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James AW, Thottappillil N, Péault B, Zhang X. Editorial: Chondrogenic potentials, protocols and mechanisms of mesenchymal progenitor cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1289438. [PMID: 37786809 PMCID: PMC10541955 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1289438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W. James
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Bruno Péault
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xinli Zhang
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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2
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Zhu S, Chen M, Ying Y, Wu Q, Huang Z, Ni W, Wang X, Xu H, Bennett S, Xiao J, Xu J. Versatile subtypes of pericytes and their roles in spinal cord injury repair, bone development and repair. Bone Res 2022; 10:30. [PMID: 35296645 PMCID: PMC8927336 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular regeneration is a challenging topic in tissue repair. As one of the important components of the neurovascular unit (NVU), pericytes play an essential role in the maintenance of the vascular network of the spinal cord. To date, subtypes of pericytes have been identified by various markers, namely the PDGFR-β, Desmin, CD146, and NG2, each of which is involved with spinal cord injury (SCI) repair. In addition, pericytes may act as a stem cell source that is important for bone development and regeneration, whilst specific subtypes of pericyte could facilitate bone fracture and defect repair. One of the major challenges of pericyte biology is to determine the specific markers that would clearly distinguish the different subtypes of pericytes, and to develop efficient approaches to isolate and propagate pericytes. In this review, we discuss the biology and roles of pericytes, their markers for identification, and cell differentiation capacity with a focus on the potential application in the treatment of SCI and bone diseases in orthopedics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Centre, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.,Molecular Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Yibo Ying
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Qiuji Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Zhiyang Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Wenfei Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Samuel Bennett
- Molecular Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China. .,Molecular Pharmacology Research Centre, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Jiake Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China. .,Molecular Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
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3
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Rusu MC, Vrapciu AD, Nicolescu MI, Stoenescu MD, Jianu AM, Lighezan R, Oancea R, Mănoiu VS, Hostiuc S. Extruded Nucleoli of Human Dental Pulp Cells. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58020260. [PMID: 35208583 PMCID: PMC8876639 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The dental pulp stem cells are highly proliferative and can differentiate into various cell types, including endothelial cells. We aimed to evaluate the ultrastructural characteristics of the human dental pulp cells of the permanent frontal teeth. Materials and Methods: Human adult bioptic dental pulp was collected from n = 10 healthy frontal teeth of five adult patients, prior to prosthetic treatments for aesthetic purposes. Tissues were examined under transmission electron microscopy. Results: We identified cells with a peculiar trait: giant nucleoli resembling intranuclear endoplasmic reticulum, which mimicked extrusion towards the cytoplasm. These were either partly embedded within the nuclei, the case in which their adnuclear side was coated by marginal heterochromatin and the abnuclear side was coated by a thin rim of ribosomes, or were apparently isolated from the nuclei, while still being covered by ribosomes. Conclusions: Similar electron microscopy features were previously reported in the human endometrium, as nucleolar channel system; or R-Rings induced by Nopp140. To our knowledge, this is the first report of extruded nucleolar structure in the dental pulp. Moreover, the aspect of giant extruded nucleoli was not previously reported in any human cell type, although similar evidence was gathered in other species as well as in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugurel Constantin Rusu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (M.C.R.); (A.D.V.)
| | - Alexandra Diana Vrapciu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (M.C.R.); (A.D.V.)
| | - Mihnea Ioan Nicolescu
- Division of Histology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, “Victor Babeș” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.I.N.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Mihai Dragomir Stoenescu
- Research Department, “Dr. Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Adelina Maria Jianu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.I.N.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Rodica Lighezan
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timişoara, Romania;
| | - Roxana Oancea
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timişoara, Romania;
| | - Vasile Sorin Mănoiu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, 060031 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Sorin Hostiuc
- Division of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
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Hsu GCY, Cherief M, Sono T, Wang Y, Negri S, Xu J, Peault B, James AW. Divergent effects of distinct perivascular cell subsets for intra-articular cell therapy in posttraumatic osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:2388-2397. [PMID: 33512030 PMCID: PMC8319216 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intra-articular injection of mesenchymal stem cells has shown benefit for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). However, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells at the origin of these clinical results are heterogenous cell populations with limited cellular characterization. Here, two transgenic reporter mice were used to examine the differential effects of two precisely defined perivascular cell populations (Pdgfrα+ and Pdgfrβ+ cells) from white adipose tissue for alleviation of OA. Perivascular mesenchymal cells were isolated from transgenic Pdgfrα-and Pdgfrβ-CreERT2 reporter animals and delivered as a one-time intra-articular dose to C57BL/6J mice after destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM). Both Pdgfrα+ and Pdgfrβ+ cell preparations improved metrics of cartilage degradation and reduced markers of chondrocyte hypertrophy. While some similarities in cell distribution were identified within the synovial and perivascular spaces, injected Pdgfrα+ cells remained in the superficial layers of articular cartilage, while Pdgfrβ+ cells were more widely dispersed. Pdgfrβ+ cell therapy prevented subchondral sclerosis induced by DMM, while Pdgfrα+ cell therapy had no effect. In summary, while both cell therapies showed beneficial effects in the DMM model, important differences in cell incorporation, persistence, and subchondral sclerosis were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginny Ching-Yun Hsu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Ross Research Building, Room 524A, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - Masnsen Cherief
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Ross Research Building, Room 524A, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - Takashi Sono
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Ross Research Building, Room 524A, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States;,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yiyun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Ross Research Building, Room 524A, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - Stefano Negri
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Ross Research Building, Room 524A, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - Jiajia Xu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Ross Research Building, Room 524A, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - Bruno Peault
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, 90095;,Center For Cardiovascular Science and Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron W. James
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Ross Research Building, Room 524A, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
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5
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Le Q, Madhu V, Hart JM, Farber CR, Zunder ER, Dighe AS, Cui Q. Current evidence on potential of adipose derived stem cells to enhance bone regeneration and future projection. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1248-1277. [PMID: 34630861 PMCID: PMC8474721 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i9.1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Injuries to the postnatal skeleton are naturally repaired through successive steps involving specific cell types in a process collectively termed “bone regeneration”. Although complex, bone regeneration occurs through a series of well-orchestrated stages wherein endogenous bone stem cells play a central role. In most situations, bone regeneration is successful; however, there are instances when it fails and creates non-healing injuries or fracture nonunion requiring surgical or therapeutic interventions. Transplantation of adult or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) defined by the International Society for Cell and Gene Therapy (ISCT) as CD105+CD90+CD73+CD45-CD34-CD14orCD11b-CD79αorCD19-HLA-DR- is being investigated as an attractive therapy for bone regeneration throughout the world. MSCs isolated from adipose tissue, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), are gaining increasing attention since this is the most abundant source of adult stem cells and the isolation process for ADSCs is straightforward. Currently, there is not a single Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ADSCs product for bone regeneration. Although the safety of ADSCs is established from their usage in numerous clinical trials, the bone-forming potential of ADSCs and MSCs, in general, is highly controversial. Growing evidence suggests that the ISCT defined phenotype may not represent bona fide osteoprogenitors. Transplantation of both ADSCs and the CD105- sub-population of ADSCs has been reported to induce bone regeneration. Most notably, cells expressing other markers such as CD146, AlphaV, CD200, PDPN, CD164, CXCR4, and PDGFRα have been shown to represent osteogenic sub-population within ADSCs. Amongst other strategies to improve the bone-forming ability of ADSCs, modulation of VEGF, TGF-β1 and BMP signaling pathways of ADSCs has shown promising results. The U.S. FDA reveals that 73% of Investigational New Drug applications for stem cell-based products rely on CD105 expression as the “positive” marker for adult stem cells. A concerted effort involving the scientific community, clinicians, industries, and regulatory bodies to redefine ADSCs using powerful selection markers and strategies to modulate signaling pathways of ADSCs will speed up the therapeutic use of ADSCs for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Le
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
| | - Vedavathi Madhu
- Orthopaedic Surgery Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Joseph M Hart
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
| | - Charles R Farber
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
- Departments of Public Health Sciences and Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
| | - Eli R Zunder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
| | - Abhijit S Dighe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
| | - Quanjun Cui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
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6
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Meijer EM, van Dijk CGM, Kramann R, Verhaar MC, Cheng C. Implementation of Pericytes in Vascular Regeneration Strategies. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:1-21. [PMID: 33231500 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For the survival and integration of complex large-sized tissue-engineered (TE) organ constructs that exceed the maximal nutrients and oxygen diffusion distance required for cell survival, graft (pre)vascularization to ensure medium or blood supply is crucial. To achieve this, the morphology and functionality of the microcapillary bed should be mimicked by incorporating vascular cell populations, including endothelium and mural cells. Pericytes play a crucial role in microvascular function, blood vessel stability, angiogenesis, and blood pressure regulation. In addition, tissue-specific pericytes are important in maintaining specific functions in different organs, including vitamin A storage in the liver, renin production in the kidneys and maintenance of the blood-brain-barrier. Together with their multipotential differentiation capacity, this makes pericytes the preferred cell type for application in TE grafts. The use of a tissue-specific pericyte cell population that matches the TE organ may benefit organ function. In this review, we provide an overview of the literature for graft (pre)-vascularization strategies and highlight the possible advantages of using tissue-specific pericytes for specific TE organ grafts. Impact statement The use of a tissue-specific pericyte cell population that matches the tissue-engineered (TE) organ may benefit organ function. In this review, we provide an overview of the literature for graft (pre)vascularization strategies and highlight the possible advantages of using tissue-specific pericytes for specific TE organ grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elana M Meijer
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christian G M van Dijk
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rafael Kramann
- Division of Nephrology and Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Cheng
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Xu J, Wang Y, Hsu CY, Negri S, Tower RJ, Gao Y, Tian Y, Sono T, Meyers CA, Hardy WR, Chang L, Hu S, Kahn N, Broderick K, Péault B, James AW. Lysosomal protein surface expression discriminates fat- from bone-forming human mesenchymal precursor cells. eLife 2020; 9:e58990. [PMID: 33044169 PMCID: PMC7550188 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue resident mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) occupy perivascular spaces. Profiling human adipose perivascular mesenchyme with antibody arrays identified 16 novel surface antigens, including endolysosomal protein CD107a. Surface CD107a expression segregates MSCs into functionally distinct subsets. In culture, CD107alow cells demonstrate high colony formation, osteoprogenitor cell frequency, and osteogenic potential. Conversely, CD107ahigh cells include almost exclusively adipocyte progenitor cells. Accordingly, human CD107alow cells drove dramatic bone formation after intramuscular transplantation in mice, and induced spine fusion in rats, whereas CD107ahigh cells did not. CD107a protein trafficking to the cell surface is associated with exocytosis during early adipogenic differentiation. RNA sequencing also suggested that CD107alow cells are precursors of CD107ahigh cells. These results document the molecular and functional diversity of perivascular regenerative cells, and show that relocation to cell surface of a lysosomal protein marks the transition from osteo- to adipogenic potential in native human MSCs, a population of substantial therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Xu
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Yiyun Wang
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Ching-Yun Hsu
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Stefano Negri
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Robert J Tower
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
- Departments of Orthopaedics, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Yongxing Gao
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Ye Tian
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Takashi Sono
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Carolyn A Meyers
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Winters R Hardy
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research CenterLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Leslie Chang
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Shuaishuai Hu
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research CenterLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Nusrat Kahn
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research CenterLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Kristen Broderick
- Departments of Plastic Surgery, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Bruno Péault
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research CenterLos AngelesUnited States
- Center For Cardiovascular Science and Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Aaron W James
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research CenterLos AngelesUnited States
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8
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Comparison of skeletal and soft tissue pericytes identifies CXCR4 + bone forming mural cells in human tissues. Bone Res 2020; 8:22. [PMID: 32509378 PMCID: PMC7244476 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-020-0097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human osteogenic progenitors are not precisely defined, being primarily studied as heterogeneous multipotent cell populations and termed mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Notably, select human pericytes can develop into bone-forming osteoblasts. Here, we sought to define the differentiation potential of CD146+ human pericytes from skeletal and soft tissue sources, with the underlying goal of defining cell surface markers that typify an osteoblastogenic pericyte. CD146+CD31-CD45- pericytes were derived by fluorescence-activated cell sorting from human periosteum, adipose, or dermal tissue. Periosteal CD146+CD31-CD45- cells retained canonical features of pericytes/MSC. Periosteal pericytes demonstrated a striking tendency to undergo osteoblastogenesis in vitro and skeletogenesis in vivo, while soft tissue pericytes did not readily. Transcriptome analysis revealed higher CXCR4 signaling among periosteal pericytes in comparison to their soft tissue counterparts, and CXCR4 chemical inhibition abrogated ectopic ossification by periosteal pericytes. Conversely, enrichment of CXCR4+ pericytes or stromal cells identified an osteoblastic/non-adipocytic precursor cell. In sum, human skeletal and soft tissue pericytes differ in their basal abilities to form bone. Diversity exists in soft tissue pericytes, however, and CXCR4+ pericytes represent an osteoblastogenic, non-adipocytic cell precursor. Indeed, enrichment for CXCR4-expressing stromal cells is a potential new tactic for skeletal tissue engineering.
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Meyers CA, Xu J, Zhang L, Chang L, Wang Y, Asatrian G, Ding C, Yan N, Zou E, Broderick K, Lee M, Peault B, James AW. Skeletogenic Capacity of Human Perivascular Stem Cells Obtained Via Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 25:1658-1666. [PMID: 31020920 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human perivascular stem/stromal cells (PSC) are a multipotent mesenchymal progenitor cell population defined by their perivascular residence. PSC are increasingly studied for their application in skeletal regenerative medicine. PSC from subcutaneous white adipose tissue are most commonly isolated via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and defined as a bipartite population of CD146+CD34-CD31-CD45- pericytes and CD34+CD146-CD31-CD45- adventitial cells. FACS poses several challenges for clinical translation, including requirements for facilities, equipment, and personnel. The purpose of this study is to identify if magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) is a feasible method to derive PSC, and to determine if MACS-derived PSC are comparable to our previous experience with FACS-derived PSC. In brief, CD146+ pericytes and CD34+ adventitial cells were enriched from human lipoaspirate using a multistep column approach. Next, cell identity and purity were analyzed by flow cytometry. In vitro multilineage differentiation studies were performed with MACS-defined PSC subsets. Finally, in vivo application was performed in nonhealing calvarial bone defects in Scid mice. Results showed that human CD146+ pericytes and CD34+ adventitial cells may be enriched by MACS, with defined purity, anticipated cell surface marker expression, and capacity for multilineage differentiation. In vivo, MACS-derived PSC induce ossification of bone defects. These data document the feasibility of a MACS approach for the enrichment and application of PSC in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Impact Statement Our findings suggest that perivascular stem/stromal cells, and in particular adventitial cells, may be isolated by magnetic-activated cell sorting and applied as an uncultured autologous stem cell therapy in a same-day setting for bone defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Meyers
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jiajia Xu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Leititia Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Leslie Chang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yiyun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Greg Asatrian
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Catherine Ding
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Noah Yan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Erin Zou
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kristen Broderick
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Min Lee
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bruno Peault
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, California.,Center For Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron W James
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, California
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10
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Abstract
Besides seminal functions in angiogenesis and blood pressure regulation, microvascular pericytes possess a latent tissue regenerative potential that can be revealed in culture following transition into mesenchymal stem cells. Endowed with robust osteogenic potential, pericytes and other related perivascular cells extracted from adipose tissue represent a potent and abundant cell source for refined bone tissue engineering and improved cell therapies of fractures and other bone defects. The use of diverse bone formation assays in vivo, which include mouse muscle pocket osteogenesis and calvaria replenishment, rat and dog spine fusion, and rat non-union fracture healing, has confirmed the superiority of purified perivascular cells for skeletal (re)generation. As a surprising observation though, despite strong endogenous bone-forming potential, perivascular cells drive bone regeneration essentially indirectly, via recruitment by secreted factors of local osteo-progenitors.
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Abstract
Cells have been identified in postnatal tissues that, when isolated from multiple mesenchymal compartments, can be stimulated in vitro to give rise to cells that resemble mature mesenchymal phenotypes, such as odontoblasts, osteoblasts, adipocytes, and myoblasts. This has made these adult cells, collectively called mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), strong candidates for fields such as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Based on evidence from in vivo genetic lineage-tracing studies, pericytes have been identified as a source of MSC precursors in vivo in multiple organs, in response to injury or during homeostasis. Questions of intense debate and interest in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative studies include the following: 1) Are all pericytes, irrespective of tissue of isolation, equal in their differentiation potential? 2) What are the mechanisms that regulate the differentiation of MSCs? To gain a better understanding of the latter, recent work has utilized ChIP-seq (chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing) to reconstruct histone landscapes. This indicated that for dental pulp pericytes, the odontoblast-specific gene Dspp was found in a transcriptionally permissive state, while in bone marrow pericytes, the osteoblast-specific gene Runx2 was primed for expression. RNA sequencing has also been utilized to further characterize the 2 pericyte populations, and results highlighted that dental pulp pericytes are already precommitted to an odontoblast fate based on enrichment analysis indicating overrepresentation of key odontogenic genes. Furthermore, ChIP-seq analysis of the polycomb repressive complex 1 component RING1B indicated that this complex is likely to be involved in inhibiting inappropriate differentiation, as it localized to a number of loci of key transcription factors that are needed for the induction of adipogenesis, chondrogenesis, or myogenesis. In this review, we highlight recent data elucidating molecular mechanisms that indicate that pericytes can be tissue-specific precommitted MSC precursors in vivo and that this precommitment is a major driving force behind MSC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Yianni
- 1 Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P T Sharpe
- 1 Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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12
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Meyers CA, Xu J, Asatrian G, Ding C, Shen J, Broderick K, Ting K, Soo C, Peault B, James AW. WISP-1 drives bone formation at the expense of fat formation in human perivascular stem cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15618. [PMID: 30353078 PMCID: PMC6199241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascular wall within adipose tissue is a source of mesenchymal progenitors, referred to as perivascular stem/stromal cells (PSC). PSC are isolated via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), and defined as a bipartite population of pericytes and adventitial progenitor cells (APCs). Those factors that promote the differentiation of PSC into bone or fat cell types are not well understood. Here, we observed high expression of WISP-1 among human PSC in vivo, after purification, and upon transplantation in a bone defect. Next, modulation of WISP-1 expression was performed, using WISP-1 overexpression, WISP-1 protein, or WISP-1 siRNA. Results demonstrated that WISP-1 is expressed in the perivascular niche, and high expression is maintained after purification of PSC, and upon transplantation in a bone microenvironment. In vitro studies demonstrate that WISP-1 has pro-osteogenic/anti-adipocytic effects in human PSC, and that regulation of BMP signaling activity may underlie these effects. In summary, our results demonstrate the importance of the matricellular protein WISP-1 in regulation of the differentiation of human stem cell types within the perivascular niche. WISP-1 signaling upregulation may be of future benefit in cell therapy mediated bone tissue engineering, for the healing of bone defects or other orthopaedic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Meyers
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21205, United States
| | - Jiajia Xu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21205, United States
| | - Greg Asatrian
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, California, Los Angeles, 90095, United States
| | - Catherine Ding
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, California, Los Angeles, 90095, United States
| | - Jia Shen
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, California, Los Angeles, 90095, United States
| | - Kristen Broderick
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, 21205, Baltimore, United States
| | - Kang Ting
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, California, Los Angeles, 90095, United States
| | - Chia Soo
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, California, Los Angeles, 90095, United States
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, California, Los Angeles, 90095, United States
| | - Bruno Peault
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, California, Los Angeles, 90095, United States
- Center For Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron W James
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21205, United States.
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, California, Los Angeles, 90095, United States.
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13
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Cui Z, Li C, Jiang N, Zhang C, Wang Y, Gao H, Zhou Y. Isolation and characterization of minipig perivascular stem cells for bone tissue engineering. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:3555-3562. [PMID: 30132528 PMCID: PMC6131542 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human subcutaneous adipose tissue has been recognized as a rich source of tissue resident mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) in recent years. The current study was designed to sort the minipig (mp) perivascular stem cells (PSCs) and investigate the osteogenic potential. Purification of human PSCs was achieved via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) from human liposuction samples [cluster of differentiation (CD)45−CD34−CD146+ perithelial cells and CD45−CD34+CD146− adventitial cells]. Subsequently, PSCs were isolated from mp adipose tissue samples (n=9), characterized and, using purified mpPSCs (obtained by FACS, which is used in human PSC purification), the mpPSC osteogenic and adipogenic potential was evaluated by Alizarin Red S and Oil Red O staining in vitro, respectively. The cell morphometry was observed following cell isolation and culture, and hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to identify the fat tissue structure and vascular distribution. Osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation-associated gene expression levels were analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results demonstrated that the same antigens used for human PSC identification and isolation were working in mp tissue (CD45, CD146 and CD34). The two cell groups: CD45−CD34−CD146+ pericytes and CD45−CD34+CD146− adventitial cells were successfully isolated from the subcutaneous fat in the posterior neck of mps, mpPSCs accounted for 8.6% of the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) with 1.4% pericytes and 7.2% adventitial cells. mpPSCs demonstrated characteristics of MSCs, including cell surface marker expression, colony forming unit-fibroblast inclusion, and the stronger osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential than that of the non-selected vascular stromal cells. The mRNA expression levels of osteocalcin, collagen, type I, α1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ in the mpPSCs group were significantly higher than those of the unsorted pSVF group (P<0.05). Thus, the current study successfully isolated and cultured CD146+ and CD34+ cell populations from mp tissues, characterized the cells' PSC-like phenotype and identified their distinctly osteogenic and adipogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cui
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Chenshuang Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Ci Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Yiran Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Hongyun Gao
- Surgical Operating Room, Beijing Huangsi Plastic Surgery Hospital, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Yanheng Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
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14
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Meyers CA, Shen J, Lu A, James AW. WNT16 induces proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human perivascular stem cells. J Orthop 2018; 15:854-857. [PMID: 30140133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Perivascular stem cells (PSC) are a progenitor population defined by their perivascular residence. Recent studies have examined the relative difference in Wnt ligands to induce PSC differentiation, including Wnt16. Here, we examine the role of Wnt16 in the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human PSC. Treatment of PSC with WNT16 significantly increased cell proliferation to a greater extent than did WNT3A. In addition, WNT16 showed a significant increase in osteogenic gene expression among PSC. These data demonstrate that WNT16 represents a combined mitogenic/pro-osteogenic stimulus that may play a functional role in human mesenchymal stem cell mediated bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jia Shen
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and The Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, 90095, USA
| | - Amy Lu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, 21205, USA
| | - Aaron W James
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, 21205, USA.,UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and The Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, 90095, USA
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15
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Meyers CA, Xu J, Zhang L, Asatrian G, Ding C, Yan N, Broderick K, Sacks J, Goyal R, Zhang X, Ting K, Péault B, Soo C, James AW. Early Immunomodulatory Effects of Implanted Human Perivascular Stromal Cells During Bone Formation. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 24:448-457. [PMID: 28683667 PMCID: PMC5833257 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Human perivascular stem/stromal cells (PSC) are a multipotent mesodermal progenitor cell population defined by their perivascular residence. PSC are most commonly derived from subcutaneous adipose tissue, and recent studies have demonstrated the high potential for clinical translation of this fluorescence-activated cell sorting-derived cell population for bone tissue engineering. Specifically, purified PSC induce greater bone formation than unpurified stroma taken from the same patient sample. In this study, we examined the differences in early innate immune response to human PSC or unpurified stroma (stromal vascular fraction [SVF]) during the in vivo process of bone formation. Briefly, SVF or PSC from the same patient sample were implanted intramuscularly in the hindlimb of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice using an osteoinductive demineralized bone matrix carrier. Histological examination of early inflammatory infiltrates was examined by hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical staining (Ly-6G, F4/80). Results showed significantly greater neutrophilic and macrophage infiltrates within and around SVF in comparison to PSC-laden implants. Differences in early postoperative inflammation among SVF-laden implants were associated with reduced osteogenic differentiation and bone formation. Similar findings were recapitulated with PSC implantation in immunocompetent mice. Exaggerated postoperative inflammation was associated with increased IL-1α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α gene expression among SVF samples, and conversely increased IL-6 and IL-10 expression among PSC samples. These data document a robust immunomodulatory effect of implanted PSC, and an inverse correlation between host inflammatory cell infiltration and stromal progenitor cell-mediated ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A. Meyers
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jiajia Xu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Greg Asatrian
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Catherine Ding
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Noah Yan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kristen Broderick
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Justin Sacks
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Raghav Goyal
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kang Ting
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bruno Péault
- Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- UCLA Orthopedic Hospital Department of Orthopedic Surgery and the Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chia Soo
- UCLA Orthopedic Hospital Department of Orthopedic Surgery and the Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Aaron W. James
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- UCLA Orthopedic Hospital Department of Orthopedic Surgery and the Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, California
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16
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Shen J, Chen X, Jia H, Meyers CA, Shrestha S, Asatrian G, Ding C, Tsuei R, Zhang X, Peault B, Ting K, Soo C, James AW. Effects of WNT3A and WNT16 on the Osteogenic and Adipogenic Differentiation of Perivascular Stem/Stromal Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 24:68-80. [PMID: 28463594 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human perivascular stem/stromal cells (hPSC) are a multipotent mesenchymogenic stromal cell population defined by their perivascular locale. Recent studies have demonstrated the high potential for clinical translation of this fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-derived cell population for autologous bone tissue engineering. However, the mechanisms underlying the osteogenic differentiation of PSC are incompletely understood. The current study investigates the roles of canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling in the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of PSC. Results showed that both canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling activity transiently increased during PSC osteogenic differentiation in vitro. Sustained WNT3A treatment significantly decreased PSC osteogenic differentiation. Conversely, sustained treatment with Wnt family member 16 (WNT16), a mixed canonical and noncanonical ligand, increased osteogenic differentiation in a c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway-dependent manner. Conversely, WNT16 knockdown significantly diminished PSC osteogenic differentiation. Finally, WNT16 but not WNT3A increased the adipogenic differentiation of PSC. These results indicate the importance of regulation of canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling for PSC fate and differentiation. Moreover, these data suggest that WNT16 plays a functional and necessary role in PSC osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shen
- 1 Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA , Los Angeles, California
| | - Xuepeng Chen
- 2 Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Haichao Jia
- 3 Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Carolyn A Meyers
- 4 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Swati Shrestha
- 1 Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA , Los Angeles, California
| | - Greg Asatrian
- 1 Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA , Los Angeles, California
| | - Catherine Ding
- 1 Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA , Los Angeles, California
| | - Rebecca Tsuei
- 1 Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA , Los Angeles, California
| | - Xinli Zhang
- 1 Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA , Los Angeles, California
| | - Bruno Peault
- 5 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center , Los Angeles, California.,6 Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kang Ting
- 1 Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA , Los Angeles, California
| | - Chia Soo
- 5 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center , Los Angeles, California.,7 Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Aaron W James
- 4 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland.,5 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center , Los Angeles, California
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17
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Abstract
Pericytes are a heterogeneous population of cells located in the blood vessel wall. They were first identified in the 19th century by Rouget, however their biological role and potential for drug targeting have taken time to be recognised. Isolation of pericytes from several different tissues has allowed a better phenotypic and functional characterization. These findings revealed a tissue-specific, multi-functional group of cells with multilineage potential. Given this emerging evidence, pericytes have acquired specific roles in pathobiological events in vascular diseases. In this review article, we will provide a compelling overview of the main diseases in which pericytes are involved, from well-established mechanisms to the latest findings. Pericyte involvement in diabetes and cancer will be discussed extensively. In the last part of the article we will review therapeutic approaches for these diseases in light of the recently acquired knowledge. To unravel pericyte-related vascular pathobiological events is pivotal not only for more tailored treatments of disease but also to establish pericytes as a therapeutic tool.
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18
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Pericytic mimicry in well-differentiated liposarcoma/atypical lipomatous tumor. Hum Pathol 2016; 54:92-9. [PMID: 27063472 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes are modified smooth muscle cells that closely enwrap small blood vessels, regulating and supporting the microvasculature through direct endothelial contact. Pericytes demonstrate a distinct immunohistochemical profile, including expression of smooth muscle actin, CD146, platelet-derived growth factor receptor β, and regulator of G-protein signaling 5. Previously, pericyte-related antigens have been observed to be present among a group of soft tissue tumors with a perivascular growth pattern, including glomus tumor, myopericytoma, and angioleiomyoma. Similarly, malignant tumor cells have been shown to have a pericyte-like immunoprofile when present in a perivascular location, seen in malignant melanoma, glioblastoma, and adenocarcinoma. Here, we examine well-differentiated liposarcoma specimens, which showed some element of perivascular areas with the appearance of smooth muscle (n = 7 tumors). Immunohistochemical staining was performed for pericyte antigens, including smooth muscle actin, CD146, platelet-derived growth factor receptor β, and regulator of G-protein signaling 5. Results showed consistent pericytic marker expression among liposarcoma tumor cells within a perivascular distribution. MDM2 immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization for MDM2 revealed that these perivascular cells were of tumor origin (7/7 tumors), whereas double immunohistochemical detection for CD31/CD146 ruled out an endothelial cell contribution. These findings further support the concept of pericytic mimicry, already established in diverse malignancies, and its presence in well-differentiated liposarcoma. The extent to which pericytic mimicry has prognostic significance in liposarcoma is as yet unknown.
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19
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West CC, Hardy WR, Murray IR, James AW, Corselli M, Pang S, Black C, Lobo SE, Sukhija K, Liang P, Lagishetty V, Hay DC, March KL, Ting K, Soo C, Péault B. Prospective purification of perivascular presumptive mesenchymal stem cells from human adipose tissue: process optimization and cell population metrics across a large cohort of diverse demographics. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:47. [PMID: 27029948 PMCID: PMC4815276 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue is an attractive source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) as it is largely dispensable and readily accessible through minimally invasive procedures such as liposuction. Until recently MSC could only be isolated in a process involving ex-vivo culture and their in-vivo identity, location and frequency remained elusive. We have documented that pericytes (CD45-, CD146+, and CD34-) and adventitial cells (CD45-, CD146-, CD34+) (collectively termed perivascular stem cells or PSC) represent native ancestors of the MSC, and can be prospectively purified using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). In this study we describe an optimized protocol that aims to deliver pure, viable and consistent yields of PSC from adipose tissue. We analysed the frequency of PSC within adipose tissue, and the effect of patient and procedure based variables on this yield. METHODS Within this twin centre study we analysed the adipose tissue of n = 131 donors using flow cytometry to determine the frequency of PSC and correlate this with demographic and processing data such as age, sex, BMI and cold storage time of the tissue. RESULTS The mean number of stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells from 100 ml of lipoaspirate was 34.4 million. Within the SVF, mean cell viability was 83 %, with 31.6 % of cells being haematopoietic (CD45+). Adventitial cells and pericytes represented 33.0 % and 8 % of SVF cells respectively. Therefore, a 200 ml lipoaspirate would theoretically yield 23.2 million viable prospectively purified PSC - sufficient for many reconstructive and regenerative applications. Minimal changes were observed in respect to age, sex and BMI suggesting universal potential application. CONCLUSIONS Adipose tissue contains two anatomically and phenotypically discreet populations of MSC precursors - adventitial cells and pericytes - together referred to as perivascular stem cells (PSC). More than 9 million PSC per 100 ml of lipoaspirate can be rapidly purified to homogeneity using flow cytometry in clinically relevant numbers potentially circumventing the need for purification and expansion by culture prior to clinical use. The number and viability of PSC are minimally affected by patient age, sex, BMI or the storage time of the tissue, but the quality and consistency of yield can be significantly influenced by procedure based variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. C. West
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Vascular Regeneration & Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, St Johns Hospital, Howden Road West, Livingston, UK
| | - W. R. Hardy
- Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - I. R. Murray
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Vascular Regeneration & Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A. W. James
- Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - M. Corselli
- Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
- BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA USA
| | - S. Pang
- Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - C. Black
- Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - S. E. Lobo
- Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - K. Sukhija
- Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaweah Delta Health Care District, Visalia, CA USA
| | - P. Liang
- Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - V. Lagishetty
- Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - D. C. Hay
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Vascular Regeneration & Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - K. L. March
- Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, and Vascular and Cardiac Center for Adult Stem Cell Research, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA
| | - K. Ting
- Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - C. Soo
- Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - B. Péault
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Vascular Regeneration & Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
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20
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Li CS, Zhang X, Péault B, Jiang J, Ting K, Soo C, Zhou YH. Accelerated Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Perivascular Stem Cells with NELL-1. Tissue Eng Part A 2016; 22:272-85. [PMID: 26700847 PMCID: PMC4779324 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2015.0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is the leading cause of disability in the US. Consequently, there is a pressing need for restoring the structural and functional properties of diseased articular cartilage. Yet the search for the right combination of proper target cells and growth factors for cartilage regeneration remains challenging. In this study, we first tested the intrinsic chondrogenic differentiation ability of human perivascular stem cells (hPSCs), a novel source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) from human adipose tissue. A putative prochondrogenic growth factor, NEL-like molecule-1 (NELL-1), was added to the hPSC pellets to upregulate gene expression of chondrogenic markers, including AGGRECAN, COLLAGEN II, and COMP. Furthermore, the addition of NELL-1 to a transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGF-β3) + bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP-6) "cocktail" resulted in the best combinatorial stimulation in accelerating the chondrogenic differentiation of hPSCs, as evidenced by increased gene and protein expression of chondrogenic markers in a shortened induction time without elevating expression of hypertrophic, fibrotic, and osteogenic markers. Mechanistically, this acceleration rendered by NELL-1 may be partially attributed to NELL-1's upregulation of BMP receptors and TGF-β receptor type I in hPSCs for increased responsiveness to BMPs + TGF-βs. In conclusion, lipoaspirate-derived hPSCs present a novel and abundant cell source of MSCs for cartilage regeneration, and the combinatorial application of NELL-1, TGF-β3, and BMP-6 with hPSCs may remarkably enhance and accelerate cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Shuang Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bruno Péault
- UCLA Division of Plastic Surgery and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jie Jiang
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kang Ting
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- UCLA Division of Plastic Surgery and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chia Soo
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- UCLA Division of Plastic Surgery and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yan-Heng Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
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21
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Asatrian G, Pham D, Hardy WR, James AW, Peault B. Stem cell technology for bone regeneration: current status and potential applications. STEM CELLS AND CLONING-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 8:39-48. [PMID: 25709479 PMCID: PMC4334288 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s48423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Continued improvements in the understanding and application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have revolutionized tissue engineering. This is particularly true within the field of skeletal regenerative medicine. However, much remains unknown regarding the native origins of MSC, the relative advantages of different MSC populations for bone regeneration, and even the biologic safety of such unpurified, grossly characterized cells. This review will first summarize the initial discovery of MSC, as well as the current and future applications of MSC in bone tissue engineering. Next, the relative advantages and disadvantages of MSC isolated from distinct tissue origins are debated, including the MSC from adipose, bone marrow, and dental pulp, among others. The perivascular origin of MSC is next discussed. Finally, we briefly comment on pluripotent stem cell populations and their possible application in bone tissue engineering. While continually expanding, the field of MSC-based bone tissue engineering and regeneration shows potential to become a clinical reality in the not-so-distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Asatrian
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dalton Pham
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Winters R Hardy
- UCLA/Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aaron W James
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; UCLA/Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bruno Peault
- UCLA/Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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Gothard D, Greenhough J, Ralph E, Oreffo RO. Prospective isolation of human bone marrow stromal cell subsets: A comparative study between Stro-1-, CD146- and CD105-enriched populations. J Tissue Eng 2014; 5:2041731414551763. [PMID: 25383172 PMCID: PMC4221949 DOI: 10.1177/2041731414551763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stro-1 has proved an efficacious marker for enrichment of skeletal stem and progenitor cells although isolated populations remain heterogeneous, exhibiting variable colony-forming efficiency and osteogenic differentiation potential. The emerging findings that skeletal stem cells originate from adventitial reticular cells have brought two further markers to the fore including CD146 and CD105 (both primarily endothelial and perivascular). This study has compared CD146-, CD105- and Stro-1 (individual and in combination)-enriched human bone marrow stromal cell subsets and assessed whether these endothelial/perivascular markers offer further selection over conventional Stro-1. Fluorescent cell sorting quantification showed that CD146 and CD105 both targeted smaller (2.22% ± 0.59% and 6.94% ± 1.34%, respectively) and potentially different human bone marrow stromal cell fractions compared to Stro-1 (16.29% ± 0.78%). CD146+, but not CD105+, cells exhibited similar alkaline phosphatase-positive colony-forming efficiency in vitro and collagen/proteoglycan deposition in vivo to Stro-1+ cells. Molecular analysis of a number of select osteogenic and potential osteo-predictive genes including ALP, CADM1, CLEC3B, DCN, LOXL4, OPN, POSTN and SATB2 showed Stro-1+ and CD146+ populations possessed similar expression profiles. A discrete human bone marrow stromal cell fraction (2.04% ± 0.41%) exhibited positive immuno-labelling for both Stro-1 and CD146. The data presented here show that CD146+ populations are comparable but not superior to Stro-1+ populations. However, this study demonstrates the critical need for new candidate markers with which to isolate homogeneous skeletal stem cell populations or skeletal stem cell populations which exhibit homogeneous in vitro/in vivo characteristics, for implementation within tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gothard
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Joanna Greenhough
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Esther Ralph
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Richard Oc Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Chung CG, James AW, Asatrian G, Chang L, Nguyen A, Le K, Bayani G, Lee R, Stoker D, Zhang X, Ting K, Péault B, Soo C. Human perivascular stem cell-based bone graft substitute induces rat spinal fusion. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:1231-41. [PMID: 25154782 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is an attractive source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) because of its abundance and accessibility. We have previously defined a population of native MSCs termed perivascular stem cells (PSCs), purified from diverse human tissues, including adipose tissue. Human PSCs (hPSCs) are a bipartite cell population composed of pericytes (CD146+CD34-CD45-) and adventitial cells (CD146-CD34+CD45-), isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and with properties identical to those of culture identified MSCs. Our previous studies showed that hPSCs exhibit improved bone formation compared with a sample-matched unpurified population (termed stromal vascular fraction); however, it is not known whether hPSCs would be efficacious in a spinal fusion model. To investigate, we evaluated the osteogenic potential of freshly sorted hPSCs without culture expansion and differentiation in a rat model of posterolateral lumbar spinal fusion. We compared increasing dosages of implanted hPSCs to assess for dose-dependent efficacy. All hPSC treatment groups induced successful spinal fusion, assessed by manual palpation and microcomputed tomography. Computerized biomechanical simulation (finite element analysis) further demonstrated bone fusion with hPSC treatment. Histological analyses showed robust endochondral ossification in hPSC-treated samples. Finally, we confirmed that implanted hPSCs indeed differentiated into osteoblasts and osteocytes; however, the majority of the new bone formation was of host origin. These results suggest that implanted hPSCs positively regulate bone formation via direct and paracrine mechanisms. In summary, hPSCs are a readily available MSC population that effectively forms bone without requirements for culture or predifferentiation. Thus, hPSC-based products show promise for future efforts in clinical bone regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon G Chung
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron W James
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Greg Asatrian
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Le Chang
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Nguyen
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Khoi Le
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Bayani
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Lee
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Stoker
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kang Ting
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Péault
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chia Soo
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Murray IR, West CC, Hardy WR, James AW, Park TS, Nguyen A, Tawonsawatruk T, Lazzari L, Soo C, Péault B. Natural history of mesenchymal stem cells, from vessel walls to culture vessels. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1353-74. [PMID: 24158496 PMCID: PMC11113613 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1462-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) can regenerate tissues by direct differentiation or indirectly by stimulating angiogenesis, limiting inflammation, and recruiting tissue-specific progenitor cells. MSCs emerge and multiply in long-term cultures of total cells from the bone marrow or multiple other organs. Such a derivation in vitro is simple and convenient, hence popular, but has long precluded understanding of the native identity, tissue distribution, frequency, and natural role of MSCs, which have been defined and validated exclusively in terms of surface marker expression and developmental potential in culture into bone, cartilage, and fat. Such simple, widely accepted criteria uniformly typify MSCs, even though some differences in potential exist, depending on tissue sources. Combined immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and cell culture have allowed tracking the artifactual cultured mesenchymal stem/stromal cells back to perivascular anatomical regions. Presently, both pericytes enveloping microvessels and adventitial cells surrounding larger arteries and veins have been described as possible MSC forerunners. While such a vascular association would explain why MSCs have been isolated from virtually all tissues tested, the origin of the MSCs grown from umbilical cord blood remains unknown. In fact, most aspects of the biology of perivascular MSCs are still obscure, from the emergence of these cells in the embryo to the molecular control of their activity in adult tissues. Such dark areas have not compromised intents to use these cells in clinical settings though, in which purified perivascular cells already exhibit decisive advantages over conventional MSCs, including purity, thorough characterization and, principally, total independence from in vitro culture. A growing body of experimental data is currently paving the way to the medical usage of autologous sorted perivascular cells for indications in which MSCs have been previously contemplated or actually used, such as bone regeneration and cardiovascular tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain R. Murray
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center and Broad Stem Cell Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Christopher C. West
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Winters R. Hardy
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center and Broad Stem Cell Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Aaron W. James
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tea Soon Park
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Alan Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tulyapruek Tawonsawatruk
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Chia Soo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Departments of Surgery and Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Bruno Péault
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center and Broad Stem Cell Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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Mravic M, Asatrian G, Soo C, Lugassy C, Barnhill RL, Dry SM, Peault B, James AW. From pericytes to perivascular tumours: correlation between pathology, stem cell biology, and tissue engineering. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2014; 38:1819-24. [PMID: 24566993 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-014-2295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pericytes were once thought only to aid in angiogenesis and blood pressure control. Gradually, the known functions of pericytes and other perivascular stem cells (PSC) have broadly increased. The following review article will summarize the known functions and importance of pericytes across disciplines of pathology, stem cell biology, and tissue engineering. METHODS A literature review was performed for studies examining the importance of pericytes in pathology, stem cell biology, and tissue engineering. RESULTS The importance of pericytes most prominently includes the identification of the perivascular identity of mesenchymal stem cells (or MSC). Now, pericytes and other PSC are known to display surface markers and multilineage differentiation potential of MSC. Accordingly, interest in the purification and use of PSC for mesenchymal tissue formation and regeneration has increased. Significant demonstration of in vivo efficacy in bone and muscle regeneration has been made in laboratory animals. Contemporaneously with the uncovering of an MSC identity for pericytes, investigators in tumour biology have found biologically relevant roles for pericytes in tumor formation, lymphovascular invasion, and perivascular tumor spread. As well, the contribution of pericytes to perivascular tumors has been examined (and debated), including glomus tumour, myopericytoma and solitary fibrous tumour/hemangiopericytoma. In addition, an expanding recognition of pericyte mimicry and perivascular tumour invasion has occurred, encompassing common malignancies of the brain and skin. CONCLUSIONS In summary, pericytes have a wide range of roles in health and disease. Pericytes are being increasingly studied for their role in tumour formation, growth and invasion. Likewise, the application of pericytes/PSC for mesenchymal tissue engineering is an expanding field of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mravic
- Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Askarinam A, James AW, Zara JN, Goyal R, Corselli M, Pan A, Liang P, Chang L, Rackohn T, Stoker D, Zhang X, Ting K, Péault B, Soo C. Human perivascular stem cells show enhanced osteogenesis and vasculogenesis with Nel-like molecule I protein. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:1386-97. [PMID: 23406369 PMCID: PMC3638559 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An ideal mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) source for bone tissue engineering has yet to be identified. Such an MSC population would be easily harvested in abundance, with minimal morbidity and with high purity. Our laboratories have identified perivascular stem cells (PSCs) as a candidate cell source. PSCs are readily isolatable through fluorescent-activated cell sorting from adipose tissue and have been previously shown to be indistinguishable from MSCs in the phenotype and differentiation potential. PSCs consist of two distinct cell populations: (1) pericytes (CD146+, CD34-, and CD45-), which surround capillaries and microvessels, and (2) adventitial cells (CD146-, CD34+, and CD45-), found within the tunica adventitia of large arteries and veins. We previously demonstrated the osteogenic potential of pericytes by examining pericytes derived from the human fetal pancreas, and illustrated their in vivo trophic and angiogenic effects. In the present study, we used an intramuscular ectopic bone model to develop the translational potential of our original findings using PSCs (as a combination of pericytes and adventitial cells) from human white adipose tissue. We evaluated human PSC (hPSC)-mediated bone formation and vascularization in vivo. We also examined the effects of hPSCs when combined with the novel craniosynostosis-associated protein, Nel-like molecule I (NELL-1). Implants consisting of the demineralized bone matrix putty combined with NELL-1 (3 μg/μL), hPSC (2.5×10(5) cells), or hPSC+NELL-1, were inserted in the bicep femoris of SCID mice. Bone growth was evaluated using microcomputed tomography, histology, and immunohistochemistry over 4 weeks. Results demonstrated the osteogenic potential of hPSCs and the additive effect of hPSC+NELL-1 on bone formation and vasculogenesis. Comparable osteogenesis was observed with NELL-1 as compared to the more commonly used bone morphogenetic protein-2. Next, hPSCs induced greater implant vascularization than the unsorted stromal vascular fraction from patient-matched samples. Finally, we observed an additive effect on implant vascularization with hPSC+NELL-1 by histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry, accompanied by in vitro elaboration of vasculogenic growth factors. These findings hold significant implications for the cell/protein combination therapy hPSC+NELL-1 in the development of strategies for vascularized bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asal Askarinam
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Aaron W. James
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Janette N. Zara
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Raghav Goyal
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mirko Corselli
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Angel Pan
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Pei Liang
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Le Chang
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Todd Rackohn
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - David Stoker
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kang Ting
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bruno Péault
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chia Soo
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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