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Kasprzyk W, Romańczyk PP, Kurek SS, Świergosz T. A switchable green emitting dye and its phenomenal properties: implications for the photoluminescence features of carbon dots. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 39189364 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr02517b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
New molecular fluorophores are constantly being discovered in post-synthetic mixtures of carbon dots (CDs), prompting researchers to elucidate their role in the optical properties of these nanomaterials. It has been reported that the green-emitting fluorophore that forms during the synthesis of popular citric acid/urea CDs is HPPT (4-hydroxy-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyridine-1,3,6(2H,5H)-trione). However, due to the low concentration of HPPT-like molecules within the structure of CDs, their actual binding and contribution to the optical properties of CDs has not so far been convincingly confirmed. In this joint experimental and quantum chemical study, we show that HPPT is a strong acid and only its anionic form, HPPT-, present in solutions of pH 0-10, is emissive. Next, its fluorescence can be switched off rapidly in strongly alkaline environments as a result of HPPT- hydrolysis, leading to the opening of its pyrrole ring and formation of CDPC (3-carbamoyl-2,6-dihydroxypyridine-4-carboxylic acid), existing as the CDPC2- dianion under these conditions. Eventually, we found that the ring opening hydrolysis is reversible and the green emission may be restored in acidic environments. The kinetics and mechanism of this hydrolysis were also revealed. The optical features of citric acid (CA)-urea CDs under various conditions were compared with a simpler CD system prepared by treating the CDs obtained from CA solely with HPPT- (HPPT@CDs). Our results indicate the feasibility of the post-synthetic modification of HPPT- present in the structures of CA-urea CDs and HPPT@CDs. Without HPPT- they emit blue fluorescence only. Thus, this makes the nanosystem switch the PL emission colour reversibly from green to blue owing to the opening and closing of the pyrrole ring in HPPT-like molecules. More importantly, the latter process may be considered a first step toward genuine fine tuning of the PL emission colour from CDs. These findings are of general importance to the further development of citric acid-based CDs with tailored properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktor Kasprzyk
- Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Piotr P Romańczyk
- Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Stefan S Kurek
- Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Świergosz
- Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland.
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Patel HP, Desai PH, Patel RV, Lodha SN, Gore AH, Patil PO, Desai BV, Desai DT, Vyas BA, Willcox MDP, Maulvi FA. Clozapine-laden carbon dots delivered to the brain via an intranasal pathway: Synthesis, characterization, ex vivo, and in vivo studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 237:113862. [PMID: 38518556 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Clozapine, which is widely used to treat schizophrenia, shows low bioavailability due to poor solubility and high first-pass metabolism. The study aimed to design clozapine-loaded carbon dots (CDs) to enhance availability of the clozapine to the brain via intranasal pathway. The CDs were synthesized by pyrolysis of citric acid and urea at 200 °C by hydrothermal technique and characterized by photoluminescence, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR). The optimized clozapine-loaded CDs (CLZ-CDs-1:3-200) showed a quasi-spherical shape (9-12 nm) with stable blue fluorescence. The CDs showed high drug solubilization capacity (1.5 mg drug in 1 mg/ml CDs) with strong electrostatic interaction with clozapine (drug loading efficiency = 94.74%). The ex vivo release study performed using nasal goat mucosa showed sustained release of clozapine (43.89%) from CLZ-CDs-1:3-200 for 30 h. The ciliotoxicity study (histopathology) confirmed no toxicity to the nasal mucosal tissues using CDs. In the rat model (in vivo pharmacokinetic study), when CDs were administrated by the intranasal route, a significantly higher concentration of clozapine in the brain tissue (Cmax = 58.07 ± 5.36 μg/g and AUCt (µg/h*g) = 105.76 ± 12.31) was noted within a short time (tmax = 1 h) compared to clozapine suspension administered by intravenous route (Cmax = 20.99 ± 3.91 μg/g, AUC t (µg/h*g) = 56.89 ± 12.31, and tmax = 4 h). The high value of drug targeting efficiency (DTE, 486%) index and direct transport percentage (DTP, 58%) indicates the direct entry of clozapine-CDs in the brain via the olfactory route. In conclusion, designed CDs demonstrated a promising dosage form for targeted nose-to-brain delivery of clozapine for the effective treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetal P Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat 394350, India.
| | - Priya H Desai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat 394350, India
| | | | - Sandesh N Lodha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat 394350, India
| | - Anil H Gore
- Tarsadia Institute of Chemical Science, Uka Tarsadia University, Maliba Campus, Surat 394350, India
| | - Pravin O Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur 425405, India
| | - Bhargavi V Desai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat 394350, India
| | - Ditixa T Desai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat 394350, India
| | - Bhavin A Vyas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat 394350, India
| | - Mark D P Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Furqan A Maulvi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat 394350, India; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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Kuznietsova H, Dziubenko N, Paliienko K, Pozdnyakova N, Krisanova N, Pastukhov A, Lysenko T, Dudarenko M, Skryshevsky V, Lysenko V, Borisova T. A comparative multi-level toxicity assessment of carbon-based Gd-free dots and Gd-doped nanohybrids from coffee waste: hematology, biochemistry, histopathology and neurobiology study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9306. [PMID: 37291245 PMCID: PMC10250545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36496-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, a comparative toxicity assessment of precursor carbon dots from coffee waste (cofCDs) obtained using green chemistry principles and Gd-doped nanohybrids (cofNHs) was performed using hematological, biochemical, histopathological assays in vivo (CD1 mice, intraperitoneal administration, 14 days), and neurochemical approach in vitro (rat cortex nerve terminals, synaptosomes). Serum biochemistry data revealed similar changes in cofCDs and cofNHs-treated groups, i.e. no changes in liver enzymes' activities and creatinine, but decreased urea and total protein values. Hematology data demonstrated increased lymphocytes and concomitantly decreased granulocytes in both groups, which could evidence inflammatory processes in the organism and was confirmed by liver histopathology; decreased red blood cell-associated parameters and platelet count, and increased mean platelet volume, which might indicate concerns with platelet maturation and was confirmed by spleen histopathology. So, relative safety of both cofCDs and cofNHs for kidney, liver and spleen was shown, whereas there were concerns about platelet maturation and erythropoiesis. In acute neurotoxicity study, cofCDs and cofNHs (0.01 mg/ml) did not affect the extracellular level of L-[14C]glutamate and [3H]GABA in nerve terminal preparations. Therefore, cofNHs demonstrated minimal changes in serum biochemistry and hematology assays, had no acute neurotoxicity signs, and can be considered as perspective biocompatible non-toxic theragnostic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halyna Kuznietsova
- Corporation Science Park, Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street, 64, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Dziubenko
- Corporation Science Park, Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street, 64, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Konstantin Paliienko
- Corporation Science Park, Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine.
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv, 01054, Ukraine.
| | - Natalia Pozdnyakova
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv, 01054, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Krisanova
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv, 01054, Ukraine
| | - Artem Pastukhov
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv, 01054, Ukraine
| | - Tetiana Lysenko
- Corporation Science Park, Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv, 01054, Ukraine
| | - Marina Dudarenko
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv, 01054, Ukraine
| | - Valeriy Skryshevsky
- Corporation Science Park, Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street, 64, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir Lysenko
- Light Matter Institute, UMR-5306, Claude Bernard University of Lyon/CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Tatiana Borisova
- Corporation Science Park, Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv, 01054, Ukraine
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Wang D, Chen Y, Xia T, Claudino M, Melendez A, Ni X, Dong C, Liu Z, Yang J. Citric Acid-Based Intrinsic Band-Shifting Photoluminescent Materials. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0152. [PMID: 37256199 PMCID: PMC10226408 DOI: 10.34133/research.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Citric acid, an important metabolite with abundant reactive groups, has been demonstrated as a promising starting material to synthesize diverse photoluminescent materials including small molecules, polymers, and carbon dots. The unique citrate chemistry enables the development of a series of citric acid-based molecules and nanomaterials with intriguing intrinsic band-shifting behavior, where the emission wavelength shifts as the excitation wavelength increases, ideal for chromatic imaging and many other applications. In this review, we discuss the concept of "intrinsic band-shifting photoluminescent materials", introduce the recent advances in citric acid-based intrinsic band-shifting materials, and discuss their potential applications such as chromatic imaging and multimodal sensing. It is our hope that the insightful and forward-thinking discussion in this review will spur the innovation and applications of the unique band-shifting photoluminescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingbowen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yizhu Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Materials Research Institute,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Tunan Xia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Materials Research Institute,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mariana Claudino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Allison Melendez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xingjie Ni
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Materials Research Institute,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Cheng Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Materials Research Institute,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Gowtham P, Harini K, Thirumalai A, Pallavi P, Girigoswami K, Girigoswami A. Synthetic routes to theranostic applications of carbon-based quantum dots. ADMET AND DMPK 2023; 11:457-485. [PMID: 37937240 PMCID: PMC10626517 DOI: 10.5599/admet.1747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Modern technologies are making advanced paths to address emerging issues. The development of carbon dots (CDs) technology at a tiny level has been researched to have made impeccable strides in advancing the modern scientific field, especially in nanomedicine. Experimental Approach Researchers have gained much attention on CDs of their unique properties in the synthesis, easy surface modifications, excellent optical properties, low toxicity, and water solubility. Doping carbon dots with other elements makes them more convenient for their use in the medical sector. Key Results The manuscript provides a detailed discussion of the two main methods, including the hydrothermal pathway. CDs are synthesized bottom-up by building up molecules at the atomic scale and top-down by transforming large carbon particles into nanoscale dimensions. Conclusion The present article discussed the role, importance, and recent advancements in the synthesis of CDs, by using various approaches giving importance to the hydrothermal process. Recent investigations, their mechanism, and theranostic applications have also been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Agnishwar Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, TN-603 103, India
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6
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Bezuneh TT, Fereja TH, Li H, Jin Y. Solid-Phase Pyrolysis Synthesis of Highly Fluorescent Nitrogen/Sulfur Codoped Graphene Quantum Dots for Selective and Sensitive Diversity Detection of Cr(VI). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:1538-1547. [PMID: 36652448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a simple one-step solid-phase pyrolysis synthesis procedure was employed to prepare N and S codoped highly fluorescent graphene quantum dots (N/S-GQDs). The as-synthesized quantum dot showed λexcitation-dependent blue fluorescence (FL) emission with a relative quantum yield of about 22% and displayed good biocompatibility, high water dispersibility, and excellent stability under extreme conditions (i.e., ionic strength, pH, and temperature). The potential applicability of the as-synthesized quantum dot was tested by employing solution- and paper-based FL detection modes for Cr(VI) detection. The proposed solution- and paper-based FL sensors showed lower limit of detection (LOD) values of 0.01 and 0.4 μM, respectively. The as-constructed paper- and solution-based FL sensors proved the feasibility of sensitive, cost-effective, and on-site detection of Cr(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Terefe Tafese Bezuneh
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Arbaminch University, P.O. Box 21, Arbaminch 4400, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Haile Fereja
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Ambo University, P.O. Box 19, Ambo 7260, Ethiopia
| | - Haijuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yongdong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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Olla C, Porcu S, Secci F, Ricci PC, Carbonaro CM. Towards N-N-Doped Carbon Dots: A Combined Computational and Experimental Investigation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:1468. [PMID: 35208012 PMCID: PMC8880414 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of N doping atoms in the carbon network of Carbon Dots is known to increase their quantum yield and broaden the emission spectrum, depending on the kind of N bonding introduced. N doping is usually achieved by exploiting amine molecules in the synthesis. In this work, we studied the possibility of introducing a N-N bonding in the carbon network by means of hydrothermal synthesis of citric acid and hydrazine molecules, including hydrated hydrazine, di-methylhydrazine and phenylhydrazine. The experimental optical features show the typical fingerprints of Carbon Dots formation, such as nanometric size, excitation dependent emission, non-single exponential decay of photoluminescence and G and D vibrational bands in the Raman spectra. To explain the reported data, we performed a detailed computational investigation of the possible products of the synthesis, comparing the simulated absorbance spectra with the experimental optical excitation pattern. The computed Raman spectra corroborate the hypothesis of the formation of pyridinone derivatives, among which the formation of small polymeric chains allowed the broad excitation spectra to be experimentally observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Olla
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy; (S.P.); (P.C.R.)
| | - Stefania Porcu
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy; (S.P.); (P.C.R.)
| | - Francesco Secci
- Department of Chemistry and Geological Science, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy;
| | - Pier Carlo Ricci
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy; (S.P.); (P.C.R.)
| | - Carlo Maria Carbonaro
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy; (S.P.); (P.C.R.)
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Silica-Supported Assemblage of CuII Ions with Carbon Dots for Self-Boosting and Glutathione-Induced ROS Generation. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present work introduces coordinative binding of CuII ions with both amino-functionalized silica nanoparticles (SNs) and green-emitting carbon dots (CDs) as the pregrequisite for the CuII-assisted self-assembly of the CDs at the surface of the SNs. The produced composite SNs exhibit stable in time stimuli-responsive green fluorescence derived from the CuII-assisted assemblage of CDs. The fluorescence response of the composite SNs is sensitive to the complex formation with glutathione (GSH), enabling them to detect it with the lower limit of detection of 0.15 μM. The spin-trap-facilitated electron spin resonance technique indicated that the composite SNs are capable of self-boosting generation of ROS due to CuII→CuI reduction by carbon in low oxidation states as a part of the CDs. The intensity of the ESR signals is enhanced under the heating to 38 °C. The intensity is suppressed at the GSH concentration of 0.35 mM but is enhanced at 1.0 mM of glutathione, while it is suppressed once more at the highest intracellular concentration level of GSH (10 mM). These tendencies reveal the concentrations optimal for the scavenger or reductive potential of GSH. Flow cytometry and fluorescence and confocal microscopy methods revealed efficient cell internalization of SNs-NH2-CuII-CDs comparable with that of “free” CDs.
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Wen R, Li QH, Li YS, Luo YX, Zhao X, Gao XF. Synthesis optimization of rich-urea carbon-dots and application in the determination of H 2S in rich- and barren-liquids of desulphurizing solutions. Analyst 2021; 146:7635-7644. [PMID: 34797361 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01851e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the research of carbon dots (CDs) containing various nitrogen sources, it was first found that urea/citric acid-CDs showed a selective discolouration reaction with sulphide ions. Therefore, by optimizing various synthesis and detection conditions of the CDs determining sulfur ions, such as the raw material ratio, temperature, time, pH, and oxidation atmosphere in the CD synthesis, a discolour CD-probe method for trace-level sulphide ions was developed. The method is environmentally friendly, shows two linear-response ranges in 0.050-1.0 mg L-1 (A = -0.0827c + 0.8366) and 1.0-15 mg L-1 S2- (A = -0.0209c + 0.7587) and can be used for the high and low concentration quantification of sulphide in various wastewaters. Subsequently, in order to realize the separation and detection of sulphide ions in wastewaters or rich- and barren-liquids containing N-methyldiethanolamine and other substances in desulphurizing solutions, an automatic pretreatment system was also established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qiao-Hui Li
- School of Engineering, Nanjing agricultural university, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Ya-Xiong Luo
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xia Zhao
- PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, Natural Gas Purification Plant General, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiu-Feng Gao
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Effect of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots (NCDs) on the Characteristics of NCD/MIL-53(Fe) Composite and Its Photocatalytic Performance for Methylene Blue Degradation under Visible Light. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/5906248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic framework composites, which are combined from metal-organic framework and advanced carbon material, have drawn great attention in many fields of application such as environmental remediation and catalysts. Within this paper, the carbon/MIL-53(Fe) composite was fabricated via an in situ synthesis, in which N-containing carbon dots (NCDs) were mixed with MOF precursors’ solutions under various ratios before going through the solvothermal stage. It was showed that the introduction of a certain amount of NCDs would affect characteristic features and improve the photocatalytic performance of final products. The optimal doping content of NCDs in NCD/MIL-53(Fe) composite was determined. SEM images showed that the M-140 appeared as hexagonal bipyramid-shaped crystals with an average size of 700 nm. Compared with pristine MIL-53(Fe), the M-140 was more visibly light-responsive, and its calculated band gap energy was approximately 2.3 eV. In addition, M-140 catalyst also displayed more excellent photocatalytic activity for Methylene Blue degradation in a pH range from 5 to 7. Under optimal conditions, MB was achieved within 60 minutes and the removal rate was nearly 100% after 5 cycles. The photocatalytic mechanism of the obtained NCD/MIL-53(Fe) composite was discussed.
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11
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Ivanov II, Zaderko AN, Lysenko V, Clopeau T, Lisnyak VV, Skryshevsky VA. Photoluminescent Recognition of Strong Alcoholic Beverages with Carbon Nanoparticles. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:18802-18810. [PMID: 34337220 PMCID: PMC8319926 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A simple sensitive method for nonspecific recognition of armagnac, cognac, whiskey, and ethanol/water mixture was developed by using photoluminescence (PL) of carbon nanoparticles (NPs). The carbon NPs were synthesized from the mixture of urea and anhydrous citric acid, followed by few annealing processes to achieve the full effect by solvothermal carbonization. PL features of carbon NPs depend on the alcohol environments in which the NPs are dispersed. PL/PL excitation maps of the alcoholic beverages were mathematically treated, and a final principal component analysis diagram allows visualization of different clusters corresponding to each beverage. The optimal measurement conditions (concentration of NPs in colloidal solution and excitation wavelength) were defined to ensure a reliable recognition level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan I. Ivanov
- Institute
of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National
University of Kyiv, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
- Corporation
Science Park Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine
| | - Alexander N. Zaderko
- Institute
of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National
University of Kyiv, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
- Corporation
Science Park Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir Lysenko
- Light-Matter
Institute (ILM), UMR-5306, University of
Lyon (UCBL), Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Thierry Clopeau
- Institut
Camille Jordan, UMR-5208, University of
Lyon (UCBL), Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Vladyslav V. Lisnyak
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National
University of Kyiv, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
- Prešov
University in Prešov, Prešov 08001, Slovakia
| | - Valeriy A. Skryshevsky
- Institute
of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National
University of Kyiv, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
- Corporation
Science Park Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine
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12
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Popova NP, Taran GS, Popov AL, Kolmanovich DD, Baranchikov AE, Sorokina SS, Zhizhin KY, Ivanov VK. Selective Radiosensitizing Effect of Amorphous Hafnia Modified with Organic Quantum Dots on Normal and Malignant Cells. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023621060164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Stachowska JD, Murphy A, Mellor C, Fernandes D, Gibbons EN, Krysmann MJ, Kelarakis A, Burgaz E, Moore J, Yeates SG. A rich gallery of carbon dots based photoluminescent suspensions and powders derived by citric acid/urea. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10554. [PMID: 34006934 PMCID: PMC8131706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89984-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we demonstrate simple guidelines to generate a diverse range of fluorescent materials in both liquid and solid state by focusing on the most popular C-dots precursors, i.e. the binary systems of citric acid and urea. The pyrolytic treatment of those precursors combined with standard size separation techniques (dialysis and filtration), leads to four distinct families of photoluminescent materials in which the emissive signal predominantly arises from C-dots with embedded fluorophores, cyanuric acid-rich C-dots, a blend of molecular fluorophores and a mixture of C-dots with unbound molecular fluorophores, respectively. Within each one of those families the chemical composition and the optical properties of their members can be fine-tuned by adjusting the molar ratio of the reactants. Apart from generating a variety of aqueous dispersions, our approach leads to highly fluorescent powders derived from precursors comprising excessive amounts of urea that is consumed for the build-up of the carbogenic cores, the molecular fluorophores and the solid diluent matrix that suppresses self-quenching effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna D Stachowska
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR12HE, UK
| | - Andrew Murphy
- UCLan Research Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, Preston, PR12HE, UK
| | - Claire Mellor
- School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR12HE, UK
| | - Diogo Fernandes
- Malvern Panalytical, Enigma Business Park, Grovewood Road, Malvern, WR14 1XZ, UK
| | - Ella N Gibbons
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR12HE, UK
| | - Marta J Krysmann
- UCLan Research Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, Preston, PR12HE, UK
| | - Antonios Kelarakis
- UCLan Research Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, Preston, PR12HE, UK.
| | - Engin Burgaz
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139, Atakum, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Joshua Moore
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Stephen G Yeates
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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14
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Ghosh Dastidar D, Mukherjee P, Ghosh D, Banerjee D. Carbon quantum dots prepared from onion extract as fluorescence turn-on probes for selective estimation of Zn2+ in blood plasma. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Shiralizadeh Dezfuli A, Kohan E, Tehrani Fateh S, Alimirzaei N, Arzaghi H, Hamblin MR. Organic dots (O-dots) for theranostic applications: preparation and surface engineering. RSC Adv 2021; 11:2253-2291. [PMID: 35424170 PMCID: PMC8693874 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic dots is a term used to represent materials including graphene quantum dots and carbon quantum dots because they rely on the presence of other atoms (O, H, and N) for their photoluminescence or fluorescence properties. They generally have a small size (as low as 2.5 nm), and show good photostability under prolonged irradiation. The excitation and emission wavelengths of O-dots can be tailored according to their synthetic procedure, where although their quantum yield is quite low compared with organic dyes, this is partly compensated by their large absorption coefficients. A wide range of strategies have been used to modify the surface of O-dots for passivation, improving their solubility and biocompatibility, and allowing the attachment of targeting moieties and therapeutic cargos. Hybrid nanostructures based on O-dots have been used for theranostic applications, particularly for cancer imaging and therapy. This review covers the synthesis, physics, chemistry, and characterization of O-dots. Their applications cover the prevention of protein fibril formation, and both controlled and targeted drug and gene delivery. Multifunctional therapeutic and imaging platforms have been reported, which combine four or more separate modalities, frequently including photothermal or photodynamic therapy and imaging and drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Ronash Technology Pars Company Tehran Iran
| | - Elmira Kohan
- Department of Science, University of Kurdistan Kurdistan Sanandaj Iran
| | - Sepand Tehrani Fateh
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU) Tehran Iran
| | - Neda Alimirzaei
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Kashan Kashan Iran
| | - Hamidreza Arzaghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) Tehran Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg Doornfontein 2028 South Africa
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16
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Mucha SG, Firlej L, Bantignies JL, Żak A, Samoć M, Matczyszyn K. Acetone-derived luminescent polymer dots: a facile and low-cost synthesis leads to remarkable photophysical properties. RSC Adv 2020; 10:38437-38445. [PMID: 35517521 PMCID: PMC9057305 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05957a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon-based dots have been attracting much attention as potentially superior alternatives to more conventional semiconductor nanoparticles, due to their fascinating optical properties, chemical and photochemical stability, unique environmental-friendliness, and the versatility of fabrication routes. Many commercial materials and organic compounds have been considered so far as carbon precursors but in many cases the fabrication required high-temperature conditions or led to inhomogeneous final products. Here we report on a simple low-cost synthesis of non-conjugated carbon-rich polymer dots (PDs) that uses acetone as carbon precursor. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic fractions of PDs were obtained, with the respective average diameters of 2–4 nm and ca. 6 nm. The as-obtained PDs reveal greenish-blue photoluminescence (PL) and high quantum yields (∼5–7%) and complex kinetics of the decays with the average lifetime of ∼3.5 ns. Such luminescent acetone-derived PDs may find application in several fields, including sensing and bioimaging. Acetone-derived polymer dots (PDs) have been fabricated, according to a base-mediated synthesis route at room temperature. As-obtained hydrophobic and hydrophilic PDs revealed a strong greenish-blue emission due to the crosslink-enhanced effect.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian G Mucha
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, University of Montpellier, CNRS Montpellier 34095 France
| | - Lucyna Firlej
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, University of Montpellier, CNRS Montpellier 34095 France
| | - Jean-Louis Bantignies
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, University of Montpellier, CNRS Montpellier 34095 France
| | - Andrzej Żak
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Marek Samoć
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Katarzyna Matczyszyn
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
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17
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Reversible Aggregation of Molecular-Like Fluorophores Driven by Extreme pH in Carbon Dots. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13163654. [PMID: 32824799 PMCID: PMC7476021 DOI: 10.3390/ma13163654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The origin of carbon-dots (C-dots) fluorescence and its correlation with the dots structure still lack a comprehensive model. In particular, the core-shell model does not always fit with the experimental results, which, in some cases, suggest a molecular origin of the fluorescence. To gain a better insight, we have studied the response of molecular-like fluorophores contained in the C-dots at extreme pH conditions. Citric acid and urea have been employed to synthesize blue and green-emitting C-dots. They show a different emission as a function of the pH of the dispersing media. The photoluminescence has been attributed to molecular-like fluorophores: citrazinic acid and 4-hydroxy-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]-pyridine-1,3,6-(2H,5H)-trione. 3D and time-resolved photoluminescence, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering have been used to determine the aggregation state, quantum yield and emission properties of the C-dots. The dependence of the C-dots blue and green components on the chemical environment indicates that the origin of fluorescence is due to molecular-like fluorophores.
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18
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Strauss V, Wang H, Delacroix S, Ledendecker M, Wessig P. Carbon nanodots revised: the thermal citric acid/urea reaction. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8256-8266. [PMID: 34094179 PMCID: PMC8163031 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01605e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Luminescent compounds obtained from the thermal reaction of citric acid and urea have been studied and utilized in different applications in the past few years. The identified reaction products range from carbon nitrides over graphitic carbon to distinct molecular fluorophores. On the other hand, the solid, non-fluorescent reaction product produced at higher temperatures has been found to be a valuable precursor for the CO2-laser-assisted carbonization reaction in carbon laser-patterning. This work addresses the question of structural identification of both, the fluorescent and non-fluorescent reaction products obtained in the thermal reaction of citric acid and urea. The reaction products produced during autoclave-microwave reactions in the melt were thoroughly investigated as a function of the reaction temperature and the reaction products were subsequently separated by a series of solvent extractions and column chromatography. The evolution of a green molecular fluorophore, namely HPPT, was confirmed and a full characterization study on its structure and photophysical properties was conducted. The additional blue fluorescence is attributed to oligomeric ureas, which was confirmed by complementary optical and structural characterization. These two components form strong hydrogen-bond networks which eventually react to form solid, semi-crystalline particles with a size of ∼7 nm and an elemental composition of 46% C, 22% N, and 29% O. The structural features and properties of all three main components were investigated in a comprehensive characterization study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Strauss
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Huize Wang
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Simon Delacroix
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Marc Ledendecker
- Department of Technical Chemistry, Technical University Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Pablo Wessig
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25 D-14476 Potsdam Germany
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19
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Assessment of Crystalline Materials for Solid State Lighting Applications: Beyond the Rare Earth Elements. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10070559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In everyday life, we are continually exposed to different lighting systems, from the home interior to car lights and from public lighting to displays. The basic emission principles on which they are based range from the old incandescent lamps to the well-established compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) and to the more modern Light Emitting Diode (LEDs) that are dominating the actual market and also promise greater development in the coming years. In the LED technology, the key point is the electroluminescence material, but the fundamental role of proper phosphors is sometimes underestimated even when it is essential for an ideal color rendering. In this review, we analyze the main solid-state techniques for lighting applications, paying attention to the fundamental properties of phosphors to be successfully applied. Currently, the most widely used materials are based on rare-earth elements (REEs) whereas Ce:YAG represents the benchmark for white LEDs. However, there are several drawbacks to the REEs’ supply chain and several concerns from an environmental point of view. We analyze these critical issues and review alternative materials that can overcome their use. New compounds with reduced or totally REE free, quantum dots, metal–organic framework, and organic phosphors will be examined with reference to the current state-of-the-art.
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20
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Mura S, Ludmerczki R, Stagi L, Garroni S, Carbonaro CM, Ricci PC, Casula MF, Malfatti L, Innocenzi P. Integrating sol-gel and carbon dots chemistry for the fabrication of fluorescent hybrid organic-inorganic films. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4770. [PMID: 32179839 PMCID: PMC7075866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61517-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly fluorescent blue and green-emitting carbon dots have been designed to be integrated into sol-gel processing of hybrid organic-inorganic materials through surface modification with an organosilane, 3-(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES). The carbon dots have been synthesised using citric acid and urea as precursors; the intense fluorescence exhibited by the nanoparticles, among the highest reported in the scientific literature, has been stabilised against quenching by APTES. When the modification is carried out in an aqueous solution, it leads to the formation of silica around the C-dots and an increase of luminescence, but also to the formation of large clusters which do not allow the deposition of optically transparent films. On the contrary, when the C-dots are modified in ethanol, the APTES improves the stability in the precursor sol even if any passivating thin silica shell does not form. Hybrid films containing APTES-functionalized C-dots are transparent with no traces of C-dots aggregation and show an intense luminescence in the blue and green range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Mura
- Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, CR-INSTM, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Róbert Ludmerczki
- Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, CR-INSTM, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Luigi Stagi
- Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, CR-INSTM, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Garroni
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Carlo Maria Carbonaro
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Campus of Monserrato, sp n.8, km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Pier Carlo Ricci
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Campus of Monserrato, sp n.8, km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Casula
- DIMCM-Department of Mechanical, Chemical, and Materials Engineering INSTM and University of Cagliari Via Marengo 2, I, 09123, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luca Malfatti
- Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, CR-INSTM, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Plinio Innocenzi
- Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, CR-INSTM, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
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21
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Sirkisoon LR, Makamba HC, Saito S, Colyer CL. Carbon Dot-Mediated Capillary Electrophoresis Separations of Metallated and Demetallated Forms of Transferrin Protein. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101916. [PMID: 31109034 PMCID: PMC6571678 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are fluorescent nanomaterials used extensively in bioimaging, biosensing and biomedicine. This is due in large part to their biocompatibility, photostability, lower toxicity, and lower cost, compared to inorganic quantum dots or organic dyes. However, little is known about the utility of CDs as separation adjuvants in capillary electrophoresis (CE) separations. CDs were synthesized in-house according to a ‘bottom-up’ method from citric acid or other simple carbon precursors. To demonstrate the applicability of CDs as separation adjuvants, mixtures of holo- (metallated) and apo- (demetallated) forms of transferrin (Tf, an iron transport protein) were analyzed. In the absence of CDs, the proteins were not resolved by a simple CE method; however, upon addition of CDs to the separation buffer, multiple forms of Tf were resolved indicating that CDs are valuable tools to facilitate the separation of analytes by CE. CE parameters including sample preparation, buffer identity, ionic strength, pH, capillary inside diameter, and temperature were optimized. The results suggest that dots synthesized from citric acid provide the best resolution of various different forms of Tf and that CDs are versatile and promising tools to improve current electrophoretic separation methods, especially for metalloprotein analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona R Sirkisoon
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA.
| | - Honest C Makamba
- Razzberry Inc., 5 Science Park, Unit 2E9, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Shingo Saito
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Christa L Colyer
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Carbon nanodots (CNDs) is the newest member of carbon-based nanomaterials and one of the most promising for the development of new, advanced applications. Owing to their unique and unparalleled physicochemical and photoluminescent properties, they are considered to be a rising star among nanomaterials. During the last decade, many applications have been developed based on CNDs. Among others, they have been used as bioimaging agents to label cells and tissues. In this review, we will discuss the advancements in the applications of CNDs in in the field of imaging, in all types of organisms (i.e., prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and animals). Selective imaging of one type of cells over another, imaging of (bio)molecules inside cells and tumor-targeting imaging are some of the studies that will be discussed hereafter. We hope that this review will assist researchers with obtaining a holistic view of the developed applications and hit on new ideas so that more advanced applications can be developed in the near future.
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23
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Velusamy J, Ramos-Ortiz G, Rodríguez M, Hernández-Cruz O, Ponce A. Prominence of fusion temperature and engineering heteroatoms on multifarious emissive shifts in carbon dots. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 528:237-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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24
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Shan D, Hsieh JT, Bai X, Yang J. Citrate-Based Fluorescent Biomaterials. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800532. [PMID: 30047618 PMCID: PMC6366998 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging has emerged as a promising technique for monitoring and assessing various biologically relevant species in cells and organisms, driving the demand for effective fluorescent agents with good biocompatibility and high fluorescence performance. However, traditional fluorescent agents, such as quantum dots (QDs) and organic dyes, either suffer from toxicity concerns or poor fluorescence performance (e.g., low photobleaching-resistance). In this regard, citrate-based fluorescent biomaterials, which are synthesized from the natural and biocompatible precursor of citric acid (CA), have become competitive alternatives for fluorescence imaging owing to their biocompatibility, cost effectiveness, straightforward synthetic routes, flexible designability, as well as strong fluorescence with adjustable excitation/emission wavelengths. Accordingly, numerous citrate-based biomaterials, including carbon dots (CDs), biodegradable photoluminescent polymers (BPLPs), and small molecular fluorophores, have been developed and researched in the past few decades. This review discusses recent progress in the research and development of citrate-based fluorescent materials with emphasis on their design and synthesis considerations, material properties, fluorescence properties and mechanisms, as well as biomedical applications. It is expected that this review will provide an insightful discussion on the citrate-based fluorescent biomaterials, and lead to innovations for the next generation of fluorescent biomaterials and fluorescence-based biomedical technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingying Shan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaochun Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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25
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Kasprzyk W, Swiergosz T, Bednarz S, Walas K, Bashmakova NV, Bogdał D. Luminescence phenomena of carbon dots derived from citric acid and urea - a molecular insight. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:13889-13894. [PMID: 29999091 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03602k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we present the results of our investigations into the elucidation of the chemical structure of moieties responsible for the blue and green luminescence of CDs derived from the microwave-assisted pyrolysis of citric acid in the presence of urea. The molecular fluorophore that forms during the synthesis of green fluorescing CDs is 4-hydroxy-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyridine-1,3,6(2H,5H)-trione (HPPT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktor Kasprzyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 32-048 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Swiergosz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 32-048 Krakow, Poland
| | - Szczepan Bednarz
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 32-048 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Karolina Walas
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 32-048 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Natalia V Bashmakova
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Dariusz Bogdał
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 32-048 Krakow, Poland.
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