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Goggin SM, Zunder ER. A hyperparameter-randomized ensemble approach for robust clustering across diverse datasets. bioRxiv 2023:2023.12.18.571953. [PMID: 38187667 PMCID: PMC10769222 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.18.571953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Clustering analysis is widely used to group objects by similarity, but for complex datasets such as those produced by single-cell analysis, the currently available clustering methods are limited by accuracy, robustness, ease of use, and interpretability. To address these limitations, we developed an ensemble clustering method with hyperparameter randomization that outperforms other methods across a broad range of single-cell and synthetic datasets, without the need for manual hyperparameter selection. In addition to hard cluster labels, it also outputs soft cluster memberships to characterize continuum-like regions and per cell overlap scores to quantify the uncertainty in cluster assignment. We demonstrate the improved clustering interpretability from these features by tracing the intermediate stages between handwritten digits in the MNIST dataset, and between tanycyte subpopulations in the hypothalamus. This approach improves the quality of clustering and subsequent downstream analyses for single-cell datasets, and may also prove useful in other fields of data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Goggin
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22902
| | - Eli R. Zunder
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22902
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22902
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Deppmann CD, Zunder ER. The good, the bald, and the hairy: A mechanosensor meets its fate at the target. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2013-2014. [PMID: 37875070 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
In this issue of Developmental Cell, Koutsioumpa et al. (2023) investigate the maturation of low-threshold mechanoreceptor nerve endings in both hairy and glabrous skin types and discover a critical role for target-derived BMP in the development of Meissner corpuscles in glabrous (i.e., hairless) skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Deppmann
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 229022, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 229022, USA; Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 229022, USA; Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, College of Arts and Sciences, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA.
| | - Eli R Zunder
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 229022, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA.
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Karnewar S, Karnewar V, Deaton R, Shankman LS, Benavente ED, Williams CM, Bradley X, Alencar GF, Bulut GB, Kirmani S, Baylis RA, Zunder ER, den Ruijter HM, Pasterkamp G, Owens GK. IL-1β inhibition partially negates the beneficial effects of diet-induced lipid lowering. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.13.562255. [PMID: 37873280 PMCID: PMC10592822 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.13.562255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Background Thromboembolic events secondary to rupture or erosion of advanced atherosclerotic lesions are the leading cause of death in the world. The most common and effective means to reduce these major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), including myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke, is aggressive lipid lowering via a combination of drugs and dietary modifications. However, little is known regarding the effects of reducing dietary lipids on the composition and stability of advanced atherosclerotic lesions, the mechanisms that regulate these processes, and what therapeutic approaches might augment the benefits of lipid lowering. Methods Smooth muscle cell (SMC)-lineage tracing Apoe-/- mice were fed a Western diet (WD) for 18 weeks and then switched to a low-fat chow diet for 12 weeks. We assessed lesion size and remodeling indices, as well as the cellular composition of aortic and brachiocephalic artery (BCA) lesions, indices of plaque stability, overall plaque burden, and phenotypic transitions of SMC, and other lesion cells by SMC-lineage tracing combined with scRNA-seq, CyTOF, and immunostaining plus high resolution confocal microscopic z-stack analysis. In addition, to determine if treatment with a potent inhibitor of inflammation could augment the benefits of chow diet-induced reductions in LDL-cholesterol, SMC-lineage tracing Apoe-/- mice were fed a WD for 18 weeks and then chow diet for 12 weeks prior to treating them with an IL-1β or control antibody (Ab) for 8-weeks. Results Lipid-lowering by switching Apoe-/- mice from a WD to a chow diet reduced LDL-cholesterol levels by 70% and resulted in multiple beneficial effects including reduced overall aortic plaque burden as well as reduced intraplaque hemorrhage and necrotic core area. However, contrary to expectations, IL-1β Ab treatment resulted in multiple detrimental changes including increased plaque burden, BCA lesion size, as well as increased cholesterol crystal accumulation, intra-plaque hemorrhage, necrotic core area, and senescence as compared to IgG control Ab treated mice. Furthermore, IL-1β Ab treatment upregulated neutrophil degranulation pathways but down-regulated SMC extracellular matrix pathways likely important for the protective fibrous cap. Conclusions Taken together, IL-1β appears to be required for chow diet-induced reductions in plaque burden and increases in multiple indices of plaque stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Karnewar
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Vaishnavi Karnewar
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Rebecca Deaton
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Laura S. Shankman
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Ernest D. Benavente
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Corey M. Williams
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Xenia Bradley
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Gabriel F. Alencar
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Gamze B. Bulut
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Sara Kirmani
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Richard A. Baylis
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Eli R. Zunder
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Hester M. den Ruijter
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Gary K. Owens
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
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Vradenburgh SA, Van Deusen AL, Beachum AN, Moats JM, Hirt AK, Deppmann CD, Keeler AB, Zunder ER. Sexual dimorphism in the dorsal root ganglia of neonatal mice identified by protein expression profiling with single-cell mass cytometry. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 126:103866. [PMID: 37263459 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of neuronal and glial populations in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) is required for detection of touch, body position, temperature, and noxious stimuli. While female-male differences in somatosensory perception have been previously reported, no study has examined global sex differences in the abundance of DRG cell types, and the developmental origin of these differences has not been characterized. To investigate whether sex-specific differences in neuronal and glial cell types arise in the DRG during development, we performed single-cell mass cytometry analysis on sex-separated DRGs from 4 separate litter replicates of postnatal day 0 (P0) C57/BL6 mouse pups. In this analysis, we observed that females had a higher abundance of total neurons (p = 0.0266), as well as an increased abundance of TrkB+ (p = 0.031) and TrkC+ (p = 0.04) neurons for mechanoreception and proprioception, while males had a higher abundance of TrkA+ (p = 0.025) neurons for thermoreception and nociception. Pseudotime comparison of the female and male datasets indicates that male neurons are more mature and differentiated than female neurons at P0. These findings warrant further studies to determine whether these differences are maintained across development, and their impact on somatosensory perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayla A Vradenburgh
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22902, United States of America; Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Charlottesville, VA 22902, United States of America
| | - Amy L Van Deusen
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22902, United States of America; Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Charlottesville, VA 22902, United States of America
| | - Allison N Beachum
- Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22902, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline M Moats
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22902, United States of America
| | - Ashley K Hirt
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Charlottesville, VA 22902, United States of America
| | - Christopher D Deppmann
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22902, United States of America; Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Charlottesville, VA 22902, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22902, United States of America; Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22902, United States of America; Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, College of Arts and Sciences, Charlottesville, VA 22902, United States of America
| | - Austin B Keeler
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Charlottesville, VA 22902, United States of America.
| | - Eli R Zunder
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22902, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, United States of America.
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5
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Keeler AB, Van Deusen AL, Gadani IC, Williams CM, Goggin SM, Hirt AK, Vradenburgh SA, Fread KI, Puleo EA, Jin L, Calhan OY, Deppmann CD, Zunder ER. A developmental atlas of somatosensory diversification and maturation in the dorsal root ganglia by single-cell mass cytometry. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:1543-1558. [PMID: 36303068 PMCID: PMC10691656 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Precisely controlled development of the somatosensory system is essential for detecting pain, itch, temperature, mechanical touch and body position. To investigate the protein-level changes that occur during somatosensory development, we performed single-cell mass cytometry on dorsal root ganglia from C57/BL6 mice of both sexes, with litter replicates collected daily from embryonic day 11.5 to postnatal day 4. Measuring nearly 3 million cells, we quantified 30 molecularly distinct somatosensory glial and 41 distinct neuronal states across all timepoints. Analysis of differentiation trajectories revealed rare cells that co-express two or more Trk receptors and over-express stem cell markers, suggesting that these neurotrophic factor receptors play a role in cell fate specification. Comparison to previous RNA-based studies identified substantial differences between many protein-mRNA pairs, demonstrating the importance of protein-level measurements to identify functional cell states. Overall, this study demonstrates that mass cytometry is a high-throughput, scalable platform to rapidly phenotype somatosensory tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin B Keeler
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Amy L Van Deusen
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Irene C Gadani
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Corey M Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sarah M Goggin
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ashley K Hirt
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Shayla A Vradenburgh
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kristen I Fread
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Emily A Puleo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lucy Jin
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - O Yipkin Calhan
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Christopher D Deppmann
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, College of Arts and Sciences, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Eli R Zunder
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, College of Arts and Sciences, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Le Q, Madhu V, Hart JM, Farber CR, Zunder ER, Dighe AS, Cui Q. Current evidence on potential of adipose derived stem cells to enhance bone regeneration and future projection. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1248-1277. [PMID: 34630861 PMCID: PMC8474721 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i9.1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Injuries to the postnatal skeleton are naturally repaired through successive steps involving specific cell types in a process collectively termed “bone regeneration”. Although complex, bone regeneration occurs through a series of well-orchestrated stages wherein endogenous bone stem cells play a central role. In most situations, bone regeneration is successful; however, there are instances when it fails and creates non-healing injuries or fracture nonunion requiring surgical or therapeutic interventions. Transplantation of adult or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) defined by the International Society for Cell and Gene Therapy (ISCT) as CD105+CD90+CD73+CD45-CD34-CD14orCD11b-CD79αorCD19-HLA-DR- is being investigated as an attractive therapy for bone regeneration throughout the world. MSCs isolated from adipose tissue, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), are gaining increasing attention since this is the most abundant source of adult stem cells and the isolation process for ADSCs is straightforward. Currently, there is not a single Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ADSCs product for bone regeneration. Although the safety of ADSCs is established from their usage in numerous clinical trials, the bone-forming potential of ADSCs and MSCs, in general, is highly controversial. Growing evidence suggests that the ISCT defined phenotype may not represent bona fide osteoprogenitors. Transplantation of both ADSCs and the CD105- sub-population of ADSCs has been reported to induce bone regeneration. Most notably, cells expressing other markers such as CD146, AlphaV, CD200, PDPN, CD164, CXCR4, and PDGFRα have been shown to represent osteogenic sub-population within ADSCs. Amongst other strategies to improve the bone-forming ability of ADSCs, modulation of VEGF, TGF-β1 and BMP signaling pathways of ADSCs has shown promising results. The U.S. FDA reveals that 73% of Investigational New Drug applications for stem cell-based products rely on CD105 expression as the “positive” marker for adult stem cells. A concerted effort involving the scientific community, clinicians, industries, and regulatory bodies to redefine ADSCs using powerful selection markers and strategies to modulate signaling pathways of ADSCs will speed up the therapeutic use of ADSCs for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Le
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
| | - Vedavathi Madhu
- Orthopaedic Surgery Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Joseph M Hart
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
| | - Charles R Farber
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
- Departments of Public Health Sciences and Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
| | - Eli R Zunder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
| | - Abhijit S Dighe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
| | - Quanjun Cui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
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Kothari H, McSkimming C, Drago F, Williams CM, Zunder ER, McNamara CA. Atlas of Human IL-6-induced Signaling in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Health and Disease. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.95.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective:
IL-6 is implicated in the development of coronary artery disease (CAD), autoimmune (AI) disorders, and cytokine storm syndrome (CSS). IL-6 inhibitors are effective in treating AI disorders and are being tested for CAD and CSS. While some studies have reported on IL-6-induced STAT signaling in humans, a comprehensive map of IL-6 signaling in human immune cells is currently lacking. We developed a 32-antibody custom mass cytometry (CyTOF) panel to characterize IL-6 signaling across all major human immune cell subsets, and applied it to identify IL-6-induced immune signatures linked with unstable atherosclerotic plaque.
Methods:
Blood cells from healthy donors and CAD subjects undergoing virtual histology-intravascular ultrasound imaging were stimulated with IL-6, stained and ran in CyTOF. Unsupervised analytical tools (SPADE, UMAP, and Leiden clustering) were used to identify immune cell subsets and IL-6-induced intracellular phosphorylation status.
Results:
IL-6 induced STAT1 and STAT3 activation in CD4 and CD8 naïve T cell subsets and CD4 memory T subsets. Notably, we identified that IL-6 also activates STAT5 within the CD4 and CD8 naïve T subsets. IL-6 induced a much more robust activation of STAT1 as compared to STAT3 and STAT5. Other cell types such as CD14+ monocytes, and CD11c+ and CD123+ dendritic cells also showed IL-6-induced STAT activation. IL-6-induced phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3 in a novel PD-1+CD27−CD127lowCD4+ effector memory T cell subtype was associated with higher CAD burden and unstable plaque features.
Conclusions:
Findings are significant for mechanistic insights into IL-6-induced inflammation and may enable discovery of new approaches to reduce inflammation in CAD and other pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Kothari
- 1Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia
- 2Department of Medicine, University of Virginia
| | | | | | - Corey M Williams
- 3Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia
- 4The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (CVRC), University of Virginia
| | | | - Coleen A McNamara
- 1Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia
- 2Department of Medicine, University of Virginia
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8
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Kothari H, Williams CM, McSkimming C, Drago F, Marshall MA, Garmey J, Vigneshwar M, Zunder ER, McNamara CA. Identification of human immune cell subtypes most responsive to IL-1β-induced inflammatory signaling using mass cytometry. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/673/eabc5763. [PMID: 33688079 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abc5763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-1β is a key mediator of the cytokine storm linked to high morbidity and mortality from COVID-19, and IL-1β blockade with anakinra and canakinumab during COVID-19 infection has entered clinical trials. Using mass cytometry of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we identified effector memory CD4+ T cells and CD4-CD8low/-CD161+ T cells, specifically those positive for the chemokine receptor CCR6, as the circulating immune subtypes with the greatest response to IL-1β. This response manifested as increased phosphorylation and, thus, activation of the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-κB and was also seen in other subsets, including CD11c+ myeloid dendritic cells, classical monocytes, two subsets of natural killer cells (CD16-CD56brightCD161- and CD16-CD56dimCD161+), and lineage- (Lin-) cells expressing CD161 and CD25. IL-1β also induced a rapid but less robust increase in the phosphorylation of the kinase p38 as compared to that of NF-κB in most of these immune cell subsets. Prolonged IL-1β stimulation increased the phosphorylation of the transcription factor STAT3 and to a lesser extent that of STAT1 and STAT5 across various immune cell types. IL-1β-induced production of IL-6 likely led to the activation of STAT1 and STAT3 at later time points. Interindividual heterogeneity and inhibition of STAT activation by anakinra raise the possibility that assays measuring NF-κB phosphorylation in response to IL-1β in CCR6+ T cell subtypes could identify those patients at higher risk of cytokine storm and most likely to benefit from IL-1β-neutralizing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Kothari
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. .,Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Corey M Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Chantel McSkimming
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Fabrizio Drago
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Melissa A Marshall
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - James Garmey
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Mythili Vigneshwar
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Eli R Zunder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Coleen A McNamara
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.,Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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9
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Alencar GF, Owsiany KM, Karnewar S, Sukhavasi K, Mocci G, Nguyen AT, Williams CM, Shamsuzzaman S, Mokry M, Henderson CA, Haskins R, Baylis RA, Finn AV, McNamara CA, Zunder ER, Venkata V, Pasterkamp G, Björkegren J, Bekiranov S, Owens GK. Stem Cell Pluripotency Genes Klf4 and Oct4 Regulate Complex SMC Phenotypic Changes Critical in Late-Stage Atherosclerotic Lesion Pathogenesis. Circulation 2020; 142:2045-2059. [PMID: 32674599 PMCID: PMC7682794 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.046672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Rupture and erosion of advanced atherosclerotic lesions with a resultant myocardial infarction or stroke are the leading worldwide cause of death. However, we have a limited understanding of the identity, origin, and function of many cells that make up late-stage atherosclerotic lesions, as well as the mechanisms by which they control plaque stability. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive single-cell RNA sequencing of advanced human carotid endarterectomy samples and compared these with single-cell RNA sequencing from murine microdissected advanced atherosclerotic lesions with smooth muscle cell (SMC) and endothelial lineage tracing to survey all plaque cell types and rigorously determine their origin. We further used chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq), bulk RNA sequencing, and an innovative dual lineage tracing mouse to understand the mechanism by which SMC phenotypic transitions affect lesion pathogenesis. Results: We provide evidence that SMC-specific Klf4- versus Oct4-knockout showed virtually opposite genomic signatures, and their putative target genes play an important role regulating SMC phenotypic changes. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed remarkable similarity of transcriptomic clusters between mouse and human lesions and extensive plasticity of SMC- and endothelial cell-derived cells including 7 distinct clusters, most negative for traditional markers. In particular, SMC contributed to a Myh11-, Lgals3+ population with a chondrocyte-like gene signature that was markedly reduced with SMC-Klf4 knockout. We observed that SMCs that activate Lgals3 compose up to two thirds of all SMC in lesions. However, initial activation of Lgals3 in these cells does not represent conversion to a terminally differentiated state, but rather represents transition of these cells to a unique stem cell marker gene–positive, extracellular matrix-remodeling, “pioneer” cell phenotype that is the first to invest within lesions and subsequently gives rise to at least 3 other SMC phenotypes within advanced lesions, including Klf4-dependent osteogenic phenotypes likely to contribute to plaque calcification and plaque destabilization. Conclusions: Taken together, these results provide evidence that SMC-derived cells within advanced mouse and human atherosclerotic lesions exhibit far greater phenotypic plasticity than generally believed, with Klf4 regulating transition to multiple phenotypes including Lgals3+ osteogenic cells likely to be detrimental for late-stage atherosclerosis plaque pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel F Alencar
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (G.F.A., K.M.O, S.K., A.N., C.M.W., S.S., C.A.H., R.H., R.A.B., C.A.M., E.R.Z., G.K.O.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (G.F.A., K.M.O., C.A.H., R.A.B., S.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Katherine M Owsiany
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (G.F.A., K.M.O, S.K., A.N., C.M.W., S.S., C.A.H., R.H., R.A.B., C.A.M., E.R.Z., G.K.O.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (G.F.A., K.M.O., C.A.H., R.A.B., S.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Santosh Karnewar
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (G.F.A., K.M.O, S.K., A.N., C.M.W., S.S., C.A.H., R.H., R.A.B., C.A.M., E.R.Z., G.K.O.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | | | - Giuseppe Mocci
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Huddinge, Sweden (G.M., V.V., J.B.)
| | - Anh T Nguyen
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (G.F.A., K.M.O, S.K., A.N., C.M.W., S.S., C.A.H., R.H., R.A.B., C.A.M., E.R.Z., G.K.O.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Corey M Williams
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (G.F.A., K.M.O, S.K., A.N., C.M.W., S.S., C.A.H., R.H., R.A.B., C.A.M., E.R.Z., G.K.O.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville.,Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.M.W., E.R.Z.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Sohel Shamsuzzaman
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (G.F.A., K.M.O, S.K., A.N., C.M.W., S.S., C.A.H., R.H., R.A.B., C.A.M., E.R.Z., G.K.O.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Michal Mokry
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy (M.M., G.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology (M.M.), University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher A Henderson
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (G.F.A., K.M.O, S.K., A.N., C.M.W., S.S., C.A.H., R.H., R.A.B., C.A.M., E.R.Z., G.K.O.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (G.F.A., K.M.O., C.A.H., R.A.B., S.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Ryan Haskins
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (G.F.A., K.M.O, S.K., A.N., C.M.W., S.S., C.A.H., R.H., R.A.B., C.A.M., E.R.Z., G.K.O.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Richard A Baylis
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (G.F.A., K.M.O, S.K., A.N., C.M.W., S.S., C.A.H., R.H., R.A.B., C.A.M., E.R.Z., G.K.O.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (G.F.A., K.M.O., C.A.H., R.A.B., S.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Aloke V Finn
- CVPath Institute, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD (A.V.F.)
| | - Coleen A McNamara
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (G.F.A., K.M.O, S.K., A.N., C.M.W., S.S., C.A.H., R.H., R.A.B., C.A.M., E.R.Z., G.K.O.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville.,School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (C.A.M.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Eli R Zunder
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (G.F.A., K.M.O, S.K., A.N., C.M.W., S.S., C.A.H., R.H., R.A.B., C.A.M., E.R.Z., G.K.O.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville.,Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.M.W., E.R.Z.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Vamsidhar Venkata
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Huddinge, Sweden (G.M., V.V., J.B.)
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy (M.M., G.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Björkegren
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Huddinge, Sweden (G.M., V.V., J.B.).,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences (J.B.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology (J.B.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Stefan Bekiranov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (G.F.A., K.M.O., C.A.H., R.A.B., S.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Gary K Owens
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (G.F.A., K.M.O, S.K., A.N., C.M.W., S.S., C.A.H., R.H., R.A.B., C.A.M., E.R.Z., G.K.O.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
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10
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Frost EL, Lammert CR, Johanson DM, Zunder ER, Lukens JR. Sex bias in maternal immune activation-induced neurodevelopmental disease begins at the maternal-fetal interface. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.79.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Systemic maternal inflammation during pregnancy is increasingly thought to be a risk factor for development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which is diagnosed at a rate 4-fold higher in males than in females. Administration of the viral mimic polyI:C to pregnant mice at mid-gestation leads to an ASD-like phenotype in the offspring, consisting of deficits in socialization and communication as well as repetitive behaviors. In this model of maternal immune activation (MIA), elevated production of maternal serum cytokines, specifically IL-6 and IL-17, contributes to alterations in fetal neurodevelopment. Although male and female littermates are exposed to the same maternal inflammation, we show that behavioral deficits manifest only in the male offspring, mirroring the sex bias observed in human ASD. Because the placenta is derived from fetal cells and is the first site of fetal exposure to hematogenous maternal inflammation, we hypothesized that sex-specific reactions to MIA that have deleterious impacts on fetal neurodevelopment originate there. Our preliminary findings show that MIA leads to sexually dimorphic alterations in placental pathology. To further characterize responses to MIA at the maternal-fetal interface over the course of gestation, we conducted bulk RNA-sequencing of the placenta/decidua from polyI:C- and saline-treated embryos at several time points post-injection. Sex of the embryos was determined by PCR genotyping for comparison of male and female placental transcriptomes. We find previously undescribed signatures related to myeloid cells in placentas from MIA males, as well as sex-based differences under homeostasis. This data set will shed light on the immune mechanisms that impact fetal brain health.
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11
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Balogh P, Adelman ER, Pluvinage JV, Capaldo BJ, Freeman KC, Singh S, Elagib KE, Nakamura Y, Kurita R, Sashida G, Zunder ER, Li H, Gru AA, Price EA, Schrier SL, Weissman IL, Figueroa ME, Pang WW, Goldfarb AN. RUNX3 levels in human hematopoietic progenitors are regulated by aging and dictate erythroid-myeloid balance. Haematologica 2020; 105:905-913. [PMID: 31171641 PMCID: PMC7109730 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.208918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy bone marrow progenitors yield a co-ordinated balance of hematopoietic lineages. This balance shifts with aging toward enhanced granulopoiesis with diminished erythropoiesis and lymphopoiesis, changes which likely contribute to the development of bone marrow disorders in the elderly. In this study, RUNX3 was identified as a hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell factor whose levels decline with aging in humans and mice. This decline is exaggerated in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from subjects diagnosed with unexplained anemia of the elderly. Hematopoietic stem cells from elderly unexplained anemia patients had diminished erythroid but unaffected granulocytic colony forming potential. Knockdown studies revealed human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells to be strongly influenced by RUNX3 levels, with modest deficiencies abrogating erythroid differentiation at multiple steps while retaining capacity for granulopoiesis. Transcriptome profiling indicated control by RUNX3 of key erythroid transcription factors, including KLF1 and GATA1 These findings thus implicate RUNX3 as a participant in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell aging, and a key determinant of erythroid-myeloid lineage balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Balogh
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Emmalee R Adelman
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Health System, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - John V Pluvinage
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Brian J Capaldo
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Katie C Freeman
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Kamaleldin E Elagib
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- Cell Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryo Kurita
- Research and Development Department, Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tatsumi, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Goro Sashida
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation in Leukemogenesis IRCMS, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Eli R Zunder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Alejandro A Gru
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Price
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stanley L Schrier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Maria E Figueroa
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Health System, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Wendy W Pang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Adam N Goldfarb
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, USA
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12
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Ko ME, Williams CM, Fread KI, Goggin SM, Rustagi RS, Fragiadakis GK, Nolan GP, Zunder ER. FLOW-MAP: a graph-based, force-directed layout algorithm for trajectory mapping in single-cell time course datasets. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:398-420. [PMID: 31932774 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0246-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High-dimensional single-cell technologies present new opportunities for biological discovery, but the complex nature of the resulting datasets makes it challenging to perform comprehensive analysis. One particular challenge is the analysis of single-cell time course datasets: how to identify unique cell populations and track how they change across time points. To facilitate this analysis, we developed FLOW-MAP, a graphical user interface (GUI)-based software tool that uses graph layout analysis with sequential time ordering to visualize cellular trajectories in high-dimensional single-cell datasets obtained from flow cytometry, mass cytometry or single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) experiments. Here we provide a detailed description of the FLOW-MAP algorithm and how to use the open-source R package FLOWMAPR via its GUI or with text-based commands. This approach can be applied to many dynamic processes, including in vitro stem cell differentiation, in vivo development, oncogenesis, the emergence of drug resistance and cell signaling dynamics. To demonstrate our approach, we perform a step-by-step analysis of a single-cell mass cytometry time course dataset from mouse embryonic stem cells differentiating into the three germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. In addition, we demonstrate FLOW-MAP analysis of a previously published scRNAseq dataset. Using both synthetic and experimental datasets for comparison, we perform FLOW-MAP analysis side by side with other single-cell analysis methods, to illustrate when it is advantageous to use the FLOW-MAP approach. The protocol takes between 30 min and 1.5 h to complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E Ko
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Corey M Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kristen I Fread
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sarah M Goggin
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Rohit S Rustagi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Garry P Nolan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eli R Zunder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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13
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Lammert CR, Frost EL, Bolte AC, Paysour MJ, Shaw ME, Bellinger CE, Weigel TK, Zunder ER, Lukens JR. Cutting Edge: Critical Roles for Microbiota-Mediated Regulation of the Immune System in a Prenatal Immune Activation Model of Autism. J Immunol 2018; 201:845-850. [PMID: 29967099 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that autism is often associated with dysregulated immune responses and altered microbiota composition. This has led to growing speculation about potential roles for hyperactive immune responses and the microbiome in autism. Yet how microbiome-immune cross-talk contributes to neurodevelopmental disorders currently remains poorly understood. In this study, we report critical roles for prenatal microbiota composition in the development of behavioral abnormalities in a murine maternal immune activation (MIA) model of autism that is driven by the viral mimetic polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. We show that preconception microbiota transplantation can transfer susceptibility to MIA-associated neurodevelopmental disease and that this is associated with modulation of the maternal immune response. Furthermore, we find that ablation of IL-17a signaling provides protection against the development of neurodevelopmental abnormalities in MIA offspring. Our findings suggest that microbiota landscape can influence MIA-induced neurodevelopmental disease pathogenesis and that this occurs as a result of microflora-associated calibration of gestational IL-17a responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine R Lammert
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Elizabeth L Frost
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Ashley C Bolte
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908.,Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - Matt J Paysour
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Mariah E Shaw
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Calli E Bellinger
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Thaddeus K Weigel
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Eli R Zunder
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - John R Lukens
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; .,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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14
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Han G, Chen SY, Gonzalez VD, Zunder ER, Fantl WJ, Nolan GP. Atomic mass tag of bismuth-209 for increasing the immunoassay multiplexing capacity of mass cytometry. Cytometry A 2017; 91:1150-1163. [PMID: 29205767 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mass cytometry (or CyTOF) is an atomic mass spectrometry-based single-cell immunoassay technology, which has provided an increasingly systematic and sophisticated view in basic biological and clinical studies. Using elemental reporters composed of stable heavy metal isotopes, more than 50 cellular parameters are measured simultaneously. However, this current multiplexing does not meet the theoretical capability of CyTOF instrumentation with 135 detectable channels, primarily due to the limitation of available chemistries for conjugating elemental mass tags to affinity reagents. To address this issue, we develop herein additional metallic mass tag based on bismuth-209 (209 Bi) for efficient conjugation to monoclonal antibody. This enables the use of an addtional channel m/z = 209 of CyTOF for single-cell immunoassays. Bismuth has nearly the same charge-to-radius ratio as lanthanide elements; thus, bismuth(III) cations (209 Bi3+ ) could coordinate with DTPA chelators in the same geometry of O- and N-donor groups as that of lanthanide. In this report, the coordination chemistry of 209 Bi3+ with DTPA chelators and Maxpar® X8 polymers were investigated in details. Accordingly, the protocols of conjugating antibody with bismuth mass tag were provided. A method based on UV-Vis absorbance at 280 nm of 209 Bi3+ -labeling DTPA complexes was developed to evaluate the stoichiometric ratio of 209 Bi3+ cations to the conjugated antibody. Side-by-side single-cell analysis experiments with bismuth- and lanthanide-tagged antibodies were carried out to compare the analytical sensitivities. The measurement accuracy of bismuth-tagged antibody was validated within in vitro assay using primary human natural killer cells. Furthermore, bismuth-tagged antibodies were successfully employed in cell cycle measurements and high-dimensional phenotyping immunoassays. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Han
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California
| | - Shih-Yu Chen
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California
| | - Veronica D Gonzalez
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California
| | - Eli R Zunder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Wendy J Fantl
- Stanford Comprehensive Cancer Institute and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California
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15
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Fread KI, Strickland WD, Nolan GP, Zunder ER. AN UPDATED DEBARCODING TOOL FOR MASS CYTOMETRY WITH CELL TYPE-SPECIFIC AND CELL SAMPLE-SPECIFIC STRINGENCY ADJUSTMENT. Pac Symp Biocomput 2017; 22:588-598. [PMID: 27897009 DOI: 10.1142/9789813207813_0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pooled sample analysis by mass cytometry barcoding carries many advantages: reduced antibody consumption, increased sample throughput, removal of cell doublets, reduction of cross-contamination by sample carryover, and the elimination of tube-to-tube-variability in antibody staining. A single-cell debarcoding algorithm was previously developed to improve the accuracy and yield of sample deconvolution, but this method was limited to using fixed parameters for debarcoding stringency filtering, which could introduce cell-specific or sample-specific bias to cell yield in scenarios where barcode staining intensity and variance are not uniform across the pooled samples. To address this issue, we have updated the algorithm to output debarcoding parameters for every cell in the sample-assigned FCS files, which allows for visualization and analysis of these parameters via flow cytometry analysis software. This strategy can be used to detect cell type-specific and sample-specific effects on the underlying cell data that arise during the debarcoding process. An additional benefit to this strategy is the decoupling of barcode stringency filtering from the debarcoding and sample assignment process. This is accomplished by removing the stringency filters during sample assignment, and then filtering after the fact with 1- and 2-dimensional gating on the debarcoding parameters which are output with the FCS files. These data exploration strategies serve as an important quality check for barcoded mass cytometry datasets, and allow cell type and sample-specific stringency adjustment that can remove bias in cell yield introduced during the debarcoding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen I Fread
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA,
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16
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Zunder ER, Lujan E, Goltsev Y, Wernig M, Nolan GP. A continuous molecular roadmap to iPSC reprogramming through progression analysis of single-cell mass cytometry. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 16:323-37. [PMID: 25748935 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To analyze cellular reprogramming at the single-cell level, mass cytometry was used to simultaneously measure markers of pluripotency, differentiation, cell-cycle status, and cellular signaling throughout the reprogramming process. Time-resolved progression analysis of the resulting data sets was used to construct a continuous molecular roadmap for three independent reprogramming systems. Although these systems varied substantially in Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc stoichiometry, they presented a common set of reprogramming landmarks. Early in the reprogramming process, Oct4(high)Klf4(high) cells transitioned to a CD73(high)CD104(high)CD54(low) partially reprogrammed state. Ki67(low) cells from this intermediate population reverted to a MEF-like phenotype, but Ki67(high) cells advanced through the M-E-T and then bifurcated into two distinct populations: an ESC-like Nanog(high)Sox2(high)CD54(high) population and a mesendoderm-like Nanog(low)Sox2(low)Lin28(high)CD24(high)PDGFR-α(high) population. The methods developed here for time-resolved, single-cell progression analysis may be used for the study of additional complex and dynamic systems, such as cancer progression and embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli R Zunder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ernesto Lujan
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yury Goltsev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marius Wernig
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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17
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Spitzer MH, Gherardini PF, Fragiadakis GK, Bhattacharya N, Yuan RT, Hotson AN, Finck R, Carmi Y, Zunder ER, Fantl WJ, Bendall SC, Engleman EG, Nolan GP. IMMUNOLOGY. An interactive reference framework for modeling a dynamic immune system. Science 2015; 349:1259425. [PMID: 26160952 DOI: 10.1126/science.1259425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells function in an interacting hierarchy that coordinates the activities of various cell types according to genetic and environmental contexts. We developed graphical approaches to construct an extensible immune reference map from mass cytometry data of cells from different organs, incorporating landmark cell populations as flags on the map to compare cells from distinct samples. The maps recapitulated canonical cellular phenotypes and revealed reproducible, tissue-specific deviations. The approach revealed influences of genetic variation and circadian rhythms on immune system structure, enabled direct comparisons of murine and human blood cell phenotypes, and even enabled archival fluorescence-based flow cytometry data to be mapped onto the reference framework. This foundational reference map provides a working definition of systemic immune organization to which new data can be integrated to reveal deviations driven by genetics, environment, or pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Spitzer
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Pier Federico Gherardini
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gabriela K Fragiadakis
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Robert T Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew N Hotson
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rachel Finck
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yaron Carmi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eli R Zunder
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wendy J Fantl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sean C Bendall
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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18
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Levine JH, Simonds EF, Bendall SC, Davis KL, Amir EAD, Tadmor MD, Litvin O, Fienberg HG, Jager A, Zunder ER, Finck R, Gedman AL, Radtke I, Downing JR, Pe'er D, Nolan GP. Data-Driven Phenotypic Dissection of AML Reveals Progenitor-like Cells that Correlate with Prognosis. Cell 2015; 162:184-97. [PMID: 26095251 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1246] [Impact Index Per Article: 138.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) manifests as phenotypically and functionally diverse cells, often within the same patient. Intratumor phenotypic and functional heterogeneity have been linked primarily by physical sorting experiments, which assume that functionally distinct subpopulations can be prospectively isolated by surface phenotypes. This assumption has proven problematic, and we therefore developed a data-driven approach. Using mass cytometry, we profiled surface and intracellular signaling proteins simultaneously in millions of healthy and leukemic cells. We developed PhenoGraph, which algorithmically defines phenotypes in high-dimensional single-cell data. PhenoGraph revealed that the surface phenotypes of leukemic blasts do not necessarily reflect their intracellular state. Using hematopoietic progenitors, we defined a signaling-based measure of cellular phenotype, which led to isolation of a gene expression signature that was predictive of survival in independent cohorts. This study presents new methods for large-scale analysis of single-cell heterogeneity and demonstrates their utility, yielding insights into AML pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob H Levine
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Erin F Simonds
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sean C Bendall
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kara L Davis
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - El-ad D Amir
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Michelle D Tadmor
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Oren Litvin
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Harris G Fienberg
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Astraea Jager
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eli R Zunder
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rachel Finck
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amanda L Gedman
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ina Radtke
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - James R Downing
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Dana Pe'er
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Lujan E, Zunder ER, Ng YH, Goronzy IN, Nolan GP, Wernig M. Early reprogramming regulators identified by prospective isolation and mass cytometry. Nature 2015; 521:352-6. [PMID: 25830878 PMCID: PMC4441548 DOI: 10.1038/nature14274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the context of most induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell reprogramming methods, heterogeneous populations of non-productive and staggered productive intermediates arise at different reprogramming time points. Despite recent reports claiming substantially increased reprogramming efficiencies using genetically modified donor cells, prospectively isolating distinct reprogramming intermediates remains an important goal to decipher reprogramming mechanisms. Previous attempts to identify surface markers of intermediate cell populations were based on the assumption that, during reprogramming, cells progressively lose donor cell identity and gradually acquire iPS cell properties. Here we report that iPS cell and epithelial markers, such as SSEA1 and EpCAM, respectively, are not predictive of reprogramming during early phases. Instead, in a systematic functional surface marker screen, we find that early reprogramming-prone cells express a unique set of surface markers, including CD73, CD49d and CD200, that are absent in both fibroblasts and iPS cells. Single-cell mass cytometry and prospective isolation show that these distinct intermediates are transient and bridge the gap between donor cell silencing and pluripotency marker acquisition during the early, presumably stochastic, reprogramming phase. Expression profiling reveals early upregulation of the transcriptional regulators Nr0b1 and Etv5 in this reprogramming state, preceding activation of key pluripotency regulators such as Rex1 (also known as Zfp42), Dppa2, Nanog and Sox2. Both factors are required for the generation of the early intermediate state and fully reprogrammed iPS cells, and thus represent some of the earliest known regulators of iPS cell induction. Our study deconvolutes the first steps in a hierarchical series of events that lead to pluripotency acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Lujan
- 1] Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA [2] Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA [3] Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Eli R Zunder
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Yi Han Ng
- 1] Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA [2] Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA [3] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Isabel N Goronzy
- 1] Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA [2] Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Marius Wernig
- 1] Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA [2] Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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20
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Zunder ER, Finck R, Behbehani GK, Amir EAD, Krishnaswamy S, Gonzalez VD, Lorang CG, Bjornson Z, Spitzer MH, Bodenmiller B, Fantl WJ, Pe'er D, Nolan GP. Palladium-based mass tag cell barcoding with a doublet-filtering scheme and single-cell deconvolution algorithm. Nat Protoc 2015; 10:316-33. [PMID: 25612231 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2015.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mass-tag cell barcoding (MCB) labels individual cell samples with unique combinatorial barcodes, after which they are pooled for processing and measurement as a single multiplexed sample. The MCB method eliminates variability between samples in antibody staining and instrument sensitivity, reduces antibody consumption and shortens instrument measurement time. Here we present an optimized MCB protocol. The use of palladium-based labeling reagents expands the number of measurement channels available for mass cytometry and reduces interference with lanthanide-based antibody measurement. An error-detecting combinatorial barcoding scheme allows cell doublets to be identified and removed from the analysis. A debarcoding algorithm that is single cell-based rather than population-based improves the accuracy and efficiency of sample deconvolution. This debarcoding algorithm has been packaged into software that allows rapid and unbiased sample deconvolution. The MCB procedure takes 3-4 h, not including sample acquisition time of ∼1 h per million cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli R Zunder
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rachel Finck
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gregory K Behbehani
- 1] Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Divisions of Hematology and Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - El-Ad D Amir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Smita Krishnaswamy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Veronica D Gonzalez
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Cynthia G Lorang
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Zach Bjornson
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Matthew H Spitzer
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Bernd Bodenmiller
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Wendy J Fantl
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dana Pe'er
- Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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21
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Behbehani GK, Thom C, Zunder ER, Finck R, Gaudilliere B, Fragiadakis GK, Fantl WJ, Nolan GP. Transient partial permeabilization with saponin enables cellular barcoding prior to surface marker staining. Cytometry A 2014; 85:1011-9. [PMID: 25274027 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent cellular barcoding and mass-tag cellular barcoding are cytometric methods that enable high sample throughput, minimize inter-sample variation, and reduce reagent consumption. Previously employed barcoding protocols require that barcoding be performed after surface marker staining, complicating combining the technique with measurement of alcohol-sensitive surface epitopes. This report describes a method of barcoding fixed cells after a transient partial permeabilization with 0.02% saponin that results in efficient and consistent barcode staining with fluorescent or mass-tagged reagents while preserving surface marker staining. This approach simplifies barcoding protocols and allows direct comparison of surface marker staining of multiple samples without concern for variations in the antibody cocktail volume, antigen-antibody ratio, or machine sensitivity. Using this protocol, cellular barcoding can be used to reliably detect subtle differences in surface marker expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory K Behbehani
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Divisions of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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22
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Zunder ER, Knight ZA, Houseman BT, Apsel B, Shokat KM. Discovery of drug-resistant and drug-sensitizing mutations in the oncogenic PI3K isoform p110 alpha. Cancer Cell 2008; 14:180-92. [PMID: 18691552 PMCID: PMC2720137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
p110 alpha (PIK3CA) is the most frequently mutated kinase in human cancer, and numerous drugs targeting this kinase are currently in preclinical development or early-stage clinical trials. Clinical resistance to protein kinase inhibitors frequently results from point mutations that block drug binding; similar mutations in p110 alpha are likely, but currently none have been reported. Using a S. cerevisiae screen against a structurally diverse panel of PI3K inhibitors, we have identified a potential hotspot for resistance mutations (I800), a drug-sensitizing mutation (L814C), and a surprising lack of resistance mutations at the "gatekeeper" residue. Our analysis further reveals that clinical resistance to these drugs may be attenuated by using multitargeted inhibitors that simultaneously inhibit additional PI3K pathway members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli R. Zunder
- Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Zachary A. Knight
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Benjamin T. Houseman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Beth Apsel
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kevan M. Shokat
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
- Correspondence: , phone: 415-514-0472, fax: 415-514-0822
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23
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Knight ZA, Gonzalez B, Feldman ME, Zunder ER, Goldenberg DD, Williams O, Loewith R, Stokoe D, Balla A, Toth B, Balla T, Weiss WA, Williams RL, Shokat KM. A pharmacological map of the PI3-K family defines a role for p110alpha in insulin signaling. Cell 2006; 125:733-47. [PMID: 16647110 PMCID: PMC2946820 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 943] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Revised: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3-Ks) are an important emerging class of drug targets, but the unique roles of PI3-K isoforms remain poorly defined. We describe here an approach to pharmacologically interrogate the PI3-K family. A chemically diverse panel of PI3-K inhibitors was synthesized, and their target selectivity was biochemically enumerated, revealing cryptic homologies across targets and chemotypes. Crystal structures of three inhibitors bound to p110gamma identify a conformationally mobile region that is uniquely exploited by selective compounds. This chemical array was then used to define the PI3-K isoforms required for insulin signaling. We find that p110alpha is the primary insulin-responsive PI3-K in cultured cells, whereas p110beta is dispensable but sets a phenotypic threshold for p110alpha activity. Compounds targeting p110alpha block the acute effects of insulin treatment in vivo, whereas a p110beta inhibitor has no effect. These results illustrate systematic target validation using a matrix of inhibitors that span a protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A. Knight
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Beatriz Gonzalez
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, United Kingdom
| | - Morri E. Feldman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eli R. Zunder
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David D. Goldenberg
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Olusegun Williams
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Robbie Loewith
- University of Geneva, Department of Molecular Biology, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - David Stokoe
- Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Andras Balla
- Endocrinology and Reproduction Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Balazs Toth
- Endocrinology and Reproduction Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tamas Balla
- Endocrinology and Reproduction Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William A. Weiss
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Roger L. Williams
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, United Kingdom
| | - Kevan M. Shokat
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Contact:
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