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Creecy A, Awosanya OD, Harris A, Qiao X, Ozanne M, Toepp AJ, Kacena MA, McCune T. COVID-19 and Bone Loss: A Review of Risk Factors, Mechanisms, and Future Directions. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2024; 22:122-134. [PMID: 38221578 PMCID: PMC10912142 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00842-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW SARS-CoV-2 drove the catastrophic global phenomenon of the COVID-19 pandemic resulting in a multitude of systemic health issues, including bone loss. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings related to bone loss and potential mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS The early clinical evidence indicates an increase in vertebral fractures, hypocalcemia, vitamin D deficiencies, and a loss in BMD among COVID-19 patients. Additionally, lower BMD is associated with more severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Preclinical models have shown bone loss and increased osteoclastogenesis. The bone loss associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection could be the result of many factors that directly affect the bone such as higher inflammation, activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, recruitment of Th17 cells, the hypoxic environment, and changes in RANKL/OPG signaling. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 infection can exert indirect effects on the skeleton, as mechanical unloading may occur with severe disease (e.g., bed rest) or with BMI loss and muscle wasting that has also been shown to occur with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Muscle wasting can also cause systemic issues that may influence the bone. Medications used to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection also have a negative effect on the bone. Lastly, SARS-CoV-2 infection may also worsen conditions such as diabetes and negatively affect kidney function, all of which could contribute to bone loss and increased fracture risk. SARS-CoV-2 can negatively affect the bone through multiple direct and indirect mechanisms. Future work will be needed to determine what patient populations are at risk of COVID-19-related increases in fracture risk, the mechanisms behind bone loss, and therapeutic options. This review article is part of a series of multiple manuscripts designed to determine the utility of using artificial intelligence for writing scientific reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Creecy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Olatundun D Awosanya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexander Harris
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xian Qiao
- Critical Care, and Sleep Specialists, SMG Pulmonary, Norfolk, VA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Marie Ozanne
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA
| | - Angela J Toepp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
- Enterprise Analytics, Sentara Health, Virginia Beach, VA, USA
| | - Melissa A Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Thomas McCune
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.
- Division of Nephrology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.
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Naik R, Avula S, Palleti SK, Gummadi J, Ramachandran R, Chandramohan D, Dhillon G, Gill AS, Paiwal K, Shaik B, Balachandran M, Patel B, Gurugubelli S, Mariswamy Arun Kumar AK, Nanjundappa A, Bellamkonda M, Rathi K, Sakhamuri PL, Nassar M, Bali A. From Emergence to Endemicity: A Comprehensive Review of COVID-19. Cureus 2023; 15:e48046. [PMID: 37916248 PMCID: PMC10617653 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), later renamed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was first identified in Wuhan, China, in early December 2019. Initially, the China office of the World Health Organization was informed of numerous cases of pneumonia of unidentified etiology in Wuhan, Hubei Province at the end of 2019. This would subsequently result in a global pandemic with millions of confirmed cases of COVID-19 and millions of deaths reported to the WHO. We have analyzed most of the data published since the beginning of the pandemic to compile this comprehensive review of SARS-CoV-2. We looked at the core ideas, such as the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, diagnostics, histopathologic findings, consequences, therapies, and vaccines. We have also included the long-term effects and myths associated with some therapeutics of COVID-19. This study presents a comprehensive assessment of the SARS-CoV-2 virology, vaccines, medicines, and significant variants identified during the course of the pandemic. Our review article is intended to provide medical practitioners with a better understanding of the fundamental sciences, clinical treatment, and prevention of COVID-19. As of May 2023, this paper contains the most recent data made accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopa Naik
- Medicine, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, USA
- Internal Medicine/Hospital Medicine, Geisinger Health System, Wilkes Barre, USA
| | - Sreekant Avula
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Sujith K Palleti
- Nephrology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Jyotsna Gummadi
- Internal Medicine, MedStar Franklin Square Medical Center, Baltimore, USA
| | | | | | - Gagandeep Dhillon
- Physician Executive MBA, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
- Internal Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore Washington Medical Center, Glen Burnie, USA
| | | | - Kapil Paiwal
- Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Daswani Dental College & Research Center, Kota, IND
| | - Bushra Shaik
- Internal Medicine, Onslow Memorial Hospital, Jacksonville, USA
| | | | - Bhumika Patel
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, Howard University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | | | | | | | - Mahita Bellamkonda
- Hospital Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Kanika Rathi
- Internal Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | | | - Mahmoud Nassar
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, USA
| | - Atul Bali
- Internal Medicine/Nephrology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, USA
- Internal Medicine/Nephrology, Geisinger Health System, Wilkes-Barre, USA
- Medicine, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, USA
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3
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Mohammadi S, Zarei S, Jabbari H. Prediction of Alzheimer's in People with Coronavirus Using Machine Learning. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 52:2179-2185. [PMID: 37899921 PMCID: PMC10612562 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v52i10.13856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Background One of the negative effects of the COVID-19 illness, which has affected people all across the world, is Alzheimer's disease. Oblivion after COVID-19 has created a variety of issues for many people. Predicting this issue in COVID-19 patients can considerably lessen the severity of the problem. Methods Alzheimer's disease was predicted in Iranian persons with COVID-19 in using three algorithms: Nave Bayes, Random Forest, and KNN. Data collected by private questioner from hospitals of Tehran Province, Iran, during Oct 2020 to Sep 2021. For ML models, performance is quantified using measures such as Precision, Recall, Accuracy, and F1-score. Results The Nave Bayes, Random Forest algorithm has a prediction accuracy of higher than 80%. The predicted accuracy of the random forest algorithm was higher than the other two algorithms. Conclusion The Random Forest algorithm outperformed the other two algorithms in predicting Alzheimer's disease in persons using COVID-19. The findings of this study could help persons with COVID-19 avoid Alzheimer's problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Mohammadi
- Information Technology Group, Department of Industrial Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soraya Zarei
- Information Technology Group, Department of Industrial Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossain Jabbari
- Neurology Department, Penzing Teaching Hospital, Vienna, Austria
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kuriki S, Nishida T, Chang LS, Hosokawa K, Fujii Y, Osugi N, Nakamatsu D, Matsumoto K, Yamamoto M, Morimura O, Abe K, Okauchi Y, Iwahashi H, Inada M. Gastrointestinal symptoms in 609 Japanese patients with COVID-19: a single-center retrospective study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2023; 58:1139-1144. [PMID: 37114496 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2023.2204387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GI symptoms are common in acute COVID-19 patients. This study aimed to characterize the GI symptoms occurring in Japanese COVID-19 patients. METHODS This retrospective single-center cohort study included 751 hospitalized acute COVID-19 patients. The primary outcomes were the frequency and severity of GI symptoms. The secondary outcomes included the association between COVID-19 severity and GI symptoms and the timing of GI symptom onset. RESULTS After exclusion, the data of 609 patients were analyzed. The median age was 62 years, and 55% were male. The median time from initial symptom onset to admission was five days. On admission, 92% of the patients had fever, 35.1% had fatigue, 75% had respiratory symptoms, and 75% had pneumonia. The sample included patients with mild (19%), moderate (59%), and severe COVID-19 (22%). A total of 218 patients (36%) had GI symptoms, of which 93% were classified as grade 1/2; 170 patients had both respiratory and GI symptoms. Diarrhea was the most frequent GI symptom, occurring in 170 patients, followed by anorexia in 73 patients and nausea/vomiting in 36 patients, and abdominal pain in 8 patients. There was no significant relationship between COVID-19 severity and GI symptoms. Among COVID-19 patients with both GI and respiratory symptoms, 48% had respiratory symptoms preceding GI symptoms, 25% had GI symptoms preceding respiratory symptoms and 27% had a simultaneous onset of respiratory and GI symptoms. CONCLUSION Thirty-six percent of the Japanese COVID-19 patients had GI symptoms; diarrhea was the most frequent GI symptom but did not predict severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kuriki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nishida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Li-Sa Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Kana Hosokawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Fujii
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Naoto Osugi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Dai Nakamatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Kengo Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Masashi Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Osamu Morimura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Kinya Abe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Yukiyoshi Okauchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, Toyonaka, Japan
- Diabetes Center, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Iwahashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, Toyonaka, Japan
- Diabetes Center, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Masami Inada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, Toyonaka, Japan
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Sansone F, Pellegrino GM, Caronni A, Bonazza F, Vegni E, Lué A, Bocci T, Pipolo C, Giusti G, Di Filippo P, Di Pillo S, Chiarelli F, Sferrazza Papa GF, Attanasi M. Long COVID in Children: A Multidisciplinary Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:1990. [PMID: 37370884 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13121990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Long COVID syndrome has emerged as a long-lasting consequence of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults. In addition, children may be affected by Long COVID, with potential clinical issues in different fields, including problems in school performance and daily activities. Yet, the pathophysiologic bases of Long COVID in children are largely unknown, and it is difficult to predict who will develop the syndrome. In this multidisciplinary clinical review, we summarise the latest scientific data regarding Long COVID and its impact on children. Special attention is given to diagnostic tests, in order to help the physicians to find potential disease markers and quantify impairment. Specifically, we assess the respiratory, upper airways, cardiac, neurologic and motor and psychological aspects. Finally, we also propose a multidisciplinary clinical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Caronni
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Luca, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Bonazza
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Psychology, University of Milan, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Vegni
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Psychology, University of Milan, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Psychology, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Lué
- Service of Digestive Diseases, University Clinic Hospital Lozano Blesa, IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tommaso Bocci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20146 Milan, Italy
- Clinical Neurology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Santi Paolo e Carlo", University of Milan, 20146 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlotta Pipolo
- Department of Health Sciences, Otorhinolaryngology Department, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuliano Giusti
- Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Niguarda Hospital, 20162 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Di Filippo
- Paediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Sabrina Di Pillo
- Paediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesco Chiarelli
- Paediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Marina Attanasi
- Paediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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6
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Röckert Tjernberg A, Malmborg P, Mårild K. Coronavirus disease 2019 and gastrointestinal disorders in children. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2023; 16:17562848231177612. [PMID: 37305380 PMCID: PMC10243097 DOI: 10.1177/17562848231177612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past 3 years, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a great impact on people all over the world. However, it has become evident that disease manifestations and severity differ across age groups. Most children have a milder disease course than adults but possibly more pronounced gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Given the child's developing immune system, the impact of COVID-19 on disease development may differ compared to adults. This study reviews the potential bi-directional relationship between COVID-19 and GI diseases in children, focusing on common pediatric conditions such as functional GI disorders (FGID), celiac disease (CeD), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Children with GI diseases, in general, and CeD and IBD, in particular, do not seem to have an increased risk of severe COVID-19, including risks of hospitalization, critical care need, and death. While infections are considered candidate environmental factors in both CeD and IBD pathogenesis, and specific infectious agents are known triggers for FGID, there is still not sufficient evidence to implicate COVID-19 in the development of either of these diseases. However, given the scarcity of data and the possible latency period between environmental triggers and disease development, future investigations in this field are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Röckert Tjernberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Kalmar County Hospital, Region Kalmar County, Kalmar S-391 85, Sweden
| | - Petter Malmborg
- Sachs’ Children and Youth Hospital, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Mårild
- Department of Pediatrics, Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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7
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Yang C, Cai L, Xiao SY. Pathologic Characteristics of Digestive Tract and Liver in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2023; 52:201-214. [PMID: 36813426 PMCID: PMC9531645 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
With the high prevalence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), there has been increasing understanding of the pathologic changes associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This review summarizes the pathologic changes in the digestive system and liver associated with COVID-19, including the injuries induced by SARS-CoV2 infection of GI epithelial cells and the systemic immune responses. The common digestive manifestations associated with COVID-19 include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; the clearance of the viruses in COVID-19 patients with digestive symptoms is usually delayed. COVID-19-associated gastrointestinal histopathology is characterized by mucosal damage and lymphocytic infiltration. The most common hepatic changes are steatosis, mild lobular and portal inflammation, congestion/sinusoidal dilatation, lobular necrosis, and cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijun Cai
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu-Yuan Xiao
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, MC6101, Anatomic Pathology, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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8
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Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the viral agent of COVID-19, a pandemic that surfaced in 2019. Although predominantly a respiratory ailment, patients with COVID-19 can have gastrointestinal (GI) and hepatobiliary manifestations. These manifestations are often mild and transient, but they can be severe and consequential. In the GI tract, ischemic enterocolitis is the most common and significant consequence of COVID-19. In the liver, the reported pathologic findings may often be related to consequences of severe systemic viral infection, but reports of hepatitis presumed to be due to SARS-CoV-2 suggest that direct viral infection of the liver may be a rare complication of COVID-19. In both the GI tract and liver, lingering symptoms of GI or hepatic injury after resolution of pulmonary infection may be part of the evolving spectrum of long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Shih
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Joseph Misdraji
- Department of Pathology, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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Zheng L, Zhang L, Zheng Y, An J, Wen G, Jin H, Tuo B. Digestive system infection by SARS‑CoV‑2: Entry mechanism, clinical symptoms and expression of major receptors (Review). Int J Mol Med 2023; 51:19. [PMID: 36660939 PMCID: PMC9911086 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2023.5222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), SARS‑coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) also harms the digestive system. Given the appearance of numerous cases of SARS‑CoV‑2, it has been demonstrated that SARS‑CoV‑2 is able to harm target organs such as the gastrointestinal tract, liver and pancreas, and either worsen the condition of patients with basic digestive illnesses or make their prognosis poor. According to several previously published studies, angiotensin‑converting enzyme II (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease II (TMPRSS2) are expressed either singly or in combination in the digestive system and in other regions of the human body. In order to change the viral conformation, create a fusion hole and release viral RNA into the host cell for replication and transcription, SARS‑CoV‑2 is capable of binding to these two proteins through the spike protein on its surface. As a result, the body experiences an immune reaction and an inflammatory reaction, which may lead to nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain and even gastrointestinal bleeding, elevated levels of liver enzymes, acute liver injury, pancreatitis and other serious lesions. In order to provide possible strategies for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of digestive system diseases during the COVID‑19 pandemic, the molecular structure of SARS‑CoV‑2 and the mechanism via which SARS‑CoV‑2 enters the human body through ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were discussed in the present review, and the clinical manifestations of SARS‑CoV‑2 infection in the digestive system were also summarized. Finally, the expression characteristics of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the main target organs of the digestive system were described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxing An
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Guorong Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Hai Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Biguang Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Biguang Tuo, Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Huichuan, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China, E-mail:
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10
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Juthi RT, Sazed SA, Sarmin M, Haque R, Alam MS. COVID-19 and diarrhea: putative mechanisms and management. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 126:125-131. [PMID: 36403817 PMCID: PMC9672967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has recently posed a threat to global health by spreading at a high rate and taking millions of lives worldwide. Along with the respiratory symptoms, there are gastrointestinal manifestations and one of the most common gastrointestinal symptoms is diarrhea which is seen in a significant percentage of COVID-19 patients. LITERATURE REVIEW Several studies have shown the plausible correlation between overexpressed angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in enterocytes and SARS-CoV-2, as ACE2 is the only known receptor for the virus entry. Along with the dysregulated ACE2, there are other contributing factors such as gut microbiome dysbiosis, adverse effects of antiviral and antibiotics for treating infections and inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 which bring about increased permeability of gut cells and subsequent occurrence of diarrhea. Few studies found that the SARS-CoV-2 is capable of damaging liver cells too. No single effective treatment option is available. LIMITATIONS Confirmed pathophysiology is still unavailable. Studies regarding global population are also insufficient. CONCLUSION In this review, based on the previous works and literature, we summarized the putative molecular pathophysiology of COVID-19 associated diarrhea, concomitant complications and the standard practices of management of diarrhea and hepatic manifestations in international setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifat Tasnim Juthi
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Saiful Arefeen Sazed
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Monira Sarmin
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Haque
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shafiul Alam
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh,Corresponding author. Mohammad Shafiul Alam, Scientist, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh. Tel: +8801711-469232
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11
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Hu WS, Jiang FY, Shu W, Zhao R, Cao JM, Wang DP. Liver injury in COVID-19: A minireview. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:6716-6731. [PMID: 36620342 PMCID: PMC9813934 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i47.6716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has escalated into a global tragedy afflicting human health, life, and social governance. Through the increasing depth of research and a better understanding of this disease, it has been ascertained that, in addition to the lungs, SARS-CoV-2 can also induce injuries to other organs including the liver. Liver injury is a common clinical manifestation of COVID-19, particularly in severe cases, and is often associated with a poorer prognosis and higher severity of COVID-19. This review focuses on the general existing information on liver injury caused by COVID-19, including risk factors and subpopulations of liver injury in COVID-19, the association between preexisting liver diseases and the severity of COVID-19, and the potential mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 affects the liver. This review may provide some useful information for the development of therapeutic and preventive strategies for COVID-19-associated liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Fang-Ying Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Wen Shu
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Rong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Ji-Min Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - De-Ping Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
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12
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Liu L, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Shen J, Wu X, Li M, Chen M, Li X, Sun Y, Gu L, Li W, Wang F, Yao L, Zhang Z, Xiao Z, Du F. Therapeutic prospects of ceRNAs in COVID-19. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:998748. [PMID: 36204652 PMCID: PMC9530275 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.998748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the end of 2019, COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has spread worldwide, and the understanding of the new coronavirus is in a preliminary stage. Currently, immunotherapy, cell therapy, antiviral therapy, and Chinese herbal medicine have been applied in the clinical treatment of the new coronavirus; however, more efficient and safe drugs to control the progress of the new coronavirus are needed. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) may provide new therapeutic targets for novel coronavirus treatments. The first aim of this paper is to review research progress on COVID-19 in the respiratory, immune, digestive, circulatory, urinary, reproductive, and nervous systems. The second aim is to review the body systems and potential therapeutic targets of lncRNAs, miRNAs, and circRNAs in patients with COVID-19. The current research on competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) (lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA and circRNA-miRNA-mRNA) in SARS-CoV-2 is summarized. Finally, we predict the possible therapeutic targets of four lncRNAs, MALAT1, NEAT1, TUG1, and GAS5, in COVID-19. Importantly, the role of PTEN gene in the ceRNA network predicted by lncRNA MALAT1 and lncRNA TUG1 may help in the discovery and clinical treatment of effective drugs for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou Science and Technology Bureau, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou Science and Technology Bureau, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou Science and Technology Bureau, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Yueshui Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou Science and Technology Bureau, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou Science and Technology Bureau, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou Science and Technology Bureau, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou Science and Technology Bureau, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Meijuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuhong Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Li Gu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wanping Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lei Yao
- Experiment Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhuo Zhang, ; Zhangang Xiao, ; Fukuan Du,
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou Science and Technology Bureau, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhuo Zhang, ; Zhangang Xiao, ; Fukuan Du,
| | - Fukuan Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou Science and Technology Bureau, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhuo Zhang, ; Zhangang Xiao, ; Fukuan Du,
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13
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Sahu T, Pande B, PL M, Verma HK. Liver dysfunction during COVID-19 pandemic: Contributing role of associated factors in disease progression and severity. World J Hepatol 2022; 14:1099-1110. [PMID: 35978661 PMCID: PMC9258249 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i6.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, a new strain of coronavirus was discovered in China, and the World Health Organization declared it a pandemic in March 2020. The majority of people with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) exhibit no or only mild symptoms such as fever, cough, anosmia, and headache. Meanwhile, approximately 15% develop a severe lung infection over the course of 10 d, resulting in respiratory failure, which can lead to multi-organ failure, coagulopathy, and death. Since the beginning of the pandemic, it appears that there has been consideration that pre-existing chronic liver disease may predispose to deprived consequences in conjunction with COVID-19. Furthermore, extensive liver damage has been linked to immune dysfunction and coagulopathy, which leads to a more severe COVID-19 outcome. Besides that, people with COVID-19 frequently have abnormal liver function, with more significant elevations in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in patients with severe COVID-19 compared to those with mild/moderate disease. This review focuses on the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the liver, as well as the use of liver chemistry as a prognostic tool during COVID-19. We also evaluate the findings for viral infection of hepatocytes, and look into the potential mechanisms behind SARS-CoV-2-related liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Sahu
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur 492001, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Babita Pande
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur 492001, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Manasa PL
- Center for Basic Sciences, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492001, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Henu Kumar Verma
- Department of Immunopathology, Institute of Lungs Health and Immunity, Munich 85764, Bavaria, Germany
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14
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Tarnawski AS, Ahluwalia A. Endothelial cells and blood vessels are major targets for COVID-19-induced tissue injury and spreading to various organs. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:275-289. [PMID: 35110950 PMCID: PMC8771611 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i3.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infected so far over 250 million people and caused the death of over 5 million worldwide. Aging, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, conditions with preexisting impaired endothelial functions predispose to COVID-19. While respiratory epithelium is the main route of virus entry, the endothelial cells (ECs) lining pulmonary blood vessels are also an integral part of lung injury in COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 not only affects the lungs and respiratory system but also gastrointestinal (GI) tract, liver, pancreas, kidneys, heart, brain, and skin. Blood vessels are likely conduits for the virus dissemination to these distant organs. Importantly, ECs are also critical for vascular regeneration during injury/lesions healing and restoration of vascular network. The World Journal of Gastroenterology has published in last two years over 67 outstanding papers on COVID-19 infection with a focus on the GI tract, liver, pancreas, etc., however, the role of the endothelial and vascular components as major targets for COVID-19-induced tissue injury, spreading to various organs, and injury healing have not been sufficiently emphasized. In the present article, we focus on these subjects and on current treatments including the most recent oral drugs molnupiravir and paxlovid that show a dramatic, significant efficacy in controlling severe COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej S Tarnawski
- Gastroenterology Research Department, University of California Irvine and the Veterans Administration Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA 90822, United States
| | - Amrita Ahluwalia
- Research Service, Veterans Administration Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA 90822, United States
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15
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Sica R, Pennoni S, Penta L, Riccioni S, Di Cara G, Verrotti A. Gastrointestinal and hepatic involvement during COVID-19 pandemic: A focus on pediatric population and possible future implications. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:7000-7004. [PMID: 34790020 PMCID: PMC8567473 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i40.7000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread worldwide, there is still limited knowledge about this condition and its natural history. Children have been relatively spared during COVID-19 pandemic but a novel syndrome known as multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) has emerged, following a SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents. This syndrome can lead to shock and multiple organ failure requiring intensive care. Although COVID-19 clinical research focuses on respiratory symptoms, extrapulmonary involvement such as gastrointestinal (GI) and hepatic manifestations should also be considered. In fact, GI and hepatic involvement play an important role among the most common presenting symptoms of both pediatric and adult COVID-19 and MIS-C. This involvement can not only be one of the most common presenting clinical features but also one of the sequelae of these syndromes. Abdominal ultrasonography monitoring could be very useful to identify a potential involvement of the GI tract and liver. Moreover, long-term follow-up is needed and would be essential to define the long-term outcomes of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Sica
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, PG, Italy
| | - Serena Pennoni
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, PG, Italy
| | - Laura Penta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, PG, Italy
| | - Sara Riccioni
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, PG, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Cara
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, PG, Italy
| | - Alberto Verrotti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, PG, Italy
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