effects on colitis.
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Jang SW, Cho MK, Park MK, Kang SA, Na BK, Ahn SC, Kim DH, Yu HS. Parasitic helminth cystatin inhibits DSS-induced intestinal inflammation via IL-10(+)F4/80(+) macrophage recruitment. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2011; 49:245-54. [PMID: 22072824 PMCID: PMC3210841 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Many immune down-regulatory molecules have been isolated from parasites, including cystatin (cystain protease inhibitor). In a previous study, we isolated and characterized Type I cystatin (CsStefin-1) of the liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis. To investigate whether the CsStefin-1 might be a new host immune modulator, we induced intestinal inflammation in mice by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and treated them with recombinant CsStefin-1 (rCsStefin-1). The disease activity index (DAI) increased in DSS only-treated mice. In contrast, the DAI value was significantly reduced in rCsStefin-1-treated mice than DSS only-treated mice. In addition, the colon length of DSS only-treated mice was shorter than that of rCsStefin-1 treated mice. The secretion levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were significantly increased by DSS treatment, but the level of TNF-α in MLNs was significantly decreased by rCsStefin-1 treatment. IL-10 production in both spleen and MLNs was significantly increased, and IL-10+F4/80+ macrophage cells were significantly increased in the spleen and MLNs of rCsStefin-1 treated mice after DSS treatment. In conclusion, rCsStefin-1 could reduce the intestinal inflammation occurring after DSS treatment, these effects might be related with recruitment of IL-10 secreting macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Won Jang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-813, Korea
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Early peritoneal immune response during Echinococcus granulosus establishment displays a biphasic behavior. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1293. [PMID: 21912714 PMCID: PMC3166041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis is a worldwide distributed helminth zoonosis caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. Human secondary cystic echinococcosis is caused by dissemination of protoscoleces after accidental rupture of fertile cysts and is due to protoscoleces ability to develop into new metacestodes. In the experimental model of secondary cystic echinococcosis mice react against protoscoleces producing inefficient immune responses, allowing parasites to develop into cysts. Although the chronic phase of infection has been analyzed in depth, early immune responses at the site of infection establishment, e.g., peritoneal cavity, have not been well studied. Because during early stages of infection parasites are thought to be more susceptible to immune attack, this work focused on the study of cellular and molecular events triggered early in the peritoneal cavity of infected mice. Principal Findings Data obtained showed disparate behaviors among subpopulations within the peritoneal lymphoid compartment. Regarding B cells, there is an active molecular process of plasma cell differentiation accompanied by significant local production of specific IgM and IgG2b antibodies. In addition, peritoneal NK cells showed a rapid increase with a significant percentage of activated cells. Peritoneal T cells showed a substantial increase, with predominance in CD4+ T lymphocytes. There was also a local increase in Treg cells. Finally, cytokine response showed local biphasic kinetics: an early predominant induction of Th1-type cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-15), followed by a shift toward a Th2-type profile (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13). Conclusions Results reported here open new ways to investigate the involvement of immune effectors players in E. granulosus establishment, and also in the sequential promotion of Th1- toward Th2-type responses in experimental secondary cystic echinococcosis. These data would be relevant for designing rational therapies based on stimulation of effective responses and blockade of evasion mechanisms. Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus and shows a cosmopolitan distribution with a worldwide prevalence of roughly 6 million infected people. Human cystic echinococcosis can develop in two types of infection. Primary infection occurs by ingestion of oncospheres, while secondary infection is caused by dissemination of protoscoleces after accidental rupture of fertile cysts. Murine experimental secondary infection in Balb/c mice is the current model to study E. granulosus-host interaction. Secondary infection can be divided into two stages: an early stage in which protoscoleces develop into hydatid cysts (infection establishment) and a later stage in which already differentiated cysts grow and eventually become fertile cysts (chronic infection). During infection establishment parasites are more susceptible to immune attack, thus our study focused on the immunological phenomena triggered early in the peritoneal cavity of experimentally infected mice. Our results suggest that early and local Th2-type responses are permissive for infection establishment.
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Guasconi L, Serradell MC, Garro AP, Iacobelli L, Masih DT. C-type lectins on macrophages participate in the immunomodulatory response to Fasciola hepatica products. Immunology 2011; 133:386-96. [PMID: 21595685 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica releases excretory-secretory products (FhESP), and immunomodulatory properties have been described for the carbohydrates present in these parasite products. The interaction of FhESP with the innate immune cells, such as macrophages, is crucial in the early stage of infection. In this work we observed that peritoneal macrophages from naive BALB/c mice stimulated in vitro with FhESP presented: an increased arginase activity as well as Arginase I expression, and high levels of transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-10. A similar macrophage population was also observed in the peritoneum of infected mice. A partial inhibition of the immunomodulatory effects described above was observed when macrophages were pre-incubated with Mannan, anti-mannose receptor, Laminarin or anti-Dectin-1, and then stimulated with FhESP. In addition, we observed a partial inhibition of these effects in macrophages obtained from mice that were intraperitoneally injected with Mannan or Laminarin before being infected. Taken together, these results suggest the participation of at least two C-type lectin receptors, mannose receptor and Dectin-1, in the interaction of FhESP with macrophages, which allows this parasite to induce immunoregulatory effects on these important innate immune cells and may constitute a crucial event for extending its survival in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Guasconi
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre, Ciudad Universitaria, Argentina
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Kapulu MC, Simuyandi M, Sianongo S, Mutale M, Katubulushi M, Kelly P. Differential changes in expression of intestinal antimicrobial peptide genes during Ascaris lumbricoides infection in Zambian adults do not respond to helminth eradication. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:1464-73. [PMID: 21357944 PMCID: PMC3080889 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Intestinal helminthiasis modulates immune responses to vaccines and environmental allergens. To explore the impact on intestinal host defense, we assessed expression of antimicrobial peptide genes, together with T cell subset markers and cytokines, in patients with ascariasis before and after treatment. Methods. Case patients (n = 27) and control subjects (n = 44) underwent enteroscopy for collection of jejunal biopsy specimens, which were used in quantitative, real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction for a range of host defense genes; blood samples were also analyzed simultaneously. Results. The level of gene expression (mRNA) of HD5, hBD1, and LL-37 was lower in case patients than in control subjects, and the level of expression of HD6 was increased. However, after successful eradication, there was no trend to values seen in control subjects. Helminthiasis was associated with increased intestinal expression of the Th1 genes T-bet and interferon-γ. In peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), a mixed profile of T cell markers and cytokines was increased. Ascaris-induced down-regulation of HD5 was observed in individuals with higher RORγt expression in PBMCs, but we found no evidence that this was mediated by circulating interleukin-22. Conclusions. Human ascariasis was associated with changes in antimicrobial peptide gene expression and immunological markers. Such changes may have implications for susceptibility to infectious disease and responsiveness to oral vaccines in tropical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Kapulu
- Biological Sciences Department, School of Natural Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka
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Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most common parasitic disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the larval form of the tapeworm Taenia solium. NCC has a long asymptomatic period with little or no inflammation, and the sequential progression to symptomatic NCC depends upon the intense inflammation associated with degeneration of larvae. The mechanisms involved in these progressive events are difficult to study in human patients. Thus it was necessary to develop an experimental model that replicated NCC. In this review, we describe studies of a murine model of NCC in terms of the release/secretion of parasite antigens, immune responses elicited within the CNS environment and subsequent pathogenesis. In particular, the kinetics of leukocyte subsets infiltrating into the brain are discussed in the context of disruption of the CNS barriers at distinct anatomical sites and the mechanisms contributing to these processes. In addition, production of various inflammatory mediators and the mechanisms involved in their induction by the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway are described. Overall, the knowledge gained from the mouse model of NCC has provided new insights for understanding the kinetics of events contributing to different stages of NCC and should aid in the formulation of more effective therapeutic approaches.
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Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 88:27-38. [PMID: 19844667 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Helminth infection is a worldwide health problem. In addition to directly causing disease, helminthic infection also affects the incidence and progression of other diseases by exerting immune modulatory effects. In animal models, infection with helminthic parasites can prevent autoimmune diseases and allergic inflammatory diseases, but worsens protective immunity to certain infectious pathogens. In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity. Investigating these mechanisms could lead to treatment strategies that specifically modulate the immune response as well as address fundamental questions in immunobiology.
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42
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The three-spined stickleback-Schistocephalus solidussystem: an experimental model for investigating host-parasite interactions in fish. Parasitology 2009; 137:411-24. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182009991466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYPlerocercoids of the pseudophyllidean cestodeSchistocephalus solidusinfect the three-spined sticklebackGasterosteus aculeatus, with important consequences for the biology of host fish. Techniques for culturing the parasitein vitroand generating infective stages that can be used to infect sticklebacks experimentally have been developed, and the system is increasingly used as a laboratory model for investigating aspects of host-parasite interactions. Recent experimental laboratory studies have focused on the immune responses of hosts to infection, the consequences of infection for the growth and reproductive development of host fish and the effects of infection on host behaviour. Here we introduce the host and the parasite, review the major findings of these recent experimental infection studies and identify further aspects of host parasite interactions that might be investigated using the system.
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Abstract
The small and large intestine contain the largest number of macrophages in the body and these cells are strategically located directly underneath the epithelial layer, enabling them to sample the lumen. Such intestinal macrophages have a different phenotype from other tissue macrophages in that they ingest and may kill microbes but they do not mediate strong pro-inflammatory responses upon microbial recognition. These properties are essential for maintaining a healthy intestine. It is generally accepted that tolerance to the intestinal flora is lost in inflammatory bowel diseases, and genes involved in microbial recognition, killing and macrophage activation have already been associated with these diseases. In this review, we shed light on the intestinal macrophage and how it influences intestinal immunity.
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Zenewicz LA, Antov A, Flavell RA. CD4 T-cell differentiation and inflammatory bowel disease. Trends Mol Med 2009; 15:199-207. [PMID: 19362058 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of naïve T cells leads to the generation of T-cell subsets, each possessing distinct cytokine expression profiles for serving different immune functions. Through the activation of separate signaling pathways, this process results in both differentiated helper T (Th) cells, termed Th1, Th2 and Th17, and induced regulatory T cells, which suppress Th cells. These different cells are important for combating infectious diseases and cancers; however, when aberrant, they can be responsible for chronic inflammatory diseases. One such disease is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), in which each T-cell subset can have a role in disease. New studies highlight the importance of the recently identified Th17 subset in IBD. Therapeutics targeting these aberrant Th responses are already under development and hold promise for treating IBD and other chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Zenewicz
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Li JV, Holmes E, Saric J, Keiser J, Dirnhofer S, Utzinger J, Wang Y. Metabolic profiling of a Schistosoma mansoni infection in mouse tissues using magic angle spinning-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Int J Parasitol 2008; 39:547-58. [PMID: 19068218 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to enhance our understanding of physiological and pathological consequences of a patent Schistosoma mansoni infection in the mouse, we examined the metabolic responses of different tissue samples recovered from the host animal using a metabolic profiling strategy. Ten female NMRI mice were infected with approximately 80 S. mansoni cercariae each, and 10 uninfected age- and sex-matched animals served as controls. At day 74 post infection (p.i.), mice were killed and jejunum, ileum, colon, liver, spleen and kidney samples were removed. We employed (1)H magic angle spinning-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to generate tissue-specific metabolic profiles. The spectral data were analyzed using multivariate modelling methods including an orthogonal signal corrected-projection to latent structure analysis and hierarchical principal component analysis to assess the differences and/or similarities in metabolic responses between infected and non-infected control mice. Most tissues obtained from S. mansoni-infected mice were characterized by high levels of amino acids, such as leucine, isoleucine, lysine, glutamine and asparagine. High levels of membrane phospholipid metabolites, including glycerophosphoryl choline and phosphoryl choline were found in the ileum, colon, liver and spleen of infected mice. Additionally, low levels of energy-related metabolites, including lipids, glucose and glycogen were observed in ileum, spleen and liver samples of infected mice. Energy-related metabolites in the jejunum, liver and renal medulla were found to be positively correlated with S. mansoni worm burden upon dissection. These findings show that a patent S. mansoni infection causes clear disruption of metabolism in a range of tissues at a molecular level, which can be interpreted in relation to the previously reported signature in a biofluid (i.e. urine), giving further evidence of the global effect of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia V Li
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
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