1
|
Asra R, Povinelli APR, Zazeri G, Jones AM. Computational Predictive and Electrochemical Detection of Metabolites (CP-EDM) of Piperine. Molecules 2024; 29:2406. [PMID: 38792267 PMCID: PMC11123718 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In this article, we introduce a proof-of-concept strategy, Computational Predictive and Electrochemical Detection of Metabolites (CP-EDM), to expedite the discovery of drug metabolites. The use of a bioactive natural product, piperine, that has a well-curated metabolite profile but an unpredictable computational metabolism (Biotransformer v3.0) was selected. We developed an electrochemical reaction to oxidize piperine into a range of metabolites, which were detected by LC-MS. A series of chemically plausible metabolites were predicted based on ion fragmentation patterns. These metabolites were docked into the active site of CYP3A4 using Autodock4.2. From the clustered low-energy profile of piperine in the active site, it can be inferred that the most likely metabolic position of piperine (based on intermolecular distances to the Fe-oxo active site) is the benzo[d][1,3]dioxole motif. The metabolic profile was confirmed by comparison with the literature, and the electrochemical reaction delivered plausible metabolites, vide infra, thus, demonstrating the power of the hyphenated technique of tandem electrochemical detection and computational evaluation of binding poses. Taken together, we outline a novel approach where diverse data sources are combined to predict and confirm a metabolic outcome for a bioactive structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ridho Asra
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Ana P. R. Povinelli
- Departament of Physics, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), UNESP, Rua Cristovão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Zazeri
- Departament of Physics, Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR), Av. Cap. Ene Garcês, 2413—Aeroporto, Boa Vista 69310-000, RR, Brazil
| | - Alan M. Jones
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Garg A, Rendina D, Bendale H, Akiyama T, Ojima I. Recent advances in catalytic asymmetric synthesis. Front Chem 2024; 12:1398397. [PMID: 38783896 PMCID: PMC11112575 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1398397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric catalysis stands at the forefront of modern chemistry, serving as a cornerstone for the efficient creation of enantiopure chiral molecules characterized by their high selectivity. In this review, we delve into the realm of asymmetric catalytic reactions, which spans various methodologies, each contributing to the broader landscape of the enantioselective synthesis of chiral molecules. Transition metals play a central role as catalysts for a wide range of transformations with chiral ligands such as phosphines, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), etc., facilitating the formation of chiral C-C and C-X bonds, enabling precise control over stereochemistry. Enantioselective photocatalytic reactions leverage the power of light as a driving force for the synthesis of chiral molecules. Asymmetric electrocatalysis has emerged as a sustainable approach, being both atom-efficient and environmentally friendly, while offering a versatile toolkit for enantioselective reductions and oxidations. Biocatalysis relies on nature's most efficient catalysts, i.e., enzymes, to provide exquisite selectivity, as well as a high tolerance for diverse functional groups under mild conditions. Thus, enzymatic optical resolution, kinetic resolution and dynamic kinetic resolution have revolutionized the production of enantiopure compounds. Enantioselective organocatalysis uses metal-free organocatalysts, consisting of modular chiral phosphorus, sulfur and nitrogen components, facilitating remarkably efficient and diverse enantioselective transformations. Additionally, unlocking traditionally unreactive C-H bonds through selective functionalization has expanded the arsenal of catalytic asymmetric synthesis, enabling the efficient and atom-economical construction of enantiopure chiral molecules. Incorporating flow chemistry into asymmetric catalysis has been transformative, as continuous flow systems provide precise control over reaction conditions, enhancing the efficiency and facilitating optimization. Researchers are increasingly adopting hybrid approaches that combine multiple strategies synergistically to tackle complex synthetic challenges. This convergence holds great promise, propelling the field of asymmetric catalysis forward and facilitating the efficient construction of complex molecules in enantiopure form. As these methodologies evolve and complement one another, they push the boundaries of what can be accomplished in catalytic asymmetric synthesis, leading to the discovery of novel, highly selective transformations which may lead to groundbreaking applications across various industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashna Garg
- Stony Brook University, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Dominick Rendina
- Stony Brook University, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Hersh Bendale
- Stony Brook University, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | | | - Iwao Ojima
- Stony Brook University, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Stony Brook University, Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou Y, Jones AM. A General Method to Access Underexplored Ylideneamino Sulfates as Interrupted Beckmann-Type Rearrangement Intermediates. Molecules 2024; 29:1667. [PMID: 38611947 PMCID: PMC11013155 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The Beckmann rearrangement of ketoximes to their corresponding amides, using a Brønsted acid-mediated fragmentation and migration sequence, has found wide-spread industrial application. We postulated that the development of a methodology to access ylideneamino sulfates using tributylsulfoammonium betaine (TBSAB) would afford isolable Beckmann-type intermediates and competent partners for subsequent rearrangement cascades. The ylideneamino sulfates generated, isolated as their tributylammonium salts, are sufficiently activated to undergo Beckmann rearrangement without additional reagent activation. The generation of sulfuric acid in situ from the ylideneamino sulfate giving rise to a routine Beckmann rearrangement and additional amide bond cleavage to the corresponding aniline was detrimental to reaction success. The screening of bases revealed inexpensive sodium bicarbonate to be an effective additive to prevent classic Brønsted acid-mediated fragmentation and achieve optimal conversions of up to 99%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan M. Jones
- School of Pharmacy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kundu G, Lambert TH. Electrochemical Vicinal C-H Difunctionalization of Saturated Azaheterocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1794-1798. [PMID: 38190508 PMCID: PMC10947584 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
A method to functionalize two vicinal C-H bonds of saturated azaheterocycles is described. The procedure involves subjecting the substrate to a mixture of hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, and acetic anhydride in an undivided electrochemical cell at a constant current, resulting in stereoselective conversion to the corresponding α-acetoxy-β-chloro derivative. The α-position can be readily substituted with a range of other groups, including alkyl, aryl, allyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, or azido functionalities. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the β-chloro position can be engaged in Suzuki cross-coupling. This protocol thus enables the rapid diversification of simple five-, six-, and seven-membered saturated azaheterocycles at two adjacent positions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gourab Kundu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Miller JL, Damodaran K, Floreancig PE. Nitrogen Heterocycle Synthesis through Hydride Abstraction of Acyclic Carbamates and Related Species: Scope, Mechanism, Stereoselectivity, and Product Conformation Studies. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302977. [PMID: 37796745 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Acyliminium ions and related species are potent electrophiles that can be quite valuable in the synthesis of nitrogen-containing molecules. This manuscript describes a protocol to form these intermediates through hydride abstractions of easily accessible allylic carbamates, amides, and sulfonamides that avoids the reversibility that is possible in classical condensation-based routes. These intermediates are used in the preparation of a range of nitrogen-containing heterocycles, and in many cases high levels of stereocontrol are observed. Specifically areas of investigation include the impact of chemical structure on oxidation efficiency, the geometry of the intermediate iminium ions, the impact of a substrate stereocenter on stereocontrol, and an examination of transition state geometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| | - Krishnan Damodaran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| | - Paul E Floreancig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang Y, Dana S, Long H, Xu Y, Li Y, Kaplaneris N, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Late-Stage Functionalization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11269-11335. [PMID: 37751573 PMCID: PMC10571048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) constitutes a powerful strategy for the assembly or diversification of novel molecular entities with improved physicochemical or biological activities. LSF can thus greatly accelerate the development of medicinally relevant compounds, crop protecting agents, and functional materials. Electrochemical molecular synthesis has emerged as an environmentally friendly platform for the transformation of organic compounds. Over the past decade, electrochemical late-stage functionalization (eLSF) has gained major momentum, which is summarized herein up to February 2023.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yang Xu
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Yanjun Li
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang X, Li Z, Chen H, Shen C, Wu H, Dong K. Pairing Electrocarboxylation of Unsaturated Bonds with Oxidative Transformation of Alcohol and Amine. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300807. [PMID: 37366066 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
A parallel paired electrosynthetic method, coupling electrocarboxylation incorporating CO2 into ketone, imine, and alkene with alcohol oxidation or oxidative cyanation of amine, was developed for the first time. Various carboxylic acids as well as aldehyde/ketone or α-nitrile amine were prepared at the cathode and anode respectively in a divided cell. Its utility and merits on simultaneously achieving high atom-economic CO2 utilization, elevated faradaic efficiency (FE, total FE of up to 166 %), and broad substrate scope were demonstrated. The preparation of pharmaceutical intermediates for Naproxen and Ibuprofen via this approach proved its potential application in green organic electrosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Zonghan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Hongshuai Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Chaoren Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Haihong Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Kaiwu Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chang Z, Wang S, Huang J, Chen G, Tang Z, Wang R, Zhao D. Copper catalyzed Shono-type oxidation of proline residues in peptide. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj3090. [PMID: 37703373 PMCID: PMC10881060 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj3090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the initial report in 1975, the Shono oxidation has become a powerful tool to functionalize the α position of amines, including proline derivatives, by electrochemical oxidation. However, the application of electrochemical Shono oxidations is restricted to the preparation of simple building blocks and homogeneous Shono-type oxidation of proline derivatives remains challenging. The late-stage functionalization at proline residues embedded within peptides is highly important as substitutions about the proline ring are known to affect biological and pharmacological activities. Here, we show that homogenous copper-catalyzed oxidation conditions complement the Shono oxidation and this general protocol can be applied to a series of formal C-C coupling reactions with a variety of nucleophiles using a one-pot procedure. This protocol shows good tolerance toward 19 proteinogenic amino acids and was used to functionalize several representative bioactive peptides, including captopril, enalapril, Smac, and endomorphin-2. Last, peptide cyclization can also be achieved by using an appropriately positioned side-chain hydroxyl moiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jialin Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Geshuyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhanyong Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Depeng Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hatch CE, Chain WJ. Electrochemically Enabled Total Syntheses of Natural Products. ChemElectroChem 2023; 10:e202300140. [PMID: 38106361 PMCID: PMC10723087 DOI: 10.1002/celc.202300140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical techniques have helped to enable the total synthesis of natural products since the pioneering work of Kolbe in the mid 1800's. The electrochemical toolset grows every day and these new possibilities change the way chemists look at and think about natural products. This review provides a perspective on total syntheses wherein electrochemical techniques enabled the carbon─carbon bond formations in the skeletal assembly of important natural products, discussion of mechanistic details, and representative examples of the bond formations enabled over the last several decades. These bond formations are often distinctly different from those possible with conventional chemistries and allow assemblies complementary to other techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad E Hatch
- Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 417 E. 68 St., New York, NY, 10065 (United States)
| | - William J Chain
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 163 The Green, Newark, DE, 19716 (United States)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
He Z, Liu HL, Wang ZH, Jiao KJ, Li ZM, Li ZJ, Fang P, Mei TS. C(sp 3)-H Aerobic Alkenylation of Tetrahydroisoquinolines via Organic Electrosynthesis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:6203-6208. [PMID: 37058587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
A method for the C(sp3)-H alkenylation of N-aryl-tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) has been developed by the combination of electrooxidation and a copper catalyst. The corresponding products were obtained with good to excellent yields under mild conditions. Besides, the addition of TEMPO as an electron mediator is crucial to this transformation, since the oxidative reaction could proceed under a low electrode potential. In addition, the catalytic asymmetric variant has also been demonstrated with good enantioselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeng He
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hui-Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ke-Jing Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zi-Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhang-Jian Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu HL, He Z, Wang NN, Xu H, Fang P, Mei TS. C(sp 3)-H Alkenylation of Tetrahydroisoquinolines via Merging Electrochemistry and Organocatalysis. Org Lett 2023; 25:608-613. [PMID: 36695740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
C(sp3)-H alkenylation of tetrahydroisoquinoline by merging Shono oxidation and the Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction is developed, employing 4-dimethylaminopyridine as an organocatalyst and TEMPO/NaBr as an electrocatalyst. The reaction proceeds via the interception of an iminium cation intermediate, which is generated in situ from anodic oxidation, leading to aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction products. Additionally, the use of TEMPO and NaBr as mediators is crucial to avoid the decomposition of products by lowering the oxidation potential of the reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Zeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Na-Na Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Hao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Karipal Padinjare Veedu D, Connal LA, Malins LR. Tunable Electrochemical Peptide Modifications: Unlocking New Levels of Orthogonality for Side-Chain Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215470. [PMID: 36336657 PMCID: PMC10107541 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical transformations provide enticing opportunities for programmable, residue-specific peptide modifications. Herein, we harness the potential of amidic side-chains as underutilized handles for late-stage modification through the development of an electroauxiliary-assisted oxidation of glutamine residues within unprotected peptides. Glutamine building blocks bearing electroactive side-chain N,S-acetals are incorporated into peptides using standard Fmoc-SPPS. Anodic oxidation of the electroauxiliary in the presence of diverse alcohol nucleophiles enables the installation of high-value N,O-acetal functionalities. Proof-of-principle for an electrochemical peptide stapling protocol, as well as the functionalization of dynorphin B, an endogenous opioid peptide, demonstrates the applicability of the method to intricate peptide systems. Finally, the site-selective and tunable electrochemical modification of a peptide bearing two discretely oxidizable sites is achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Karipal Padinjare Veedu
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Luke A Connal
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Lara R Malins
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gu Q, Cheng Z, Qiu X, Zeng X. Recent Advances in the Electrochemical Functionalization of Isocyanides. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202200177. [PMID: 36126178 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Isocyanides are well-known as efficient CO surrogates and C1 synthons in modern organic synthesis. Although tremendous efforts have been devoted to fully exploiting the reactivity of isocyanides, these transformations are primarily limited by their utilization of stoichiometric toxic chemical oxidants. With the recent resurgence of organic electrochemistry, which has considerably laid dormant over the past several decades, electrolysis has been identified as a green and powerful tool to enrich structural diversity by solely utilizing electric current as clean and inherently safe redox equivalents of stoichiometric chemical oxidants. In this regard, the unique reactivity of isocyanides has been studied in numerous electrochemical transformations. This review comprehensively highlights the most relevant progress in electrochemical strategies towards the functionalization of isocyanides up until June of 2022, with a focus on reaction outcomes and mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, PR China
| | - Zhenfeng Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, PR China
| | - Xiaobao Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Al-Hadedi AAM, Sawyer S, Elliott SJ, Green RA, O'Leary DJ, Brown RCD, Brown LJ. A flow electrochemistry-enabled synthesis of 2-substituted N-(methyl-d)piperidines. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2022; 65:361-368. [PMID: 36272110 PMCID: PMC10098938 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.4006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A synthesis of N-monodeuteriomethyl-2-substituted piperidines is described. An efficient and readily scalable anodic methoxylation of N-formylpiperidine in an undivided microfluidic electrolysis cell delivers methoxylated piperidine 3, which is a precursor to a N-formyliminium ion and enables C-nucleophiles to be introduced at the 2-position. The isotopically labelled N-deuteriomethyl group is installed using the Eschweiler-Clarke reaction with formic acid-d2 and unlabelled formaldehyde. Monodeuterated N-methyl groups in these molecular systems possess small isotropic proton chemical shift differences important in the investigation of molecules that are able to support long-lived nuclear spin states in solution nuclear magnetic resonance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azzam A M Al-Hadedi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Stuart Sawyer
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Stuart J Elliott
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robert A Green
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Daniel J O'Leary
- Department of Chemistry, Pomona College, Claremont, California, USA
| | | | - Lynda J Brown
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yao H, Sherer EC, Lu M, Small J, Martin GE, Lam YH, Chen Q, Helmy R, Liu Y, Chen H. One-Step Regio- and Stereoselective Electrochemical Synthesis of Orexin Receptor Antagonist Oxidative Metabolites. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15011-15021. [PMID: 36322780 PMCID: PMC10512451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of drug metabolites, which often have complex structures, is an integral step in the evaluation of drug candidate metabolism, pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, and safety profiles. Frequently, such synthetic endeavors entail arduous, multiple-step de novo synthetic routes. Herein, we present the one-step Shono-type electrochemical synthesis of milligrams of chiral α-hydroxyl amide metabolites of two orexin receptor antagonists, MK-8133 and MK-6096, as revealed by a small-scale (pico- to nano-mole level) reaction screening using a lab-built online electrochemistry (EC)/mass spectrometry (MS) (EC/MS) platform. The electrochemical oxidation of MK-8133 and MK-6096 was conducted in aqueous media and found to produce the corresponding α-piperidinols with exclusive regio- and stereoselectivity, as confirmed by high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) characterization of products. Based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the exceptional regio- and stereoselectivity for this electrochemical oxidation are governed by more favorable energetics of the transition state, leading to the preferred secondary carbon radical α to the amide group and subsequent steric hindrance associated with the U-shaped conformation of the cation derived from the secondary α-carbon radical, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Yao
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Edward C. Sherer
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Mei Lu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - James Small
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Gary E. Martin
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Yu-hong Lam
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Qinghao Chen
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Roy Helmy
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Osminin VI, Mironenko AA, Dahno PG, Nazarenko MA, Oflidi AI, Dotsenko VV, Strelkov VD, Aksenov NA, Aksenova IV. Electrochemical Oxidation of 3-Aryl-2-cyanothioacrylamides. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363222110068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
17
|
Goes SL, Nutting JE, Hill NJ, Stahl SS, Rafiee M. Exploring Electrosynthesis: Bulk Electrolysis and Cyclic Voltammetry Analysis of the Shono Oxidation. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION 2022; 99:3242-3248. [PMID: 36277842 PMCID: PMC9580565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.2c00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As electrochemistry continues to gain broader acceptance and use within the organic chemistry community, it is important that advanced undergraduate students are exposed to fundamental and practical knowledge of electrochemical applications for chemical synthesis. Herein, we describe the development of an undergraduate laboratory experience that introduces synthetic and analytical electrochemistry concepts to an advanced organic chemistry class. Experiments focus on the electrooxidative α-functionalization of carbamates, more generally known as the Shono oxidation, and include cyclic voltammetry analysis of two cyclic carbamates and a constant current bulk electrolysis reaction. The exercise offers students an authentic experience in organic electrochemistry, lays a practical and theoretical foundation for future engagement with concepts in electrochemistry and redox chemistry, and strengthens fundamental organic chemistry skills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L. Goes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jordan E. Nutting
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri–Kansas City, 5009 Rockhill Rd., Kansas City, MO 1064110, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Senboku H, Hayama M, Matsuno H. Electrochemical Friedel–Crafts-type amidomethylation of arenes by a novel electrochemical oxidation system using a quasi-divided cell and trialkylammonium tetrafluoroborate. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1040-1046. [PMID: 36105724 PMCID: PMC9443422 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical Friedel–Crafts-type amidomethylation was successfully carried out by a novel electrochemical oxidation system using a quasi-divided cell and trialkylammonium tetrafluoroborates, such as iPr2NHEtBF4. Constant current electrolysis of 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene or indoles in DMA containing 0.1 M iPr2NHEtBF4 using an undivided cell equipped with a Pt plate cathode and a Pt wire anode (a quasi-divided cell) resulted in selective formation of N-acyliminium ions of DMA at the anode, which reacted with arenes to give the corresponding amidomethylated products in good to high yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Senboku
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Mizuki Hayama
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Matsuno
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu L, Xu Z, Liu T, Xu C, Zhang W, Hua X, Ling F, Zhong W. Electrosynthesis of 2-Substituted Benzoxazoles via Intramolecular Shono-Type Oxidative Coupling of Glycine Derivatives. J Org Chem 2022; 87:11379-11386. [PMID: 35951541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, an atom-economical and eco-friendly electrochemical oxidation/cyclization of glycine derivatives through intramolecular Shono-type oxidative coupling is disclosed, leading to a variety of 2-substituted benzoxazoles in 51-85% yields. This oxidative cyclization proceeded in transition metal- and oxidant-free conditions and generated H2 as only a byproduct. Additionally, gram-scale reactions and a broad substrate scope demonstrated the synthetic usefulness of this protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, People's Republic of China.,College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhui Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangqin Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangqi Hua
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Ling
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihui Zhong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xu WK, Guo JM, Liu CH, Sun JT, Lv M, Wei BG. AgNTf 2 catalyzed cycloaddition of N-acyliminium ions with alkynes for the synthesis of the 3,4-dihydro-1,3-oxazin-2-one skeleton. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5086-5094. [PMID: 35698865 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00900e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A catalyzed process for the synthesis of the 4,6-substituted 3,4-dihydro-1,3-oxazin-2-one skeleton has been developed through cycloaddition of in situ generated acyliminium intermediates with alkynes. A range of chain N,O-acetals and terminal alkynes were amenable for this mild transformation. As a result, a series of desired cycloaddition products were obtained in moderate to good yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ke Xu
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jia-Ming Guo
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Chang-Hong Liu
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jian-Ting Sun
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Min Lv
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Bang-Guo Wei
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Basson AJ, McLaughlin MG. Recent advancements in catalytic generation of N-Acyliminium ions and subsequent applications. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
22
|
Allouche EMD, Simonet‐Davin R, Waser J. N
‐Terminal Selective C−H Azidation of Proline‐Containing Peptides: a Platform for Late‐Stage Diversification. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200368. [PMID: 35137991 PMCID: PMC9306896 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A methodology for the C−H azidation of N‐terminal proline‐containing peptides was developed employing only commercially available reagents. Peptides bearing a broad range of functionalities and containing up to 6 amino acids were selectively azidated at the carbamate‐protected N‐terminal residue in presence of the numerous other functional groups present on the molecules. Post‐functionalizations of the obtained aminal compounds were achieved: cycloaddition reactions or C−C bond formations via a sequence of imine formation/nucleophilic addition were performed, offering an easy access to diversified peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle M. D. Allouche
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 4306 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Raphaël Simonet‐Davin
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 4306 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 4306 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Novaes LFT, Ho JSK, Mao K, Liu K, Tanwar M, Neurock M, Villemure E, Terrett JA, Lin S. Exploring Electrochemical C(sp 3)-H Oxidation for the Late-Stage Methylation of Complex Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1187-1197. [PMID: 35015533 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The "magic methyl" effect, a dramatic boost in the potency of biologically active compounds from the incorporation of a single methyl group, provides a simple yet powerful strategy employed by medicinal chemists in the drug discovery process. Despite significant advances, methodologies that enable the selective C(sp3)-H methylation of structurally complex medicinal agents remain very limited. In this work, we disclose a modular, efficient, and selective strategy for the α-methylation of protected amines (i.e., amides, carbamates, and sulfonamides) by means of electrochemical oxidation. Mechanistic analysis guided our development of an improved electrochemical protocol on the basis of the classic Shono oxidation reaction, which features broad reaction scope, high functional group compatibility, and operational simplicity. Importantly, this reaction system is amenable to the late-stage functionalization of complex targets containing basic nitrogen groups that are prevalent in medicinally active agents. When combined with organozinc-mediated C-C bond formation, our protocol enabled the direct methylation of a myriad of amine derivatives including those that have previously been explored for the "magic methyl" effect. This synthesis strategy thus circumvents multistep de novo synthesis that is currently necessary to access such compounds and has the potential to accelerate drug discovery efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F T Novaes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Justin S K Ho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Kaining Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Kaida Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mayank Tanwar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Matthew Neurock
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Elisia Villemure
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jack A Terrett
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wan L, Jiang M, Cheng D, Liu M, Chen F. Continuous flow technology-a tool for safer oxidation chemistry. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00520k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advantages and benefits of continuous flow technology for oxidation chemistry have been illustrated in tube reactors, micro-channel reactors, tube-in-tube reactors and micro-packed bed reactors in the presence of various oxidants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Meifen Jiang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dang Cheng
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Minjie Liu
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fener Chen
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kumar R, Banerjee P. Electrochemical Generation of a Nonstabilized Azomethine Ylide: Access to Substituted N-Heterocycles. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16104-16113. [PMID: 34734738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Azomethine ylides are fascinating 1,3-dipoles for [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions toward the construction of N-heterocycles. Herein, an efficient and environmentally benign electrochemical approach for the generation of a nonstabilized azomethine ylide has been established under metal-free and external oxidant-free conditions. The resulting 1,3-dipole undergoes a [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction with olefins. This electrosynthetic methodology indulges a straightforward and facile approach for the construction of substituted pyrrolidines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Prabal Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Krueger R, Moeller KD. Capitalizing on Mediated Electrolyses for the Construction of Complex, Addressable Molecular Surfaces. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15847-15865. [PMID: 34617752 PMCID: PMC8802379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic organic chemists are beginning to exploit electrochemical methods in increasingly creative ways. This is leading to a surge in productivity that is only now starting to take advantage of the full-potential of electrochemistry for accessing new structures in novel, more efficient ways. In this perspective, we provide insight into the potential of electrochemistry as a synthetic tool gained through studies of both direct anodic oxidation reactions and more recent indirect methods, and highlight how the development of new electrochemical methods can expand the nature of synthetic problems our community can tackle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Krueger
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Kevin D. Moeller
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Han X, Nie X, Feng Y, Wei B, Si C, Lin G. Intermolecular [4 + 2] process of N-acyliminium ions with simple olefins for construction of functional substituted-1,3-oxazinan-2-ones. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
29
|
Wang ZH, Gao PS, Wang X, Gao JQ, Xu XT, He Z, Ma C, Mei TS. TEMPO-Enabled Electrochemical Enantioselective Oxidative Coupling of Secondary Acyclic Amines with Ketones. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15599-15605. [PMID: 34533943 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical asymmetric coupling of secondary acyclic amines with ketones via a Shono-type oxidation has been described, affording the corresponding amino acid derivatives with good to excellent diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity. The addition of an N-oxyl radical as a redox mediator could selectively oxidize the substrate rather than the product, although their oxidation potential difference is subtle (about 13 mV). This electrochemical transformation proceeds in the absence of stoichiometric additives, including metals, oxidants, and electrolytes, which gives it good functional group compatibility. Mechanistic studies suggest that proton-mediated racemization of the product is prevented by the reduction of protons at the cathode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Sen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Qing Gao
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529020, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Tao Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529020, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeng He
- Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dutta S, Li B, Rickertsen DRL, Valles DA, Seidel D. C-H Bond Functionalization of Amines: A Graphical Overview of Diverse Methods. SYNOPEN 2021; 5:173-228. [PMID: 34825124 PMCID: PMC8612105 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1706051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This Graphical Review provides a concise overview of the manifold and mechanistically diverse methods that enable the functionalization of sp3 C-H bonds in amines and their derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhradeep Dutta
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Bowen Li
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Dillon R L Rickertsen
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Daniel A Valles
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Love A, Lee DS, Gennari G, Jefferson-Loveday R, Pickering SJ, Poliakoff M, George M. A Continuous-Flow Electrochemical Taylor Vortex Reactor: A Laboratory-Scale High-Throughput Flow Reactor with Enhanced Mixing for Scalable Electrosynthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Love
- School of Chemistry, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Darren S. Lee
- School of Chemistry, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Gabriele Gennari
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Richard Jefferson-Loveday
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Stephen J. Pickering
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Martyn Poliakoff
- School of Chemistry, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Michael George
- School of Chemistry, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yamamoto K, Kuriyama M, Onomura O. Shono-Type Oxidation for Functionalization of N-Heterocycles. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2239-2253. [PMID: 33656281 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of facile synthetic methods for stereodefined aliphatic cyclic amines is an important research field in synthetic organic chemistry since such scaffolds constitute a variety of natural products and biologically active compounds. N-Acyl cyclic N,O-acetals which prepared by electrochemical oxidation of the corresponding cyclic amines have proven to be useful and versatile precursors for the synthesis of such skeletons. In this Personal Account, we introduce our efforts toward the development of synthetic strategies for the diastereo- and/or enantioselective synthesis of cyclic amines by using electrochemically prepared cyclic N,O-acetals. In addition, the investigation of the "memory of chirality" in the electrooxidative methoxylation of N-acyl amino acid derivatives, the strategy for the synthesis of chiral azabicyclic compounds by utilizing electrochemical oxidation, and halogen cation-mediated synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles are also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Masami Kuriyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Osamu Onomura
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kaur J, Shahin A, Barham JP. Photocatalyst-Free, Visible-Light-Mediated C(sp3)–H Arylation of Amides via a Solvent-Caged EDA Complex. Org Lett 2021; 23:2002-2006. [PMID: 33596084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kaur
- Universität Regensburg, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Shahin
- Universität Regensburg, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, 13518 Benha, Egypt
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Universität Regensburg, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Saha D, Taily IM, Naik S, Banerjee P. Electrochemical access to benzimidazolone and quinazolinone derivatives via in situ generation of isocyanates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:631-634. [PMID: 33346276 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07125k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Isocyanates are the key intermediates for several organic transformations towards the synthesis of diverse pharmaceutical targets. Herein, we report the development of an oxidant-free protocol for electrochemical in situ generation of isocyanates. This strategy highlights expedient access to benzimidazolones and quinazolinones and eliminates the need for exogenous oxidants. Furthermore, detailed mechanistic studies provide strong support towards our hypothesis of in situ isocyanate generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debarshi Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India.
| | - Irshad Maajid Taily
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India.
| | - Sumitra Naik
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India.
| | - Prabal Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Jones AM. Dialling-In New Reactivity into the Shono-Type Anodic Oxidation Reaction. CHEM REC 2020; 21:2120-2129. [PMID: 33146948 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This Personal Account describes the author's groups' research in the field of electrosynthetic anodic oxidation, beginning with initial trial and error attempts with the Shono oxidation. Early setbacks with complex rotameric amide mixtures, provided the ideal environment for the discovery of the Oxa-Shono reaction-Osp 2 -Csp 3 bond cleavage of esters-providing two useful products in one-step: aldehyde selective oxidation level products and a mild de-esterification method to afford carboxylic acids in the process. The development of the Oxa-Shono reaction provided the impetus for the discovery of other electrically propelled-Nsp 2 -Csp 2 and Nsp 2 -Csp 3 -bond breaking reactions in bioactive amide and sulfonamide systems. Understanding the voltammetric behaviour of the molecule under study, switching between controlled current- or controlled potential- electrolysis, and restricting electron flow (the reagent), affords exquisite control over the reaction outcomes in batch and flow. Importantly, this bio-inspired advance in electrosynthetic dealkylation chemistry mimics the metabolic outcomes observed in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Jones
- School of Pharmacy, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Electron transfer plays a vital role in drug metabolism and underlying toxicity mechanisms. Currently, pharmaceutical research relies on pharmacokinetics (PK) and absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and toxicity (ADMET) measurements to understand and predict drug reactions in the body. Metabolic stability (and toxicity) prediction in the early phases of the drug discovery and development process is key in identifying a suitable lead compound for optimisation. Voltammetric methods have the potential to overcome the significant barrier of new drug failure rates, by giving insight into phase I metabolism events which can have a direct bearing on the stability and toxicity of the parent drug being dosed. Herein, we report for the first time a data-mining investigation into the voltammetric behaviour of reported drug molecules and their correlation with metabolic stability (indirectly measured via t½), as a potential predictor of drug stability/toxicity in vivo. We observed an inverse relationship between oxidation potential and drug stability. Furthermore, we selected and prepared short- (<10 min) and longer-circulation (>2 h) drug molecules to prospectively survey the relationship between oxidation potential and stability.
Collapse
|
37
|
Phillips AMF, Pombeiro AJL. Electrochemical asymmetric synthesis of biologically active substances. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7026-7055. [PMID: 32909570 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01425g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Electrically driven oxidation and reduction reactions are well-established methods for synthesis even in the chemical industry, but asymmetric versions are still few. The mild conditions used, atom efficiency and low cost make these reactions a very attractive alternative to other methods of synthesis. Very fine tuning can be achieved based on minute changes in potentials, allowing only one functional group in a molecule to react in the presence of several others, which is ideal for applications in total synthesis. In this review, the literature in the field of asymmetric synthesis of biologically active substances over the last 10 years is surveyed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Faisca Phillips
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Armando J L Pombeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Opatz T, Geske L, Sato E. Anodic Oxidation as an Enabling Tool for the Synthesis of Natural Products. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemistry provides a valuable toolbox for organic synthesis and offers an appealing, environmentally benign alternative to the use of stoichiometric quantities of chemical oxidants or reductants. Its potential to control current efficiency along with providing alternative reaction conditions in a classical sense makes electrochemistry a suitable method for large-scale industrial transformations as well as for laboratory applications in the synthesis of complex molecular architectures. Even though research in this field has intensified over the recent decades, many synthetic chemists still hesitate to add electroorganic reactions to their standard repertoire, and hence, the full potential of preparative organic electrochemistry has not yet been unleashed. This short review highlights the versatility of anodic transformations by summarizing their application in natural product synthesis.1 Introduction2 Shono-Type Oxidation3 C–N/N–N Bond Formation4 Aryl–Alkene/Aryl–Aryl Coupling5 Cycloadditions Triggered by Oxidation of Electron-Rich Arenes6 Spirocycles7 Miscellaneous Transformations8 Future Prospects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Till Opatz
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gao P, Weng X, Wang Z, Zheng C, Sun B, Chen Z, You S, Mei T. Cu
II
/TEMPO‐Catalyzed Enantioselective C(sp
3
)–H Alkynylation of Tertiary Cyclic Amines through Shono‐Type Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15254-15259. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei‐Sen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xin‐Jun Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zhen‐Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zhi‐Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Shu‐Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Tian‐Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gao P, Weng X, Wang Z, Zheng C, Sun B, Chen Z, You S, Mei T. Cu
II
/TEMPO‐Catalyzed Enantioselective C(sp
3
)–H Alkynylation of Tertiary Cyclic Amines through Shono‐Type Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei‐Sen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xin‐Jun Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zhen‐Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zhi‐Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Shu‐Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Tian‐Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Basson AJ, McLaughlin MG. Synthesis of Functionalized Isoindolinones via Calcium Catalyzed Generation and Trapping of N-Acyliminium Ions. J Org Chem 2020; 85:5615-5628. [PMID: 32208694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report our full investigation into the calcium catalyzed generation and trapping of N-acyliminium ions from readily available 3-hydroxyisoindolinones. We have successfully employed a range of traditional nucleophiles including carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur containing reactive partners. The reaction is tolerant to a wide range of functionalities and provides high value scaffolds in good to excellent yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Basson
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, United Kingdom, M15GD
| | - Mark G McLaughlin
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, United Kingdom, M15GD
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yamamoto K, Kuriyama M, Onomura O. Anodic Oxidation for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Heterocycles. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:105-120. [PMID: 31872753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stereodefined aliphatic heterocycles are one of the fundamental structural motifs observed in natural products and biologically active compounds. Various strategies for the synthesis of these building blocks based on transition metal catalysis, organocatalysis, and noncatalytic conditions have been developed. Although electrosynthesis has also been utilized for the functionalization of aliphatic heterocycles, stereoselective transformations under electrochemical conditions are still a challenging field in electroorganic chemistry. This Account consists of four main topics related to our recent efforts on the diastereo- and/or enantioselective synthesis of aliphatic heterocycles, especially N-heterocycles, using anodic oxidations as key steps. The first topic is the development of stereoselective synthetic methods for multisubstituted piperidines and pyrrolidines from anodically prepared α-methoxy cyclic amines. Our strategies were based primarily on N-acyliminium ion chemistry, and the key electrochemical transformations were diastereoselective anodic methoxylation, diastereoselective arylation, and anodic deallylative methoxylation. Furthermore, we found a unique property of the N-cyano protecting group that enabled the electrochemical α-methoxylation of α-substituted cyclic amines. The second topic of investigation is memory of chirality in electrochemical decarboxylative methoxylation. We observed that the electrochemical decarboxylative methoxylation of oxazolidine and thiazolidine derivatives with the appropriate N-protecting group occurred in a stereospecific manner even though the reaction proceeded through an sp2 planar carbon center. Our findings demonstrated the first example of memory of chirality in N-acyliminium ion chemistry. The third topic is the synthesis of chiral azabicyclo-N-oxyls and their application to chiral organocatalysis in the electrochemical oxidative kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols. The final topic is stereoselective transformations utilizing anodically generated halogen cations. We investigated the oxidative kinetic resolution of amino alcohol derivatives using anodically generated bromo cations. We also developed an intramolecular C-C bond formation of keto amides, a diastereoselective bromoiminolactonization of α-allyl malonamides, and an oxidative ring expansion reaction of allyl alcohols. It is noteworthy that most of the electrochemical reactions were performed in undivided cells under constant-current conditions, which avoided a complicated reaction setup and was beneficial for a large-scale reaction. In addition, we developed some enantioselective electrochemical transformations that are still challenges in electroorganic chemistry. We hope that our research will contribute to the further development of diastereo- and/or enantioselective transformations and the construction of valuable heterocyclic compounds using an electrochemical approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Masami Kuriyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Osamu Onomura
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kingston C, Palkowitz MD, Takahira Y, Vantourout JC, Peters BK, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. A Survival Guide for the "Electro-curious". Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:72-83. [PMID: 31823612 PMCID: PMC6996934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The appeal and promise of synthetic organic electrochemistry have been appreciated over the past century. In terms of redox chemistry, which is frequently encountered when forging new bonds, it is difficult to conceive of a more economical way to add or remove electrons than electrochemistry. Indeed, many of the largest industrial synthetic chemical processes are achieved in a practical way using electrons as a reagent. Why then, after so many years of the documented benefits of electrochemistry, is it not more widely embraced by mainstream practitioners? Erroneous perceptions that electrochemistry is a "black box" combined with a lack of intuitive and inexpensive standardized equipment likely contributed to this stagnation in interest within the synthetic organic community. This barrier to entry is magnified by the fact that many redox processes can already be accomplished using simple chemical reagents even if they are less atom-economic. Time has proven that sustainability and economics are not strong enough driving forces for the adoption of electrochemical techniques within the broader community. Indeed, like many synthetic organic chemists that have dabbled in this age-old technique, our first foray into this area was not by choice but rather through sheer necessity. The unique reactivity benefits of this old redox-modulating technique must therefore be highlighted and leveraged in order to draw organic chemists into the field. Enabling new bonds to be forged with higher levels of chemo- and regioselectivity will likely accomplish this goal. In doing so, it is envisioned that widespread adoption of electrochemistry will go beyond supplanting unsustainable reagents in mundane redox reactions to the development of exciting reactivity paradigms that enable heretofore unimagined retrosynthetic pathways. Whereas the rigorous physical organic chemical principles of electroorganic synthesis have been reviewed elsewhere, it is often the case that such summaries leave out the pragmatic aspects of designing, optimizing, and scaling up preparative electrochemical reactions. Taken together, the task of setting up an electrochemical reaction, much less inventing a new one, can be vexing for even seasoned organic chemists. This Account therefore features a unique format that focuses on addressing this exact issue within the context of our own studies. The graphically rich presentation style pinpoints basic concepts, typical challenges, and key insights for those "electro-curious" chemists who seek to rapidly explore the power of electrochemistry in their research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cian Kingston
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 93037
| | - Maximilian D. Palkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 93037
| | - Yusuke Takahira
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 93037
| | - Julien C. Vantourout
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 93037
| | - Byron K. Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 93037
| | - Yu Kawamata
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 93037
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 93037
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Trindade AF, Faulkner EL, Leach AG, Nelson A, Marsden SP. Fragment-oriented synthesis: β-elaboration of cyclic amine fragments using enecarbamates as platform intermediates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8802-8805. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03934a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Selective β-sp3 functionalisation of cyclic amines is achieved through enecarbamate formation and photoredox-catalysed derivatisation with functionalised alkyl halides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew G. Leach
- Department of Pharmacy
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | - Adam Nelson
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- Leeds LS2 9JT
- UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Shatskiy A, Lundberg H, Kärkäs MD. Organic Electrosynthesis: Applications in Complex Molecule Synthesis. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Shatskiy
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Helena Lundberg
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Markus D. Kärkäs
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Laudadio G, Barmpoutsis E, Schotten C, Struik L, Govaerts S, Browne DL, Noël T. Sulfonamide Synthesis through Electrochemical Oxidative Coupling of Amines and Thiols. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5664-5668. [PMID: 30905146 PMCID: PMC6581424 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Sulfonamides are
key motifs in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals,
spurring the continuous development of novel and efficient synthetic
methods to access these functional groups. Herein, we report an environmentally
benign electrochemical method which enables the oxidative coupling
between thiols and amines, two readily available and inexpensive commodity
chemicals. The transformation is completely driven by electricity,
does not require any sacrificial reagent or additional catalysts and
can be carried out in only 5 min. Hydrogen is formed as a benign byproduct
at the counter electrode. Owing to the mild reaction conditions, the
reaction displays a broad substrate scope and functional group compatibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Laudadio
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14 - Helix , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Efstathios Barmpoutsis
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14 - Helix , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Christiane Schotten
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14 - Helix , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands.,School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff CF10 3 AT , United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Struik
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14 - Helix , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Govaerts
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14 - Helix , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Duncan L Browne
- School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff CF10 3 AT , United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Noël
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14 - Helix , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bal MK, Banks CE, Jones AM. Metabolism Mimicry: An Electrosynthetic Method for the Selective Deethylation of Tertiary Benzamides. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep K. Bal
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringManchester Metropolitan University Chester Street Manchester M1 5GD United Kingdom
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringManchester Metropolitan University Chester Street Manchester M1 5GD United Kingdom
| | - Alan M. Jones
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Birmingham Edgbaston B15 2TT United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Marcantoni E, Palmieri A, Petrini M. Recent synthetic applications of α-amido sulfones as precursors of N-acylimino derivatives. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00196d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
α-Amido sulfones can be directly used as N-acylimine or N-acyliminium ion precursors in several synthetic processes aimed at the preparation of nitrogen containing compounds. This review collects the most relevant and practical utilizations of α-amido sulfones appeared in the literature after 2005.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Marcantoni
- School of Science and Technology
- Chemistry Division
- University of Camerino
- 1 I-62032 Camerino
- Italy
| | - Alessandro Palmieri
- School of Science and Technology
- Chemistry Division
- University of Camerino
- 1 I-62032 Camerino
- Italy
| | - Marino Petrini
- School of Science and Technology
- Chemistry Division
- University of Camerino
- 1 I-62032 Camerino
- Italy
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Nath AR, Chee CF, Rahman NA. Application of Electrochemical Cross-Dehydrogenative Couplings in the Syntheses of Heterocycles. HETEROCYCLES VIA CROSS DEHYDROGENATIVE COUPLING 2019:445-494. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9144-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
|
50
|
Kärkäs MD. Electrochemical strategies for C-H functionalization and C-N bond formation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5786-5865. [PMID: 29911724 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for carrying out carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation are typically conducted at elevated temperatures, and rely on expensive catalysts as well as the use of stoichiometric, and perhaps toxic, oxidants. In this regard, electrochemical synthesis has recently been recognized as a sustainable and scalable strategy for the construction of challenging carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Here, electrosynthesis has proven to be an environmentally benign, highly effective and versatile platform for achieving a wide range of nonclassical bond disconnections via generation of radical intermediates under mild reaction conditions. This review provides an overview on the use of anodic electrochemical methods for expediting the development of carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation strategies. Emphasis is placed on methodology development and mechanistic insight and aims to provide inspiration for future synthetic applications in the field of electrosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Kärkäs
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|