1
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Cannito S, Dianzani U, Parola M, Albano E, Sutti S. Inflammatory processes involved in NASH-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:BSR20221271. [PMID: 36691794 PMCID: PMC9874450 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20221271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. In the recent years nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming a growing cause of HCCs and the incidence of NAFLD-related HCCs is expected to further dramatically increase by the next decade. Chronic inflammation is regarded as the driving force of NAFLD progression and a key factor in hepatic carcinogenesis. Hepatic inflammation in NAFLD results from the persistent stimulation of innate immunity in response to hepatocellular injury and gut dysbiosis as well as by the activation of adaptive immunity. However, the relative roles of innate and adaptive immunity in the processes leading to HCC are still incompletely characterized. This is due to the complex interplay between different liver cell populations, which is also strongly influenced by gut-derived bacterial products, metabolic/nutritional signals. Furthermore, carcinogenic mechanisms in NAFLD/NASH appear to involve the activation of signals mediated by hypoxia inducible factors. This review discusses recent data regarding the contribution of different inflammatory cells to NAFLD-related HCC and their possible impact on patient response to current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Cannito
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Umberto Dianzani
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Autoimmune Diseases, University of East Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Maurizio Parola
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuele Albano
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Autoimmune Diseases, University of East Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sutti
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Autoimmune Diseases, University of East Piedmont, Novara, Italy
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2
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Li M, Xie F, Wang L, Zhu G, Qi LW, Jiang S. Celastrol: An Update on Its Hepatoprotective Properties and the Linked Molecular Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:857956. [PMID: 35444532 PMCID: PMC9013942 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.857956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver plays an important role in glucose and lipid homeostasis, drug metabolism, and bile synthesis. Metabolic disorder and inflammation synergistically contribute to the pathogenesis of numerous liver diseases, such as metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), liver injury, and liver cancer. Celastrol, a triterpene derived from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f., has been extensively studied in metabolic and inflammatory diseases during the last several decades. Here we comprehensively review the pharmacological activities and the underlying mechanisms of celastrol in the prevention and treatment of liver diseases including MAFLD, liver injury, and liver cancer. In addition, we also discuss the importance of novel methodologies and perspectives for the drug development of celastrol. Although celastrol has been claimed as a promising agent against several metabolic diseases, both preclinical and clinical studies are highly required to accelerate the clinical transformation of celastrol in treating different liver illness. It is foreseeable that celastrol-derived therapeutics is evolving in the field of liver ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhen Li
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Faren Xie
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoxue Zhu
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lian-Wen Qi
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shujun Jiang
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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3
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RNAi-Based Approaches for Pancreatic Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101638. [PMID: 34683931 PMCID: PMC8541396 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal forms of cancer, predicted to be the second leading cause of cancer-associated death by 2025. Despite intensive research for effective treatment strategies and novel anticancer drugs over the past decade, the overall patient survival rate remains low. RNA interference (RNAi) is capable of interfering with expression of specific genes and has emerged as a promising approach for pancreatic cancer because genetic aberrations and dysregulated signaling are the drivers for tumor formation and the stromal barrier to conventional therapy. Despite its therapeutic potential, RNA-based drugs have remaining hurdles such as poor tumor delivery and susceptibility to serum degradation, which could be overcome with the incorporation of nanocarriers for clinical applications. Here we summarize the use of small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) in pancreatic cancer therapy in preclinical reports with approaches for targeting either the tumor or tumor microenvironment (TME) using various types of nanocarriers. In these studies, inhibition of oncogene expression and induction of a tumor suppressive response in cancer cells and surrounding immune cells in TME exhibited a strong anticancer effect in pancreatic cancer models. The review discusses the remaining challenges and prospective strategies suggesting the potential of RNAi-based therapeutics for pancreatic cancer.
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4
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Guo J, Akahoshi T, Mizuta Y, Murata M, Narahara S, Kawano T, Nagao Y, Zhang S, Tomikawa M, Kawanaka H, Hashizume M. Histidine-Rich Glycoprotein Alleviates Liver Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Mice With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Liver Transpl 2021; 27:840-853. [PMID: 33259137 DOI: 10.1002/lt.25960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major complication of liver surgery and transplantation, especially in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The mechanism of NASH susceptibility to IRI has not been fully clarified. We investigated the role of liver-produced histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) in NASH IRI. A NASH mouse model was established using C57BL/6J mice fed a methionine-choline-deficient diet (MCDD) for 6 weeks. The MCDD and standard diet groups were exposed to 60 minutes of partial hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). We further evaluated the impact of HRG in this context using HRG knockdown (KD) mice. IRI increased HRG expression in the standard diet group, but not in the MCDD group after I/R. HRG expression was inversely correlated with neutrophil infiltration and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). HRG KD mice showed severe liver injury with neutrophil infiltration and the formation of NETs. Pretreatment with supplementary HRG protected against I/R with the inhibition of neutrophil infiltration and the formation of NETs. In vitro, hepatocytes showed that the expression of HRG was upregulated under hypoxia/reoxygenation conditions, but not in response to oleic acid-treated hepatocytes. The decrease in HRG expression in fatty hepatocytes was accompanied by decreased farnesoid X receptor and hypoxia inducible factor 2 alpha subunit expression. HRG is a hepatoprotective factor during hepatic IRI because it decreases neutrophil infiltration and the formation of NETs. The decrease in HRG is a cause of susceptibility to IRI in steatotic livers. Therefore, HRG is a new therapeutic target for minimizing liver damage in patients with NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Guo
- Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Akahoshi
- Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukie Mizuta
- Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaharu Murata
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sayoko Narahara
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahito Kawano
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nagao
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Morimasa Tomikawa
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kawanaka
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Beppu Medical Center, Beppu, Japan
| | - Makoto Hashizume
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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5
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Yuen VWH, Wong CCL. Hypoxia-inducible factors and innate immunity in liver cancer. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:5052-5062. [PMID: 32750043 DOI: 10.1172/jci137553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver has strong innate immunity to counteract pathogens from the gastrointestinal tract. During the development of liver cancer, which is typically driven by chronic inflammation, the composition and biological roles of the innate immune cells are extensively altered. Hypoxia is a common finding in all stages of liver cancer development. Hypoxia drives the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), which act as central regulators to dampen the innate immunity of liver cancer. HIF signaling in innate immune cells and liver cancer cells together favors the recruitment and maintenance of pro-tumorigenic immune cells and the inhibition of anti-tumorigenic immune cells, promoting immune evasion. HIFs represent attractive therapeutic targets to inhibit the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment and growth of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Chak-Lui Wong
- Department of Pathology and.,State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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6
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Méndez-Blanco C, Fernández-Palanca P, Fondevila F, González-Gallego J, Mauriz JL. Prognostic and clinicopathological significance of hypoxia-inducible factors 1α and 2α in hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2021; 13:1758835920987071. [PMID: 33613697 PMCID: PMC7874357 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920987071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly recurrent tumor after resection and has been closely related to hypoxia. Hypoxia-inducible factors 1α and 2α (HIF-1α and HIF-2α) have been shown to contribute to tumor progression and therapy resistance in HCC. We evaluated the prognostic and clinicopathological significance of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in HCC patients. Methods: We systematically searched Embase, Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science (WOS) from inception to 1 June 2020 for studies evaluating HIF-1α and/or HIF-2α expression in HCC. Selected articles evaluate at least one factor by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in HCC patients who underwent surgical resection, and its relationship with prognosis and/or clinicopathological features. Study protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CDR42020191977). We meta-analyzed the data extracted or estimated according to the Parmar method employing STATA software. We evaluated the overall effect size for the hazard ratio (HR) and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI), as well as heterogeneity across studies with the I2 statistic and chi-square-based Q test. Moreover, we conducted subgroup analysis when heterogeneity was substantial. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plot asymmetry and Egger’s test. Results: HIF-1α overexpression was correlated with overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS)/recurrence-free survival (RFS) and clinicopathological features including Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC), capsule infiltration, intrahepatic metastasis, lymph node metastasis, tumor–node–metastasis (TNM), tumor differentiation, tumor number, tumor size (3 cm), vascular invasion and vasculogenic mimicry. We also detected a possible correlation of HIF-1α with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), cirrhosis, histological grade, tumor size (5 cm) and albumin after subgroup analysis. Initially, only DFS/RFS appeared to be associated with HIF-2α overexpression. Subgroup analysis denoted that HIF-2α overexpression was related to OS and capsule infiltration. Conclusions: HIF-1α and HIF-2α overexpression is related to poor OS, DFS/RFS and some clinicopathological features of HCC patients, suggesting that both factors could be useful HCC biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Flavia Fondevila
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | | | - José L Mauriz
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Campus of Vegazana s/n, León 24071, Spain
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7
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Vito A, El-Sayes N, Mossman K. Hypoxia-Driven Immune Escape in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cells 2020; 9:E992. [PMID: 32316260 PMCID: PMC7227025 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex ecosystem comprised of many different cell types, abnormal vasculature and immunosuppressive cytokines. The irregular growth kinetics with which tumors grow leads to increased oxygen consumption and, in turn, hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia has been associated with poor clinical outcome, increased tumor heterogeneity, emergence of resistant clones and evasion of immune detection. Additionally, hypoxia-driven cell death pathways have traditionally been thought of as tolerogenic processes. However, as researchers working in the field of immunotherapy continue to investigate and unveil new types of immunogenic cell death (ICD), it has become clear that, in some instances, hypoxia may actually induce ICD within a tumor. In this review, we will discuss hypoxia-driven immune escape that drives poor prognostic outcomes, the ability of hypoxia to induce ICD and potential therapeutic targets amongst hypoxia pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Vito
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (A.V.); (N.E.-S.)
| | - Nader El-Sayes
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (A.V.); (N.E.-S.)
| | - Karen Mossman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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8
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Lim JH, Kim DG, Yu DY, Kang HM, Noh KH, Kim DS, Park D, Chang TK, Im DS, Jung CR. Stabilization of E2-EPF UCP protein is implicated in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2647-2662. [PMID: 30903204 PMCID: PMC6586911 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein (HBx) is associated with hepatocarcinogenesis. E2-EPF ubiquitin carrier protein (UCP) catalyzes ubiquitination of itself and von Hippel-Lindau protein (pVHL) for degradation and associates with tumor growth and metastasis. However, it remains unknown whether HBx modulates the enzyme activity of UCP and thereby influences hepatocarcinogenesis. Here, we show that UCP is highly expressed in liver tissues of HBx-transgenic mice, but not non-transgenic mice. UCP was more frequently expressed in HBV-positive liver cancers than in HBV-negative liver cancers. HBx binds to UCP specifically and serotype independently, and forms a ternary complex with UCP and pVHL. HBx inhibits self-ubiquitination of UCP, but enhances UCP-mediated pVHL ubiquitination, resulting in stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and -2α. HBx and UCP stabilize each other by mutually inhibiting their ubiquitination. HBx promotes cellular proliferation and metastasis via UCP. Our findings suggest that UCP plays a key role in HBV-related hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwa Lim
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Ghon Kim
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Yeul Yu
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Mi Kang
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Noh
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Soo Kim
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmin Park
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kyung Chang
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Soo Im
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cho-Rok Jung
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Talifu A, Saimaiti R, Maitinuer Y, Liu G, Abudureyimu M, Xin X. Multiomics analysis profile acute liver injury module clusters to compare the therapeutic efficacy of bifendate and muaddil sapra. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4335. [PMID: 30867448 PMCID: PMC6416310 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40356-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of acute liver injury has been plagued by biologists and physicians. We know little about its therapeutic mechanism. Therefore, this study explored the mechanism of bifendate and muaddil sapra in the treatment of acute liver injury. Firstly, co-expression and cluster analysis of disease-related genes were carried out, and the Go function and KEGG pathway of modules and related genes were identified. Secondly, pivot analysis of modules can identify key regulators. On the other hand, based on the acute liver injury induced by CCl4, we use the combined analysis of proteomics and transcriptome to find therapeutic targets and related mechanisms of drugs. A total of 21 dysfunction modules were obtained, which were significantly involved in immune system, hepatitis and other related functions and pathways. Transcriptome analysis showed 117 targets for bifendate treatment, while 119 for muaddil sapra. Through exploring the mechanism, we found that the two drugs could modulate the module genes. Moreover, bifendate regulate the dysfunction module through ncRNA (SNORD43 and RNU11). Muaddil sapra can mediate dysfunction modules not only by regulating ncRNA (PRIM2 and PIP5K1B), but also by regulating TF (STAT1 and IRF8), thus having a wider therapeutic potential. On the other hand, proteome analysis showed that bifendate mainly regulated Rac2, Fermt3 and Plg, while muaddil sapra mainly regulated Sqle and Stat1. In addition, muaddil sapra regulates less metabolic related proteins to make them more effective. Overall, this study not only provides basic theory for further study of the complex pathogenesis of acute liver injury, but also provides valuable reference for clinical use of bifendate and muaddil sapra in the treatment of acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainiwaer Talifu
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization and The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
- Hospital of Xinjiang Traditional Uighur Medicine, Urumqi, 830001, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Refuhati Saimaiti
- Hospital of Xinjiang Traditional Uighur Medicine, Urumqi, 830001, China
| | - Yusufu Maitinuer
- Hospital of Xinjiang Traditional Uighur Medicine, Urumqi, 830001, China
| | - Geyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization and The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Miernisha Abudureyimu
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization and The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
- Hospital of Xinjiang Traditional Uighur Medicine, Urumqi, 830001, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xuelei Xin
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization and The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China.
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10
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Araos J, Sleeman JP, Garvalov BK. The role of hypoxic signalling in metastasis: towards translating knowledge of basic biology into novel anti-tumour strategies. Clin Exp Metastasis 2018; 35:563-599. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-018-9930-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Tse APW, Sze KMF, Shea QTK, Chiu EYT, Tsang FHC, Chiu DKC, Zhang MS, Lee D, Xu IMJ, Chan CYK, Koh HY, Wong CM, Zheng YP, Ng IOL, Wong CCL. Hepatitis transactivator protein X promotes extracellular matrix modification through HIF/LOX pathway in liver cancer. Oncogenesis 2018; 7:44. [PMID: 29799025 PMCID: PMC5968027 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-018-0052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), accounting for 90% of primary liver cancer, is a lethal malignancy that is tightly associated with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. HBV encodes a viral onco-protein, transactivator protein X (HBx), which interacts with proteins of hepatocytes to promote oncogenesis. Our current study focused on the interaction of HBx with a transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which is stabilized by low O2 condition (hypoxia) and is found to be frequently overexpressed in HCC intra-tumorally due to poor blood perfusion. Here, we showed that overexpression of HBx by tetracycline-inducible systems further stabilized HIF-1α under hypoxia in HBV-negative HCC cell lines. Reversely, knockdown of HBx reduced HIF-1α protein stabilization under hypoxia in HBV-positive HCC cell lines. More intriguingly, overexpression of HBx elevated the mRNA and protein expression of a family of HIF-1α target genes, the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family in HCC. The LOX family members function to cross-link collagen in the extracellular matrix (ECM) to promote cancer progression and metastasis. By analyzing the collagens under scanning electron microscope, we found that collagen fibers were significantly smaller in size when incubated with conditioned medium from HBx knockdown HCC cells as compared to control HCC cells in vitro. Transwell invasion assay further revealed that less cells were able to invade through the matrigel which was pre-treated with conditioned medium from HBx knockdown HCC cells as compared to control HCC cells. Orthotopic and subcutaneous HCC models further showed that knockdown of HBx in HCC cells reduced collagen crosslinking and stiffness in vivo and repressed HCC growth and metastasis. Taken together, our in vitro and in vivo studies showed the HBx remodeled the ECM through HIF-1α/LOX pathway to promote HCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Pui-Wah Tse
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Queenie Tsung-Kwan Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | | - Misty Shuo Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Derek Lee
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Iris Ming-Jing Xu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Hui-Yu Koh
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun-Ming Wong
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong-Ping Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Irene Oi-Lin Ng
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Carmen Chak-Lui Wong
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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12
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Zheng X, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Fang L, Li L, Sun J, Pan Z, Xin W, Huang P. HIF‐2α activated lncRNA NEAT1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell invasion and metastasis by affecting the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:3247-3256. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zheng
- Department of PharmacyZhejiang Cancer HospitalHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of PharmacyZhejiang Cancer HospitalHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yujia Liu
- Department of PharmacyZhejiang Cancer HospitalHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Luo Fang
- Department of PharmacyZhejiang Cancer HospitalHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Department of PharmacyThe First People's Hospital of Chun'an CountyZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Sun
- Department of PharmacyZhejiang Cancer HospitalHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zongfu Pan
- Department of PharmacyZhejiang Cancer HospitalHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Wenxiu Xin
- Department of PharmacyZhejiang Cancer HospitalHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of PharmacyZhejiang Cancer HospitalHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
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13
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Chen C, Yang Q, Wang D, Luo F, Liu X, Xue J, Yang P, Xu H, Lu J, Zhang A, Liu Q. MicroRNA-191, regulated by HIF-2α, is involved in EMT and acquisition of a stem cell-like phenotype in arsenite-transformed human liver epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 48:128-136. [PMID: 29277653 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic is widely distributed in the environment, and epidemiologic data show a strong association between arsenic exposure and risk of liver cancer. An understanding of the mechanisms underlying development of liver cancer and metastasis would be useful in reducing the incidence and mortality of liver cancer. MicroRNAs (miRs) act as regulators in liver cancer. Here, we show that acute or chronic exposure of human liver epithelial L-02 cells to arsenite increased expression of miR-191. There were decreased levels of BASP-1 and E-cadherin and increased levels of WT-1 and N-cadherin, indicating that arsenite induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, arsenite increased EpCAM and CD90 mRNA levels, showing the acquisition of stem cell-like properties by these cells. Suppression of miR-191 resulted in repression of EMT and reduced expression of stem-cell markers. Further, a miR-191 inhibitor blocked spheroid formation and production of side population cells. Luciferase reporter assays indicated that miR-191 was a target of HIF-2α, and inhibition of miR-191 decreased the neoplastic and metastatic properties of arsenite-transformed L-02 cells. Thus, in arsenite-transformed liver epithelial cells, transcriptional activation of the miR-191 promoter by HIF-2α is involved in EMT and in the acquisition of a stem cell-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianlei Yang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Luo
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinlu Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Junchao Xue
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yang
- The School of Public Health, Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiachun Lu
- The School of Public Health, Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qizhan Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Luo F, Sun B, Li H, Xu Y, Liu Y, Liu X, Lu L, Li J, Wang Q, Wei S, Shi L, Lu X, Liu Q, Zhang A. A MALAT1/HIF-2α feedback loop contributes to arsenite carcinogenesis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:5769-87. [PMID: 26735578 PMCID: PMC4868720 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is well established as a human carcinogen, but the molecular mechanisms leading to arsenic-induced carcinogenesis are complex and elusive. It is also not known if lncRNAs are involved in arsenic-induced liver carcinogenesis. We have found that MALAT1, a non-coding RNA, is over-expressed in the sera of people exposed to arsenite and in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), and MALAT1 has a close relation with the clinicopathological characteristics of HCC. In addition, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2α is up-regulated in HCCs, and MALAT1 and HIF-2α have a positive correlation in HCC tissues. During the malignant transformation of human hepatic epithelial (L-02) cells induced by a low concentration (2.0 μM) of arsenite, MALAT1 and HIF-2α are increased. In addition, arsenite-induced MALAT1 causes disassociation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) protein from HIF-2α, therefore, alleviating VHL-mediated HIF-2α ubiquitination, which causes HIF-2α accumulation. In turn, HIF-2α transcriptionally regulates MALAT1, thus forming a positive feedback loop to ensure expression of arsenite-induced MALAT1 and HIF-2α, which are involved in malignant transformation. Moreover, MALAT1 and HIF-2α promote the invasive and metastatic capacities of arsenite-induced transformed L-02 cells and in HCC-LM3 cells. The capacities of MALAT1 and HIF-2α to promote tumor growth are validated in mouse xenograft models. In mice, arsenite induces an inflammatory response, and MALAT1 and HIF-2α are over-expressed. Together, these findings suggest that the MALAT1/HIF-2α feedback loop is involved in regulation of arsenite-induced malignant transformation. Our results not only confirm a novel mechanism involving reciprocal regulation between MALAT1 and HIF-2α, but also expand the understanding of the carcinogenic potential of arsenite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Luo
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Baofei Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiqiao Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinlu Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Lu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingling Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaofeng Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Shi
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Lu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qizhan Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
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15
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Dong X, Su X, Yu J, Liu J, Shi X, Pan Q, Yang J, Chen J, Li L, Cao H. Homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulation of the HIF2α degradation-related HIF2α-VHL complex. J Mol Graph Model 2016; 71:116-123. [PMID: 27902963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia-inducible factor 2 alpha (HIF2α), prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (PHD2), and the von Hippel Lindau tumor suppressor protein (pVHL) are three principal proteins in the oxygen-sensing pathway. Under normoxic conditions, a conserved proline in HIF2α is hydroxylated by PHD2 in an oxygen-dependent manner, and then pVHL binds and promotes the degradation of HIF2α. However, the crystal structure of the HIF2α-pVHL complex has not yet been established, and this has limited research on the interaction between HIF and pVHL. Here, we constructed a structural model of a 23-residue HIF2α peptide (528-550)-pVHL-ElonginB-ElonginC complex by using homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations. We also applied these methods to HIF2α mutants (HYP531PRO, F540L, A530 V, A530T, and G537R) to reveal structural defects that explain how these mutations weaken the interaction with pVHL. METHODS Homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations were used to construct a three-dimensional (3D) structural model of the HIF2α-VHL complex. Subsequently, MolProbity, an active validation tool, was used to analyze the reliability of the model. Molecular mechanics energies combined with the generalized Born and surface area continuum solvation (MM-GBSA) and solvated interaction energy (SIE) methods were used to calculate the binding free energy between HIF2a and pVHL, and the stability of the simulation system was evaluated by using root mean square deviation (RMSD) analysis. We also determined the secondary structure of the system by using the definition of secondary structure of proteins (DSSP) algorithm. Finally, we investigated the structural significance of specific point mutations known to have clinical implications. RESULTS We established a reliable structural model of the HIF2α-pVHL complex, which is similar to the crystal structure of HIF1α in 1LQB. Furthermore, we compared the structural model of the HIF2α-pVHL complex and the HIF2α (HYP531P, F540L, A530V, A530T, and G537R)-pVHL mutants on the basis of RMSD, DSSP, binding free energy, and hydrogen bonding. The experimental data indicate that the stability of the structural model of the HIF2α-pVHL complex is higher than that of the mutants, consistently with clinical observations. CONCLUSIONS The structural model of the HIF2α-pVHL complex presented in this study enhances understanding of how HIF2α is captured by pVHL. Moreover, the important contact amino acids that we identified may be useful in the development of drugs to treat HIF2a-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou City 310003, China.
| | - Xiaoru Su
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou City 310015, China.
| | - Jiong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou City 310003, China.
| | - Jingqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou City 310003, China.
| | - Xiaowei Shi
- Chu Kochen Honors College, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., Hangzhou City 310058, China.
| | - Qiaoling Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou City 310003, China.
| | - Jinfeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou City 310003, China.
| | - Jiajia Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou City 310003, China.
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou City 310003, China.
| | - Hongcui Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou City 310003, China.
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16
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Ma H, Liu B, Wang S, Liu J. MicroRNA-383 is a tumor suppressor in human lung cancer by targeting endothelial PAS domain-containing protein 1. Cell Biochem Funct 2016; 34:613-619. [PMID: 27862077 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjing Ma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; The Fifth Central Hospital in Tianjin; Tianjin China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Emergency; The Fifth Central Hospital in Tianjin; Tianjin China
| | - Shuoying Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; The Fifth Central Hospital in Tianjin; Tianjin China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; The Fifth Central Hospital in Tianjin; Tianjin China
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17
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Ju C, Colgan SP, Eltzschig HK. Hypoxia-inducible factors as molecular targets for liver diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:613-27. [PMID: 27094811 PMCID: PMC4879168 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1408-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease is a growing global health problem, as deaths from end-stage liver cirrhosis and cancer are rising across the world. At present, pharmacologic approaches to effectively treat or prevent liver disease are extremely limited. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a transcription factor that regulates diverse signaling pathways enabling adaptive cellular responses to perturbations of the tissue microenvironment. HIF activation through hypoxia-dependent and hypoxia-independent signals have been reported in liver disease of diverse etiologies, from ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute liver injury to chronic liver diseases caused by viral infection, excessive alcohol consumption, or metabolic disorders. This review summarizes the evidence for HIF stabilization in liver disease, discusses the mechanistic involvement of HIFs in disease development, and explores the potential of pharmacological HIF modifiers in the treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Ju
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Auroa, Colorado, 800045, USA.
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Department of Medicine and Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Auroa, Colorado, 800045, USA
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology and Organ Protection Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Auroa, Colorado, 800045, USA
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18
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Yao Q, Lv Y, Pan T, Liu Y, Ma J, Xu G. Prognostic significance and clinicopathological features of hypoxic inducible factor-2alpha expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Saudi Med J 2015; 36:170-5. [PMID: 25719580 PMCID: PMC4375693 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2015.2.10554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To assess the association between hypoxic inducible factor-2alpha (HIF-2α) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by meta-analysis. Methods: This study was carried out at Anhui Province Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China in February 2014. We searched various databases for studies published in English or Chinese up to February 28, 2014. The hazard ratio for overall survival and analyzed odds ratio were combined to evaluate the clinicopathological features of HIF-2α expression in HCC. Results: A total of 7 eligible studies comprising 1066 patients with HCC were identified after our full assessment according to inclusion criteria. All of the patients came from China. The results indicated that the association between HIF-2α expression and prognostic values in HCC was inconspicuous, while the expression of HIF-2α was significantly associated with capsule infiltration, vein invasion, and histological grade. Conclusion: Expression of HIF-2α was associated with invasion and metastasis in HCC, but did not have a distinct significance in prognosis, according to the limited evidence. However, high quality, large sample size, and controlled trials are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyang Yao
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China. E-mail.
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19
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Cao M, Gao J, Zhou H, Huang J, You A, Guo Z, Fang F, Zhang W, Song T, Zhang T. HIF-2α regulates CDCP1 to promote PKCδ-mediated migration in hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:1651-62. [PMID: 26307391 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3527-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of CUB domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1), a transmembrane glycoprotein and major substrate of Src family kinases (SFKs), always indicates unfavorable outcomes in various cancers. The characteristics of CDCP1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have not been assessed. Most recently, CDCP1 was identified as a specific target gene of HIF-2α in clear cell renal carcinoma (CC-RCC). However, considering the role of HIF-2α in the progression of HCC is highly controversial, it is necessary to figure out whether HIF-2α and CDCP1 play a significant part in the metastasis of HCC. Our results showed that HIF-2α and CDCP1 were both induced by hypoxia, and the activation of CDCP1 was HIF-2α dependent. CDCP1 was governed by HIF-2α at mRNA and protein levels in HCC cell lines. Moreover, knocking down of HIF-2α not only inhibited cell invasion but also impaired the expression of Tyr(311) phosphorylation of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) which is a downstream factor of CDCP1 and has been reported to induce malignant migration in various tumors. Analysis of human HCC samples showed a negative correlation of CDCP1 expression with disease-free survival, and CDCP1 was an independent prognostic factors of disease-free survival. Taken together, these data demonstrated that HIF-2α could promote HCC cell migration by regulating CDCP1, and targeting HIF-2α-CDCP1-PKCδ pathway might be effective to inhibit HCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manqing Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, 24 Bin Shui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Junrong Gao
- Academy of Medical Image, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyuan Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, 24 Bin Shui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiafei Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, 24 Bin Shui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Abin You
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, 24 Bin Shui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigui Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, 24 Bin Shui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Fang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, 24 Bin Shui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, 24 Bin Shui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianqiang Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, 24 Bin Shui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ti Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, 24 Bin Shui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, People's Republic of China.
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20
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PAN XINTING, ZHU QINGYUN, SUN YUNBO, LI LIANDI, ZHU YUNPENG, ZHAO ZHIHUI, ZUO JIANXIN, FANG WEI, LI KUN. PLGA/poloxamer nanoparticles loaded with EPAS1 siRNA for the treatment of pancreatic cancer in vitro and in vivo. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:995-1002. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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21
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Minchenko OH, Tsymbal DO, Minchenko DO, Moenner M, Kovalevska OV, Lypova NM. Inhibition of kinase and endoribonuclease activity of ERN1/IRE1α affects expression of proliferationrelated genes in U87 glioma cells. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS IN DISEASES 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/ersc-2015-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractInhibition of ERN1/IRE1α (endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1/inositol requiring enzyme-1α), the major signaling pathway of endoplasmic reticulum stress, significantly decreases tumor growth. We have studied the expression of transcription factors such as E2F8 (E2F transcription factor 8), EPAS1 (endothelial PAS domain protein 1), TBX3 (T-box 3), ATF3 (activating transcription factor 3), FOXF1 (forkhead box F1), and HOXC6 (homeobox C6) in U87 glioma cells overexpressing dominant-negative ERN1/IRE1α defective in endoribonuclease (dnr-ERN1) as well as defective in both kinase and endonuclease (dn-ERN1) activity of ERN1/IRE1α. We have demonstrated that the expression of all studied genes is decreased at the mRNA level in cells with modified ERN1/IRE1α; TBX3, however, is increased in these cells as compared to control glioma cells. Changes in protein levels of E2F8, HOXC6, ATF3, and TBX3 corresponded to changes in mRNAs levels. We also found that two mutated ERN1/IRE1α have differential effects on the expression of studied transcripts. The presence of kinase and endonuclease deficient ERN1/IRE1α in glioma cells had a less profound effect on the expression of E2F8, HOXC6, and TBX3 genes than the blockade of the endoribonuclease activity of ERN1/IRE1α alone. Kinase and endonuclease deficient ERN1/IRE1α suppresses ATF3 and FOXF1 gene expressions, while inhibition of only endoribonuclease of ERN1/IRE1α leads to the up-regulation of these gene transcripts. The present study demonstrates that fine-tuning of the expression of proliferation related genes is regulated by ERN1/IRE1α an effector of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Inhibition of ERN1/IRE1α, especially its endoribonuclease activity, correlates with deregulation of proliferation related genes and thus slower tumor growth.
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22
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HIFs enhance the migratory and neoplastic capacities of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by promoting EMT. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:8103-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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23
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Yang SL, Liu LP, Jiang JX, Xiong ZF, He QJ, Wu C. The correlation of expression levels of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in hepatocellular carcinoma with capsular invasion, portal vein tumor thrombi and patients' clinical outcome. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2013; 44:159-67. [PMID: 24374892 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyt194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The roles of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and hypoxia-inducible factor-2α in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma have not been fully elucidated. Here, we aim to uncover the relationship between the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients and the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and hypoxia-inducible factor-2α in tumor tissues. METHODS The protein levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and hypoxia-inducible factor-2α were detected by immunohistochemistry on paraffin sections of 126 paired hepatocellular carcinoma tissue and peritumoral tissue samples. The mRNA levels of them were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS High expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α was found in 57.1% (72/126) of tumor specimens, compared with 5.6% (7/126) in peritumoral tissues, while high expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-2α was found in only 13.5% (17/126) of tumors, compared with 47.6% (60/126) of peritumoral tissues. There was high expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α protein in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues closely associated with capsular infiltration and portal vein invasion, and thus lower overall survival and disease-free survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients (P < 0.05). No significant association has been found between the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-2α protein and capsular infiltration, portal vein invasion, overall survival and disease-free survival (P > 0.05). However, patients with high expression of both hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and hypoxia-inducible factor-2α have a significantly worse outcome than patients with low expression of both hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The discordant results on expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and hypoxia-inducible factor-2α suggest that these two proteins are differentially regulated in vivo, thus reflecting distinctive protein expression and stabilization mechanisms. The association between hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression and unfavorable outcome indicates the importance of using hypoxia-inducible factor-1α as a treatment target in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Li Yang
- *Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China.
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The impact of hypoxia in hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis. Front Med 2013; 8:33-41. [PMID: 24234682 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-013-0301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common phenomenon in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hypoxia stabilizes transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), to activate gene transcription. Expression of HIF is closely associated with metastasis and poor prognosis in HCC. HIF mediates expression of genes that are involved in every step of HCC metastasis including epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion of the extracellular matrix, intravasation, extravasation, and secondary growth of the metastases. Because HIF is the central regulator of HCC metastasis, HIF inhibitors are attractive tools when used alone or as combined treatment to curb HCC metastasis. This review will summarize the current findings on the impact of hypoxia/HIF in HCC, with a particular focus on cancer metastasis.
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Nath B, Szabo G. Hypoxia and hypoxia inducible factors: diverse roles in liver diseases. HEPATOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD.) 2012. [PMID: 22120903 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25497]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia has been shown to have a role in the pathogenesis of several forms of liver disease. The hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) are a family of evolutionarily conserved transcriptional regulators that affect a homeostatic response to low oxygen tension and have been identified as key mediators of angiogenesis, inflammation, and metabolism. In this review we summarize the evidence for a role of HIFs across a range of hepatic pathophysiology. We describe regulation of the HIFs and review investigations that demonstrate a role for HIFs in the development of liver fibrosis, activation of innate immune pathways, hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as other liver diseases in both human disease as well as murine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Nath
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Abstract
Hypoxia has been shown to have a role in the pathogenesis of several forms of liver disease. The hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) are a family of evolutionarily conserved transcriptional regulators that affect a homeostatic response to low oxygen tension and have been identified as key mediators of angiogenesis, inflammation, and metabolism. In this review we summarize the evidence for a role of HIFs across a range of hepatic pathophysiology. We describe regulation of the HIFs and review investigations that demonstrate a role for HIFs in the development of liver fibrosis, activation of innate immune pathways, hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as other liver diseases in both human disease as well as murine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Nath
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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He C, Sun XP, Qiao H, Jiang X, Wang D, Jin X, Dong X, Wang J, Jiang H, Sun X. Downregulating hypoxia-inducible factor-2α improves the efficacy of doxorubicin in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:528-34. [PMID: 22145922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypoxic microenvironment inside solid tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is a major cause of tumor resistance to chemotherapy. The recently identified hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2 executes the hypoxia response. Its expression feature and transcriptional targets indicate a possible dominance of HIF-2 in regulating genes in HCC. The aim of the present study was to determine whether transfection of siRNA targeting HIF-2α could enhance the efficacy of doxorubicin, the most commonly used drug in the treatment of HCC. Transfection of HIF-2 siRNA into human HCC cells downregulated the expression of HIF-2α, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)-α, and cyclin D1, but had little effect on the expression of HIF-1α, fms-related tyrosine kinase-1 (Flt-1), the glucose transporter (GLUT)-1, and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA). Doxorubicin itself only downregulated VEGF expression. Furthermore, HIF-2 siRNA inhibited proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest at the G(0)/G(1) phase, and acted synergistically with doxorubicin to inhibit the growth of human HCC cells in vitro. Transfection of HIF-2 siRNA also downregulated tumoral expression of HIF-2α, VEGF, TGF-α, and cyclin D1 in vivo, and acted synergistically with doxorubicin to suppress the growth of HepG2 tumors established in immunodeficient mice by inhibiting cell proliferation, tumor angiogenesis and microvessel perfusion. The results of the present study suggest that targeting HIF-2α with siRNA warrants investigation as a potential strategy to enhance the efficacy of doxorubicin in the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun He
- The Hepatosplenic Surgery Center, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Shen J, Qu GP, Xiu QY, Li B. [Effects of arsenic trioxide on apoptosis and proliferation of human lung cancer cells under hypoxia]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 6:274-7. [PMID: 18334148 DOI: 10.3736/jcim20080311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effects of different concentrations of arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) on apoptosis and proliferation of human lung cancer cell line A549 in vitro under hypoxia and normoxia. METHODS A549 cells were treated with 0, 1, 2, 4 micromol/L As2O3 for 12, 24 and 48 h under hypoxia (5% O(2)) and normoxia (21% O(2)). The proliferative inhibition rate of A549 cells was measured with methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay, and the apoptotic rate of A549 cells was detected by Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) double staining. RESULTS Under normoxia and hypoxia, 1, 2, 4 micromol/L As(2)O(3) could significantly inhibit the proliferation of A549 cells and induce the apoptosis of A549 cells. The results depended on the drug concentration and action time. And the hypoxia couldn't influence the effects of As(2)O(3). CONCLUSION As(2)O(3) can inhibit the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of A549 cells under hypoxia and normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.
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Jung HJ, Kim JH, Shim JS, Kwon HJ. A novel Ca2+/calmodulin antagonist HBC inhibits angiogenesis and down-regulates hypoxia-inducible factor. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:25867-74. [PMID: 20554536 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.135632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have shown that Ca(2+)/calmodulin (Ca(2+)/CaM) signaling plays a crucial role in angiogenesis. We previously developed a new Ca(2+)/CaM antagonist, HBC (4-{3,5-bis-[2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-4,5-dihydropyrazol-1-yl}benzoic acid), from a curcumin-based synthetic chemical library. Here, we investigated its anti-angiogenic activity and mode of action. HBC potently inhibited the proliferation of human umbilical vascular endothelial cells with no cytotoxicity. Furthermore, HBC blocked in vitro characteristics of angiogenesis such as tube formation and chemoinvasion, as well as neovascularization of the chorioallantoic membrane of growing chick embryos in vivo. Notably, HBC markedly inhibited expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) at the translational level during hypoxia, thereby reducing HIF-1 transcriptional activity and expression of its major target gene, vascular endothelial growth factor. In addition, combination treatment with HBC and various HIF-1 inhibitors, including suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, rapamycin, and terpestacin, had greater anti-angiogenic activity than treatment with each single agent. Collectively, our findings indicate that HBC is a new anti-angiogenic agent targeting HIF that can be used to explore the biological role of Ca(2+)/CaM in angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Jung
- Chemical Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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Charlesworth PJS, Harris AL. Hypoxic Regulation of Angiogenesis by HIF-1. Angiogenesis 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-71518-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hickey MM, Simon MC. Regulation of angiogenesis by hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factors. Curr Top Dev Biol 2007; 76:217-57. [PMID: 17118268 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(06)76007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of oxygen homeostasis is critical for the survival of multicellular organs. As a result, both invertebrates and vertebrates have developed highly specialized mechanisms to sense changes in oxygen levels and to mount adequate cellular and systemic responses to these changes. Hypoxia, or low oxygen tension, occurs in physiological situations such as during embryonic development, as well as in pathological conditions such as ischemia, wound healing, and cancer. A primary effector of the adaptive response to hypoxia in mammals is the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) family of transcription regulators. These proteins activate the expression of a broad range of genes that mediate many of the responses to decreased oxygen concentration, including enhanced glucose uptake, increased red blood cell production, and the formation of new blood vessels via angiogenesis. This latter process is dynamic and results in the establishment of a mature vascular system that is indispensable for proper delivery of oxygen and nutrients to all cells in both normal tissue and hypoxic regions. Angiogenesis is essential for normal development and neoplastic disease as tumors must develop mechanisms to stimulate vascularization to meet increasing metabolic demands. The link between hypoxia and the regulation of angiogenesis is an area of intense research and the molecular details of this connection are still being elaborated. This chapter will provide an overview of current knowledge and highlight new insights into the importance of HIF and hypoxia in angiogenesis in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Hickey
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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Brahimi-Horn MC, Pouysségur J. The hypoxia-inducible factor and tumor progression along the angiogenic pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 242:157-213. [PMID: 15598469 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(04)42004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a transcription factor that plays a key role in the response of cells to oxygen levels. HIF is a heterodimer of alpha- and beta-subunits where the alpha-subunit is translated constitutively but has a very short half-life under normal oxygen concentrations. Negative regulation of the half-life and activity of the alpha-subunit is dependent on its posttranslational hydroxylation by hydroxylases that are dependent on oxygen for activity. Thus under low oxygen (hypoxic) conditions the hydroxylases are inactive and the alpha-subunit is stable and able to interact with the beta-subunit to bind and induce transcription of target genes. Hypoxic conditions are encountered in development and in disease states such as cancer. Tumors that have outstripped their blood supply become hypoxic and express high levels of HIF. HIF in turn targets genes that induce survival, glycolysis, and angiogenesis, a form of neovascularization, which ensures the tumor with a continued supply of oxygen and nutrients for further growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Christiane Brahimi-Horn
- Institute of Signaling, Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, CNRS UMR 6543, Centre A. Lacassagne, 06189 Nice, France
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Peng ZH, Yang JM, Tang B, Si SH, Fang DC, Luo YH. Effects of metastasis-suppressor gene KAI1 on tumorigenicity and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma MHCC97-H cells with high metastatic potential in nude mice. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:778-781. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i4.778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the effects of metastasis-suppressor gene KAI1 on tumorigenicity and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells MHCC97-H with high metastatic potential in nude mice.
METHODS: The MHCC97-H hepatocellular carcinoma cells with high metastatic potential transfected with sense or antisense KAI1 expression plasmid in our previous experiments were inoculated subcutaneously into nude mice. The growth of subcutaneous tumor was observed, then the subcutaneous tumor tissues were harvested and implanted orthotopicly into nude mice liver. The tumor metastasis in lung was carefully examined under microscope. MHCC97-H and the cells transfected with vector pCI-neo, but without KAI1 gene were used as control.
RESULTS: The different cells inoculated subcutaneously all had tumorigenicity. There were no significant differences in the speed of tumor growth among different groups, but the antisense group showed stronger invasion ability than others. The spontaneous metastasis to lung occurred in latency period of six wk via orthotopic implantation of tumor tissue. Immunostaining showed strongly positive for AFP in lung metastatic lesions, which indicated those were lung metastatic lesions from hepatocellular carcinoma. The number of lung metastatic lesions increased dramaticly in antisense group (P = 0.00 158), decreased significantly in sense group (P = 0.00 465) and no significant difference in vector pCI-neo group (P = 0.15 166), as compared with their paternal MHCC97-H group.
CONCLUSION: The metastasis-suppressor gene KAI1 has no significant effects on tumorigenicity and growth of MHCC97-H hepatocellular carcinoma cells, but enhanced KAI1 expression can decrease the invasion ability and inhibit the metastasis, which offers an important clue to investigate the anti-metastasis treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma.
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