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Du Y, Wang M, Xu J, Zhong R, Jia J, Huang J, Yao C, Huang L, Huang G, Ke X, Wang H, Fu L. Investigation of therapeutic effects of rhubarb decoction retention enema on minimal hepatic encephalopathy in rats based on 16S rDNA gene sequencing and bile acid metabolomics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 230:115392. [PMID: 37059036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is an early stage of hepatic encephalopathy (HE), with high incidence and a high rate of clinically missed diagnosis. Early diagnosis of MHE and effective clinical intervention are of great importance. Rhubarb decoction (RD)-induced retention enema can effectively improve the cognitive function of patients with MHE, whereas disturbances in the enterohepatic circulation of bile acid (BAs) can induce MHE. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of RD have not been examined from the perspective of intestinal microbiota and bile metabolomics. In this study, we investigated the effects of RD-induced retention enema on intestinal microbiota and bile metabolites in rats with CCl4- and TAA-induced MHE. RD-induced retention enema significantly improved liver function, reduced blood ammonia levels, alleviated cerebral oedema and restored cognitive function in rats with MHE. In addition, it increased the abundance of intestinal microbes; partially reversed the disorder in the composition of intestinal microbiota, including the Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides genera; and regulated BA metabolism, such as taurine combined with increased BA synthesis. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential importance of BA enterohepatic circulation for RD to improve cognitive function in MHE rats, providing a new perspective on the mechanism of this herb. The findings of this study will facilitate experimental research on RD and help to develop RD-based strategies for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqin Du
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianhu District, Nanning, China.
| | - Jian Xu
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Ruixi Zhong
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Juhong Jia
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianhu District, Nanning, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanning, China.
| | - Chun Yao
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | | | - Guochu Huang
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianhu District, Nanning, China
| | - Xuan Ke
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Han Wang
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Lei Fu
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
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Cossiga V, Sanduzzi-Zamparelli M, Sapena V, Guarino M, Dallio M, Torrisi E, Pignata L, Federico A, Salomone F, Morisco F. Beneficial Effects of Silybin Treatment After Viral Eradication in Patients With HCV-Related Advanced Chronic Liver Disease: A Pilot Study. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:824879. [PMID: 35185575 PMCID: PMC8847679 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.824879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and Aims: HCV eradication by direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) improves liver outcomes and reduces overall liver mortality. However, patients with advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD) may experience a progression of liver disease despite viral clearance. Silybin has shown hepatoprotective effects in experimental models, but clinical data are limited. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of a highly bioavailable form of silybin on liver fibrosis in patients with HCV-related ACLD after viral eradication with DAAs, in comparison with the standard of care. Methods: In this multicenter and prospective study, HCV patients with ACLD achieving SVR12 were treated with the combination of silybinphospholipid complex with vitamin D and vitamin E (Realsil 100D®, Ibi Lorenzini S.p.A., Aprilia, Italy) for 12 months (R group) compared to controls (C group). Patients were submitted to transient elastography (TE) and to the enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) test at baseline, week 24, and week 48. Results: One hundred sixteen patients were enrolled, 56 in the R group and 60 in the C group. The median age was 68 years, and 53% were male, with no differences between groups. In both groups, liver stiffness improved at 6 and 12 months compared to baseline. However, patients in the R group compared to those in the C group showed a higher reduction of liver stiffness after 6 months (−2.05, 95% CI −3.89 to −0.22, p < 0.05) and 12 months of treatment (−2.79, 95% CI −4.5 to −1.09, p < 0.01) in comparison with baseline. No significant difference in the reduction of ELF was observed between the two groups. During the follow-up, four patients developed HCC, all in the C group. Conclusions: In HCV-related ACLD, the hepatoprotective effects of silybin may represent a tool to counteract liver disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cossiga
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Sanduzzi-Zamparelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Victor Sapena
- Medical Statistics Core Facility, Institut D'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Guarino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Marcello Dallio
- Department of Precision Medicine, Hepato-Gastroenterology Unit, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuele Torrisi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Acireale Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Luca Pignata
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Federico
- Department of Precision Medicine, Hepato-Gastroenterology Unit, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Federico Salomone
- Division of Gastroenterology, Acireale Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Filomena Morisco
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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Hui Y, Wang X, Yu Z, Fan X, Cui B, Zhao T, Mao L, Feng H, Lin L, Yu Q, Zhang J, Wang B, Chen X, Zhao X, Sun C. Scoparone as a therapeutic drug in liver diseases: Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and molecular mechanisms of action. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Federico A, Dallio M, Loguercio C. Silymarin/Silybin and Chronic Liver Disease: A Marriage of Many Years. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020191. [PMID: 28125040 PMCID: PMC6155865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Silymarin is the extract of Silybum marianum, or milk thistle, and its major active compound is silybin, which has a remarkable biological effect. It is used in different liver disorders, particularly chronic liver diseases, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, because of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic power. Indeed, the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of silymarin is oriented towards the reduction of virus-related liver damages through inflammatory cascade softening and immune system modulation. It also has a direct antiviral effect associated with its intravenous administration in hepatitis C virus infection. With respect to alcohol abuse, silymarin is able to increase cellular vitality and to reduce both lipid peroxidation and cellular necrosis. Furthermore, silymarin/silybin use has important biological effects in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. These substances antagonize the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, by intervening in various therapeutic targets: oxidative stress, insulin resistance, liver fat accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Silymarin is also used in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma that represent common end stages of different hepatopathies by modulating different molecular patterns. Therefore, the aim of this review is to examine scientific studies concerning the effects derived from silymarin/silybin use in chronic liver diseases, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Federico
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Marcello Dallio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Carmelina Loguercio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Stanca E, Serviddio G, Bellanti F, Vendemiale G, Siculella L, Giudetti AM. Down-regulation of LPCAT expression increases platelet-activating factor level in cirrhotic rat liver: potential antiinflammatory effect of silybin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1832:2019-26. [PMID: 23851051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cholestasis is one of the major causes of liver diseases. A chronic accumulation of toxic bile acids in the liver, which occurs in this condition, can induce fibrosis and cirrhosis. Inflammation is a fundamental component of acute and chronic cholestatic liver injury. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a proinflammatory lipid which may be generated by two independent pathways called the de novo and remodeling pathway being the last responsible for the synthesis of PAF during inflammation. In recent years a key role in PAF remodeling has been attributed to lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT) enzymes. Although the knowledge on their characteristic is growing, the exact mechanism of LPCAT in pathological conditions remains still unknown. Here, we reported that the level of lyso-PAF and PAF significantly increased in the liver of cirrhotic vs. control rats together with a significant decrease in both mRNA abundance and protein level of both LPCAT1 and LPCAT2. Acyltransferase activities of both LPCAT1 and LPCAT2 were parallel decreased in the liver of cirrhotic animals. Interestingly, treatment with silybin strongly decreased the level of both pro-inflammatory lipids and restored the activity and expression of both LPCAT1 and LPCAT2 of cirrhotic liver. Silybin effect was specific for LPCAT1 and LPCAT2 since it did not affect LPCAT3 mRNA abundance of cirrhotic liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Stanca
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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Autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation promotes liver regeneration after portal vein embolization in cirrhotic rats. J Surg Res 2013; 184:1161-73. [PMID: 23809154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preexisting cirrhosis usually leads to an inadequate and delayed regeneration of the future liver remnant (FLR) after portal vein embolization (PVE). Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) are promising candidates for therapeutic applications in liver diseases. In this study, the efficacy of autologous BMSCs transplantation to promote FLR regeneration was investigated in a rat cirrhotic model. METHODS Autologous BMSCs were expanded and labeled with PKH26, and then were injected immediately into nonembolized lobes after PVE through portal vein in cirrhotic rat. At 7, 14, and 28 d after this, liver weight and Ki-67 labeling index were measured, and blood analysis was performed. Cirrhotic degree of FLR was assessed by hydroxyproline content assay and histopathology. Gene expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were detected with real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Distribution and hepatocyte differentiation of BMSCs in FLR were determined by confocal microscopy. RESULTS Autologous BMSCs significantly increased the FLR weight ratio to the total liver and the Ki-67 labeling index, and serum albumin levels were significantly higher and total bilirubin levels were significantly lower in the BMSCs group compared with the controls without BMSCs transplantation 14 and 28 d post-PVE. BMSCs significantly decreased the hydroxyproline content and collagen accumulation, up-regulated the expressions of HGF, IL-10, VEGF, and MMP-9 28 d post-PVE, and expressed hepatocyte-specific markers, such as α-fetoprotein, cytokeratin 18, and albumin in a time-dependent manner in FLR. CONCLUSIONS Autologous BMSCs can differentiate into hepatocyte and promote FLR regeneration after PVE in cirrhotic liver, which may be through improving local microenvironment by decreasing cirrhosis, up-regulating the gene expressions of VEGF, HGF, IL-10, and MMP-9.
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Afzal M, Khan R, Kazmi I, Anwar F. Hepatoprotective potential of new steroid against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 378:275-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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The hepatoprotective effect of coumarin and coumarin derivates on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury by antioxidative activities in rats. J Physiol Biochem 2011; 67:569-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-011-0103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy is a serious complication of acute and chronic liver diseases and has a high mortality rate. The pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy remains unclear, and there is no means of prevention or effective cure for the disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the basic and clinical research of hepatic encephalopathy to elucidate its pathogenesis. The development of animal models is important for elucidating the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy and providing new avenues for diagnosis and therapy of the disease. Among a variety of animal models, rat model is applied most widely for similarity to humans, repeatability, reliability, applicability, controllability, simplicity and economy. In this paper, we briefly review various rat models of hepatic encephalopathy that have different origins.
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Arai H, Awane N, Mizuno A, Fukaya M, Sakuma M, Harada N, Kawaura A, Yamamoto H, Okumura H, Taketani Y, Doi T, Takeda E. Increasing early insulin secretion compensate adequately for hepatic insulin resistance in CCl4-induced cirrhosis rats. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2010; 57:54-61. [DOI: 10.2152/jmi.57.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Arai
- Department of Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition Management, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, the University of Shizuoka
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Naomi Awane
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Akira Mizuno
- Department of Clinical Biology and Medicine, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Makiko Fukaya
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Masae Sakuma
- Department of Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition Management, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, the University of Shizuoka
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Nagakatsu Harada
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Akihiko Kawaura
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Science, KIBI International University
| | - Hironori Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Hisami Okumura
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Yutaka Taketani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Toshio Doi
- Department of Clinical Biology and Medicine, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Eiji Takeda
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
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Shen X, Tang Y, Yang R, Yu L, Fang T, Duan JA. The protective effect of Zizyphus jujube fruit on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury in mice by anti-oxidative activities. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 122:555-560. [PMID: 19429327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The study was aimed to investigate the protective effect against hepatic injury induced by CCl(4) for the ethanolic extract of FZJ. MATERIALS AND METHODS The alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were detected as biomarker in blood of hepatic injury. Product of lipid peroxidation (MDA), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents were evaluated for oxidative stress in hepatic injury. Moreover, histopathological observation was assayed at the degree of hepatic injury. RESULTS After administrated the FZJ, the dose of 200mg/kg significantly decreased ALT and AST, and attenuated histopathology of hepatic injury, and ameliorated the oxidative stress in hepatic tissue. Partly assayed indexes were ameliorated after administrated FZJ at the dose of 100mg/kg. CONCLUSION These results indicated that hepatic protective effects of FZJ were very relevant to modulate the oxidative stress in hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchun Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Zhao C, Dai CL. Role of Kupffer cells in hepatic fibrosis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:2959-2963. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i26.2959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kupffer cells (KC), a kind of nonparenchymal cells and defenders in the liver, release various chemical mediators to induce liver injury, and play an important role in many pathologic changes of the liver. Hepatic fibrosis is the common pathologic process of varied chronic liver diseases, and it is also a "transfer station" for many chronic liver diseases lapsing to cirrhosis. As important influencing factors, cytokines secreted by KC are involved in the occurrence and progression of hepatic fibrosis. Therefore, lucubrating the role and mechanism of KC in the progression of hepatic fibrosis, and investigating the KC-related therapeutic strategies of anti-fibrosis have practical significances for the prevention and treatment of liver injury and the raise of patients' survival rates in clinical practice.
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