1
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Sun J, Wang X, Zhang Z, Zeng Z, Ouyang S, Kang W. The Sensitivity Prediction of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:641304. [PMID: 33937042 PMCID: PMC8085495 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.641304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NACT) for locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC) has been recognized. However, the response rate of NACT is limited due to tumor heterogeneity. For patients who are resistant to NACT, not only the operation timing will be postponed, patients will also suffer from the side effects of it. Thus, it is important to develop a comprehensive strategy and screen out patients who may be sensitive to NACT. This article summarizes the related research progress on the sensitivity prediction of NACT for GC in the following aspects: microRNAs, metabolic enzymes, exosomes, other biomarkers; inflammatory indicators, and imageological assessments. The results showed that there were many studies on biomarkers, but no unified conclusion has been drawn. The inflammatory indicators are related to the survival and prognosis of patients under NACT. For imageological assessments such as CT, MRI, and PET, with careful integration and optimization, they will have unique advantages in early screening for patients who are sensitive to NACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sun
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Peking Union Medical College Hospital (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Xianze Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Peking Union Medical College Hospital (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Zimu Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Peking Union Medical College Hospital (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Ziyang Zeng
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Peking Union Medical College Hospital (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Siwen Ouyang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Peking Union Medical College Hospital (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Weiming Kang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (CAMS), Beijing, China
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2
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Simões AR, Fernández-Rozadilla C, Maroñas O, Carracedo Á. The Road so Far in Colorectal Cancer Pharmacogenomics: Are We Closer to Individualised Treatment? J Pers Med 2020; 10:E237. [PMID: 33228198 PMCID: PMC7711884 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10040237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, survival rates in colorectal cancer have improved greatly due to pharmacological treatment. However, many patients end up developing adverse drug reactions that can be severe or even life threatening, and that affect their quality of life. These remain a limitation, as they may force dose reduction or treatment discontinuation, diminishing treatment efficacy. From candidate gene approaches to genome-wide analysis, pharmacogenomic knowledge has advanced greatly, yet there is still huge and unexploited potential in the use of novel technologies such as next-generation sequencing strategies. This review summarises the road of colorectal cancer pharmacogenomics so far, presents considerations and directions to be taken for further works and discusses the path towards implementation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Simões
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.R.S.); (O.M.); (Á.C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ceres Fernández-Rozadilla
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.R.S.); (O.M.); (Á.C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Olalla Maroñas
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.R.S.); (O.M.); (Á.C.)
| | - Ángel Carracedo
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.R.S.); (O.M.); (Á.C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica; SERGAS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras—CIBERER, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Xie P, Mo JL, Liu JH, Li X, Tan LM, Zhang W, Zhou HH, Liu ZQ. Pharmacogenomics of 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer: review and update. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2020; 43:989-1001. [PMID: 32474853 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-020-00529-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is the first-line recommended drug for chemotherapy in patients with CRC, and it has a good effect on a variety of other solid tumors as well. Unfortunately, however, due to the emergence of drug resistance the effectiveness of treatment may be greatly reduced. In the past decade, major progress has been made in the field of 5-FU drug resistance in terms of molecular mechanisms, pre-clinical (animal) models and clinical trials. CONCLUSIONS In this article we systematically review and update current knowledge on 5-FU pharmacogenomics related to drug uptake and activation, the expression and activity of target enzymes (DPD, TS and MTHFR) and key signaling pathways in CRC. Furthermore, a summary of drug combination strategies aimed at targeting specific genes and/or pathways to reverse 5-FU resistance is provided. Based on this, we suggest that causal relationships between genes, pathways and drug sensitivity should be systematically considered from a multidimensional perspective. In the design of research methods, emerging technologies such as CRISPR-Cas, TALENS and patient-derived xenograft models should be applied as far as possible to improve the accuracy of clinically relevant results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Xie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Luan Mo
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, 518020, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Hong Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, 518020, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ming Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second People's Hospital of Huaihua City, 418000, Huaihua, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Qian Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Shabab N, Afshar S, Saidijam M. The Induction of Apoptosis by Resveratrol Through Regulatory Effect of miR-21 on the Gene Expression of Bcl2 and Bax in HCT-116 Cells. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.34172/ajmb.2019.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Resveratrol (RezV) which is found in several plants including grapes and types of berries has a vital role in inducing apoptosis and suppressing cell proliferation. Although the role of Bcl-2 in the apoptosis has been known in several pathways, the role and mechanism of miR-21 in the regulation of apoptosis in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells are unclear. Objectives: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of RezV on the expression level of miR-21, Bax, and Bcl2 in colorectal tumor cells. Methods: In this study, the effect of RezV on the viability of CRC cells was evaluated by MTT assay. Then, the expression level of miR-21 was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. For evaluating HCT-116 cells apoptosis, the expression level of Bax and Bcl2 that are involved in the apoptosis pathway was investigated by the same method. Results: RezV inhibits the viability of HCT-116 cells. MiR-21 gene expression was decreased after 24 hours of treatment with RezV. The reduction of miR-21 expression leads to the reduction of the Bcl2 gene expression level. Moreover, increasing the Bax/Bcl2 ratio enhances HCT-116 cells apoptosis. Conclusion: In summary, RezV might be used as a co-treatment agent for CRC. On the other hand, conducting the in vivo study to evaluate the effects of RezV was critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Shabab
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saeid Afshar
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Massoud Saidijam
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Thongkum A, Wu C, Li YY, Wangpaichitr M, Navasumrit P, Parnlob V, Sricharunrat T, Bhudhisawasdi V, Ruchirawat M, Savaraj N. The Combination of Arginine Deprivation and 5-Fluorouracil Improves Therapeutic Efficacy in Argininosuccinate Synthetase Negative Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061175. [PMID: 28587170 PMCID: PMC5485998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS), a key enzyme to synthesize arginine is down regulated in many tumors including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Similar to previous reports, we have found the decrease in ASS expression in poorly differentiated HCC. These ASS(-) tumors are auxotrophic for arginine. Pegylated arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20), which degrades arginine, has shown activity in these tumors, but the antitumor effect is not robust and hence combination treatment is needed. Herein, we have elucidated the effectiveness of ADI-PEG20 combined with 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) in ASS(-)HCC by targeting urea cycle and pyrimidine metabolism using four HCC cell lines as model. SNU398 and SNU387 express very low levels of ASS or ASS(-) while Huh-1, and HepG2 express high ASS similar to normal cells. Our results showed that the augmented cytotoxic effect of combination treatment only occurs in SNU398 and SNU387, and not in HepG2 and Huh-1 (ASS(+)) cells, and is partly due to reduced anti-apoptotic proteins X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein (Mcl-1) and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2). Importantly, lack of ASS also influences essential enzymes in pyrimidine synthesis (carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase2, aspartate transcarbamylase and dihydrooratase (CAD) and thymidylate synthase (TS)) and malate dehydrogenase-1 (MDH-1) in TCA cycle. ADI-PEG20 treatment decreased these enzymes and made them more vulnerable to 5-FU. Transfection of ASS restored these enzymes and abolished the sensitivity to ADI-PEG20 and combination treatment. Overall, our data suggest that ASS influences multiple enzymes involved in 5-FU sensitivity. Combining ADI-PEG20 and 5-FU may be effective to treat ASS(-)hepatoma and warrants further clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angkana Thongkum
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | - Chunjing Wu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL 33125, USA.
| | - Ying-Ying Li
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL 33125, USA.
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Medhi Wangpaichitr
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL 33125, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33125, USA.
| | - Panida Navasumrit
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health, Toxicology (EHT), Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10300, Thailand.
| | - Varabhorn Parnlob
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | - Thaniya Sricharunrat
- Laboratory Unit of Pathology, Chulabhorn Hospital, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | - Vajarabhongsa Bhudhisawasdi
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khonkaen University, Khonkaen 40000, Thailand.
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | - Mathuros Ruchirawat
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health, Toxicology (EHT), Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10300, Thailand.
| | - Niramol Savaraj
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL 33125, USA.
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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6
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Shiina T, Saito G, Sakaizawa T, Agatsuma H, Tominaga Y, Hyogotani A, Hamanaka K, Toishi M, Takasuna K, Kondo R, Yoshida K, Ito KI. Higher Tissue Levels of Thymidylate Synthase Determined by ELISA Are Associated with Poor Prognosis of Patients with Lung Cancer. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2017; 242:303-316. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.242.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Shiina
- Division of Breast, Endocrine and Respiratory Surgery, Department of Surgery (II), Shinshu University School of Medicine
| | - Gaku Saito
- Division of Breast, Endocrine and Respiratory Surgery, Department of Surgery (II), Shinshu University School of Medicine
| | - Takao Sakaizawa
- Division of Breast, Endocrine and Respiratory Surgery, Department of Surgery (II), Shinshu University School of Medicine
| | - Hiroyuki Agatsuma
- Division of Breast, Endocrine and Respiratory Surgery, Department of Surgery (II), Shinshu University School of Medicine
| | - Yoshiaki Tominaga
- Division of Breast, Endocrine and Respiratory Surgery, Department of Surgery (II), Shinshu University School of Medicine
| | - Akira Hyogotani
- Division of Breast, Endocrine and Respiratory Surgery, Department of Surgery (II), Shinshu University School of Medicine
| | - Kazutoshi Hamanaka
- Division of Breast, Endocrine and Respiratory Surgery, Department of Surgery (II), Shinshu University School of Medicine
| | - Masayuki Toishi
- Division of Breast, Endocrine and Respiratory Surgery, Department of Surgery (II), Shinshu University School of Medicine
| | - Keiichiro Takasuna
- Division of Breast, Endocrine and Respiratory Surgery, Department of Surgery (II), Shinshu University School of Medicine
| | - Ryoichi Kondo
- Division of Breast, Endocrine and Respiratory Surgery, Department of Surgery (II), Shinshu University School of Medicine
| | - Kazuo Yoshida
- Division of Breast, Endocrine and Respiratory Surgery, Department of Surgery (II), Shinshu University School of Medicine
| | - Ken-ichi Ito
- Division of Breast, Endocrine and Respiratory Surgery, Department of Surgery (II), Shinshu University School of Medicine
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7
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Chen L, Ma L, Bai Q, Zhu X, Zhang J, Wei Q, Li D, Gao C, Li J, Zhang Z, Liu C, He Z, Zeng X, Zhang A, Qu W, Zhuang Z, Chen W, Xiao Y. Heavy metal-induced metallothionein expression is regulated by specific protein phosphatase 2A complexes. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:22413-26. [PMID: 24962574 PMCID: PMC4139248 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.548677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of metallothionein (MT) expression is involved in metal homeostasis and detoxification. To identify the key pathways that regulate metal-induced cytotoxicity, we investigate how phosphorylated metal-responsive transcription factor-1 (MTF-1) contributed to induction of MT expression. Immortal human embryonic kidney cells (HEK cells) were treated with seven kinds of metals including cadmium chloride (CdCl2), zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), copper sulfate(CuSO4), lead acetate (PbAc), nickel sulfate (NiSO4), sodium arsenite (NaAsO2), and potassium bichromate (K2Cr2O7). The MT expression was induced in a dose-response and time-dependent manner upon various metal treatments. A cycle of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation was required for translocation of MTF-1 from cytoplasm to nucleus, leading to the up-regulation of MTs expression. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) participated in regulating MT expression through dephosphorylation of MTF-1. A loss-of-function screen revealed that the specific PP2A complexes containing PR110 were involved in metal-induced MT expression. Suppression of PP2A PR110 in HEK cells resulted in the persistent MTF-1 phosphorylation and the disturbance of MTF-1 nuclear translocation, which was concomitant with a significant decrease of MT expression and enhanced cytotoxicity in HEK cells. Notably, MTF-1 was found in complex with specific PP2A complexes containing the PR110 subunit upon metal exposure. Furthermore, we identify that the dephosphorylation of MTF-1 at residue Thr-254 is directly regulated by PP2A PR110 complexes and responsible for MTF-1 activation. Taken together, these findings delineate a novel pathway that determines cytotoxicity in response to metal treatments and provide new insight into the role of PP2A in cellular stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Chen
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lu Ma
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qing Bai
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaonian Zhu
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jinmiao Zhang
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qing Wei
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Daochuan Li
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chen Gao
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jie Li
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhengbao Zhang
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Caixia Liu
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhini He
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaowen Zeng
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Weidong Qu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, and
| | - Zhixiong Zhuang
- Department of Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518001, China
| | - Wen Chen
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China,
| | - Yongmei Xiao
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China,
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8
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Li H, Jia Z, Li A, Jenkins G, Yang X, Hu J, Guo W. Resveratrol repressed viability of U251 cells by miR-21 inhibiting of NF-κB pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 382:137-43. [PMID: 23793554 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1728-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV), a polyphenol, is known to play an important role in inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis of glioma cells. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanism of RSV on U251 cells apoptosis. RSV showed a dose-dependent decrease in U251 cell viability. It could reduce IκB phosphorylation, nuclear P65 protein levels and NF-κB transcriptional activity, which suggested that signaling pathway are involved in RSV-induced apoptosis. In addition, RSV could inhibit miR-21 expression and down-regulation of miR-21 expression could suppress NF-κB activity. Interestingly, over-expression of miR-21 can reverse the effect of RSV on NF-κB activity and apoptosis in U251 cells. These results suggest that RSV can effectively induce apoptosis of U251 cells and modulation of miR-21 possibly contributes to this antitumor action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiu Li
- Department of Oncology, Ningbo Mingzhou Hospital, 188 Taian Xi Road, Ningbo, 315899, China
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9
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Sha M, Ye J, Zhang LX, Luan ZY, Chen YB. Celastrol induces apoptosis of gastric cancer cells by miR-146a inhibition of NF-κB activity. Cancer Cell Int 2013; 13:50. [PMID: 23706078 PMCID: PMC3672015 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-13-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Celastrol, a plant triterpene, is known to play important role in inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. In the present study, the mechanism of celastrol on gastric cancer cells apoptosis was examined. Methods We assessed effect of celastrol on NF-κB signaling pathway in gastric cancer cells using western blot and luciferase reporter assay. The real-time PCR was used to evaluate the effect of celastrol on miR-146a expression, and miR-146a mimic to evaluate whether over-expression of miR-146a can affect NF-κB activity. Finally, the effect of miR-146a on celastrol-induced anti-tumor activity was assessed using miR-146a inhibitor. Results Celastrol decreased gastric cancer cells viability in a dose-dependent. Celastrol also reduced IκB phosphorylation, nuclear P65 protein levels and NF-κB activity. Furthermore, Celastrol could increase miR-146a expression and up-regulation of miR-146a expression could suppress NF-κB activity. More important, down-regulation of miR-146a expression can reverse the effect of celastrol on NF-κB activity and apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. Conclusions In this study, we demonstrated that the effect of celastrol on apoptosis is due to miR-146a inhibition of NF-κB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sha
- Institute of Clinical medicine, Taizhou people's Hospital affiliated of Nantong University of medicine, 210 Yingchun, Taizhou, Jiangsu Province, 225300, China.
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10
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Li W, Li DM, Chen K, Chen Z, Zong Y, Yin H, Xu ZK, Zhu Y, Gong FR, Tao M. Development of a gene therapy strategy to target hepatocellular carcinoma based inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A using the α-fetoprotein promoter enhancer and pgk promoter: an in vitro and in vivo study. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:547. [PMID: 23173703 PMCID: PMC3574000 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Current therapies are insufficient, making HCC an intractable disease. Our previous studies confirmed that inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer. Unfortunately, constitutive expression of PP2A in normal tissues limits the application of PP2A inhibition. Thus, a HCC-specific gene delivery system should be developed. The α-fetoprotein (AFP) promoter is commonly used in HCC-specific gene therapy strategies; however, the utility of this approach is limited due to the weak activity of the AFP promoter. It has been shown that linking the AFP enhancer with the promoter of the non-tissue-specific, human housekeeping phosphoglycerate kinase (pgk) gene can generate a strong and HCC-selective promoter. Methods We constructed a HCC-specific gene therapy system to target PP2A using the AFP enhancer/pgk promoter, and evaluated the efficiency and specificity of this system both in vitro and in vivo. Results AFP enhancer/pgk promoter-driven expression of the dominant negative form of the PP2A catalytic subunit α (DN-PP2Acα) exerted cytotoxic effects against an AFP-positive human hepatoma cell lines (HepG2 and Hep3B), but did not affect AFP-negative human hepatoma cells (SK-HEP-1) or normal human liver cells (L-02). Moreover, AFP enhancer/pgk promoter driven expression of DN-PP2Acα inhibited the growth of AFP-positive HepG2 tumors in nude mice bearing solid tumor xenografts, but did not affect AFP-negative SK-HEP-1 tumors. Conclusions The novel approach of AFP enhancer/pgk promoter-driven expression of DN-PP2Acα may provide a useful cancer gene therapy strategy to selectively target HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
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11
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Hahnvajanawong C, Chaiyagool J, Seubwai W, Bhudhisawasdi V, Namwat N, Khuntikeo N, Sripa B, Pugkhem A, Tassaneeyakul W. Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase mRNA expression and the response of cholangiocarcinoma to 5-fluorouracil. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:3955-61. [PMID: 22912546 PMCID: PMC3419992 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i30.3955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine whether expression of certain enzymes related to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) metabolism predicts 5-FU chemosensitivity in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA).
METHODS: The histoculture drug response assay (HDRA) was performed using surgically resected CCA tissues. Tumor cell viability was determined morphologically with hematoxylin and eosin- and terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling-stained tissues. The mRNA expression of thymidine phosphorylase (TP), orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRT), thymidylate synthase (TS), and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) was determined with real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The levels of gene expression and the sensitivity to 5-FU were evaluated.
RESULTS: Twenty-three CCA tissues were obtained from patients who had been diagnosed with intrahepatic CCA and who underwent surgical resection at Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen University from 2007 to 2009. HDRA was used to determine the response of these CCA tissues to 5-FU. Based on the dose-response curve, 200 μg/mL 5-FU was selected as the test concentration. The percentage of inhibition index at the median point was selected as the cut-off point to differentiate the responding and non-responding tumors to 5-FU. When the relationship between TP, OPRT, TS and DPD mRNA expression levels and the sensitivity of CCA tissues to 5-FU was examined, only OPRT mRNA expression was significantly correlated with the response to 5-FU. The mean expression level of OPRT was significantly higher in the responder group compared to the non-responder group (0.41 ± 0.25 vs 0.22 ± 0.12, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: OPRT mRNA expression may be a useful predictor of 5-FU chemosensitivity of CCA. Whether OPRT mRNA could be used to predict the success of 5-FU chemotherapy in CCA patients requires confirmation in patients.
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Thymidylate synthase inhibition induces p53-dependent and p53-independent apoptotic responses in human urinary bladder cancer cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 137:359-74. [PMID: 20425122 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0891-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In search for more effective clinical protocols, the antimetabolite drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has been successfully included in new regimens of bladder cancer combination chemotherapy. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of 5-FU treatment on apoptosis induction in wild-type and mutant p53 urinary bladder cancer cells. METHODS We have used MTT-based assays, FACS analysis, Western blotting and semi-quantitative RT-PCR in RT4 and RT112 (grade I, wild-type p53), as well as in T24 (grade III, mutant p53) and TCCSUP (grade IV, mutant p53) human urinary bladder cancer cell lines. RESULTS In the urothelial bladder cancer cell lines RT4 and T24, 5-FU-induced TS inhibition proved to be associated with cell type-dependent (a) sensitivity to the drug, (b) Caspase-mediated apoptosis, (c) p53 stabilization and activation, as well as Rb phosphorylation and E2F1 expression and (d) transcriptional regulation of p53 target genes and their cognate proteins, while an E2F-dependent transcriptional network did not seem to be critically engaged in such type of responses. CONCLUSIONS We have shown that in the wild-type p53 context of RT4 cells, 5-FU-triggered apoptosis was prominently efficient and mainly regulated by p53-dependent mechanisms, whereas the mutant p53 environment of T24 cells was able to provide notable levels of resistance to apoptosis, basically ascribed to E2F-independent, and still unidentified, pathways. Nevertheless, the differential vulnerability of RT4 and T24 cells to 5-FU administration could also be associated with cell-type-specific transcriptional expression patterns of certain genes critically involved in 5-FU metabolism.
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Expression of thymidylate synthase determines the response of gastric cancer patients undergoing gastrectomy to 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2009; 395:217-25. [PMID: 20012317 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-009-0573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated whether the intensity of thymidylate synthase (TS) staining in tissue samples obtained from gastric cancer (GC) patients undergoing gastrectomy could predict response to 5-FU-based adjuvant chemotherapy after gastrectomy. METHOD AND MATERIALS Clinicopathological features of 124 patients with histologically proven GC who underwent radical gastrectomy were retrospectively reviewed. Tissue samples obtained from these patients were immunohistochemically stained for assessing TS expression. We arbitrarily classified the TS staining results as low (<20% cytoplasmic immunostaining) and high (> or =20% cytoplasmic immunostaining) TS expression. RESULTS The clinicopathological features of the low TS expression group patients were typically similar to those of the high TS expression group patients. However, multivariate forward stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that low TS expression was independently associated with females and responders to 5-FU-based adjuvant chemotherapy. The median follow-up duration for the 124 GC patients who had undergone curative resection was 41.3 months. The GC patients who showed poor tumor differentiation and high TS expression had short disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). CONCLUSIONS Low TS expression is significantly associated with female GC patients and responders to 5-FU-based adjuvant chemotherapy. It predicts longer DFS and OS in selected GC patients treated with 5-FU-based adjuvant chemotherapy after curative resection. The results suggest that prospective assessment of TS staining intensity in tissue samples obtained from GC patients undergoing gastrectomy would be useful to predict the patients who would be benefited from 5-FU-based adjuvant chemotherapy after gastrectomy.
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Makino H, Uetake H, Danenberg K, Danenberg PV, Sugihara K. Efficacy of laser capture microdissection plus RT-PCR technique in analyzing gene expression levels in human gastric cancer and colon cancer. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:210. [PMID: 18652704 PMCID: PMC2533342 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thymidylate synthase, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, thymidine phosphorylase, and orotate phosphoribosyltransferase gene expressions are reported to be valid predictive markers for 5-fluorouracil sensitivity to gastrointestinal cancer. For more reliable predictability, their expressions in cancer cells and stromal cells in the cancerous tissue (cancerous stroma) have been separately investigated using laser capture microdissection. Methods Thymidylate synthase, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, thymidine phosphorylase, and orotate phosphoribosyltransferase mRNA in cancer cells and cancerous stroma from samples of 47 gastric and 43 colon cancers were separately quantified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction after laser capture microdissection. Results In both gastric and colon cancers, thymidylate synthase and orotate phosphoribosyltransferase mRNA expressions were higher (p < 0.0001, p <0.0001 respectively in gastric cancer and P = 0.0002, p < 0.0001 respectively in colon cancer) and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase mRNA expressions were lower in cancer cells than in cancerous stroma (P = 0.0136 in gastric cancer and p < 0.0001 in colon cancer). In contrast, thymidine phosphorylase mRNA was higher in cancer cells than in cancerous stroma in gastric cancer (p < 0.0001) and lower in cancer cells than in cancerous stroma in colon cancer (P = 0.0055). Conclusion By using this method, we could estimate gene expressions separately in cancer cells and stromal cells from colon and gastric cancers, in spite of the amount of stromal tissue. Our method is thought to be useful for accurately evaluating intratumoral gene expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Makino
- Department of Translational Oncology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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El-Kareh AW, Labes RE, Secomb TW. Cell cycle checkpoint models for cellular pharmacology of paclitaxel and platinum drugs. AAPS JOURNAL 2008; 10:15-34. [PMID: 18446502 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-007-9003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic mathematical model is developed for cellular pharmacology of chemotherapeutic drugs for which the decisive step towards cell death occurs at a point in the cell cycle, presumably corresponding to a cell cycle checkpoint. For each cell, the model assumes a threshold level of some intracellular species at that checkpoint, beyond which the cell dies. The threshold level is assumed to have a log-normal distribution in the cell population. The kinetics of formation of the lethal intracellular species depends on the drug, and on the cellular pharmacokinetics and binding kinetics of the cell. Specific models are developed for paclitaxel and for platinum drugs (cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin). In the case of paclitaxel, two separate mechanisms of cell death necessitate a model that accounts for two checkpoints, with different intracellular species. The model was tested on a number of in vitro cytotoxicity data sets for these drugs, and found overall to give significantly better fits than previously proposed cellular pharmacodynamic models. It provides an explanation for the asymptotic convergence of dose-response curves as exposure time becomes long.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardith W El-Kareh
- ARL-Microcirculation Division, University of Arizona, PO Box 245051, Tucson, AZ 85724-5051, USA.
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Hua D, Huang ZH, Mao Y, Deng JZ. Thymidylate synthase and thymidine phosphorylase gene expression as predictive parameters for the efficacy of 5-fluorouraci-based adjuvant chemotherapy for gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:5030-4. [PMID: 17854149 PMCID: PMC4434630 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i37.5030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the prognostic role of thymidylate synthase (TS) and thymidine phosphorylase (TP) mRNA levels in T3 or T4 gastric cancer treated with 5-fluorouraci-based adjuvant chemotherapy.
METHODS: Fifty-one patients with T3 or T4 gastric cancer received systemic 5-fluorouraci-based adjuvant chemotherapy, and intratumoral expression of TS and TP in 51 gastric cancer tissue samples was tested by real-time quantitative PCR.
RESULTS: The median disease-free survival (DFS) time was 10.2 mo in the patients. There were no significant differences in DFS between the groups with high and low levels of TP. However, the group with low level of TS had a longer DFS (14.4 mo vs 8.3 mo, P = 0.017). The median overall survival (OS) time was 18.5 mo, and there were significant differences in OS between the groups with high and low levels of TS or TP (for TS, 17.0 mo vs 21.3 mo, P = 0.010; for TP, 16.6 mo vs 22.5 mo, P = 0.009). Moreover, the coupled low expression of these two genes was strongly associated with a longer survival time of patients as compared with that of a single gene.
CONCLUSION: Expression of TS and TP mRNA is a useful predictive parameter for the survival of postoperative gastric cancer patients after 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hua
- Oncology Institute of Wuxi, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, 200 Huihe Road, Wuxi 214062, Jiangsu Province, China
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Abstract
Gastric cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide. Treatment of localized gastric cancer relies primarily on surgical intervention, although growing evidence suggests that the addition of chemoradiation may improve disease-free intervals and overall survival. In this regard, the current high rates of recurrence and subsequent poor survival have prompted an ever-increasing use of multimodal strategies, even for early-stage disease. However, these therapies are often limited by debilitating toxicities and varying degrees of response efficacy. As a result, pharmacogenomics, the study of specific genetic and molecular signatures that may be predictive of treatment outcomes, has gained considerable interest. For example, studies have demonstrated that the expression of enzymes involved in the metabolism or conjugation of commonly used chemotherapy agents, such as fluoropyrimidines and cisplatin, can serve as surrogate markers predictive of chemotherapy response. Polymorphisms in the genes encoding these enzymes have also been identified and may further account for altered expression patterns, resulting in varied clinical responses. Future work is necessary to further refine the list of molecular genetic markers and to identify novel markers for prognostic and predictive purposes. Technologies such as microarray analysis may be useful in identifying new molecular genetic markers, and further work may determine whether these markers can be employed to help stratify patients into different multimodal treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casandra Anderson
- Department of General Oncologic Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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Liu J, Xu WF, Cui SX, Zhou Y, Yuan YX, Chen MH, Wang RH, Gai RY, Makuuchi M, Tang W, Qu XJ. Inhibition of human gastric carcinoma cell growth by atofluding derivative N 3- o-toluyl-fluorouracil. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:6766-70. [PMID: 17106923 PMCID: PMC4087429 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i42.6766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the growth inhibition efficacy of atofluding derivative N3-o-toluyl-fluorouracil (TFU) on human gastric carcinoma cell lines SGC-7901 and MKN-45.
METHODS: Cell growth inhibition by TFU was measured by MTT and clonogenic assays without or with liver microsomal enzymes. Xenografts of cancer cells in nude mice were employed to study the anti-proliferative effects of TFU in vivo.
RESULTS: TFU inhibited the growth of SGC-7901 and MKN-45 cells. However, the inhibitory effects of TFU on cell growth were not significant. The inhibition rates were enhanced in the presence of liver microsomal enzymes, ranging 4.73%-48.57% in SGC-7901 cells and 9.0%-62.02% in MKN-45 cells. In vivo, TFU delayed the growth of SGC-7901 and MKN-45 cells in nude mice. The inhibition rates were 40.49%, 63.24%, and 75.98% in SGC-7901 cells and 40.76%, 61.41%, and 82.07% in MKN-45 cells when the oral doses were 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, respectively. TFU treatment was generally well tolerated by mice with less than 20% reduction in body weight.
CONCLUSION: TFU inhibits the growth of human gastric carcinoma cells. The inhibition rates are increased in the presence of liver microsomal enzymes. The efficacy of TFU may be associated with the sustaining release of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) mediated by the enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, China
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