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He J, Li H, Jia J, Liu Y, Zhang N, Wang R, Qu W, Liu Y, Jia L. Mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiota affects gastrointestinal tumours and therapeutic effects. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:45. [PMID: 38032415 PMCID: PMC10689341 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00157-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is considered to be a forgotten organ in human health and disease. It maintains intestinal homeostasis through various complex mechanisms. A significant body of research has demonstrated notable differences in the gut microbiota of patients with gastrointestinal tumours compared to healthy individuals. Furthermore, the dysregulation of gut microbiota, metabolites produced by gut bacteria, and related signal pathways can partially explain the mechanisms underlying the occurrence and development of gastrointestinal tumours. Therefore, this article summarizes the latest research progress on the gut microbiota and gastrointestinal tumours. Firstly, we provide an overview of the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota and discuss the mechanisms by which the intestinal flora directly or indirectly affects the occurrence and development of gastrointestinal tumours by regulating the immune system, producing bacterial toxins, secreting metabolites. Secondly, we present a detailed analysis of the differences of intestinal microbiota and its pathogenic mechanisms in colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, etc. Lastly, in terms of treatment strategies, we discuss the effects of the intestinal microbiota on the efficacy and toxic side effects of chemotherapy and immunotherapy and address the role of probiotics, prebiotics, FMT and antibiotic in the treatment of gastrointestinal tumours. In summary, this article provides a comprehensive review of the pathogenic mechanisms of and treatment strategies pertaining to the intestinal microbiota in patients with gastrointestinal tumours. And provide a more comprehensive and precise scientific basis for the development of microbiota-based treatments for gastrointestinal tumours and the prevention of such tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikai He
- Central Laboratory, Bayannur Hospital, Bayannur, 015000, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Haijun Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, 010017, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jiaqi Jia
- Graduate School of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 98 Chengcheng Road, Youjiang District, Baise City, 533000, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Central Laboratory, Bayannur Hospital, Bayannur, 015000, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Bayannur Hospital, Bayannur, 015000, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Rumeng Wang
- Central Laboratory, Bayannur Hospital, Bayannur, 015000, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Wenhao Qu
- Graduate School of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 98 Chengcheng Road, Youjiang District, Baise City, 533000, China
| | - Yanqi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot City, 010050, Inner Mongolia, China.
| | - Lizhou Jia
- Central Laboratory, Bayannur Hospital, Bayannur, 015000, Inner Mongolia, China.
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Lin Y, Chen XJ, Li JJ, He L, Yang YR, Zhong F, He MH, Shen YT, Tu B, Zhang X, Zeng Z. A novel type lavandulyl flavonoid from Sophora flavescens as potential anti-hepatic injury agent that inhibit TLR2/NF-κB signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 307:116163. [PMID: 36738945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Sophora flavescens Aiton, was a crucial source of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) that has benefited human health for hundreds of years. Alkaloids and flavonoids were the major bioactive constituents from S. flavescens, which had been widely used for liver disease treatment in China. However, the liver-protective components of flavonoids from S. flavescens and their mechanism of action were not clear. AIM OF THE STUDY This work aimed to evaluate the in vitro hepatoprotective activities of 35 flavonoids from S. flavescens and screen active compounds. Furthermore, it was conducted to demonstrate the hepatoprotective effects of a new active compound (kurarinol A, 1) was isolated by authors and the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract form S. flavescens against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic injury in Kunming (KM) mice, meanwhile revealed the potential mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS The 35 flavonoids from S. flavescens were co-incubated with HepG2 cells and treated with 0.35% CCl4 for 6 h cell viability was measured by (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt) (MTS) assay. Then, in vivo animal experiments, the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the serum were analyzed, the degree of hepatic injury was examined using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, the mRNA expression of Superoxide Dismutase 2 (SOD2), Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and the protein levels of nuclear factor-kappa B p65/p-p65 (NF-κB p65/p-p65), toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), IL-1β and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) in hepatic tissues were detected. RESULTS The lavandulyl flavonoid (kurarinol A, 1) and the EtOAc extract from S. flavescens showed protective effects on CCl4-injured HepG2 cells, increasing cell viability from 24.5% to 61.3% and 91.8%, respectively. What's more, we found that treatment with kurarinol A (1) and the EtOAc extract lead to a significant reduction in hepatotoxicity in response to acute CCl4 exposure. Compared with the model group, experimental results exhibited kurarinol A (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and the EtOAc extract (300 mg/kg, i.p.) could decrease the levels of AST, ALT, ALP and tissue damage. Further mechanistic investigations revealed that up-regulated the mRNA expression of SOD2, Nrf2, OH-1 and down-regulated the IL-1β in liver tissues, respectively. Additionally, Western blot analyses elucidated that inhibition of IL-1β, TLR2, COX-2, NF-κB (p65/p-p65) via TLR2/NF-κB signaling pathway by kurarinol A and the EtOAc extract contribute to its hepatoprotective activity. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrated that the novel compound (kurarinol A, 1) possessed notable hepatoprotective activity against CCl4. It was confirmed that kurarinol A had a certain effect on mice with liver damage induced by CCl4, and its mechanism could be include inhibiting inflammation and reducing of oxidative stress reaction by regulating expression of related genes and proteins. Thus, kurarinol A could as a novel active agent that contributes to the hepatoprotective activity of S. flavescens for the treatment of live injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering of Guizhou Province, Engineering Research Center of Cellular Immunotherapy of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China; Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xing-Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering of Guizhou Province, Engineering Research Center of Cellular Immunotherapy of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China; Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering of Guizhou Province, Engineering Research Center of Cellular Immunotherapy of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China; Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lei He
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering of Guizhou Province, Engineering Research Center of Cellular Immunotherapy of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China; Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ya-Ru Yang
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering of Guizhou Province, Engineering Research Center of Cellular Immunotherapy of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China; Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Fei Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering of Guizhou Province, Engineering Research Center of Cellular Immunotherapy of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China; Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ming-Hui He
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering of Guizhou Province, Engineering Research Center of Cellular Immunotherapy of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China; Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yi-Tong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering of Guizhou Province, Engineering Research Center of Cellular Immunotherapy of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China; Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Bo Tu
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering of Guizhou Province, Engineering Research Center of Cellular Immunotherapy of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China; Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering of Guizhou Province, Engineering Research Center of Cellular Immunotherapy of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China; Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Zhu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering of Guizhou Province, Engineering Research Center of Cellular Immunotherapy of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China; Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
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Huang L, Yang Q, Chen H, Wang Z, Liu Q, Ai S. Tollip promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression via PI3K/AKT pathway. Open Med (Wars) 2022; 17:626-637. [PMID: 35434373 PMCID: PMC8976180 DOI: 10.1515/med-2022-0453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of signaling pathways induced by Toll-like receptor (TLR) has been demonstrated to play essential roles in multiple liver diseases. Toll-interacting protein (Tollip) acts as an endogenous negative modulator of TLR signaling and is implicated in various cardio-metabolic diseases. However, the effect of Tollip in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains elusive. In the current study, enhanced Tollip expression was observed in HCC cells and tissues examined by RT-PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry staining. Moreover, the co-immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that increased Tollip expression was primarily located in hepatocytes. Functionally, Tollip overexpression significantly increased proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of HCC cells, which ultimately accelerated tumorigenesis. Mechanistically, Tollip overexpression dramatically promoted the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in HCC cells which was attenuated by Tollip silencing. Importantly, the inhibition of PI3K/AKT axis can abolish the promoted effects of Tollip on proliferation and EMT of HCC cells. Our current study demonstrated that Tollip played an important role in the regulation of HCC development by engaging PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. These evidences suggested that the blockade of Tollip-PI3K/AKT axis was an ideal therapeutic treatment for management of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang City, 421001, Hunan province, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang City, 421001, Hunan province, China
| | - Huihong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang City, 421001, Hunan province, China
| | - Zhenggeng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang City, 421001, Hunan province, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang City, 421001, Hunan province, China
| | - Shuhua Ai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, No. 35 Jiefang Road, Hengyang City, 421001, Hunan province, China
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4
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Naghib M, Kariminik A, Kazemi Arababadi M. TLR2, as a Pathogen Recognition Receptor, Plays Critical Roles in Hepatitis B Outcome. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:15-23. [PMID: 35020525 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system of active and inactive chronic hepatitis B, as prolonged forms of hepatitis B, is unable to eradicate hepatitis B virus (HBV) from the infected hepatocytes completely. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play key roles in the viral recognition and promotion of appropriate immune responses. The molecules also participate in the alteration of the target cell functions and transformation. TLR2 is the unique molecule that makes either homodimer or heterodimer with TLR1 and 6 and shows variable roles against viral infections. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that TLR2 may participate in both immune response against HBV and induction of the virus-related hepatic complications. The studies confirm the hypothesis and revealed that TLR2 is not only one of the main molecules altering the course of HBV infection, but also plays key roles in induction of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver cirrhosis. However, recent studies demonstrated that the molecule can fight against HCC and liver cirrhosis. Collectively, it appears that nutrition habits, TLR2 gene polymorphisms, gut microbiome, HBV antigens, and activation of other receptors may play key roles in the determination of TLR2 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Naghib
- Department of Microbiology, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ashraf Kariminik
- Department of Microbiology, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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5
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Arabinogalactan derived from Lycium barbarum fruit inhibits cancer cell growth via cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 149:639-650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Chen Y, Huang Z, Chen X, Ye H. Activation of the Toll‑like receptor 2 signaling pathway inhibits the proliferation of HCC cells in vitro. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:2267-2278. [PMID: 31578587 PMCID: PMC6826303 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll‑like receptor 2 (TLR2), is an important pattern recognition receptor which serves a role in chronic inflammation of the liver. However, the role of TLR2 in the progression of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of the activation of the TLR2 signaling pathway on biological functions, such as proliferation and apoptosis. TLR2 expression in HCC tissues was assayed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry and western blotting. B76/Huh7 cells were transfected with overexpression plasmids, and cell proliferation was detected using a Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay and the secreted cytokines in the supernatant of transfected cells were measured by ELISA. The findings revealed that TLR2 expression was increased in the peritumoral groups compared with inner‑tumoral groups. Activation of the TLR2 signaling pathway through overexpression of pathway molecules inhibited the growth of B76/Huh7 cells and the secretion of interleukin‑6 and tumor necrosis factor‑α were reduced. Inhibition of the TLR2 signaling pathway resulted in a significant increase in the downstream signaling cascade, thus potentially increasing hepatocarcinogenesis and tumor progression. Activation of the TLR2 signaling pathway may be a potential target for therapeutic intervention in patients with HCC and downstream secreted cytokines are required for the functional biological effect. Therefore, modulation of the TLR2 signaling pathway may provide important insight into designing effective therapeutic regimens for treating patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Zuxiong Huang
- The Liver Center of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Xuzheng Chen
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Hanhui Ye
- The Liver Center of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey K. Maiyoh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
- Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Vivian C. Tuei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Science, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya
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8
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Soliman B, Salem A, Ghazy M, Abu-Shahba N, El Hefnawi M. Bioinformatics functional analysis of let-7a, miR-34a, and miR-199a/b reveals novel insights into immune system pathways and cancer hallmarks for hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2018; 40:1010428318773675. [PMID: 29775159 DOI: 10.1177/1010428318773675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Let-7a, miR-34a, and miR-199 a/b have gained a great attention as master regulators for cellular processes. In particular, these three micro-RNAs act as potential onco-suppressors for hepatocellular carcinoma. Bioinformatics can reveal the functionality of these micro-RNAs through target prediction and functional annotation analysis. In the current study, in silico analysis using innovative servers (miRror Suite, DAVID, miRGator V3.0, GeneTrail) has demonstrated the combinatorial and the individual target genes of these micro-RNAs and further explored their roles in hepatocellular carcinoma progression. There were 87 common target messenger RNAs (p ≤ 0.05) that were predicted to be regulated by the three micro-RNAs using miRror 2.0 target prediction tool. In addition, the functional enrichment analysis of these targets that was performed by DAVID functional annotation and REACTOME tools revealed two major immune-related pathways, eight hepatocellular carcinoma hallmarks-linked pathways, and two pathways that mediate interconnected processes between immune system and hepatocellular carcinoma hallmarks. Moreover, protein-protein interaction network for the predicted common targets was obtained by using STRING database. The individual analysis of target genes and pathways for the three micro-RNAs of interest using miRGator V3.0 and GeneTrail servers revealed some novel predicted target oncogenes such as SOX4, which we validated experimentally, in addition to some regulated pathways of immune system and hepatocarcinogenesis such as insulin signaling pathway and adipocytokine signaling pathway. In general, our results demonstrate that let-7a, miR-34a, and miR-199 a/b have novel interactions in different immune system pathways and major hepatocellular carcinoma hallmarks. Thus, our findings shed more light on the roles of these miRNAs as cancer silencers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangly Soliman
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,2 Informatics and Systems Department, Biomedical Informatics and Chemo-Informatics Group, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences (CEAS), Division of Engineering Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Salem
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ghazy
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nourhan Abu-Shahba
- 3 Stem Cells Research Group, Medical Centre of Excellence, Medical Molecular Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud El Hefnawi
- 2 Informatics and Systems Department, Biomedical Informatics and Chemo-Informatics Group, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences (CEAS), Division of Engineering Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.,4 Centre for Informatics, Nile University, Sheikh Zayed City, Egypt
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9
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Li J, Wang Z, Qiu W, Yang JJ, Wang Q, Chen S, Pan H. The effect of interaction between EtOH dosage and exposure time on gene expression in DPSC. Genomics 2018; 111:500-507. [PMID: 29596963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol (EtOH) dosage and exposure time can affect gene expression. However, whether there exists synergistic effect is unknown. Here, we analyzed the hDPSC gene microarray dataset GSE57255 downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus and found that the interaction between EtOH dosage and exposure time on gene expression are statistically significant for two probes: 201917_s_at near gene SLC25A36 and 217649_at near gene ZFAND5. GeneMania showed that SLC25A36 and ZFAND5 were related to 20 genes, three of which had alcohol-related functions. WebGestalt revealed that the 22 genes were enriched in 10 KEGG pathways, four of which are related to alcoholic diseases. We explored the possible nonlinear interaction effect and got 172 gene probes with significant p-values. However, no significantly enriched pathways based on the 172 probes were detected. Our analyses indicated a possible molecular mechanism that could help explain why alcohol consumption has both deleterious and beneficial effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Li
- School of Software Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhirui Wang
- School of Software Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Weiliang Qiu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Ji-Jiang Yang
- Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Qing Wang
- Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
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10
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Zhang R, Real CI, Liu C, Baba HA, Gerken G, Lu M, Broering R. Hepatic expression of oncogenes Bmi1 and Dkk1 is up-regulated in hepatitis B virus surface antigen-transgenic mice and can be induced by treatment with HBV particles or lipopolysaccharides in vitro. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:354-363. [PMID: 28419472 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops more frequently in hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg)-transgenic mice (Alb/HBs) than in wild-type (WT) mice. However, the mechanism of this HCC model has not been well documented. Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4) signaling probably links innate immunity and HCC progression. This study was designed to investigate the role of innate immunity in hepatocarcinogenesis in Alb/HBs mice. Immunohistochemical analysis of liver specimens from Alb/HBs mice (16 per group) showed that the oncogenes Bmi1 (16/16, 100%) and Dkk1 (13/16, 81.25%) were highly expressed in Alb/HBs mice, whereas the other oncogenes evaluated were expressed in smaller percentages of mice (Afp, 9/16, 56.2%; Ctnnb1, 5/16, 31.3%; Epcam, 0/16; 0%). Comparable results were obtained by quantitative PCR analysis. Hepatic gene expression of Tlr2, Tlr4, Il6 and Tnf was additionally elevated in Alb/HBs mice. Stimulation of primary murine hepatocytes with cell culture-derived HBV particles or LPS increased the expression of oncogenes (Bmi1, Dkk1) and inflammatory factors (Tnf, Il6, Tlr4). Proliferation and colony formation of hepatoma cells were enhanced by treatment with HBV and LPS and were impaired by the suppression of Bmi1 and Dkk1 by small interfering RNAs. Substantial induction of BMI1 and DKK1 was found in liver biopsy samples from patients with HBV-related HCC but not in HCC samples without HBV infection background. These findings suggest that innate immunity may link inflammation and tumor progression during chronic HBV infection, involving the oncogenes BMI1 and DKK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany.,Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Catherine I Real
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hideo A Baba
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Guido Gerken
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Ruth Broering
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
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Sepehri Z, Kiani Z, Kohan F, Alavian SM, Ghavami S. Toll like receptor 4 and hepatocellular carcinoma; A systematic review. Life Sci 2017; 179:80-87. [PMID: 28472619 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an extracellular pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) which recognizes a wide range of pathogens and damage associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs). It can activate intracellular signaling and consequently transcription factors which participate in transcription from either immune related or malignancy genes. Thus, it has been hypothesized that TLR4 may be a cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This article has reviewed the roles of TLR4 in the pathogenesis of HCC. METHOD "TLR4", "hepatocellular carcinoma", "liver tumor" and "liver cancer" were used as key words for searching in Scopus, Google Scholar and MEDLINE scientific databases. RESULTS Most of the investigations documented the roles of TLR4 in induction of HCC via several mechanisms including increased number of T regulatory lymphocytes and liver resident follicular helper like cells, increased production of pro-inflammatory and malignancy related molecules including cytokines, NANOG, Caspase-1, Ephrin-A1, NO and BCL6. TLR4 participates in the proliferation of the cells and also production of the molecules in both chronic infectious and non-infectious inflammatory diseases. DISCUSSION TLR4 is an innate immunity receptor which plays a pathogenic role during chronic inflammation and can induce HCC in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sepehri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Zohre Kiani
- Zabol Medicinal Plant Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran; Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Farhad Kohan
- Student Research Committee, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Seyed Moayed Alavian
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
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Chen D, Zhang F, Ren H, Luo J, Wang S. Role of cytokines and chemokines in alcohol-induced tumor promotion. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:1665-1671. [PMID: 28360527 PMCID: PMC5364014 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s129781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive chronic alcohol consumption has become a worldwide health problem. The oncogenic effect of chronic alcohol consumption is one of the leading concerns. The mechanisms of alcohol-induced tumorigenesis and tumor progression are largely unknown, although many factors have been implicated in the process. This review discusses the recent progress in this research area with concentration on alcohol-induced dysregulation of cytokines and chemokines. Based on the available evidence, we propose that alcohol promotes tumor progression by the dysregulation of the cytokine/chemokine system. In addition, we discuss specific transcription factors and signaling pathways that are involved in the action of these cytokines/chemokines and the oncogenic effect of alcohol. This review provides novel insight into the mechanisms of alcohol-induced tumor promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlei Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengyun Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Ren
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Siying Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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Cheng S, Zhang B, Du JY, Jin YH, Lang HY, Zeng LH. Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Promotes the Invasion of Hepatitis B Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Upregulation of Toll-Like Receptor 2. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:232-239. [PMID: 28061318 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the major risk factors leading to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) plays a pivotal role in HBV-related HCC pathogenesis, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 is also considered to mediate tumor progression. However, the interaction between HBsAg and TLR2 in HCC progression remains unclear. Thus, the aim of the study was to explore the effect of HBsAg-TLR2 pathway on growth and invasion of HBV-related HCC cells and examine the potential mechanisms been involved. The expression of TLR2 was measured in two different HCC cell lines (HepG2 and HepG2.2.15) with or without recombinant HBsAg by real-time reverse polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Cellular proliferation, invasion, cytokine productions, and downstream signaling pathways were also measured in TLR2-silencing HepG2.2.15 cells in response to HBsAg stimulation. The mRNA and protein levels of TLR2 were significantly elevated in HepG2.2.15 cells than those in HepG2 cells. HBsAg simulation increased proinflammatory cytokine production and invasion of HepG2.2.15 cells, while this process was inhibited by TLR2 silence. However, TLR2 siRNA transfection alone did not affect the bioactivities of tumor cells. Moreover, HBsAg increased expression of MyD88 and phosphorylation of NF-κB p50 and p38MAPK. Downregulation of TLR2 inhibited HBsAg-induced MyD88 and p-NF-κB, but not p-p38MAPK in HepG2.2.15 cells. In conclusion, HBsAg stimulation promotes the invasion of HBV-related HCC cells. TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway may be involved in this procession by upregulation of cytokine production. The interaction between TLR2 and HBsAg may contribute to the poor prognosis of HBV-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Cheng
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Xinxiang Medical University , Xinxiang, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- 2 The Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University , Weihui, China
| | - Ji-Ying Du
- 3 Sanquan Medical College, Xinxiang Medical University , Xinxiang, China
| | - Yu-Hong Jin
- 4 Endoscope Room, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University , Weihui, China
| | - Hai-Yang Lang
- 5 Department of Radiation Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
| | - Li-Hua Zeng
- 5 Department of Radiation Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
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The ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 in cancer development. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 79:451-461. [PMID: 27393295 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the last years it has emerged that the ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 is directly involved in cancer development. FAT10 expression is highly up-regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α in all cell types and tissues and it was also found to be up-regulated in many cancer types such as glioma, colorectal, liver or gastric cancer. While pro-inflammatory cytokines within the tumor microenvironment probably contribute to FAT10 overexpression, an increasing body of evidence argues that pro-malignant capacities of FAT10 itself largely underlie its broad and intense overexpression in tumor tissues. FAT10 thereby regulates pathways involved in cancer development such as the NF-κB- or Wnt-signaling. Moreover, FAT10 directly interacts with and influences downstream targets such as MAD2, p53 or β-catenin, leading to enhanced survival, proliferation, invasion and metastasis formation of cancer cells but also of non-malignant cells. In this review we will provide an overview of the regulation of FAT10 expression as well as its function in carcinogenesis.
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Melatonin attenuates the TLR4-mediated inflammatory response through MyD88- and TRIF-dependent signaling pathways in an in vivo model of ovarian cancer. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:34. [PMID: 25655081 PMCID: PMC4322437 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are effector molecules expressed on the surface of ovarian cancer (OC) cells, but the functions of the TLR2/TLR4 signaling pathways in these cells remain unclear. Melatonin (mel) acts as an anti-inflammatory factor and has been reported to modulate TLRs in some aggressive tumor cell types. Therefore, we investigated OC and the effect of long-term mel therapy on the signaling pathways mediated by TLR2 and TLR4 via myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and toll-like receptor-associated activator of interferon (TRIF) in an ethanol-preferring rat model. Methods To induce OC, the left ovary of animals either consuming 10% (v/v) ethanol or not was injected directly under the bursa with a single dose of 100 μg of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) dissolved in 10 μL of sesame oil. The right ovaries were used as sham-surgery controls. After developing OC, half of the animals received i.p. injections of mel (200 μg/100 g b.w./day) for 60 days. Results Although mel therapy was unable to reduce TLR2 levels, it was able to suppress the OC-associated increase in the levels of the following proteins: TLR4, MyD88, nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB p65), inhibitor of NFkB alpha (IkBα), IkB kinase alpha (IKK-α), TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), TRIF, interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), interferon β (IFN-β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-6. In addition, mel significantly attenuated the expression of IkBα, NFkB p65, TRIF and IRF-3, which are involved in TLR4-mediated signaling in OC during ethanol intake. Conclusion Collectively, our results suggest that mel attenuates the TLR4-induced MyD88- and TRIF-dependent signaling pathways in ethanol-preferring rats with OC.
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Testino G, Burra P, Bonino F, Piani F, Sumberaz A, Peressutti R, Castiglione AG, Patussi V, Fanucchi T, Ancarani O, Cerce GD, Iannini AT, Greco G, Mosti A, Durante M, Babocci P, Quartini M, Mioni D, Aricò S, Baselice A, Leone S, Lozer F, Scafato E, Borro P. Acute alcoholic hepatitis, end stage alcoholic liver disease and liver transplantation: An Italian position statement. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:14642-14651. [PMID: 25356027 PMCID: PMC4209530 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i40.14642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease encompasses a broad spectrum of diseases ranging from steatosis steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma. Forty-four per cent of all deaths from cirrhosis are attributed to alcohol. Alcoholic liver disease is the second most common diagnosis among patients undergoing liver transplantation (LT). The vast majority of transplant programmes (85%) require 6 mo of abstinence prior to transplantation; commonly referred to as the “6-mo rule”. Both in the case of progressive end-stage liver disease (ESLD) and in the case of severe acute alcoholic hepatitis (AAH), not responding to medical therapy, there is a lack of evidence to support a 6-mo sobriety period. It is necessary to identify other risk factors that could be associated with the resumption of alcohol drinking. The “Group of Italian Regions” suggests that: in a case of ESLD with model for end-stage liver disease < 19 a 6-mo abstinence period is required; in a case of ESLD, a 3-mo sober period before LT may be more ideal than a 6-mo period, in selected patients; and in a case of severe AAH, not responding to medical therapies (up to 70% of patients die within 6 mo), LT is mandatory, even without achieving abstinence. The multidisciplinary transplant team must include an addiction specialist/hepato-alcohologist. Patients have to participate in self-help groups.
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Neuman MG, French SW, Casey CA, Kharbanda KK, Nanau RM, Rasineni K, McVicker BL, Kong V, Donohue TM. Changes in the pathogenesis of alcohol-induced liver disease — Preclinical studies. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 95:376-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Fan YF, Wu YM, Liu H, Yu Y, Jiang YY, Xue YZ, Liu ZL, Wei MX. TLR4 polymorphisms associated with developing gastric pre-cancer lesions in a Chinese Han population. Hum Immunol 2013; 75:176-81. [PMID: 24269697 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is a risk factor for gastric cancer. In addition, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. This study investigated the association of TLR4 polymorphisms with a risk of intestinal metaplasia (IM) and intraepithelial neoplasia (IN) in a Chinese Han population. This study analyzed TLR4 gene polymorphisms in 333 patients (IM, 193 cases; IN, 140 cases) and 312 atypia-free controls in a Chinese Han population using a Taqman allelic discrimination assay. The TLR4 single nucleotide polymorphisms +896A/G and +1196C/T were not associated with the risk of IM or IN. However, the single-locus analysis showed that the C allele of TLR4+2856T/C had significantly reduced risk of IM and IN [adjusted odds ratio (OR)=0.42; 95%CI=0.29-0.62 and OR=0.62; 95%CI=0.41-0.93, respectively] compared with the wild-type homozygote (TT). The frequencies of TLR4+2856T/C TC and T carrier were significantly lower in patients with Sydney's slight IM and low grade IN (P<0.01 and P=0.01, respectively), while the TC genotype showed a lower risk of moderate IM compared to healthy controls (P=0.045). In addition, the data revealed that H. pylori infection, heavy alcohol consumption and high salt uptake were associated with a higher susceptibility for developing this neoplasm. TLR4 rs10759932 TC and C carriers were associated with a lower risk in developing precancerous lesions in the stomach in a Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-fu Fan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yan-min Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Gastroenterology, The Third People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi 214041, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Public Health Clinical Center Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Yang-yang Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Wuxi Higher Health Vocational Technology School, Wuxi 214028, China
| | - Yu-zheng Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi 214041, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zong-liang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi 214041, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mu-Xin Wei
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Mai CW, Kang YB, Pichika MR. Should a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) agonist or antagonist be designed to treat cancer? TLR-4: its expression and effects in the ten most common cancers. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6:1573-87. [PMID: 24235843 PMCID: PMC3821792 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s50838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) is well known for its host innate immunity. Despite the fact that TLR-4 activation confers antitumor responses; emerging evidence suggests that TLR-4 is associated with tumor development and progression. It is now clear that overactivation of TLR-4, through various immune mediators, may cause immune response dysfunction, resulting in tumorigenesis. Different cancers could have different extents of TLR-4 involvement during tumorigenesis or tumor progression. In this review, we focus on infection- and inflammation-related TLR-4 activation in noncancer and cancer cells, as well as on the current evidence about the role of TLR-4 in ten of the most common cancers, viz, head and neck cancer, lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Wai Mai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yew Beng Kang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mallikarjuna Rao Pichika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Correspondence: Mallikarjuna Rao Pichika, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Tel +60 32 731 7208, Fax +60 38 656 7229, Email
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Tsuchishima M, George J, Shiroeda H, Arisawa T, Takegami T, Tsutsumi M. Chronic ingestion of ethanol induces hepatocellular carcinoma in mice without additional hepatic insult. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:1923-33. [PMID: 23371017 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic intake of alcohol increases the risk of gastrointestinal and hepatic carcinogenesis. The present study was focused to investigate the incidence and mechanism of pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) during chronic ingestion of alcohol without any additional hepatic injury. METHODS Ethanol was administered to Institute for Cancer Research male mice through drinking water for 70 weeks at concentrations of 5 % (first week), 10 % (next 8 weeks), and 15 % thereafter. The animals were killed at 60 and 70 weeks, the livers were examined for hepatic tumors, and evaluated for foci of cellular alteration (FCA). Immunohistochemical staining was performed in the liver sections for cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1), 4-hydroxy-nonenal (4-HNE), and proto-oncogene, c-Myc. RESULTS At the 60th week, 40 % of the mice in the ethanol group had visible white nodules (5-10 mm) in the liver, but not in the control mice. At the 70th week, several larger nodules (5-22 mm) were present in the livers of 50 % mice in the ethanol group. In the control group, one mouse developed a single nodule. All nodules were histologically trabecular HCC composed of eosinophilic and vacuolated cells. In the livers of both control and ethanol group, several foci with cellular alteration were present, which were significantly higher in ethanol group. Staining for CYP2E1, 4-HNE and c-Myc depicted marked upregulation of all these molecules in the FCA. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated that upregulation of CYP2E1 and subsequent production of reactive oxygen species along with the persistent expression of c-Myc play a significant role in the pathogenesis of HCC during chronic ingestion of ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Tsuchishima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
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Alcoholic hepatitis. J Med Life 2013; 6:161-7. [PMID: 23904876 PMCID: PMC3725441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is a clinical syndrome characterized by jaundice and liver failure that generally occurs after decades of harmful alcohol consumption. Less severe forms of acute AH (AAH) frequently respond to alcoholic abstinence; whereas severe AAHs are characterized by a poor prognosis: up to 40-60% of these patients die within six months. Glucocorticoids currently remain the mainstay for treating severe AAH in patients with Maddrey's Discriminant Function score > 32. Standard contraindications include recent upper gastrointestinal bleeding, renal insufficiency and uncontrolled infections. The evaluation of concomitant viral infections (hepatitis C and B viruses) is mandatory. Liver transplantation (LT), in non-responders patients, is a possible therapeutic option for severe AAH, but it is rarely used because a 6-month abstinence period is required before listing for LT. Unfortunately, most of these patients die before the end of this sober period. In our opinion, in case of severe AAH and in case of patients with a good social support and without severe psychotic or personality disorders, the lack of pre-LT abstinence period alone should not be considered a hindrance to LT.
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French SW, Vitocruz E, French BA. Balloon liver cells forming Mallory-Denk-bodies are progenitor cells. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 95:117-20. [PMID: 23773849 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies on both human and mice livers showed MDB formation in both drug hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Using the drug hepatitis mouse model of MDB formation, numerous markers for progenitor cells were found in the cells forming MDBs. In current study, using the drug hepatitis mouse model, we found that the MDB forming cells expressed two additional progenitor cell markers. These markers were CD49f and TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W French
- Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, USA.
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Abstract
Activation of inflammatory signaling pathways is of central importance in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Recent studies demonstrated that Toll-like receptors, the sensors of microbial and endogenous danger signals, are expressed and activated in innate immune cells as well as in parenchymal cells in the liver and thereby contribute to ALD and NASH. In this review, we emphasize the importance of gut-derived endotoxin and its recognition by TLR4 in the liver. The significance of TLR-induced intracellular signaling pathways and cytokine production as well as the contribution of individual cell types to the inflammation is evaluated. The contribution of TLR signaling to the induction of liver fibrosis and to the progression of liver pathology mediated by viral pathogens is reviewed in the context of ALD and NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Petrasek
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Liu C. Guardian and selective killer: the versatile functions of TLR3 in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012. [PMID: 23197496 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djs475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Urbanik T, Boger RJ, Longerich T, Becker K, Ehrenberg KR, Hövelmeyer N, Hahn M, Schuchmann M, Jäger D, Waisman A, Wörns MA, Schulze-Bergkamen H. Liver specific deletion of CYLDexon7/8 induces severe biliary damage, fibrosis and increases hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. J Hepatol 2012; 57:995-1003. [PMID: 22728872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS CYLD is a tumor suppressor gene that is mutated in familial cylindromatosis, an autosomal dominant predisposition to tumors of skin appendages. Reduced CYLD expression has been observed in other tumor entities, including hepatocellular carcinoma. In the present study, we analyzed the role of CYLD in liver homeostasis and hepatocarcinogenesis in vivo. METHODS Mice with liver-specific deletion of CYLDexon7/8 (CYLD(FF)xAlbCre) were generated. Liver tissues were histologically analyzed and oval cell activation was investigated. Hepatocarcinogenesis was induced by diethylnitrosamine/phenobarbital (DEN/PB). Microarray expression profiling of livers was performed in untreated as well as DEN/PB-treated mice. NF-κB signaling was assessed by ELISA, quantitative real-time PCR, and Western blotting. RESULTS CYLD(FF)xAlbCre hepatocytes and cholangiocytes did not express full-length CYLD (FL-CYLD) protein but showed increased expression of the naturally occurring short-CYLD splice variant (s-CYLD). CYLD(FF)xAlbCre mice exhibited a prominent biliary phenotype with ductular reaction and biliary-type fibrosis. In addition, CYLD(FF)xAlbCre mice showed a significantly increased sensitivity towards DEN/PB-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Moreover, we could observe the development of cholangiocellular carcinoma, in line with enhanced oval cell activity. NF-κB-signaling was increased in livers of CYLD(FF)xAlbCre mice and likely contributed to the inflammatory and fibrotic response. CONCLUSIONS The deletion of exon7/8 of the CYLD gene activates oval cells, leads to a biliary phenotype, and increases the susceptibility towards carcinogenesis in the liver. Thus, our study presents a novel model of biliary damage and liver fibrosis, followed by cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Urbanik
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology, University Clinic of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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French SW, Lee J, Zhong J, Morgan TR, Buslon V, Lungo W, French BA. Alcoholic liver disease - Hepatocellular carcinoma transformation. J Gastrointest Oncol 2012; 3:174-81. [PMID: 22943009 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2012.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Junjie X, Songyao J, Minmin S, Yanyan S, Baiyong S, Xiaxing D, Jiabin J, Xi Z, Hao C. The association between Toll-like receptor 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and hepatocellular carcinoma susceptibility. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:57. [PMID: 22309608 PMCID: PMC3311588 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptors (TLR) are key innate immunity receptors participating in an immune response. Growing evidence suggests that mutations of TLR2/TLR9 gene are associated with the progress of cancers. The present study aimed to investigate the temporal relationship of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of TLR2/TLR9 and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods In this single center-based case-control study, SNaPshot method was used to genotype sequence variants of TLR2 and TLR9 in 211 patients with HCC and 232 subjects as controls. Results Two synonymous SNPs in the exon of TLR2 were closely associated with risk of HCC. Compared with those carrying wild-type homozygous genotypes (T/T), risk of HCC decreased significantly in individuals carrying the heterozygous genotypes (C/T) of the rs3804099 (adjusted odds ratio (OR), 0.493, 95% CI 0.331 - 0.736, P < 0.01) and rs3804100 (adjusted OR, 0.509, 95% CI 0.342 - 0.759, P < 0.01). There was no significant association found in two TLR9 SNPs concerning the risk of HCC. The haplotype TT for TLR2 was associated significantly with the decreased risk of HCC (OR 0.524, 95% CI 0.394 - 0.697, P = 0.000). Inversely, the risk of HCC increased significantly in patients with the haplotype CC (OR 2.743, 95% CI 1.915 - 3.930, P = 0.000). Conclusions These results suggested that TLR2 rs3804099 C/T and rs3804100 C/T polymorphisms were closely associated with HCC. In addition, the haplotypes composed of these two TLR2 synonymous SNPs have stronger effects on the susceptibility of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Junjie
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, PR China
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Kim SJ, Lee SM. Effect of baicalin on toll-like receptor 4-mediated ischemia/reperfusion inflammatory responses in alcoholic fatty liver condition. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 258:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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The role of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of preneoplasia in drug-induced chronic hepatitis based on a mouse model. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 91:653-9. [PMID: 21820428 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity factors such as conversion of the 26S proteasome to form the immunoproteasome and the Toll-like receptor signaling pathways are activated in chronic hepatitis induced by the carcinogenic drug DDC. Over time, preneoplastic hepatocyte phenotypes appear in the liver parenchyma. These changed hepatocytes expand in number because they have a growth advantage over normal hepatocytes when responding to chronic liver injury. The changed hepatocytes can be identified using immunofluorescent antibodies to preneoplastic cells e.g. FAT10/UbD, A2 macroglobulin, glutathione transpeptidase, alpha fetoprotein, glycipan 3, FAS, and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase. The formation of the preneoplastic cells occurs concomitant with activation of the Toll-like receptor signaling pathways and the transformation of the 26S proteasome to form the immunoproteasome. This transformation is in response to interferon stimulating response element on the promoter of the FAT10/UbD gene. NFκB, Erk, p38 and Jnk are also up regulated. Specific inhibitors block these responses in vitro in a mouse tumor cell line exposed to interferon gamma. Mallory-Denk bodies form in these preneoplastic cells, because of the depletion of the 26S proteasome due to formation of the immunoproteasome. Thus, MDB forming cells are also markers of the preneoplastic hepatocytes. The UbD positive preneoplastic cells regress when the liver injury induced chronic hepatitis subsides. When the drug DDC is refed to mice and chronic hepatitis is activated, the preneoplastic cell population expands and Mallory-Denk bodies rapidly reform. This response is remembered by the preneoplastic cells for at least four months indicating that an epigenetic cellular memory has formed in the preneoplastic cells. This proliferative response is prevented by feeding methyl donors such as S-adenosylmethionine or betaine. Drug feeding reduces the methylation of H(3) K4, 9, and 27 and this response is prevented by feeding the methyl donors. After 8 to 15months of drug withdrawal in mice the preneoplastic liver cells persist as single or small clusters of cells in the liver lobules. Multiple liver tumors form, some of which are hepatocellular carcinomas. The tumors immunostain positively for the same preneoplastic markers as the preneoplastic cells. Similar cells are identified in human cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma indicating the relevance of the drug model described here to the preneoplastic changes associated with human chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Vincent FC, Los MJ. New potential instrument to fight hepatocellular cancer by restoring p53. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2011; 11:331-2. [PMID: 22087156 PMCID: PMC3212775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franklin C. Vincent
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry (IFIB), Tubingen University, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Marek J. Los
- BioApplications Enterprises, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden,Corresponding author at: Marek J. Los, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Linkoping University, Cell Biology Building, Level 10, 581 85, Linkoping, Sweden. Tel.: +46-101032787, Fax: +46-101034273, E-mail:
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Flecken T, Spangenberg HC, Thimme R. Immunobiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2011; 397:673-80. [PMID: 21479622 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-011-0783-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a tumor of increasing incidence and high mortality worldwide. Diagnosis of HCC is often difficult, especially at early stages of disease. Additionally, current treatment options are limited. HCC usually develops in an environment of chronic liver disease. The immune system has an important role in shaping this environment, especially in chronic viral hepatitis, the leading cause of HCC. However, the immune system also plays a role in natural immunity against HCC although this is apparently not sufficient to control the majority of tumors. This failure in tumor control is due to multiple immunomodulatory mechanisms employed by HCC to subvert the immune system. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge about the role of the immune system in hepatocarcinogenesis. Additionally, we will describe the mechanisms used by the immune system to control established lesions and the reasons why these immune responses apparently fail so often. Finally, possible implications for the design of novel immunotherapeutic strategies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Flecken
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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Pimentel-Nunes P, Afonso L, Lopes P, Roncon-Albuquerque R, Gonçalves N, Henrique R, Moreira-Dias L, Leite-Moreira AF, Dinis-Ribeiro M. Increased expression of toll-like receptors (TLR) 2, 4 and 5 in gastric dysplasia. Pathol Oncol Res 2011; 17:677-83. [PMID: 21455638 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-011-9368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
TLRs are important innate immunity receptors. Even though TLR2, 4 and 5 appear to be important for Helicobacter pylori (HP) recognition, their role in the evolution of gastritis to more advanced lesions is still unknown. To compare the expression of TLR2, 4 and 5 in normal gastric mucosa, HP+ gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemistry for TLR2, 4 and 5 was performed with anti-TLR2-TLR4-TLR5 antibodies in 117 histological samples of normal gastric mucosa (n = 22), HP+ gastritis (n = 20), intestinal metaplasia (n = 33), dysplasia (mucosectomy specimens, n = 20) and intestinal type adenocarcinoma (surgery specimens,n = 22); quantification of expression was performed independently by two pathologists taking into account the percentage of positive epithelial cells and the degree of expression (zero to three score). A statistically significant trend for progressive increase of TLRs expression from normal mucosa to gastric dysplasia was found (mean expression: normal mucosa 0.1; gastritis 1.0; metaplasia 2.2; dysplasia 2.8, p < 0.01). All dysplasia samples presented more than 90% positive epithelial cells with strong expression (2.8;95%CI2.7-3). There was less TLRs expression in carcinomas (TLR2:1.0; TLR4:2.0 and TLR5:1.2, p < 0.05) when compared with dysplasia, with TLR4 being more expressed than TLR2 and 5 in these lesions (p = 0.03). A score of all markers' expression of eight leads to a low (4%) false positive rate in patients with precancerous conditions. Progression of gastric lesions associated with gastric carcinogenesis is associated with increased TLRs expression. Gastric dysplasia presents a high level of TLRs expression, suggesting that these receptors may play a role in adenocarcinoma development.
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The immunoproteasome in steatohepatitis: its role in Mallory-Denk body formation. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 90:252-6. [PMID: 21256843 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently it has been shown that the expression of the immunoproteasome increased in proportion to the degree of chronic inflammation in both the liver cell cytoplasm and nuclei in liver biopsies from patients who had chronic active hepatitis or cirrhosis. In the present study, biopsies from patients with steatohepatitis, with or without Mallory-Denk body (MDB) formation, were studied by immunofluorescent staining. Normal liver showed colocalization of FAT10, LMP2, LMP7, and MECL-1 at the mitochondria. Only LMP2 and LMP7 were found in the cell nuclei. Liver biopsies from patients with steatohepatitis and MDB formation, and a case of hepatocellular carcinoma forming MDBs in the tumor cells, showed colocalization of FAT10 and ubiquitin with LMP2, LMP7 and MECL-1 within the MDB. This indicates involvement of the immunoproteasome in MDB formation in steatohepatitis cases and in a case of HCC forming MDBs. Prior studies have shown that the immunoproteasome was involved in drug-induced MDB formation using the same immunofluorescent colocalization approach as was used on these human liver biopsies. The increase in the immunoproteasome subunit proteins was made at the expense of the 26S proteasome. This indicates that the shift from the 26S to the immunoproteasome had occurred in the MDB positive hepatocytes.
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Increased expression of FAT10 in colon benign, premalignant and malignant epithelial neoplasms. Exp Mol Pathol 2010; 90:51-4. [PMID: 20888811 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The overexpression of FAT10 is characteristic of numerous types of carcinoma including liver, gastric and colon carcinomas. In the case of colon carcinoma it is possible to determine the point in the progression from the benign to the malignant process of colon cancer development by determining which stage in the neoplastic process FAT10 overexpression occurs. This stage was determined by measuring the intensity of fluorescence of immunohistochemically stained normal mucosa, tubular adenomas, hyperplastic polyps, serrated adenomas, villotubular, villous adenomas and invasive adenocarcinoma stages. Using this approach it was found that the overexpression of FAT10 began at the serrated adenoma stage and continued to include the villous and villotubular stages and the invasive adenocarcinoma stage. The FAT10 overexpression by invasive adenocarcinoma was accompanied by the expression of the catalytic subunits of the immunoproteasome which is functionally tied to the overexpression of FAT10, Toll-like receptor activation and the proinflammatory response.
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Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20827314 PMCID: PMC2933900 DOI: 10.1155/2010/710381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the multifactorial pathophysiology of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), inflammatory cascade activation plays a central role. Recent studies demonstrated that Toll-like Receptors, the sensors of microbial and endogenous danger signals, are expressed and activated in innate immune cells as well as in parenchymal cells in the liver and thereby contribute to ALD. In this paper, we discuss the importance of gut-derived endotoxin and its recognition by TLR4. The significance of TLR-induced intracellular signaling pathways and cytokine production as well as the contribution of reactive oxygen radicals is evaluated. The contribution of TLR signaling to induction of liver fibrosis and hepatocellular cancer is reviewed in the context of alcohol-induced liver disease.
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Abstract
Liver is known as an organ that is primarily affected by alcohol. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is the cause of an increased morbidity and mortality worldwide. Progression of ALD is driven by “second hits”. These second hits include the complex of nutritional, pharmacological, genetic and viral factors, which aggravate liver pathology. However, in addition to liver failure, ethanol causes damage to other organs and systems. These extrahepatic manifestations are regulated via the similar hepatitis mechanisms. In the Topic Highlight series, we provide an update of current knowledge in the field of ALD.
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