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Li C, Otgaar H, Muris P, Chen C. Retracted memories in the general population: are there differences between eastern and western countries? Memory 2024; 32:396-409. [PMID: 38466609 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2024.2327108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The main purpose of the current studies was to examine retracted experiences in the general population from various cultural backgrounds. More specifically, in two studies, we examined the details of memory retraction experiences, the reasons for retraction, and the outcomes of retraction in participants from China and other countries, mainly the United States of America. It was found that memory retraction experiences appeared to be quite common. In the sample of Chinese participants (Study 1: N = 1380), 50.58% reported at least one such an experience, whereas in respondents from other countries (Study 2; N = 425), a significantly lower but still substantial prevalence rate of 35% was found. In general, the retracted memories predominantly involved positive events and some respondents experienced pressure during the withdrawal. Social feedback and event plausibility were the two main reasons for the withdrawal. Compared to recollection scores, belief scores decreased significantly after withdrawal, and some respondents even formed nonbelieved memories. After retracting the memories, most respondents felt they gained benefits (e.g., they had resolved a psychological problem that had bothered them for years). These studies give us a more general understanding of retracted memory experiences in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Li
- Faculty of Law and Criminology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Henry Otgaar
- Faculty of Law and Criminology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Muris
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Cui Chen
- The Third Primary School in Tongjiang, Bazhong, People's Republic of China
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2
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Udry J, Becerra J, Kim H, Barber SJ. Age and Gender Differences in the Borrowing of Personal Stories. Exp Aging Res 2024; 50:117-132. [PMID: 36709762 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2023.2168441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In prior research, about half of undergraduate students claimed to have "borrowed" a story, by telling someone else's autobiographical memory as if it was their own. Given that borrowing stories often involves intentional fabrication, and given that there are age-related declines in lying, we hypothesized that reports of intentionally borrowing stories should decline with age. METHODS We recruited participants who ranged in age from 18 to 86 and asked them to complete an online retrospective survey about borrowing stories. RESULTS Consistent with our hypothesis, older age was associated with lower reports of borrowing stories. Furthermore, among people who did report borrowing a story, older age was associated with less frequent story borrowing and less recent story borrowing. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the importance of using age-diverse samples when examining social memory phenomena. Findings based upon undergraduate students do not always replicate in other age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Udry
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica Becerra
- Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Hyunji Kim
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah J Barber
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, USA
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3
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Zhang Y, Nash RA, Otgaar H. Preference for cheap-and-easy memory verification strategies is strongest among people with high memory distrust. Memory 2023; 31:978-988. [PMID: 37235508 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2023.2216910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
When choosing strategies for verifying one's memory, people are more influenced by the perceived cost of using a strategy than by its likelihood of yielding reliable information (i.e., cheap-strategy bias). The current preregistered study investigated whether people with high memory distrust are less likely to exhibit this bias than their low memory distrust counterparts. Participants (N = 535) imagined a scenario in which they witnessed an accident and were then led by friends to question their memories about the accident. Participants had to propose five strategies for verifying that particular memory. Following this, they rated each strategy's cost, reliability, and their likelihood of using it, as well as completing two validated measures of trait memory distrust. Contrary to our prediction, compared with participants with low memory distrust, participants with higher memory distrust exhibited a larger cheap-strategy bias. Follow-up analyses suggested that compared with memory-trusters, memory distrusters' strategy choices were more influenced by a strategy's perceived cost, and less influenced by its perceived reliability. Our results suggest that people who are more skeptical about their memories may be more cynical about the worthwhileness of verifying their memory, which could make them especially susceptible to misinformation acceptance and false memory creation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikang Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert A Nash
- School of Psychology, Aston University, Birmingham, the United Kingdom
| | - Henry Otgaar
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Law and Criminology, KU Leuven, Belgium
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4
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Simons JS, Ritchey M, Fernyhough C. Brain Mechanisms Underlying the Subjective Experience of Remembering. Annu Rev Psychol 2021; 73:159-186. [PMID: 34587777 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-030221-025439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ability to remember events in vivid, multisensory detail is a significant part of human experience, allowing us to relive previous encounters and providing us with the store of memories that shape our identity. Recent research has sought to understand the subjective experience of remembering, that is, what it feels like to have a memory. Such remembering involves reactivating sensory-perceptual features of an event and the thoughts and feelings we had when the event occurred, integrating them into a conscious first-person experience. It allows us to reflect on the content of our memories and to understand and make judgments about them, such as distinguishing events that actually occurred from those we might have imagined or been told about. In this review, we consider recent evidence from functional neuroimaging in healthy participants and studies of neurological and psychiatric conditions, which is shedding new light on how we subjectively experience remembering. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon S Simons
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom;
| | - Maureen Ritchey
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
| | - Charles Fernyhough
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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5
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Jalbert MC, Wulff AN, Hyman IE. Stealing and sharing memories: Source monitoring biases following collaborative remembering. Cognition 2021; 211:104656. [PMID: 33713875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
People experience difficulties tracking the source of their memories following collaborative remembering. This results in a variety of source monitoring errors. Researchers have typically focused on one of these errors - instances of adopting information from external sources as one's own memories. They have failed to investigate the frequency of other possible source monitoring errors. Because of this, it is impossible to say whether observed instances of mistakenly adopting external information represent a true bias in remembering or whether these errors simply reflect one of many memory errors that have an equal likelihood of occurring. In two studies, we teased apart these two possibilities. Members of dyads individually studied pictures with some items appearing in both participants' pictures and some unique to each one's pictures. Participants then collaboratively recalled what items were present. After the collaborative recall, participants completed individual source monitoring tests. We found that participants displayed biases in their source monitoring errors for information discussed during collaborative remembering. They were more likely to adopt information from partners as their own memories than attribute their contributions to their partners. They also more often believed their memories (rather than their partner's) were shared, representing a false consensus. Importantly, these biases only occurred following collaborative remembering and not when individuals received comparable information in a non-social setting. These results illuminate the importance of investigating the relative, and not just absolute, frequency of source monitoring errors and provide insight into how collaborative remembering changes individual memories over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline C Jalbert
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, SGM 501, 3620 S. McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1061, USA.
| | - Alia N Wulff
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 490 Boston Ave, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Ira E Hyman
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Academic Instructional Center 434, 516 High Street, Bellingham, WA 98225-9172, USA.
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6
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Abstract
I propose a model that places episodic, semantic, and other commonly studied forms of memory into the same conceptual space. The space is defined by three dimensions required for Tulving's episodic and semantic memory. An implicit-explicit dimension contrasts both episodic and semantic memory with common forms of implicit memory. A self-reference dimension contrasts episodes that occurred to one person with semantic knowledge. A scene dimension contrasts episodes that occurred in specific contexts with context-free semantic information. The three dimensions are evaluated against existing behavioral and neural evidence to evaluate both the model and the concepts underlying the study of human memory. Unlike a hierarchy, which has properties specific to each category, the dimensions have properties that extend throughout the conceptual space. Thus, the properties apply to all forms of existing and yet-to-be-discovered memory within the space. Empty locations in the proposed space are filled with existing phenomena that lack a clear place in current theories of memory, including reports of episodic-like memories for events reported to but not witnessed by a person, fictional narrative accounts, déjà vu, and implicit components contributing to personality, the self, and autobiographical memory.
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7
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Scoboria A, Henkel L. Defending or relinquishing belief in occurrence for remembered events that are challenged: A social‐cognitive model. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Scoboria
- Department of Psychology University of Windsor Windsor Canada
| | - Linda Henkel
- Department of Psychology Fairfield University Fairfield Connecticut USA
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8
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May CP, Dein A, Ford J. New insights into the formation and duration of flashbulb memories: Evidence from medical diagnosis memories. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia P. May
- Department of PsychologyCollege of Charleston Charleston South Carolina USA
| | - Anthony Dein
- Department of PsychologyCollege of Charleston Charleston South Carolina USA
| | - Jaclyn Ford
- Department of PsychologyBoston College Newton Massachusetts USA
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9
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Merck C, Yamashiro JK, Hirst W. Remembering the big game: social identity and memory for media events. Memory 2020; 28:795-814. [PMID: 32588742 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2020.1784232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Two studies examined how memories are formed around championship sporting events, which we classify as media events. The first study employed a test-retest methodology to assess how fans of a sport recall a championship sporting event. The second study examined how fans of specific sports teams recalled two championship sporting events in which their team either won or lost. Of particular interest was the emergence of a collective memory within fan communities. We assessed memory for the event itself (event memory), with an emphasis on the emergence of a collective memory, and memory for the context in which one experienced the event (personal circumstance memory). In contrast to fans of a sport more generally, fans of a particular team recalled events involving their team with detail, converged on collective memories, and provided personal circumstance memories that met the criteria for flashbulb memories. We discuss these results in the context of social identities and the elements involved in narratives of media events. Different types of fandom, our measure of social identity, uniquely influenced the collective memories formed for essential and ancillary elements of narratives surrounding championship sporting events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton Merck
- Department of Psychology, New School for Social Research, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - William Hirst
- Department of Psychology, New School for Social Research, New York, NY, USA
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10
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Otgaar H, Bücken C, Bogaard G, Wade KA, Hopwood A, Scoboria A, Howe ML. Nonbelieved Memories in The False Memory Archive. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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A Consumer Neuroscience Study of Conscious and Subconscious Destination Preference. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15102. [PMID: 31641234 PMCID: PMC6805896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51567-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In studying consumer behaviors, the inclusion of neuroscience tools and methods is improving our understanding of preference formation and choice. But such responses are mostly related to the consumption of goods and services that meet an immediate need. Tourism represents a consumer behavior that is related to a more complex decision-making process, involving a stronger relationship with a future self, and choices typically being of a higher level of involvement and of a transformational type. The aim of this study was to test whether direct emotional and cognitive responses to travel destination would be indicative of subsequent stated destination preference. Participants were shown images and videos from multiple travel destinations while being monitored using eye-tracking and electroencephalography (EEG) brain monitoring. The EEG responses to each image and video were further calculated into neurometric scores of emotional (frontal asymmetry and arousal) and cognitive load metrics. Our results show that arousal and cognitive load were significantly related to subsequent stated travel preferences, accounting for about 20% of the variation in preference. Still, results also suggested that subconscious emotional and cognitive responses are not identical to subjective travel preference, suggesting that other mechanisms may be at play in forming conscious, stated preference. This study both supports the idea that destination preferences can be studied using consumer neuroscience and brings further insights into the mechanisms at stake during such choices.
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12
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Individual Representation in a Community of Knowledge. Trends Cogn Sci 2019; 23:891-902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Abstract
When receiving disconfirmatory social feedback about recollected events, people sometimes defend and sometimes reduce their belief that the event genuinely occurred. To improve estimates of the rates of memory defense and reduction, and of the magnitude of the change in belief in occurrence that results, in the present studies we examined the effect of disconfirmatory social challenges made to correctly recalled memories for actions performed in the lab. Adult participants performed, imagined, or heard action statements and imagined some of the initial actions multiple times. One week later, they completed a source-monitoring test and rated the actions on belief in their occurrence, recollection, visual detail, vividness, and reexperiencing. Four of the correctly recalled performed actions were challenged either prior to making the ratings during the test (Study 1, N = 44) or after making initial ratings after completing the test, following which the ratings were taken again (Study 2, N = 85). Across both studies, challenges were associated with lower belief-in-occurrence and recollection ratings on average than for control items, and belief in occurrence was affected to a greater extent than recollective features. Challenges that occurred during the test produced more instances of defense, whereas challenges that occurred after the test produced more instances of reduction. A closer analysis showed that some participants always defended, some always reduced, and some both defended and reduced belief. Responses to the first challenge positively predicted the responses to subsequent challenges. In addition, the procedure in Study 2 produced a variety of types of nonbelieved memories.
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14
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Otgaar H, Scoboria A, Mazzoni G. Theoretical and applied issues regarding autobiographical belief and recollection. Memory 2017; 25:865-868. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2017.1305094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Otgaar
- Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Alan Scoboria
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada
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15
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Goldstone RL, Theiner G. The multiple, interacting levels of cognitive systems (MILCS) perspective on group cognition. PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2017.1295635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Goldstone
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Georg Theiner
- Department of Philosophy, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA
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16
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Nash RA, Wade KA, Garry M, Adelman JS. A robust preference for cheap-and-easy strategies over reliable strategies when verifying personal memories. Memory 2016; 25:890-899. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2016.1214280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Nash
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Maryanne Garry
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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17
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Scoboria A, Nash RA, Mazzoni G. Sub-types of nonbelieved memories reveal differential outcomes of challenges to memories. Memory 2016; 25:876-889. [PMID: 27402307 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2016.1203437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nonbelieved memories (NBMs) highlight the independence between distinct metamemorial judgements that contribute to the experience of remembering. Initial definitions of NBMs portrayed them as involving the withdrawal of belief in occurrence despite sustained recollection. While people rate belief for their NBMs as weaker than recollection, the average difference is too small to support the idea that autobiographical belief is completely withdrawn in all cases. Furthermore, autobiographical belief and recollection ratings vary considerably across NBMs. In two studies, we reanalysed data from prior studies to examine whether NBM reports reflect a single category or multiple sub-categories using cluster analytic methods. In Study 1, we identified three sub-types of NBMs. In Study 2 we incorporated the concept of belief in accuracy, and found that two of the clusters from Study 1 split into two clusters apiece. All clusters were characterised by higher recollection than belief in occurrence ratings, and clusters were differentiated by the degree of difference between these variables. In both studies the clusters were discriminated by a number of memory characteristic ratings and by reasons reported as leading to the alteration of belief. Implications for understanding the remembering of past events and predicting the creation of NBMs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Scoboria
- a Department of Psychology , University of Windsor , Windsor , ON , Canada
| | - Robert A Nash
- b School of Life and Health Sciences , Aston University , Birmingham , UK
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19
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Thomsen DK, Jensen T, Holm T, Olesen MH, Schnieber A, Tønnesvang J. A 3.5year diary study: Remembering and life story importance are predicted by different event characteristics. Conscious Cogn 2015; 36:180-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Foley MA. Setting the Records Straight: Impossible Memories and the Persistence of Their Phenomenological Qualities. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1037/gpr0000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This article offers a new perspective on the study of “recollections” that feel like memories despite the fact that people come to believe they are based on events that could not possibly have happened. Indeed this feeling of remembering can persist long after people change their beliefs. This new perspective emerges from the integration of the work of memory scientists with that of literary writers and historians. Shedding light on assumptions about the strength of these persistence effects, the perspective serves as an effective heuristic for guiding the study of precipitating factors that may lead people to question their recollections in the first place. This integrative perspective also invites a broader consideration of the circumstances giving rise to changes in beliefs as well as resistance to such changes. In the process, this new perspective extends and sharpens theoretical discussions about memory reconstruction processes, highlighting the role of scene making and social interactions.
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21
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Pillemer DB, Steiner KL, Kuwabara KJ, Thomsen DK, Svob C. Vicarious memories. Conscious Cogn 2015; 36:233-45. [PMID: 26172521 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
People not only have vivid memories of their own personal experiences, but also vicarious memories of events that happened to other people. To compare the phenomenological and functional qualities of personal and vicarious memories, college students described a specific past event that they had recounted to a parent or friend, and also an event that a friend or parent had recounted to them. Although ratings of memory vividness, emotional intensity, visualization, and physical reactions were higher for personal than for vicarious memories, the overall pattern of ratings was similar. Participants' ratings also indicated that vicarious memories serve many of the same life functions as personal memories, although at lower levels of intensity. The findings suggest that current conceptions of autobiographical memory, which focus on past events that happened directly to the self, should be expanded to include detailed mental representations of specific past events that happened to other people.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Pillemer
- University of New Hampshire, Department of Psychology, 15 Academic Way, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
| | - Kristina L Steiner
- University of New Hampshire, Department of Psychology, 15 Academic Way, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
| | - Kie J Kuwabara
- University of New Hampshire, Department of Psychology, 15 Academic Way, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
| | - Dorthe Kirkegaard Thomsen
- Aarhus University, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Bartholins Allé 9, Building 1340, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Connie Svob
- University of Notre Dame, Center for Philosophy of Religion, 418 Malloy Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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22
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Brown AS, Croft Caderao K, Fields LM, Marsh EJ. Borrowing Personal Memories. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan S. Brown
- Department of Psychology, Dedman College; Southern Methodist University; Dallas TX USA
| | - Kathryn Croft Caderao
- Department of Psychology, Dedman College; Southern Methodist University; Dallas TX USA
| | - Lindy M. Fields
- Department of Psychology, Dedman College; Southern Methodist University; Dallas TX USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Marsh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience; Duke University; Durham NC USA
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23
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Rubin DC, Umanath S. Event memory: A theory of memory for laboratory, autobiographical, and fictional events. Psychol Rev 2015; 122:1-23. [PMID: 25330330 PMCID: PMC4295926 DOI: 10.1037/a0037907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An event memory is a mental construction of a scene recalled as a single occurrence. It therefore requires the hippocampus and ventral visual stream needed for all scene construction. The construction need not come with a sense of reliving or be made by a participant in the event, and it can be a summary of occurrences from more than one encoding. The mental construction, or physical rendering, of any scene must be done from a specific location and time; this introduces a "self" located in space and time, which is a necessary, but need not be a sufficient, condition for a sense of reliving. We base our theory on scene construction rather than reliving because this allows the integration of many literatures and because there is more accumulated knowledge about scene construction's phenomenology, behavior, and neural basis. Event memory differs from episodic memory in that it does not conflate the independent dimensions of whether or not a memory is relived, is about the self, is recalled voluntarily, or is based on a single encoding with whether it is recalled as a single occurrence of a scene. Thus, we argue that event memory provides a clearer contrast to semantic memory, which also can be about the self, be recalled voluntarily, and be from a unique encoding; allows for a more comprehensive dimensional account of the structure of explicit memory; and better accounts for laboratory and real-world behavioral and neural results, including those from neuropsychology and neuroimaging, than does episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Rubin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University
| | - Sharda Umanath
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University
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24
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Otgaar H, Scoboria A, Mazzoni G. On the Existence and Implications of Nonbelieved Memories. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721414542102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we review the state of knowledge about a previously-assumed-to-be-rare memory phenomenon called nonbelieved memories. Nonbelieved memories are a counterintuitive phenomenon in which vivid autobiographical memories are no longer believed to have happened even though vivid recollective features remain present. Such memories stand in contrast to the more typical situation that when events are recollected they are also believed to have genuinely occurred. We review data on the frequency, characteristics, and factors that contribute to the development of naturally occurring and laboratory-induced nonbelieved memories and discuss the relationships of nonbelieved memories with theories of autobiographical remembering and the study of remembering in applied domains.
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25
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Boyacioglu I, Akfirat S. Development and psychometric properties of a new measure for memory phenomenology: The Autobiographical Memory Characteristics Questionnaire. Memory 2014; 23:1070-92. [PMID: 25202835 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2014.953960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to develop a valid and reliable measure for the phenomenology of autobiographical memories. The psychometric properties of the Autobiographical Memory Characteristics Questionnaire (AMCQ) were tested in three studies: the factor structure of the AMCQ was examined for childhood memories in Study 1 (N = 305); for autobiographical memories related to romantic relationships in Study 2 (N = 197); and for self-defining memories in Study 3 (N = 262). The explanatory factor analyses performed for each memory type demonstrated the consistency of the AMCQ factor structure across all memory types; while a confirmatory factor analysis on the data garnered from all three studies supported the constructs for the autobiographical memory characteristics defined by the researchers. The AMCQ consists of 63 items and 14 factors, and the internal consistency values of all 14 scales were ranged between .66 and .97. The relationships between the AMCQ scales related to gender and individual emotions, as well as the intercorrelations among the scales, were consistent with both theoretical expectations and previous findings. The results of all the three studies indicated that this new instrument is a reliable and robust measure for memory phenomenology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inci Boyacioglu
- a Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature , Dokuz Eylul University , Izmir , Turkey
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Scoboria A, Boucher C, Mazzoni G. Reasons for withdrawing belief in vivid autobiographical memories. Memory 2014; 23:545-62. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2014.910530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Tekcan Aİ, Yılmaz E, Kaya Kızılöz B, Karadöller DZ, Mutafoğlu M, Aktan Erciyes A. Retrieval and phenomenology of autobiographical memories in blind individuals. Memory 2014; 23:329-39. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2014.886702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mazzoni G, Clark A, Nash RA. Disowned recollections: denying true experiences undermines belief in occurrence but not judgments of remembering. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2014; 145:139-46. [PMID: 24345675 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research findings have illustrated that false memories induced in the laboratory can be dissociated from the beliefs that the events had in fact occurred. In this study we assessed whether this dissociability is a quality peculiar to false memory, or whether it represents a general characteristic of autobiographical memory. To this end we examined whether people can be induced to stop believing in memories for true experiences. Participants observed and performed simple actions, and were later falsely informed that they had not performed some of them--that false memories for these actions had been implanted through the use of fabricated evidence. Before and after receiving this misinformation, participants rated their belief in and memory of performing those actions, other actions that they had also performed, and actions that they had not performed. Whereas the misinformation substantially undermined participants' beliefs in the specific performed actions about which they had been misinformed, it had little effect on their endorsement of remembering those actions. The misinformation thus boosted the proportion of occasions in which participants rated their memories as stronger than their beliefs, and it weakened the correlation between belief and memory ratings. Thus, this study provides the first experimental demonstration of non-believed memories of true experiences. We discuss our findings with reference to the small literature concerning the use of socially-communicated misinformation to undermine event memories, and with reference to the structure of autobiographical memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of Hull, UK
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Scoboria A, Mazzoni G, Jarry JL, Bernstein DM. Personalized and not general suggestion produces false autobiographical memories and suggestion-consistent behavior. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2012; 139:225-32. [PMID: 22112639 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Suggesting false childhood events produces false autobiographical beliefs, memories and suggestion-consistent behavior. The mechanisms by which suggestion affects behavior are not understood, and whether false beliefs and memories are necessary for suggestions to impact behavior remains unexplored. We examined the relative effects of providing a personalized suggestion (suggesting that an event occurred to the person in the past), and/or a general suggestion (suggesting that an event happened to others in the past). Participants (N=122) received a personalized suggestion, a general suggestion, both or neither, about childhood illness due to spoiled peach yogurt. The personalized suggestion resulted in false beliefs, false memories, and suggestion-consistent behavioral intentions immediately after the suggestion. One week or one month later participants completed a taste test that involved eating varieties of crackers and yogurts. The personalized suggestion led to reduced consumption of only peach yogurt, and those who reported a false memory showed the most eating suppression. This effect on behavior was equally strong after one week and one month, showing a long lived influence of the personalized suggestion. The general suggestion showed no effects. Suggestions that convey personal information about a past event produce false autobiographical memories, which in turn impact behavior.
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Rubin DC, Dennis MF, Beckham JC. Autobiographical memory for stressful events: the role of autobiographical memory in posttraumatic stress disorder. Conscious Cogn 2011; 20:840-56. [PMID: 21489820 PMCID: PMC3137718 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
To provide the three-way comparisons needed to test existing theories, we compared (1) most-stressful memories to other memories and (2) involuntary to voluntary memories (3) in 75 community dwelling adults with and 42 without a current diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Each rated their three most-stressful, three most-positive, seven most-important and 15 word-cued autobiographical memories, and completed tests of personality and mood. Involuntary memories were then recorded and rated as they occurred for 2 weeks. Standard mechanisms of cognition and affect applied to extreme events accounted for the properties of stressful memories. Involuntary memories had greater emotional intensity than voluntary memories, but were not more frequently related to traumatic events. The emotional intensity, rehearsal, and centrality to the life story of both voluntary and involuntary memories, rather than incoherence of voluntary traumatic memories and enhanced availability of involuntary traumatic memories, were the properties of autobiographical memories associated with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Rubin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0086, United States.
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Abstract
This is the first empirical study of vivid autobiographical memories for events that people no longer believe happened to them. Until now, this phenomenon has been the object of relatively rare, albeit intriguing, anecdotes, such as Jean Piaget's description of his vivid memory of an attempted abduction that never happened. The results of our study show that nonbelieved memories are much more common than is expected. Approximately 20% of our initial sample reported having at least one nonbelieved autobiographical memory. Participants' ratings indicate that nonbelieved memories share most recollective qualities of believed memories, but are characterized by more negative emotions. The results have important implications for the way autobiographical memory is conceptualized and for the false-memory debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Mazzoni
- Department of Psychology, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom.
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Evidence for the efficacy of the MORI technique: Viewers do not notice or implicitly remember details from the alternate movie version. Behav Res Methods 2009; 41:1224-32. [DOI: 10.3758/brm.41.4.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Emotional arousal and negative affect enhance recall of central aspects of an event. However, the role of discrete emotions in selective memory processing is understudied. Undergraduates were asked to recall and rate autobiographical memories of eight emotional events. Details of each memory were rated as central or peripheral to the event. Significance of the event, vividness, reliving and other aspects of remembering were also rated for each event. Positive affect enhanced recall of peripheral details. Furthermore, the impairment of peripheral recall was greatest in memories of anger, not of fear. Reliving the experience at retrieval was negatively correlated with recall of peripheral details for some emotions (e.g., anger) but not others (e.g., fear), irrespective of similarities in affect and intensity. Within individuals, recall of peripheral details was correlated with less belief in the memory's accuracy and more likelihood to recall the memory from one's own eyes (i.e., a field perspective).
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Arbuthnott KD, Kealy KLK, Ylioja S. Judgement of confidence in childhood memories. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Rubin DC, Boals A, Berntsen D. Memory in posttraumatic stress disorder: properties of voluntary and involuntary, traumatic and nontraumatic autobiographical memories in people with and without posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. J Exp Psychol Gen 2008; 137:591-614. [PMID: 18999355 PMCID: PMC2597428 DOI: 10.1037/a0013165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
One hundred fifteen undergraduates rated 15 word-cued memories and their 3 most negatively stressful, 3 most positive, and 7 most important events and completed tests of personality and depression. Eighty-nine also recorded involuntary memories online for 1 week. In the first 3-way comparisons needed to test existing theories, comparisons were made of memories of stressful events versus control events and involuntary versus voluntary memories in people high versus low in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity. For all participants, stressful memories had more emotional intensity, more frequent voluntary and involuntary retrieval, but not more fragmentation. For all memories, participants with greater PTSD symptom severity showed the same differences. Involuntary memories had more emotional intensity and less centrality to the life story than voluntary memories. Meeting the diagnostic criteria for traumatic events had no effect, but the emotional responses to events did. In 533 undergraduates, correlations among measures were replicated and the Negative Intensity factor of the Affect Intensity Measure correlated with PTSD symptom severity. No special trauma mechanisms were needed to account for the results, which are summarized by the autobiographical memory theory of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Rubin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0086, USA.
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Rubin DC, Schrauf RW, Gulgoz S, Naka M. Cross-cultural variability of component processes in autobiographical remembering: Japan, Turkey, and the USA. Memory 2008; 15:536-47. [PMID: 17613796 PMCID: PMC3972493 DOI: 10.1080/09658210701332679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the underlying mechanics of autobiographical memory may be identical across cultures, the processing of information differs. Undergraduates from Japan, Turkey, and the USA rated 30 autobiographical memories on 15 phenomenological and cognitive properties. Mean values were similar across cultures, with means from the Japanese sample being lower on most measures but higher on belief in the accuracy of their memories. Correlations within individuals were also similar across cultures, with correlations from the Turkish sample being higher between measures of language and measures of recollection and belief. For all three cultures, in multiple regression analyses, measures of recollection were predicted by visual imagery, auditory imagery, and emotions, whereas measures of belief were predicted by knowledge of the setting. These results show subtle cultural differences in the experience of remembering.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Rubin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Bohn A, Berntsen D. Pleasantness bias in flashbulb memories: positive and negative flashbulb memories of the fall of the Berlin Wall among East and West Germans. Mem Cognit 2007; 35:565-77. [PMID: 17691154 DOI: 10.3758/bf03193295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Flashbulb memories for the fall of the Berlin Wall were examined among 103 East and West Germans who considered the event as either highly positive or highly negative. The participants in the positive group rated their memories higher on measures of reliving and sensory imagery, whereas their memory for facts was less accurate than that of the participants in the negative group. The participants in the negative group had higher ratings on amount of consequences but had talked less about the event and considered it less central to their personal and national identity than did the participants in the positive group. In both groups, rehearsal and the centrality of the memory to the person's identity and life story correlated positively with memory qualities. The results suggest that positive and negative emotions have different effects on the processing and long-term retention of flashbulb memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Bohn
- Department of Psychology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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41
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Talarico JM, Rubin DC. Flashbulb memories are special after all; in phenomenology, not accuracy. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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42
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Sheen M, Kemp S, Rubin DC. Disputes over memory ownership: What memories are disputed? GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2006; 5 Suppl 1:9-13. [PMID: 16417612 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2006.00189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The ownership of memories is sometimes disputed, particularly by twins. Examination of 77 disputed memories, 71 provided by twins, showed that most of the remembered events are negative and that the disputants appear to be self-serving. They claim for themselves memories for achievements and suffered misfortunes but are more likely to give away memories of personal wrongdoing. The research suggests that some of the memories in which we play a leading role might in fact have been the experiences of others.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sheen
- University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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43
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Stark LJ, Perfect TJ. Elaboration inflation: how your ideas become mine. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Windhorst C. The slave model of autobiographical memory. Cogn Process 2005; 6:253-65. [PMID: 18239954 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-005-0011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Revised: 07/08/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper the nature of the relationship between psychological mechanisms that process semantic information and those that process autobiographical memory is considered. On the basis of theoretical work by Endel Tulving, and empirical research into the construction of false memories, a novel model of autobiographical memory construction is proposed. This model is referred to as the slave model of autobiographical memory and has that the mechanisms responsible for the production of autobiographical memories are enslaved to those that support semantic information, in the sense that beliefs determine the content of autobiographical memory. Implications of the model for the potential double dissociation of semantic and episodic memory are considered; as are recent accounts of autobiographical memory construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Windhorst
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
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Talarico JM, LaBar KS, Rubin DC. Emotional intensity predicts autobiographical memory experience. Mem Cognit 2004; 32:1118-32. [PMID: 15813494 DOI: 10.3758/bf03196886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
College students generated autobiographical memories from distinct emotional categories that varied in valence (positive vs. negative) and intensity (high vs. low). They then rated various perceptual, cognitive, and emotional properties for each memory. The distribution of these emotional memories favored a vector model over a circumplex model. For memories of all specific emotions, intensity accounted for significantly more variance in autobiographical memory characteristics than did valence or age of the memory. In two additional experiments, we examined multiple memories of emotions of high intensity and positive or negative valence and of positive valence and high or low intensity. Intensity was a more consistent predictor of autobiographical memory properties than was valence or the age of the memory in these experiments as well. The general effects of emotion on autobiographical memory properties are due primarily to intensity differences in emotional experience, not to benefits or detriments associated with a specific valence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Talarico
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
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DePrince AP, Allard CB, Oh H, Freyd JJ. What's in a Name for Memory Errors? Implications and Ethical Issues Arising From the Use of the Term "False Memory" for Errors in Memory for Details. ETHICS & BEHAVIOR 2004; 14:201-33. [PMID: 15875322 DOI: 10.1207/s15327019eb1403_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The term "false memories" has been used to refer to suggestibility experiments in which whole events are apparently confabulated and in media accounts of contested memories of childhood abuse. Since 1992 psychologists have increasingly used the term "false memory" when discussing memory errors for details, such as specific words within lists. Use of the term to refer to errors in details is a shift in language away from other terms used historically (e.g., "memory intrusions"). We empirically examine this shift in language and discuss implications of the new use of the term "false memories." Use of the term presents serious ethical challenges to the data-interpretation process by encouraging over-generalization and misapplication of research findings on word memory to social issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne P DePrince
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, 2155 South Race Street, Denver, CO 80208, USA.
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Wenzel A, Pinna K, Rubin DC. Autobiographical memories of anxiety-related experiences. Behav Res Ther 2004; 42:329-41. [PMID: 14975773 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2002] [Revised: 05/01/2003] [Accepted: 05/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ninety-nine undergraduate students retrieved three memories associated with each of the five emotional experiences: panic, trauma, worry, social anxiety, and feeling content. Subsequently, they answered 24 questions assessing properties of each memory, including the vividness and perceived accuracy of the memories and sensory, emotional, and anxiety-related experiences during retrieval. Memories were coded for affective tone and specificity. Results indicated that panic-related and trauma-related memories were rated similarly as content memories, but that they generally were associated with more imagery and emotional experiencing than worry-related or social anxiety-related memories. Participants experienced panic and worry symptoms to the greatest degree when they retrieved panic-related and trauma-related memories. All anxiety-related memories were characterized by more negative tone than content memories. Panic-related and trauma-related memories were more specific than worry-related, social anxiety-related, and content memories. These findings can explain partially why individuals with some, but not all, anxiety disorders experience enhanced memory for threatening material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Wenzel
- Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-8380, USA.
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Abstract
We investigated the effects of visual input at encoding and retrieval on the phenomenology of memory. In Experiment 1, participants took part in events with and without wearing blindfolds, and later were shown a video of the events. Blindfolding, as well as later viewing of the video, both tended to decrease recollection. In Experiment 2, participants were played videos, with and without the visual component, of events involving other people. Events listened to without visual input were recalled with less recollection; later adding of the visual component increased recollection. In Experiment 3, participants were provided with progressively more information about events that they had experienced, either in the form of photographs that they had taken of the events or narrative descriptions of those photographs. In comparison with manipulations at encoding, the addition of more visual or narrative cues at recall had similar but smaller effects on recollection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Rubin
- Department of Psychological Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0086, USA.
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Küntay AC, Gülgöz S, Tekcan Aİ. Disputed memories of twins: how ordinary are they? APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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