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Dwivedi M, Dwivedi A, Mukherjee D. An Insight into Hepatitis C Virus: In Search of Promising Drug Targets. Curr Drug Targets 2023; 24:1127-1138. [PMID: 37907492 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501265769231020031857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is a global health concern, chronically infecting over 70 million people worldwide. HCV is a bloodborne pathogen that primarily affects the liver, and chronic HCV infection can lead to cirrhosis, liver cancer, and liver failure over time. There is an urgent need for more effective approaches to prevent and treat HCV. This review summarizes current knowledge on the virology, transmission, diagnosis, and management of HCV infection. It also provides an in-depth analysis of HCV proteins as promising targets for antiviral drug and vaccine development. Specific HCV proteins discussed as potential drug targets include the NS5B polymerase, NS3/4A protease, entry receptors like CD81, and core proteins. The implications of HCV proteins as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are also explored. Current direct-acting antiviral therapies are effective but have cost, genotype specificity, and resistance limitations. This review aims to synthesize essential information on HCV biology and pathogenesis to inform future research on improved preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies against this global infectious disease threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Dwivedi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Gomtinagar Extension, Lucknow- 226028, India
| | - Aditya Dwivedi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Gomtinagar Extension, Lucknow- 226028, India
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2
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Zhao Y, Wu P, Liu L, Ma B, Pan M, Huang Y, Du N, Yu H, Sui L, Wang ZD, Hou Z, Liu Q. Characterization and subcellular localization of Alongshan virus proteins. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1000322. [PMID: 36238596 PMCID: PMC9551281 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alongshan virus (ALSV) in the Jingmenvirus group within the family Flaviviridae is a newly discovered tick-borne virus associated with human disease, whose genome includes four segments and encodes four structural proteins (VP1a, VP1b, VP2, VP3, and VP4) and two non-structural proteins (NSP1 and NSP2). Here, we characterized the subcellular distribution and potential function of ALSV proteins in host cells. We found that viral proteins exhibited diverse subcellular distribution in multiple tissue-deriving cells and induced various morphological changes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and NSP2, VP1b, VP2, and VP4 were all co-localized in the ER. The nuclear transfer and co-localization of VP4 and calnexin (a marker protein of ER), which were independent of their interaction, were unique to HepG2 cells. Expression of NSP1 could significantly reduce mitochondria quantity by inducing mitophagy. These findings would contribute to better understanding of the pathogenesis of emerging segmented flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Zhao
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ping Wu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Liu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Baohua Ma
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingming Pan
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Nianyan Du
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyan Yu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Liyan Sui
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ze-Dong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhijun Hou
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Zhijun Hou,
| | - Quan Liu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Quan Liu,
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Romero‐Cordero S, Noguera‐Julian A, Cardellach F, Fortuny C, Morén C. Mitochondrial changes associated with viral infectious diseases in the paediatric population. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2232. [PMID: 33792105 PMCID: PMC9286481 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases occur worldwide with great frequency in both adults and children, causing 350,000 deaths in 2017, according to the latest World Health Organization reports. Both infections and their treatments trigger mitochondrial interactions at multiple levels: (i) incorporation of damaged or mutated proteins into the complexes of the electron transport chain; (ii) impact on mitochondrial genome (depletion, deletions and point mutations) and mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission); (iii) membrane potential impairment; (iv) apoptotic regulation; and (v) generation of reactive oxygen species, among others. Such alterations may result in serious adverse clinical events with considerable impact on the quality of life of the children and could even cause death. Herein, we use a systematic review to explore the association between mitochondrial alterations in paediatric infections including human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes viruses, various forms of hepatitis, adenovirus, T-cell lymphotropic virus and influenza. We analyse how these paediatric viral infectious processes may cause mitochondrial deterioration in this especially vulnerable population, with consideration for the principal aspects of research and diagnosis leading to improved disease understanding, management and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Romero‐Cordero
- Faculty of MedicinePompeu Fabra UniversityBarcelonaSpain
- Faculty of MedicineUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterraSpain
| | - Antoni Noguera‐Julian
- Malalties Infeccioses i Resposta Inflamatòria Sistèmica en PediatriaUnitat d´InfeccionsServei de PediatriaInstitut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de DéuBarcelonaSpain
- Departament de PediatriaUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP (ISCIII)MadridSpain
- Red de Investigación Translacional en Infectología PediátricaRITIPMadridSpain
| | - Francesc Cardellach
- Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesMuscle Research and Mitochondrial Function LaboratoryCellex‐IDIBAPSUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades RarasCIBERER (ISCIII)MadridSpain
- Internal Medicine DepartmentHospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Clàudia Fortuny
- Malalties Infeccioses i Resposta Inflamatòria Sistèmica en PediatriaUnitat d´InfeccionsServei de PediatriaInstitut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de DéuBarcelonaSpain
- Departament de PediatriaUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP (ISCIII)MadridSpain
- Red de Investigación Translacional en Infectología PediátricaRITIPMadridSpain
| | - Constanza Morén
- Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesMuscle Research and Mitochondrial Function LaboratoryCellex‐IDIBAPSUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades RarasCIBERER (ISCIII)MadridSpain
- Internal Medicine DepartmentHospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB)BarcelonaSpain
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4
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Yang Y, Tian J, Zhang H, Ma M, Li H, Liu T, Yang Y, Liu T, She R. Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy pathway activation in hepatitis E virus-infected livers of Mongolian gerbils. Virus Res 2021; 302:198369. [PMID: 33684419 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, hepatitis E virus (HEV) has caused large outbreaks and presented a significant public health problem. Thus, the mechanism of HEV has attracted increasing research attention. Previous studies revealed that HEV infection induced hepatocyte injuries and structural and functional changes in mitochondria. These pathological changes affected the life cycle of hepatocytes. However, the precise underlying mechanism and the effector protein responsible for this process remain unclear. In the present study, mitochondrial function and the expression of mitophagy-associated mRNA transcripts and proteins were detected in an HEV- infected Mongolian gerbil model. Observation of ultrastructural changes in the liver of the inoculated group revealed the disappearance of mitochondrial cristae of mitochondrion, blurring of the bilayer structure and cavitation in the cytoplasm. The results showed that the mitochondrial transmembrane potential of decreased, mitochondrial transition pore (MPTP) opening increased, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production increased, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity decreased in the HEV-inoculated group. Moreover, the LC3, Beclin1, BNIP3L, Parkin, PINK1 and P62 mRNA levels were significantly increased (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) in the inoculated group. Western blot and immunohistochemistry assay analyses detected the upregulation of the mitophagy-associated proteins LC3, Beclin1, BNIP3L, Parkin, PINK1 and P62 (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) in HEV-infected gerbils. All these data demonstrated that HEV infection in vivo induced mitochondrial dysfunction and the activation of the mitophagy pathway, which might be one of the key factors in hepatocyte injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China; Lab of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jijing Tian
- Lab of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Haijing Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Meng Ma
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Tianlong Liu
- Lab of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yue Yang
- Lab of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Ting Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Ruiping She
- Lab of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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5
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Autophagy in hepatitis B or C virus infection: An incubator and a potential therapeutic target. Life Sci 2020; 242:117206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Neufeldt CJ, Cortese M, Acosta EG, Bartenschlager R. Rewiring cellular networks by members of the Flaviviridae family. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 16:125-142. [PMID: 29430005 PMCID: PMC7097628 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Flaviviridae virus family comprise a large group of enveloped viruses with a single-strand RNA genome of positive polarity. Several genera belong to this family, including the Hepacivirus genus, of which hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the prototype member, and the Flavivirus genus, which contains both dengue virus and Zika virus. Viruses of these genera differ in many respects, such as the mode of transmission or the course of infection, which is either predominantly persistent in the case of HCV or acutely self-limiting in the case of flaviviruses. Although the fundamental replication strategy of Flaviviridae members is similar, during the past few years, important differences have been discovered, including the way in which these viruses exploit cellular resources to facilitate viral propagation. These differences might be responsible, at least in part, for the various biological properties of these viruses, thus offering the possibility to learn from comparisons. In this Review, we discuss the current understanding of how Flaviviridae viruses manipulate and usurp cellular pathways in infected cells. Specifically, we focus on comparing strategies employed by flaviviruses with those employed by hepaciviruses, and we discuss the importance of these interactions in the context of viral replication and antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Neufeldt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mirko Cortese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eliana G Acosta
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg Partner Site, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Scrima R, Piccoli C, Moradpour D, Capitanio N. Targeting Endoplasmic Reticulum and/or Mitochondrial Ca 2+ Fluxes as Therapeutic Strategy for HCV Infection. Front Chem 2018; 6:73. [PMID: 29619366 PMCID: PMC5871704 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C is characterized by metabolic disorders and by a microenvironment in the liver dominated by oxidative stress, inflammation and regeneration processes that can in the long term lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Several lines of evidence suggest that mitochondrial dysfunctions play a central role in these processes. However, how these dysfunctions are induced by the virus and whether they play a role in disease progression and neoplastic transformation remains to be determined. Most in vitro studies performed so far have shown that several of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) proteins also localize to mitochondria, but the consequences of these interactions on mitochondrial functions remain contradictory and need to be confirmed in the context of productively replicating virus and physiologically relevant in vitro and in vivo model systems. In the past decade we have been proposing a temporal sequence of events in the HCV-infected cell whereby the primary alteration is localized at the mitochondria-associated ER membranes and causes release of Ca2+ from the ER, followed by uptake into mitochondria. This ensues successive mitochondrial dysfunction leading to the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and a progressive metabolic adaptive response consisting in decreased oxidative phosphorylation and enhanced aerobic glycolysis and lipogenesis. Here we resume the major results provided by our group in the context of HCV-mediated alterations of the cellular inter-compartmental calcium flux homeostasis and present new evidence suggesting targeting of ER and/or mitochondrial calcium transporters as a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosella Scrima
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Claudia Piccoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Darius Moradpour
- Service of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nazzareno Capitanio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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8
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Zhu L, Mou C, Yang X, Lin J, Yang Q. Mitophagy in TGEV infection counteracts oxidative stress and apoptosis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:27122-41. [PMID: 27027356 PMCID: PMC5053637 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial cells contain a large number of mitochondria for persisting absorption and barrier function. Selective autophagy of mitochondria (mitophagy) plays an important role in the quality control of mitochondria and maintenance of cell homeostasis. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is a porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus which induces malabsorption and lethal watery diarrhea in suckling piglets. The role of mitophagy in the pathological changes caused by TGEV infection is unclear. Here, we report that TGEV induces mitophagy to suppress oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by viral infection in porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). We observe that TGEV infection induce mitochondrial injury, abnormal morphology, complete mitophagy, and without obvious apoptosis after TGEV infection. Meanwhile, TGEV also induces DJ-1 and some antioxidant genes upregulation to suppress oxidative stress induced by viral infection. Furthermore, silencing DJ-1 inhibit mitophagy and increase apoptosis after TGEV infection. In addition, we demonstrate for the first time that viral nucleocapsid protein (N) is located in mitochondria and mitophagosome during virus infection or be expressed alone. Those results provide a novel perspective for further improvement of prevention and treatment in TGEV infection. These results suggest that TGEV infection induce mitophagy to promote cell survival and possibly viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxiao Mou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University Weigang No.1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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9
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Liu DY, Liu J, Liu BY, Liu YY, Xiong HR, Hou W, Yang ZQ. Phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial DNA sequences of wild rats, and the relationship with Seoul virus infection in Hubei, China. Virol Sin 2017; 32:235-244. [PMID: 28669005 PMCID: PMC6598924 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-016-3940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Seoul virus (SEOV), which is predominantly carried by Rattus norvegicus, is one of the major causes of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in China. Hubei province, located in the central south of China, has experienced some of the most severe epidemics of HFRS. To investigate the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-based phylogenetics of wild rats in Hubei, and the relationship with SEOV infection, 664 wild rats were captured from five trapping sites in Hubei from 2000-2009 and 2014-2015. Using reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR, 41 (6.17%) rats were found to be positive for SEOV infection. The SEOV-positive percentage in Yichang was significantly lower than that in other areas. The mtDNA D-loop and cytochrome b (cyt-b) genes of 103 rats were sequenced. Among these animals, 37 were SEOV-positive. The reconstruction of the phylogenetic relationship (based on the complete D-loop and cyt-b sequences) allowed the rats to be categorized into two lineages, R. norvegicus and Rattus nitidus, with the former including the majority of the rats. For both the D-loop and cyt-b genes, 18 haplotypes were identified. The geographic distributions of the different haplotypes were significantly different. There were no significant differences in the SEOVpositive percentages between different haplotypes. There were three sub-lineages for the D-loop, and two for cyt-b. The SEOV-positive percentages for each of the sub-lineages did not significantly differ. This indicates that the SEOV-positive percentage is not related to the mtDNA D-loop or cyt-b haplotype or the sub-lineage of rats from Hubei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bing-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hai-Rong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhan-Qiu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Medvedev R, Hildt E, Ploen D. Look who's talking-the crosstalk between oxidative stress and autophagy supports exosomal-dependent release of HCV particles. Cell Biol Toxicol 2016; 33:211-231. [PMID: 27987184 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-016-9376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved and regulated intracellular lysosomal degradation pathway that is essential for cell survival. Dysregulation has been linked to the development of various human diseases, including neurodegeneration and tumorigenesis, infection, and aging. Besides, many viruses hijack the autophagosomal pathway to support their life cycle. The hepatitis C virus (HCV), a major cause of chronic liver diseases worldwide, has been described to induce autophagy. The autophagosomal pathway can be further activated in response to elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). HCV impairs the Nrf2/ARE-dependent induction of ROS-detoxifying enzymes by a so far unprecedented mechanism. In line with this, this review aims to discuss the relevance of HCV-dependent elevated ROS levels for the induction of autophagy as a result of the impaired Nrf2 signaling and the described crosstalk between p62 and the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway. Moreover, autophagy is functionally connected to the endocytic pathway as components of the endosomal trafficking are involved in the maturation of autophagosomes. The release of HCV particles is still not fully understood. Recent studies suggest an involvement of exosomes that originate from the endosomal pathway in viral release. In line with this, it is tempting to speculate whether HCV-dependent elevated ROS levels induce autophagy to support exosome-mediated release of viral particles. Based on recent findings, in this review, we will further highlight the impact of HCV-induced autophagy and its interplay with the endosomal pathway as a novel mechanism for the release of HCV particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Medvedev
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Gießen, Marburg, Langen, Germany
| | - Daniela Ploen
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany.
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11
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Pérez-Berná AJ, Rodríguez MJ, Chichón FJ, Friesland MF, Sorrentino A, Carrascosa JL, Pereiro E, Gastaminza P. Structural Changes In Cells Imaged by Soft X-ray Cryo-Tomography During Hepatitis C Virus Infection. ACS NANO 2016; 10:6597-611. [PMID: 27328170 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes severe liver disease in millions of humans worldwide. Pathogenesis of HCV infection is strongly driven by a deficient immune response of the host, although intersection of different aspects of the virus life cycle with cellular homeostasis is emerging as an important player in the pathogenesis and progression of the disease. Cryo soft X-ray tomography (cryo-SXT) was performed to investigate the ultrastructural alterations induced by the interference of HCV replication with cellular homeostasis. Native, whole cell, three-dimensional (3D) maps were obtained in HCV replicon-harboring cells and in a surrogate model of HCV infection. Tomograms from HCV-replicating cells show blind-ended endoplasmic reticulum tubules with pseudospherical extrusions and marked alterations of mitochondrial morphology that correlated spatially with the presence of endoplasmic reticulum alterations, suggesting a short-range influence of the viral machinery on mitochondrial homeostasis. Both mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum alterations could be reverted by a combination of sofosbuvir/daclatasvir, which are clinically approved direct-acting antivirals for the treatment of chronic HCV infection. In addition to providing structural insight into cellular aspects of HCV pathogenesis, our study illustrates how cryo-SXT is a powerful 3D wide-field imaging tool for the assessment and understanding of complex cellular processes in a setting of near-native whole hydrated cells. Our results also constitute a proof of concept for the use of cryo-SXT as a platform that enables determining the potential impact of candidate compounds on the ultrastructure of the cell that may assist drug development at a preclinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Joaquina Pérez-Berná
- MISTRAL Beamline Experiments Division, ALBA Synchrotron Light Source , Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08290 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Andrea Sorrentino
- MISTRAL Beamline Experiments Division, ALBA Synchrotron Light Source , Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08290 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Eva Pereiro
- MISTRAL Beamline Experiments Division, ALBA Synchrotron Light Source , Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08290 Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Liu C, Qu A, Han X, Wang Y. HCV core protein represses the apoptosis and improves the autophagy of human hepatocytes. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:15787-15793. [PMID: 26629077 PMCID: PMC4658966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate the influence on human hepatocytes apoptosis and autophagy by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein. METHODS QSG-7701, a human-derived non-neoplastic liver cell line, was transfected with PIRES-core vector that was a eukaryotic vector to express HCV core protein. Fluorescence microscope was used to observe the changes of nuclei in apoptosis cells by Annex in V-FITC/PI double staining. Flow cytometry was applied to detect the rate of cell apoptosis. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of HCV core protein, transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), autophagic biomarker microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), and Beclin-1. RESULTS The apoptosis rate was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in QSG7701/core group (transfected with PIRES-core vector, (1.34±0.07)%) than in QSG7701 group (no transfection, (2.35±0.11)%) and in QSG7701 QSG7701/pcDNA3.1 group (transfected with pcDNA3.1 vector, (2.58±0.1)%). NF-κB expression was up-expressed in QSG7701/core group than in QSG7701/pcDNA3.1 group and QSG7701 group (P < 0.05). LC3-II expression and Beclin-1 expression was significant higher in QSG7701/core group than in the QSG7701/pcDNA3.1 group and QSG7701 group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION HCV core protein can repress the apoptosis and improve the autophagy of QSG7701 through up-regulating NF-κB and Beclin-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Liu
- School of Medicine, Shandong UniversityJinan 250012, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan HospitalJinan 250014, China
| | - Aihua Qu
- Zouping Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical CollegeZouping 256200, China
| | - Xiaochun Han
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine (College of Basic Medical Sciences), Shandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineJinan 250355, China
| | - Yiguo Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan HospitalJinan 250014, China
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Schrader M, Costello J, Godinho LF, Islinger M. Peroxisome-mitochondria interplay and disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:681-702. [PMID: 25687155 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-015-9819-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes and mitochondria are ubiquitous, highly dynamic organelles with an oxidative type of metabolism in eukaryotic cells. Over the years, substantial evidence has been provided that peroxisomes and mitochondria exhibit a close functional interplay which impacts on human health and development. The so-called "peroxisome-mitochondria connection" includes metabolic cooperation in the degradation of fatty acids, a redox-sensitive relationship, an overlap in key components of the membrane fission machineries and cooperation in anti-viral signalling and defence. Furthermore, combined peroxisome-mitochondria disorders with defects in organelle division have been revealed. In this review, we present the latest progress in the emerging field of peroxisomal and mitochondrial interplay in mammals with a particular emphasis on cooperative fatty acid β-oxidation, redox interplay, organelle dynamics, cooperation in anti-viral signalling and the resulting implications for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schrader
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK,
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14
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Cellular stress responses in hepatitis C virus infection: Mastering a two-edged sword. Virus Res 2015; 209:100-17. [PMID: 25836277 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects chronically more than 150 million humans worldwide. Chronic HCV infection causes severe liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. While immune response-mediated events are major players in HCV pathogenesis, the impact that viral replication has on cellular homeostasis is increasingly recognized as a necessary contributor to pathological manifestations of HCV infection such as steatosis, insulin-resistance or liver cancer. In this review, we will briefly overview the different cellular stress pathways that are induced by hepatitis C virus infection, the response that the cell promotes to attempt regaining homeostasis or to induce dysfunctional cell death, and how the virus co-opts these response mechanisms to promote both viral replication and survival of the infected cell. We will review the role of unfolded protein and oxidative stress responses as well as the role of auto- and mitophagy in HCV infection. Finally, we will discuss the recent discovery of a cellular chaperone involved in stress responses, the sigma-1 receptor, as a cellular factor required at the onset of HCV infection and the potential molecular events underlying the proviral role of this cellular factor in HCV infection.
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15
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Choi J, Corder NLB, Koduru B, Wang Y. Oxidative stress and hepatic Nox proteins in chronic hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 72:267-84. [PMID: 24816297 PMCID: PMC4099059 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major etiologic agent of HCC. A majority of HCV infections lead to chronic infection that can progress to cirrhosis and, eventually, HCC and liver failure. A common pathogenic feature present in HCV infection, and other conditions leading to HCC, is oxidative stress. HCV directly increases superoxide and H2O2 formation in hepatocytes by elevating Nox protein expression and sensitizing mitochondria to reactive oxygen species generation while decreasing glutathione. Nitric oxide synthesis and hepatic iron are also elevated. Furthermore, activation of phagocytic NADPH oxidase (Nox) 2 of host immune cells is likely to exacerbate oxidative stress in HCV-infected patients. Key mechanisms of HCC include genome instability, epigenetic regulation, inflammation with chronic tissue injury and sustained cell proliferation, and modulation of cell growth and death. Oxidative stress, or Nox proteins, plays various roles in these mechanisms. Nox proteins also function in hepatic fibrosis, which commonly precedes HCC, and Nox4 elevation by HCV is mediated by transforming growth factor β. This review summarizes mechanisms of oncogenesis by HCV, highlighting the roles of oxidative stress and hepatic Nox enzymes in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinah Choi
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - Nicole L B Corder
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Bhargav Koduru
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Yiyan Wang
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
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