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Wu J, Kwok SC, Wang H, Wang Z. Effects of post-learning nap in the recognition memory for faces in habitual nappers. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2024; 213:107957. [PMID: 38964599 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of diurnal nap in the recognition memory for faces in habitual nappers. Thirty volunteers with habitual midday napping (assigned as the sleep group) and 28 non-nappers (assigned as the wake group) participated in this study. Participants were instructed to memorize faces, and subsequently to perform two recognition tasks before and after nap/wakefulness, i.e., an immediate recognition and a delayed recognition. There were three experimental conditions: same faces with the same view angle (S-S condition); same faces with a different view angle (22.5°) (S-D condition); and novel faces (NF condition). A mixed repeated-measures ANOVA revealed that the sleep group exhibited significantly longer reaction times (RT) following their nap compared to those of the wake group; no significant between-group differences were observed in accuracy or sensitivity (d'). Furthermore, both groups were more conservative in the delayed recognition task compared to the immediate recognition task, but the sleep group was more conservative after their nap (vs pre-nap), reflected by the criterion (β, Ohit/Ofalse alarm). Further stepwise regression analysis revealed a positive relationship between duration of stage N3 sleep and normalized RT difference before/after nap on the S-S condition. These findings suggest that an immediate nap following face learning is associated with memory reorganization during N3 sleep in habitual nappers, rendering the memories not readily accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Center for Psychological Health Education of College Students, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Sze Chai Kwok
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China; Phylo-Cognition Laboratory, Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Data Science Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhaoxin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Denis D, Bottary R, Cunningham TJ, Tcheukado MC, Payne JD. The influence of encoding strategy on associative memory consolidation across wake and sleep. Learn Mem 2023; 30:185-191. [PMID: 37726141 PMCID: PMC10547373 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053765.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Sleep benefits memory consolidation. However, factors present at initial encoding may moderate this effect. Here, we examined the role that encoding strategy plays in subsequent memory consolidation during sleep. Eighty-nine participants encoded pairs of words using two different strategies. Each participant encoded half of the word pairs using an integrative visualization technique, where the two items were imagined in an integrated scene. The other half were encoded nonintegratively, with each word pair item visualized separately. Memory was tested before and after a period of nocturnal sleep (N = 47) or daytime wake (N = 42) via cued recall tests. Immediate memory performance was significantly better for word pairs encoded using the integrative strategy compared with the nonintegrative strategy (P < 0.001). When looking at the change in recall across the delay, there was significantly less forgetting of integrated word pairs across a night of sleep compared with a day spent awake (P < 0.001), with no significant difference in the nonintegrated pairs (P = 0.19). This finding was driven by more forgetting of integrated compared with not-integrated pairs across the wake delay (P < 0.001), whereas forgetting was equivalent across the sleep delay (P = 0.26). Together, these results show that the strategy engaged in during encoding impacts both the immediate retention of memories and their subsequent consolidation across sleep and wake intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Denis
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Bottary
- Institute for Graduate Clinical Psychology, Widener University, Chester, Pennsylvania 19013, USA
| | - Tony J Cunningham
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Psychiatry Department, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | | | - Jessica D Payne
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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3
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Foldes T, Santamaria L, Lewis P. Sleep-related benefits to transitive inference are modulated by encoding strength and joint rank. Learn Mem 2023; 30:201-211. [PMID: 37726142 PMCID: PMC10547378 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053787.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Transitive inference is a measure of relational learning that has been shown to improve across sleep. Here, we examine this phenomenon further by studying the impact of encoding strength and joint rank. In experiment 1, participants learned adjacent premise pairs and were then tested on inferential problems derived from those pairs. In line with prior work, we found improved transitive inference performance after retention across a night of sleep compared with wake alone. Experiment 2 extended these findings using a within-subject design and found superior transitive inference performance on a hierarchy, consolidated across 27 h including sleep compared with just 3 h of wake. In both experiments, consolidation-related improvement was enhanced when presleep learning (i.e., encoding strength) was stronger. We also explored the interaction of these effects with the joint rank effect, in which items were scored according to their rank in the hierarchy, with more dominant item pairs having the lowest scores. Interestingly, the consolidation-related benefit was greatest for more dominant inference pairs (i.e., those with low joint rank scores). Overall, our findings provide further support for the improvement of transitive inference across a consolidation period that includes sleep. We additionally show that encoding strength and joint rank strongly modulate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Foldes
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lorena Santamaria
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Penny Lewis
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
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4
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Yao X, Lu F, Wang Z, Miao Y, Feng Q, Zhang Y, Jiang T, Tang S, Zhang N, Dai F, Hu H, Zhang Q. Association of sleep behaviors, insulin resistance surrogates, and the risk of hypertension in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1212878. [PMID: 37547312 PMCID: PMC10400317 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1212878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Our aim was to evaluate the association between midday napping, combined sleep quality, and insulin resistance surrogates and the risk of hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire. Binary logistic regression was performed to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the risk of hypertension. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were grouped as categorical variables and unpaired two-sided Student's t-test and Spearman correlation analysis were performed to estimate the association between different blood pressure levels and insulin resistance surrogates. Results The overall prevalence rate of hypertension was 50%. Age (OR = 1.056, 95% CI:1.044-1.068), poor sleep quality (OR = 1.959, 95% CI:1.393-2.755), hyperlipidemia (OR = 1.821, 95% CI:1.462-2.369), family history of hypertension (OR = 2.811, 95% CI:2.261-3.495), and obesity (OR = 5.515, 95% CI:1.384-21.971) were significantly associated with an increased risk of hypertension. Midday napping for 1-30 min was negatively correlated with the risk of hypertension (OR = 0.534, 95% CI:0.305-0.936, P <0.05). Conclusion Poor sleep quality and obesity are independent risk factors for hypertension. Midday napping (1-30 min) is associated with a decreased risk of hypertension in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Honglin Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qiu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Cerić F, Montemurro M, Muñoz-Nájar Pacheco A, Cortés C. Modulation of performance during executive function tasks by emotional salience of stimuli ( Modulación del desempeño en tareas de funciones ejecutivas por saliencia emocional de los estímulos). STUDIES IN PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/02109395.2022.2158587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Cerić
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Afectiva, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Del Desarrollo
| | - Manuel Montemurro
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Afectiva, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Del Desarrollo
| | | | - Cristian Cortés
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Afectiva, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Del Desarrollo
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Zhao S, Uono S, Hu RQ, Yoshimura S, Toichi M. Self-referential and social saliency information influences memory following attention orienting. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1092512. [PMID: 37034947 PMCID: PMC10075135 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1092512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-referential information is a processing priority in individuals. Whether or how self-referential information plays a role in attention orienting by modulating memory encoding during attention orienting is presently unknown. First, we investigated this role with self-referential processing for words. Participants were trained to associate two cues (red and green arrows) with social labels (the words "self" and "other" in Experiment 1). Then, participants performed a cueing task to determine whether various targets were presented at a right or left location. Finally, a recognition task of target items was implemented to examine the influence of arrow cues on memory. Second, given that the difference in social salience also exists between self-and other-referential processing, we investigate whether the same effect as the self-referential processing of words exists for emotional faces with high social salience and regardless of emotional valence (a high and a low social salience in Experiment 2A; and a positive and a negative emotional face in Experiment 2B). The results showed that self-referential and emotional cues, irrespective of their emotional valence, enhance memory for the indicated target objects across experiments. This suggests that automatic prioritization of social salience for self-referential words or emotional faces plays an important role in subsequent cognitive processing through attention orienting to influence memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhao
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Shuo Zhao,
| | - Shota Uono
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rong Qing Hu
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Sayaka Yoshimura
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Motomi Toichi
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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7
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Lerner I, Pilly PK, Moustafa AA. Editorial: Mechanisms contributing to sleep-dependent memory generalization. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1106577. [PMID: 36605546 PMCID: PMC9808383 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1106577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Lerner
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States,*Correspondence: Itamar Lerner ✉
| | - Praveen K. Pilly
- Proficient Autonomy Center, Intelligent Systems Laboratory, HRL Laboratories, LLC, Malibu, CA, United States
| | - Ahmed A. Moustafa
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Society and Design, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia,Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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8
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Imagetic and affective measures of memory reverberation diverge at sleep onset in association with theta rhythm. Neuroimage 2022; 264:119690. [PMID: 36261058 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The 'day residue' - the presence of waking memories into dreams - is a century-old concept that remains controversial in neuroscience. Even at the psychological level, it remains unclear how waking imagery cedes into dreams. Are visual and affective residues enhanced, modified, or erased at sleep onset? Are they linked, or dissociated? What are the neural correlates of these transformations? To address these questions we combined quantitative semantics, sleep EEG markers, visual stimulation, and multiple awakenings to investigate visual and affect residues in hypnagogic imagery at sleep onset. Healthy adults were repeatedly stimulated with an affective image, allowed to sleep and awoken seconds to minutes later, during waking (WK), N1 or N2 sleep stages. 'Image Residue' was objectively defined as the formal semantic similarity between oral reports describing the last image visualized before closing the eyes ('ground image'), and oral reports of subsequent visual imagery ('hypnagogic imagery). Similarly, 'Affect Residue' measured the proximity of affective valences between 'ground image' and 'hypnagogic imagery'. We then compared these grounded measures of two distinct aspects of the 'day residue', calculated within participants, to randomly generated values calculated across participants. The results show that Image Residue persisted throughout the transition to sleep, increasing during N1 in proportion to the time spent in this stage. In contrast, the Affect Residue was gradually neutralized as sleep progressed, decreasing in proportion to the time spent in N1 and reaching a minimum during N2. EEG power in the theta band (4.5-6.5 Hz) was inversely correlated with the Image Residue during N1. The results show that the visual and affective aspects of the 'day residue' in hypnagogic imagery diverge at sleep onset, possibly decoupling visual contents from strong negative emotions, in association with increased theta rhythm.
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9
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Cunningham TJ, Stickgold R, Kensinger EA. Investigating the effects of sleep and sleep loss on the different stages of episodic emotional memory: A narrative review and guide to the future. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:910317. [PMID: 36105652 PMCID: PMC9466000 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.910317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
For two decades, sleep has been touted as one of the primary drivers for the encoding, consolidation, retention, and retrieval of episodic emotional memory. Recently, however, sleep's role in emotional memory processing has received renewed scrutiny as meta-analyses and reviews have indicated that sleep may only contribute a small effect that hinges on the content or context of the learning and retrieval episodes. On the one hand, the strong perception of sleep's importance in maintaining memory for emotional events may have been exacerbated by publication bias phenomena, such as the "winner's curse" and "file drawer problem." On the other hand, it is plausible that there are sets of circumstances that lead to consistent and reliable effects of sleep on emotional memory; these circumstances may depend on factors such as the placement and quality of sleep relative to the emotional experience, the content and context of the emotional experience, and the probes and strategies used to assess memory at retrieval. Here, we review the literature on how sleep (and sleep loss) influences each stage of emotional episodic memory. Specifically, we have separated previous work based on the placement of sleep and sleep loss in relation to the different stages of emotional memory processing: (1) prior to encoding, (2) immediately following encoding during early consolidation, (3) during extended consolidation, separated from initial learning, (4) just prior to retrieval, and (5) post-retrieval as memories may be restructured and reconsolidated. The goals of this review are three-fold: (1) examine phases of emotional memory that sleep may influence to a greater or lesser degree, (2) explicitly identify problematic overlaps in traditional sleep-wake study designs that are preventing the ability to better disentangle the potential role of sleep in the different stages of emotional memory processing, and (3) highlight areas for future research by identifying the stages of emotional memory processing in which the effect of sleep and sleep loss remains under-investigated. Here, we begin the task of better understanding the contexts and factors that influence the relationship between sleep and emotional memory processing and aim to be a valuable resource to facilitate hypothesis generation and promote important future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony J. Cunningham
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Robert Stickgold
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Kensinger
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
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10
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Leong RLF, Lo JC, Chee MWL. Systematic review and meta-analyses on the effects of afternoon napping on cognition. Sleep Med Rev 2022; 65:101666. [PMID: 36041284 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Naps are increasingly considered a means to boost cognitive performance. We quantified the cognitive effects of napping in 60 samples from 54 studies. 52 samples evaluated memory. We first evaluated effect sizes for all tests together, before separately assessing their effects on memory, vigilance, speed of processing and executive function. We next examined whether nap effects were moderated by study features of age, nap length, nap start time, habituality and prior sleep restriction. Naps showed significant benefits for the total aggregate of cognitive tests (Cohen's d = 0.379, CI95 = 0.296-0.462). Significant domain specific effects were present for declarative (Cohen's d = 0.376, CI95 = 0.269-0.482) and procedural memory (Cohen's d = 0.494, CI95 = 0.301-0.686), vigilance (Cohen's d = 0.610, CI95 = 0.291-0.929) and speed of processing (Cohen's d = 0.211, CI95 = 0.052-0.369). There were no significant moderation effects of any of the study features. Nap effects were of comparable magnitude across subgroups of each of the 5 moderators (Q values = 0.009 to 8.572, p values > 0.116). Afternoon naps have a small to medium benefit over multiple cognitive tests. These effects transcend age, nap duration and tentatively, habituality and prior nocturnal sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth L F Leong
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - June C Lo
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael W L Chee
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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11
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Jin R, Xia T, Gawronski B, Hu X. Attitudinal Effects of Stimulus Co-occurrence and Stimulus Relations: Sleep Supports Propositional Learning Via Memory Consolidation. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506211067673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive behavior requires that organisms learn not only which stimuli tend to co-occur (e.g., whether stimulus A co-occurs with unpleasant stimulus B) but also how co-occurring stimuli are related (e.g., whether A starts or stops B). In a preregistered study ( N = 200 adults), we investigated whether sleep would promote adaptive evaluative choices requiring joint memories for stimulus co-occurrences and stimulus relations. Participants learned about hypothetical pharmaceutical products that either cause or prevent positive or negative health conditions, followed by measures of evaluative choices and explicit memory. After a 12-hr retention interval including either nocturnal sleep or daytime wake, participants completed the same measures a second time. Results showed that sleep strengthened the impact of causal product–condition relations on choices (revealed by multinomial modeling analyses) and enhanced memories for specific stimulus co-occurrences (revealed by memory preservation analyses). The findings suggest that sleep promotes adaptive evaluative choices via offline memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jin
- The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Tao Xia
- The University of Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Xiaoqing Hu
- The University of Hong Kong, China
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, China
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12
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Nie A, Jiang G. Does stimulus emotionality influence associative memory? Insights from directed forgetting. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00449-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Lerner I, Lupkin SM, Tsai A, Khawaja A, Gluck MA. Sleep to remember, sleep to forget: Rapid eye movement sleep can have inverse effects on recall and generalization of fear memories. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 180:107413. [PMID: 33609741 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep has been shown to modulate the consolidation of fear memories, a process that may contribute to the development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). However, contradictory findings have been reported regarding the direction of this modulation and its differential effects on recall versus generalization. In two complementary experiments, we addressed this by employing sleep deprivation protocols together with a novel fear-conditioning paradigm that required the discrimination between coexisting threat and safety signals. Using skin conductance responses and functional imaging (fMRI), we found two opposing effects of REM sleep: While REM impaired recall of the original threat memories, it improved the ability to generalize these memories to novel situations that emphasized the discrimination between threat and safety signals. These results, as well as previous findings in healthy participants and patients diagnosed with PTSD, could be explained by the degree to which the balance between threat and safety signals for a given stimulus was predictive of threat. We suggest that this account can be integrated with contemporary theories of sleep and fear learning, such as the REM recalibration hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Lerner
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; The Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
| | - Shira M Lupkin
- The Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; The Behavioral and Neural Sciences Graduate Program, Rutgers University-Newark, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Alan Tsai
- The Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Anosha Khawaja
- The Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Mark A Gluck
- The Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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Malbert CH. Vagally Mediated Gut-Brain Relationships in Appetite Control-Insights from Porcine Studies. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020467. [PMID: 33573329 PMCID: PMC7911705 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Signals arising from the upper part of the gut are essential for the regulation of food intake, particularly satiation. This information is supplied to the brain partly by vagal nervous afferents. The porcine model, because of its sizeable gyrencephalic brain, omnivorous regimen, and comparative anatomy of the proximal part of the gut to that of humans, has provided several important insights relating to the relevance of vagally mediated gut-brain relationships to the regulation of food intake. Furthermore, its large size combined with the capacity to become obese while overeating a western diet makes it a pivotal addition to existing murine models, especially for translational studies relating to obesity. How gastric, proximal intestinal, and portal information relating to meal arrival and transit are encoded by vagal afferents and their further processing by primary and secondary brain projections are reviewed. Their peripheral and central plasticities in the context of obesity are emphasized. We also present recent insights derived from chronic stimulation of the abdominal vagi with specific reference to the modulation of mesolimbic structures and their role in the restoration of insulin sensitivity in the obese miniature pig model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles-Henri Malbert
- Aniscan Unit, INRAE, Saint-Gilles, 35590 Paris, France;
- National Academy of Medicine, 75000 Paris, France
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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15
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Davidson P, Jönsson P, Carlsson I, Pace-Schott E. Does Sleep Selectively Strengthen Certain Memories Over Others Based on Emotion and Perceived Future Relevance? Nat Sci Sleep 2021; 13:1257-1306. [PMID: 34335065 PMCID: PMC8318217 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s286701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep has been found to have a beneficial effect on memory consolidation. It has furthermore frequently been suggested that sleep does not strengthen all memories equally. The first aim of this review paper was to examine whether sleep selectively strengthens emotional declarative memories more than neutral ones. We examined this first by reviewing the literature focusing on sleep/wake contrasts, and then the literature on whether any specific factors during sleep preferentially benefit emotional memories, with a special focus on the often-suggested claim that rapid eye movement sleep primarily consolidates emotional memories. A second aim was to examine if sleep preferentially benefits memories based on other cues of future relevance such as reward, test-expectancy or different instructions during encoding. Once again, we first focused on studies comparing sleep and wake groups, and then on studies examining the contributions of specific factors during sleep (for each future relevance paradigm, respectively). The review revealed that although some support exists that sleep is more beneficial for certain kinds of memories based on emotion or other cues of future relevance, the majority of studies does not support such an effect. Regarding specific factors during sleep, our review revealed that no sleep variable has reliably been found to be specifically associated with the consolidation of certain kinds of memories over others based on emotion or other cues of future relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Davidson
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Jönsson
- School of Education and Environment, Centre for Psychology, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden
| | | | - Edward Pace-Schott
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Denis D, Schapiro AC, Poskanzer C, Bursal V, Charon L, Morgan A, Stickgold R. The roles of item exposure and visualization success in the consolidation of memories across wake and sleep. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:451-456. [PMID: 33060281 PMCID: PMC7571267 DOI: 10.1101/lm.051383.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Memory consolidation during sleep does not benefit all memories equally. Initial encoding strength appears to play a role in governing where sleep effects are seen, but it is unclear whether sleep preferentially consolidates weaker or stronger memories. We manipulated encoding strength along two dimensions—the number of item presentations, and success at visualizing each item, in a sample of 82 participants. Sleep benefited memory of successfully visualized items only. Within these, the sleep–wake difference was largest for more weakly encoded information. These results suggest that the benefit of sleep on memory is seen most clearly for items that are encoded to a lower initial strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Denis
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Anna C Schapiro
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Craig Poskanzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Verda Bursal
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Lily Charon
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Alexandra Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Robert Stickgold
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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17
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Overnight sleep benefits both neutral and negative direct associative and relational memory. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 19:1391-1403. [PMID: 31468500 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-019-00746-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Strong evidence suggests that sleep plays a role in memory consolidation, which involves both stabilizing memory into long-term storage as well as integrating new information into existing stores. The current study investigated consolidation, across a day of wakefulness or night of sleep, of emotional and neutral directly learned visual paired associates (A-B/B-C pairs) as well as formation of memory for relational pairs formed via overlapping learned components (A-C pairs). Participants learned 40 negative and 40 neutral face-object pairs followed by a baseline test in session 1 either in the morning or evening. They then spent a 12-hour retention period during which participants either went about their normal day or spent the night in the sleep lab. During session 2, participants completed a surprise test to assess their memory for relational pairs (A-C) as well as memory for direct associates (A-B/B-C). As hypothesized, the results demonstrated that a 12-hour retention period predominantly spent asleep, compared to awake, benefited memory for both relational and direct associative memory. However, contrary to the hypothesis that emotional salience would promote preferential consolidation, sleep appeared to benefit both negative and neutral information similarly for direct associative and relational memories, suggesting that sleep may interact with other factors affecting encoding (e.g., depth of encoding) to benefit direct and relational associative memory. As one of the few studies examining the role of nocturnal sleep and emotion on both direct and relational associative memory, our findings suggest key insights into how overnight sleep consolidates these different forms of memory.
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18
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Lerner I, Gluck MA. Sleep and the extraction of hidden regularities: A systematic review and the importance of temporal rules. Sleep Med Rev 2019; 47:39-50. [PMID: 31252335 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
As part of its role in memory consolidation, sleep has been repeatedly identified as critical for the extraction of regularities from wake experiences. However, many null results have been published as well, with no clear consensus emerging regarding the conditions that yield this sleep effect. Here, we systematically review the role of sleep in the extraction of hidden regularities, specifically those involving associative relations embedded in newly learned information. We found that the specific behavioral task used in a study had far more impact on whether a sleep effect was discovered than either the category of the cognitive processes targeted, or the particular experimental design employed. One emerging pattern, however, was that the explicit detection of hidden rules is more likely to happen when the rules are of a temporal nature (i.e., event A at time t predicts a later event B) than when they are non-temporal. We discuss this temporal rule sensitivity in reference to the compressed memory replay occurring in the hippocampus during slow-wave-sleep, and compare this effect to what happens when the extraction of regularities depends on prior knowledge and relies on structures other than the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Lerner
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
| | - Mark A Gluck
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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19
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Sleep selectively stabilizes contextual aspects of negative memories. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17861. [PMID: 30552343 PMCID: PMC6294767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep and emotion are both powerful modulators of the long-term stability of episodic memories, but precisely how these factors interact remains unresolved. We assessed changes in item recognition, contextual memory, and affective tone for negative and neutral memories across a 12 h interval containing sleep or wakefulness in 71 human volunteers. Our data indicate a sleep-dependent stabilization of negative contextual memories, in a way not seen for neutral memories, item recognition, or across wakefulness. Furthermore, retention of contextual memories was positively associated with the proportion of time spent in non-rapid eye movement sleep in a valence-independent manner. Finally, while affective responses to previously seen negative stimuli and to both old and new neutral stimuli decreased across an interval of sleep, effects for memorized items did not differ reliably between sleep and wake. These results add to our understanding of the complex interrelations among sleep, memory, and emotion.
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20
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Effects of early morning nap sleep on associative memory for neutral and emotional stimuli. Brain Res 2018; 1698:29-42. [PMID: 29928870 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Emotional events are preferentially retained in episodic memory. This effect is commonly attributed to enhanced consolidation and has been linked specifically to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep physiology. While several studies have demonstrated an enhancing effect of REM sleep on emotional item memory, it has not been thoroughly explored whether this effect extends to the retention of associative memory. Moreover, it is unclear how non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep contributes to these effects. The present study thus examined associative recognition of emotional and non-emotional material across an early morning nap (N = 23) and sustained wakefulness (N = 23). Nap group subjects demonstrated enhanced post-sleep associative memory performance, which was evident across both valence categories. Subsequent analyses revealed significant correlations between NREM spindle density and pre-sleep memory performance. Moreover, NREM spindle density was positively correlated with post-sleep neutral associative memory performance but not with post-sleep emotional associative memory. Accordingly, only neutral associative memory, but not emotional associative memory, was significantly correlated with spindle density after an additional night of sleep (+24 h). These results illustrate a temporally persistent relationship between spindle density and memory for neutral associations, whereas post-sleep emotional associative memory appears to be disengaged from NREM-sleep-dependent processes.
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Beattie
- School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
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22
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Dumay N. Look more carefully: Even your data show sleep makes memories more accessible. A reply to Schreiner and Rasch (2018). Cortex 2017; 101:288-293. [PMID: 29397098 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dumay
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, United Kingdom; BCBL. Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Spain.
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23
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Remembering specific features of emotional events across time: The role of REM sleep and prefrontal theta oscillations. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 17:1186-1209. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-017-0542-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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25
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Mantua J, Spencer RMC. Exploring the nap paradox: are mid-day sleep bouts a friend or foe? Sleep Med 2017; 37:88-97. [PMID: 28899546 PMCID: PMC5598771 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The mid-day nap, sometimes called a siesta, is a ubiquitous occurrence across the lifespan. It is well established that in addition to reducing sleepiness, mid-day naps offer a variety of benefits: memory consolidation, preparation for subsequent learning, executive functioning enhancement, and a boost in emotional stability. These benefits are present even if a sufficient amount of sleep is obtained during the night prior. However, we present a paradox: in spite of these reported benefits of naps, frequent napping has also been associated with numerous negative outcomes (eg, cognitive decline, hypertension, diabetes), particularly in older populations. This association exists even when statistically controlling for relevant health- and sleep-affecting determinants. An emerging hypothesis suggests inflammation is a mediator between mid-day naps and poor health outcomes, yet further research is necessary. Given this, it may be premature to 'prescribe' naps as a health enhancer. Herein, we aggregate findings from several branches of sleep research (eg, developmental neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, sleep medicine) to critically examine the paradoxical role of naps in cognitive and somatic health. This review uncovers gaps in the literature to guide research opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Mantua
- Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA.
| | - Rebecca M C Spencer
- Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA; Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA.
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