1
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Enteric Neural Network Assembly Was Promoted by Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor and Vitamin A but Inhibited by Epidermal Growth Factor. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182841. [PMID: 36139415 PMCID: PMC9496868 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extending well beyond the original use of propagating neural precursors from the central nervous system and dorsal root ganglia, neurosphere medium (NSM) and self-renewal medium (SRM) are two distinct formulas with widespread popularity in enteric neural stem cell (ENSC) applications. However, it remains unknown what growth factors or nutrients are crucial to ENSC development, let alone whether the discrepancy in their components may affect the outcomes of ENSC culture. Dispersed enterocytes from murine fetal gut were nurtured in NSM, SRM or their modifications by selective component elimination or addition to assess their effects on ENSC development. NSM generated neuriteless neurospheres, whereas SRM, even deprived of chicken embryo extract, might wire ganglia together to assemble neural networks. The distinct outcomes came from epidermal growth factor, which inhibited enteric neuronal wiring in NSM. In contrast, basic fibroblast growth factor promoted enteric neurogenesis, gangliogenesis, and neuronal wiring. Moreover, vitamin A derivatives might facilitate neuronal maturation evidenced by p75 downregulation during ENSC differentiation toward enteric neurons to promote gangliogenesis and network assembly. Our results might help to better manipulate ENSC propagation and differentiation in vitro, and open a new avenue for the study of enteric neuronal neuritogenesis and synaptogenesis.
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2
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Gandhi VV, Bihani SC, Phadnis PP, Kunwar A. Diselenide-derivative of 3-pyridinol targets redox enzymes leading to cell cycle deregulation and apoptosis in A549 cells. Biol Chem 2022; 403:891-905. [PMID: 36002994 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of present study was to understand the mechanism of action of 2,2'-diselenobis(3-pyridinol) or DISPOL in human lung cancer (A549) cells. A549 cells were treated with 10 µM (∼IC50) of DISPOL for varying time points to corelate the intracellular redox changes with its cytotoxic effect. The results indicated that DISPOL treatment led to a time dependant decrease in the basal level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, DISPOL treatment elevated the ratio of reduced (GSH) and oxidised (GSSG) glutathione by upregulating gamma-glutamylcysteine ligase (γ-GCL) involved in GSH biosynthesis and inhibiting the activities of redox enzymes responsible for GSH utilization and recycling, such as glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR). Molecular docking analysis suggests putative interactions of DISPOL with GST and GR which could account for its inhibitory effect on these enzymes. Further, DISPOL induced reductive environment preceded G1 arrest and apoptosis as evidenced by decreased expression of cell cycle genes (Cyclin D1 and Cyclin E1) and elevation of p21 and apoptotic markers (cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved PARP). The combinatorial experiments involving DISPOL and redox modulatory agents such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) indeed confirmed the role of reductive stress in DISPOL-induced cell death. Finally, Lipinski's rule suggests attributes of drug likeness in DISPOL. Taken together, DISPOL exhibits a novel mechanism of reductive stress-mediated cell death in A549 cells that warrants future exploration as anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwa V Gandhi
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Subhash C Bihani
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India.,Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Prasad P Phadnis
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India.,Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Amit Kunwar
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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3
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Thomas R, Menon V, Mani R, Pruszak J. Glycan Epitope and Integrin Expression Dynamics Characterize Neural Crest Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:2952-2965. [PMID: 35727432 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10393-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest gives rise to progeny as diverse as peripheral neurons, myelinating cells, cranial muscle, bone and cartilage tissues, and melanocytes. Neural crest derivation encompasses complex morphological change, including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration to the eventual target locations throughout the body. Neural crest cultures derived from stem cells provide an attractive source for developmental studies in human model systems, of immediate biomedical relevance for neurocristopathies, neural cancer biology and regenerative medicine, if only appropriate markers for lineage and cell type definition and quality control criteria were available. Implementing a defined, scalable protocol to generate neural crest cells from embryonic stem cells, we identify stage-defining cluster-of-differentiation (CD) surface markers during human neural crest development in vitro. Acquisition of increasingly mesenchymal phenotype was characterized by absence of neuroepithelial stemness markers (CD15, CD133, CD49f) and by decrease of CD57 and CD24. Increased per-cell-expression of CD29, CD44 and CD73 correlated with established EMT markers as determined by immunofluorescence and immunoblot analysis. The further development towards migratory neural crest was associated with decreased CD24, CD49f (ITGA6) and CD57 (HNK1) versus an enhanced CD49d (ITGA4), CD49e (ITGA5) and CD51/CD61 (ITGAV/ITGB3) expression. Notably, a shift from CD57 to CD51/CD61 was identified as a sensitive surrogate surface indicator of EMT in neural crest in vitro development. The reported changes in glycan epitope and integrin surface expression may prove useful for elucidating neural crest stemness, EMT progression and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Thomas
- Emmy Noether-Group for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MB, USA
| | - Vishal Menon
- Emmy Noether-Group for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Wellcome Trust/ Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rakesh Mani
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria.,Center of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Salzburg and Nuremberg, Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jan Pruszak
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MB, USA. .,Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria. .,Center of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Salzburg and Nuremberg, Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria.
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4
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Kamel AM, Elsharkawy NM, Kandeel EZ, Hanafi M, Samra M, Osman RA. Leukemia Stem Cell Frequency at Diagnosis Correlates With Measurable/Minimal Residual Disease and Impacts Survival in Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Front Oncol 2022; 12:867684. [PMID: 35530356 PMCID: PMC9069678 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.867684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogenous disease in which the initiation and maintenance of the malignant clone is blamed on a rare population of leukemia stem cells (LSCs). The persistence of such a malignant population is referred to as measurable/minimal residual disease (MRD). Evaluation of MRD is the gold standard for follow-up of therapy and constitutes an independent prognostic parameter. As LSCs are the main contributor to the persistence of MRD, then MRD should correlate with the bulk of LSCs at the individual case level. MRD is measured at defined time points during therapy. However, LSCs can be evaluated at diagnosis, which ensures the advantage of early prediction of high-risk patients and allows for early therapeutic decisions. Using two simple four-color monoclonal antibody combinations (CD38/CD123/CD34/CD45 and CD90/CD133/CD45/CD33) and the prism function of the Coulter Navios flow cytometer, the frequency of LSC subsets was evaluated in 84 newly diagnosed adult AML patients. For each panel, 16 possible combinations were detected. Our results showed that there was extreme variability in the percentage of the LSC fraction between different cases, as well as at the individual case level. For each LSC subset, the median value was used to divide cases into low and high expressors. LSC subsets that showed an impact on overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) included CD123+, CD 123+/CD34-, CD34-/CD38+/CD123+, CD34+/CD38-/CD123+, CD133+, and CD133+/CD33-. On multivariate analysis, only CD123 (p ≤ 0.001, SE = 0.266, HR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.74.7) and CD133+/CD33- (p = 0.017, SE = 0.263, HR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.1–3.1) retained their significance for OS. Likewise, only CD34+/CD38-/CD123+ (p ≤ 0.001, HR 2.3, SE: 0.499, 95% CI: 2.4–17.4) and CD133 (p = 0.015, HR 2.3, SE 0.34, 95% CI: 1.2–4.4) retained their statistical significance for DFS. The LSC frequency at diagnosis showed a moderate to strong correlation with MRD status at day 14 and day 28. In conclusion, the level of LSCs at diagnosis correlated with MRD status at day 14 and day 28 in AML patients and had a deleterious impact on OS and DFS. It may be used as an early marker for high-risk patients allowing for early therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza M Kamel
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nahla M Elsharkawy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Z Kandeel
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Hanafi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Samra
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Randa A Osman
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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5
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Ray U, Jung DB, Jin L, Xiao Y, Dasari S, Bhattacharya SS, Thirusangu P, Staub JK, Roy D, Roy B, Weroha SJ, Hou X, Purcell JW, Bakkum-Gamez JN, Kaufmann SH, Kannan N, Mitra AK, Shridhar V. Targeting LRRC15 Inhibits Metastatic Dissemination of Ovarian Cancer. Cancer Res 2022; 82:1038-1054. [PMID: 34654724 PMCID: PMC8930558 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dissemination of ovarian cancer cells can lead to inoperable metastatic lesions in the bowel and omentum that cause patient death. Here we show that LRRC15, a type-I 15-leucine-rich repeat-containing membrane protein, highly overexpressed in ovarian cancer bowel metastases compared with matched primary tumors and acts as a potent promoter of omental metastasis. Complementary models of ovarian cancer demonstrated that LRRC15 expression leads to inhibition of anoikis-induced cell death and promotes adhesion and invasion through matrices that mimic omentum. Mechanistically, LRRC15 interacted with β1-integrin to stimulate activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling. As a therapeutic proof of concept, targeting LRRC15 with the specific antibody-drug conjugate ABBV-085 in both early and late metastatic ovarian cancer cell line xenograft models prevented metastatic dissemination, and these results were corroborated in metastatic patient-derived ovarian cancer xenograft models. Furthermore, treatment of 3D-spheroid cultures of LRRC15-positive patient-derived ascites with ABBV-085 reduced cell viability. Overall, these data uncover a role for LRRC15 in promoting ovarian cancer metastasis and suggest a novel and promising therapy to target ovarian cancer metastases. Significance: This study identifies that LRRC15 activates β1-integrin/FAK signaling to promote ovarian cancer metastasis and shows that the LRRC15-targeted antibody-drug conjugate ABBV-085 suppresses ovarian cancer metastasis in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Ray
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Deok-Beom Jung
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,ASAN Biomedical Research Center, Seoul, S. Korea
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yinan Xiao
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Subramanyam Dasari
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Prabhu Thirusangu
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Julie K. Staub
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Debarshi Roy
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Alcorn State University, Lorman, MS, USA
| | - Bhaskar Roy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Xiaonan Hou
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James W. Purcell
- Department of Oncology Drug Discovery, AbbVie, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Scott H. Kaufmann
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nagarajan Kannan
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Anirban K. Mitra
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to V.S. , Address: 200 First Street SW, 2-46 Stabile, Rochester, MN55905, Contact: 507-266-2775
| | - Viji Shridhar
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to V.S. , Address: 200 First Street SW, 2-46 Stabile, Rochester, MN55905, Contact: 507-266-2775
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6
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Eskandari G, Subedi S, Christensen P, Olsen RJ, Zu Y, Long SW. Implementing flowDensity for Automated Analysis of Bone Marrow Lymphocyte Population. J Pathol Inform 2022; 12:49. [PMID: 35070478 PMCID: PMC8721865 DOI: 10.4103/jopi.jopi_12_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Manual gating of flow cytometry (FCM) data for marrow cell analysis is a standard approach in current practice, although it is time- and labor-consuming. Recent advances in cytometry technology have led to significant efforts in developing partially or fully automated analysis methods. Although multiple supervised and unsupervised FCM data analysis algorithms have been developed, they have not been widely adopted by the clinical and research laboratories. In this study, we evaluated flowDensity, an open source freely available algorithm, as an automated analysis tool for classification of lymphocyte subsets in the bone marrow biopsy specimens. Materials and Methods FlowDensity-based gating was applied to 102 normal bone marrow samples and compared with the manual analysis. Independent expression of each cell marker was assessed for comprehensive expression analysis and visualization. Results Our findings showed a correlation between the manual and flowDensity-based gating in the lymphocyte subsets. However, flowDensity-based gating in the populations with a small number of cells in each cluster showed a low degree of correlation. Comprehensive expression analysis successfully identified and visualized the lymphocyte subsets. Discussion Our study found that although flowDensity might be a promising method for FCM data analysis, more optimization is required before implementing this algorithm into day-to-day workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Eskandari
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sishir Subedi
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul Christensen
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Randall J Olsen
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Youli Zu
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott W Long
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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7
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Burbidge K, Rademacher DJ, Mattick J, Zack S, Grillini A, Bousset L, Kwon O, Kubicki K, Simon A, Melki R, Campbell EM. LGALS3 (galectin 3) mediates an unconventional secretion of SNCA/α-synuclein in response to lysosomal membrane damage by the autophagic-lysosomal pathway in human midbrain dopamine neurons. Autophagy 2021; 18:1020-1048. [PMID: 34612142 PMCID: PMC9196737 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1967615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous lines of evidence support the premise that the misfolding and subsequent accumulation of SNCA/α-synuclein (synuclein alpha) is responsible for the underlying neuronal pathology observed in Parkinson disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies. Moreover, the cell-to-cell transfer of these misfolded SNCA species is thought to be responsible for disease progression and the spread of cellular pathology throughout the brain. Previous work has shown that when exogenous, misfolded SNCA fibrils enter cells through endocytosis, they can damage and rupture the membranes of their endocytotic vesicles in which they are trafficked. Rupture of these vesicular membranes exposes intralumenal glycans leading to galectin protein binding, subsequent autophagic protein recruitment, and, ultimately, their introduction into the autophagic-lysosomal pathway. Increasing evidence indicates that both pathological and non-pathological SNCA species undergo autophagy-dependent unconventional secretion. While other proteins have also been shown to be secreted from cells by autophagy, what triggers this release process and how these specific proteins are recruited to a secretory autophagic pathway is largely unknown. Here, we use a human midbrain dopamine (mDA) neuronal culture model to provide evidence in support of a cellular mechanism that explains the cell-to-cell transfer of pathological forms of SNCA that are observed in PD. We demonstrate that LGALS3 (galectin 3) mediates the release of SNCA following vesicular damage. SNCA release is also dependent on TRIM16 (tripartite motif containing 16) and ATG16L1 (autophagy related 16 like 1), providing evidence that secretion of SNCA is mediated by an autophagic secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Burbidge
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - David J Rademacher
- Core Imaging Facility and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Jessica Mattick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephanie Zack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrea Grillini
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Luc Bousset
- Institut Francois Jacob (Mircen), Cea and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Cnrs, Fontenay-Aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Ochan Kwon
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Konrad Kubicki
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexander Simon
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Ronald Melki
- Institut Francois Jacob (Mircen), Cea and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Cnrs, Fontenay-Aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Edward M Campbell
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Core Imaging Facility and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
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8
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Ftuwi H, Parri R, Mohammed AR. Novel, Fully Characterised Bovine Taste Bud Cells of Fungiform Papillae. Cells 2021; 10:2285. [PMID: 34571933 PMCID: PMC8469975 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Current understanding of functional characteristics and biochemical pathways in taste bud cells have been hindered due the lack of long-term cultured cells. To address this, we developed a holistic approach to fully characterise long term cultured bovine taste bud cells (BTBCs). Initially, cultured BTBCs were characterised using RT-PCR gene expression profiling, immunocytochemistry, flowcytometry and calcium imaging, that confirmed the cells were mature TBCs that express taste receptor genes, taste specific protein markers and capable of responding to taste stimuli, i.e., denatonium (2 mM) and quinine (462.30 μM). Gene expression analysis of forty-two genes implicated in taste transduction pathway (map04742) using custom-made RT-qPCR array revealed high and low expressed genes in BTBCs. Preliminary datamining and bioinformatics demonstrated that the bovine α-gustducin, gustatory G-protein, have higher sequence similarity to the human orthologue compared to rodents. Therefore, results from this work will replace animal experimentation and provide surrogate cell-based throughput system to study human taste transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Afzal R. Mohammed
- Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; (H.F.); (R.P.)
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9
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Isolation of genetically manipulated neural progenitors and immature neurons from embryonic mouse neocortex by FACS. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100540. [PMID: 34041504 PMCID: PMC8141469 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The embryonic mammalian neocortex includes neural progenitors and neurons at various stages of differentiation. The regulatory mechanisms underlying multiple aspects of neocortical development—including cell division, neuronal fate commitment, neuronal migration, and neuronal differentiation—have been explored using in utero electroporation and virus infection. Here, we describe a protocol for investigation of the effects of genetic manipulation on neural development through direct isolation of neural progenitors and neurons from the mouse embryonic neocortex by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Tsuboi et al. (2018) and Sakai et al. (2019). Direct isolation of neural progenitors and neurons from the mouse embryonic neocortex Purification of neural cells at various stages of differentiation using wild-type mice Protocol enables biochemical analyses of neural cells genetically manipulated in vivo Applicable for transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses
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10
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The Molecular Basis of Different Approaches for the Study of Cancer Stem Cells and the Advantages and Disadvantages of a Three-Dimensional Culture. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092615. [PMID: 33947095 PMCID: PMC8124970 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a rare tumor subpopulation with high differentiation, proliferative and tumorigenic potential compared to the remaining tumor population. CSCs were first discovered by Bonnet and Dick in 1997 in acute myeloid leukemia. The identification and isolation of these cells in this pioneering study were carried out through the flow cytometry, exploiting the presence of specific cell surface molecular markers (CD34+/CD38−). In the following years, different strategies and projects have been developed for the study of CSCs, which are basically divided into surface markers assays and functional assays; some of these techniques also allow working with a cellular model that better mimics the tumor architecture. The purpose of this mini review is to summarize and briefly describe all the current methods used for the identification, isolation and enrichment of CSCs, describing, where possible, the molecular basis, the advantages and disadvantages of each technique with a particular focus on those that offer a three-dimensional culture.
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11
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Sakib MS, Sokpor G, Nguyen HP, Fischer A, Tuoc T. Intranuclear immunostaining-based FACS protocol from embryonic cortical tissue. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100318. [PMID: 33554149 PMCID: PMC7859298 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell sorting can be used to purify cell populations for cell type-specific molecular probing. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) coupled with high-throughput sequencing affords molecular signature identification for specific cell types. FACS has many challenges that limit comprehensive cell purification from the brain, leading to incomplete molecular characterization. Here, we present the intranuclear immunostaining-based FACS protocol with several modified steps, which allows optimized nuclei/cell sorting from mouse or human embryonic cortical tissue for distinct downstream molecular investigation of basal intermediate progenitors. The FACS technique allows effective nuclei and cell sorting for molecular profiling The protocol is optimized for nuclei and cell purification from embryonic cortical tissue Modified steps ensured isolation of TBR2+ cells for mass spectroscopy analysis The protocol was used to generate extensive RNA-seq and epigenome data for TBR2+ nuclei
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sadman Sakib
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Andre Fischer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells (MBExC)," 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Ruhr University of Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
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12
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Shum LC, Hollenberg AM, Baldwin AL, Kalicharan BH, Maqsoodi N, Rubery PT, Mesfin A, Eliseev RA. Role of oxidative metabolism in osseointegration during spinal fusion. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241998. [PMID: 33166330 PMCID: PMC7652281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal fusion is a commonly performed orthopedic surgery. Autologous bone graft obtained from the iliac crest is frequently employed to perform spinal fusion. Osteogenic bone marrow stromal (a.k.a. mesenchymal stem) cells (BMSCs) are believed to be responsible for new bone formation and development of the bridging bone during spinal fusion, as these cells are located in both the graft and at the site of fusion. Our previous work revealed the importance of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Our objective here was to determine the impact of BMSC oxidative metabolism on osseointegration of the graft during spinal fusion. The first part of the study was focused on correlating oxidative metabolism in bone graft BMSCs to radiographic outcomes of spinal fusion in human patients. The second part of the study was focused on mechanistically proving the role of BMSC oxidative metabolism in osseointegration during spinal fusion using a genetic mouse model. Patients’ iliac crest-derived graft BMSCs were identified by surface markers. Mitochondrial oxidative function was detected in BMSCs with the potentiometric probe, CMXRos. Spinal fusion radiographic outcomes, determined by the Lenke grade, were correlated to CMXRos signal in BMSCs. A genetic model of high oxidative metabolism, cyclophilin D knockout (CypD KO), was used to perform spinal fusion in mice. Graft osseointegration in mice was assessed with micro-computed tomography. Our study revealed that higher CMXRos signal in patients’ BMSCs correlated with a higher Lenke grade. Mice with higher oxidative metabolism (CypD KO) had greater mineralization of the spinal fusion bridge, as compared to the control mice. We therefore conclude that higher oxidative metabolism in BMSCs correlates with better spinal fusion outcomes in both human patients and in a mouse model. Altogether, our study suggests that promoting oxidative metabolism in osteogenic cells could improve spinal fusion outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Shum
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Alex M. Hollenberg
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Avionna L. Baldwin
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Brianna H. Kalicharan
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Noorullah Maqsoodi
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Paul T. Rubery
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Addisu Mesfin
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Roman A. Eliseev
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Calvo B, Rubio F, Fernández M, Tranque P. Dissociation of neonatal and adult mice brain for simultaneous analysis of microglia, astrocytes and infiltrating lymphocytes by flow cytometry. IBRO Rep 2020; 8:36-47. [PMID: 32215337 PMCID: PMC7090101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recovery of neural cells is higher with 30 % Percoll gradient than 30–70 %. Papain enhances combined extraction of microglia, astrocytes and lymphocytes. Dispase II potentiates papain action only in adult brain. Mechanical dissociation isolates neonatal and adult astrocytes better than enzymes. Papain + dispase II alows cell cytometry quantification of glial activation by LPS.
The technical difficulty to isolate microglia, astrocytes and infiltrating immune cells from mouse brain is nowadays a limiting factor in the study of neuroinflammation. Brain isolation requirements are cell-type and animal-age dependent, but current brain dissociation procedures are poorly standardized. This lack of comprehensive studies hampers the selection of optimized methodologies. Thus, we present here a comparative analysis of dissociation methods and Percoll-based separation to identify the most efficient procedure for the combined isolation of healthy microglia, astrocytes and infiltrated leukocytes; distinguishing neonatal and adult mouse brain. Gentle mechanical dissociation and DNase I incubation was supplemented with papain or collagenase II. Dispase II digestion was also used alone or in combination. In addition, cell separation efficiency of 30 % and 30–70 % Percoll gradients was compared. In these experiments, cell yield and integrity of freshly dissociated cells was measured by flow cytometry. We found that papain digestion in combination with dispase II followed by 30 % Percoll separation is the most balanced method to obtain a mixture of microglia, astrocytes and infiltrated immune cells; while addition of dispase II was not an advantage for neonatal brain. These dissociation conditions allowed flow cytometry detection of a slight glial activation triggered by sublethal LPS injection. In conclusion, the enzymes and Percoll density gradients tested here affected differently resting microglia, activated microglia/macrophages, astrocytes and infiltrated lymphocytes. Also, newborn and adult brain showed contrasting reactions to digestion. Our study highlights the strength of flow cytometry for the simultaneous analysis of neuroimmune cell populations once extraction is optimized.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, one-way analysis of variance
- Astrocytes
- CNS, Central Nervous System
- CaCl2, calcium chloride
- EBSS, Earle's Balanced Salt Solution
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- FACS, Fluorescence-activated cell sorter
- FSC, forward-scattered light
- Flow cytometry
- Glia reactivity
- HBSS, Hank's Balanced Salt Solution
- LD, lethal dose
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- Lymphocytes
- MgCl2, magnesium chloride
- MgSO4, magnesium sulfate
- Microglia
- Neuroimmunity
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- RT, room temperature
- SIP, stock solution of isotonic Percoll
- SSC, side-scattered light
- i.p, intraperitoneal injection
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Calvo
- Neuroglia Laboratory, Research Institute for Neurological Disorders (IDINE), Medical School, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Albacete, Spain
| | - Felipe Rubio
- Neuroglia Laboratory, Research Institute for Neurological Disorders (IDINE), Medical School, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Albacete, Spain
| | - Miriam Fernández
- Neuroglia Laboratory, Research Institute for Neurological Disorders (IDINE), Medical School, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Albacete, Spain
| | - Pedro Tranque
- Neuroglia Laboratory, Research Institute for Neurological Disorders (IDINE), Medical School, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Albacete, Spain
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14
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Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cancer immunotherapy uses autologous immune system's cells, genetically modified, to reinforce the immune system against cancer cells. Genetic modification is usually mediated via viral transfection, despite the risk of insertional oncogenesis and off target side effects. In vitro-transcribed (IVT)-mRNA-mediated transfection could contribute to a much safer CAR therapy, since IVT-mRNA leaves no ultimate genetic residue in recipient cells. In this chapter, the IVT-mRNA generation procedure is described, from the selection of the target of the CAR T-cells, the cloning of the template for the in vitro transcription and the development of several chemical modifications for optimizing the structure and thus the stability of the produced CAR IVT-mRNA molecules. Among various transfection methods to efficiently express the CAR molecule on T-cells' surface, the electroporation and the cationic-lipid mediated transfection of the CAR IVT-mRNAs are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Androulla N Miliotou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Lefkothea C Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece.
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15
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Wang Y, Liu J, Pan H, Xing J, Wu X, Li Q, Wang Z. A GPC3-targeting Bispecific Antibody, GPC3-S-Fab, with Potent Cytotoxicity. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30059039 DOI: 10.3791/57588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This protocol describes the construction and functional studies of a bispecific antibody (bsAb), GPC3-S-Fab. bsAbs can recognize two different epitopes through their two different arms. bsAbs have been actively studied for their ability to directly recruit immune cells to kill tumor cells. Currently, the majority of bsAbs are produced in the form of recombinant proteins, either as Fc-containing bsAbs or as smaller bsAb derivatives without the Fc region. In this study, GPC3-S-Fab, an antibody fragment (Fab) based bispecific antibody, was designed by linking the Fab of anti-GPC3 antibody GC33 with an anti-CD16 single domain antibody. The GPC3-S-Fab can be expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by two affinity chromatographies. The purified GPC3-S-Fab can specifically bind to and kill GPC3 positive liver cancer cells by recruiting natural killer cells, suggesting a potential application of GPC3-S-Fab in liver cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University; Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Jiayu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University; Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Haitao Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University; Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Jieyu Xing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University; Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Xiaoqiong Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University; Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Qing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University; Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University;
| | - Zhong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University; Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University;
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16
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Prieto GA, Tong L, Smith ED, Cotman CW. TNFα and IL-1β but not IL-18 Suppresses Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation Directly at the Synapse. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:49-60. [PMID: 29619614 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2517-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CNS inflammatory responses are linked to cognitive impairment in humans. Research in animal models supports this connection by showing that inflammatory cytokines suppress long-term potentiation (LTP), the best-known cellular correlate of memory. Cytokine-induced modulation of LTP has been previously studied in vivo or in brain slices, two experimental approaches containing multiple cell populations responsive to cytokines. In their target cells, cytokines commonly increase the expression of multiple cytokines, thus increasing the complexity of brain cytokine networks even after single-cytokine challenges. Whether cytokines suppress LTP by direct effects on neurons or by indirect mechanisms is still an open question. Here, we evaluated the effect of a major set of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) on chemically-induced LTP (cLTP) in isolated hippocampal synaptosomes of mice, using fluorescence analysis of single-synapse long-term potentiation (FASS-LTP). We found that TNFα and IL-1β suppress synaptosomal cLTP. In contrast, cLTP was not affected by IL-18, at a concentration previously shown to block LTP in hippocampal slices. We also found that IL-18 does not impair cLTP or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling in primary hippocampal neuronal cultures. Thus, using both synaptosomes and neuron cultures, our data suggest that IL-18 impairs LTP by indirect mechanisms, which may depend on non-neuronal cells, such as glia. Notably, our results demonstrate that TNFα and IL-1β directly suppress hippocampal plasticity via neuron-specific mechanisms. A better understanding of the brain's cytokine networks and their final molecular effectors is crucial to identify specific targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Aleph Prieto
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Liqi Tong
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Erica D Smith
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Carl W Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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17
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Abstract
The mouse embryo forebrain is the most commonly employed system for studying mammalian neurogenesis during development. However, the highly folded forebrain neuroepithelium is not amenable to wholemount analysis to examine organ-wide neurogenesis patterns. Moreover, defining the mechanisms of forebrain neurogenesis is not necessarily predictive of neurogenesis in other parts of the brain; for example, due to the presence of forebrain-specific progenitor subtypes. The mouse hindbrain provides an alternative model for studying embryonic neurogenesis that is amenable to wholemount analysis, as well as tissue sections to observe the spatiotemporal distribution and behavior of neural progenitors. Moreover, it is easily dissected for other downstream applications, such as cell isolation or molecular biology analysis. As the mouse hindbrain can be readily analyzed in the vast number of cell lineage reporter and mutant mouse strains that have become available, it offers a powerful model for studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms of developmental neurogenesis in a mammalian organism. Here, we present a simple and quick method to use the mouse embryo hindbrain for analyzing mammalian neural progenitor cell (NPC) behavior in wholemount preparations and tissue sections.
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18
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Fiaturi N, Russo JW, Nielsen HC, Castellot JJ. CCN5 in alveolar epithelial proliferation and differentiation during neonatal lung oxygen injury. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 12:217-229. [PMID: 29349730 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung immaturity is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in premature infants, especially those born <28 weeks of gestation. These infants are at high risk of developing respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), a lung disease caused by insufficient surfactant production and immaturity of saccular/alveolar type II epithelial cells in the lung. RDS treatment includes oxygen and respiratory support that improve survival but also increase the risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic lung disease characterized by arrested alveolarization, airway hyperreactivity, and pulmonary hypertension. The mechanisms regulating normal alveolar development and how injury disrupts normal development to cause BPD are not well understood. We examined the role of the matricellular protein CCN5 (Cysteine-rich protein 61/Connective tissue growth factor/Nephroblastoma-overexpressed protein) in the development of BPD. Cultured non-proliferating alveolar type II cells expressed low levels of CCN5 protein, and displayed higher levels during proliferation. siRNA targeting of CCN5 reduced alveolar type II cell proliferation and migration in cell culture. In a mouse model of hyperoxia-induced BPD, CCN5 protein was increased only in proliferating alveolar type I cells. Alveolar epithelial cells co-expressing markers of type II cells and type I cells also appeared. The results suggest that hyperoxic injury in immature lungs induces proliferation of type I cells and trans-differentiation of type II cells into type I cells. We propose that the mechanism of the injury response in BPD includes CCN5 expression. Study of CCN5 in neonatal alveolar injury will further our understanding of BPD pathophysiology while providing a mechanistic foundation for therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najla Fiaturi
- Department of Medical Education, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua W Russo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Tufts Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heber C Nielsen
- Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Tufts Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John J Castellot
- Department of Medical Education, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA. .,Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA. .,Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Tufts Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA.
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19
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Haymaker CL, Hailemichael Y, Yang Y, Nurieva R. In Vivo Assay for Detection of Antigen-specific T-cell Cytolytic Function Using a Vaccination Model. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29286361 DOI: 10.3791/56255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Current methodologies for antigen-specific killing are limited to in vitro use or utilized in infectious disease models. However, there is not a protocol specifically intended to measure antigen-specific killing without an infection. This protocol is designed and describes methods to overcome these limitations by allowing for the detection of antigen-specific killing of a target cell by CD8+ T cells in vivo. This is accomplished by merging a vaccination model with a traditional CFSE-labeled target killing assay. This combination allows the researcher to assess the antigen-specific CTL potential directly and quickly as the assay is not dependent upon tumor growth or infection. In addition, the readout is based on flow cytometry and so should be readily accessible to most researchers. The major limitation of the study is identifying the timeline in vivo that is appropriate to the hypothesis being tested. Variations in antigen strength and mutations in the T cells that may result in differential cytolytic function need to be carefully assessed to determine the optimal time for cell harvest and assessment. The appropriate concentration of peptide for vaccination has been optimized for hgp10025-33 and OVA257-264, but further validation would be needed for other peptides that may be more appropriate to a given study. Overall, this protocol allows a quick assessment of killing function in vivo and can be adapted to any given antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Haymaker
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Yared Hailemichael
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University
| | - Roza Nurieva
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center;
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20
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Surface marker profiling of SH-SY5Y cells enables small molecule screens identifying BMP4 as a modulator of neuroblastoma differentiation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13612. [PMID: 29051534 PMCID: PMC5648761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common extra-cranial solid tumor in children. Its broad spectrum of clinical outcomes reflects the underlying inherent cellular heterogeneity. As current treatments often do not lead to tumor eradication, there is a need to better define therapy-resistant neuroblastoma and to identify new modulatory molecules. To this end, we performed the first comprehensive flow cytometric characterization of surface molecule expression in neuroblastoma cell lines. Exploiting an established clustering algorithm (SPADE) for unbiased visualization of cellular subsets, we conducted a multiwell screen for small molecule modulators of neuroblastoma phenotype. In addition to SH-SY5Y cells, the SH-EP, BE(2)-M17 and Kelly lines were included in follow-up analysis as in vitro models of neuroblastoma. A combinatorial detection of glycoprotein epitopes (CD15, CD24, CD44, CD57, TrkA) and the chemokine receptor CXCR4 (CD184) enabled the quantitative identification of SPADE-defined clusters differentially responding to small molecules. Exposure to bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4 was found to enhance a TrkAhigh/CD15−/CD184− neuroblastoma cellular subset, accompanied by a reduction in doublecortin-positive neuroblasts and of NMYC protein expression in SH-SY5Y cells. Beyond yielding novel marker candidates for studying neuroblastoma pathology, our approach may provide tools for improved pharmacological screens towards developing novel avenues of neuroblastoma diagnosis and treatment.
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21
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Coats JS, Baez I, Stoian C, Milford TAM, Zhang X, Francis OL, Su R, Payne KJ. Expression of Exogenous Cytokine in Patient-derived Xenografts via Injection with a Cytokine-transduced Stromal Cell Line. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28518123 DOI: 10.3791/55384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mice are produced by transplanting human cells into immune deficient mice. These models are an important tool for studying the mechanisms of normal and malignant hematopoiesis and are the gold standard for identifying effective chemotherapies for many malignancies. PDX models are possible because many of the mouse cytokines also act on human cells. However, this is not the case for all cytokines, including many that are critical for studying normal and malignant hematopoiesis in human cells. Techniques that engineer mice to produce human cytokines (transgenic and knock-in models) require significant expense before the usefulness of the model has been demonstrated. Other techniques are labor intensive (injection of recombinant cytokine or lentivirus) and in some cases require high levels of technical expertise (hydrodynamic injection of DNA). This report describes a simple method for generating PDX mice that have exogenous human cytokine (TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin) via weekly intraperitoneal injection of stroma that have been transduced to overexpress this cytokine. Use of this method provides an in vivo source of continuous cytokine production that achieves physiological levels of circulating human cytokine in the mouse. Plasma levels of human cytokine can be varied based on the number of stromal cells injected, and cytokine production can be initiated at any point in the experiment. This method also includes cytokine-negative control mice that are similarly produced, but through intraperitoneal injection of stroma transduced with a control vector. We have previously demonstrated that leukemia cells harvested from TSLP-expressing PDX, as compared to control PDX, exhibit a gene expression pattern more like the original patient sample. Together the cytokine-producing and cytokine-negative PDX mice produced by this method provide a model system that we have used successfully to study the role of TSLP in normal and malignant hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ineavely Baez
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University
| | - Cornelia Stoian
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University
| | | | | | - Olivia L Francis
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University
| | - Ruijun Su
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University
| | - Kimberly J Payne
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University;
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22
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Van Hoecke L, Job ER, Saelens X, Roose K. Bronchoalveolar Lavage of Murine Lungs to Analyze Inflammatory Cell Infiltration. J Vis Exp 2017:55398. [PMID: 28518083 PMCID: PMC5607888 DOI: 10.3791/55398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) is an experimental procedure that is used to examine the cellular and acellular content of the lung lumen ex vivo to gain insight into an ongoing disease state. Here, a simple and efficient method is described to perform BAL on murine lungs without the need of special tools or equipment. BAL fluid is isolated by inserting a catheter in the trachea of terminally anesthetized mice, through which a saline solution is instilled into the bronchioles. The instilled fluid is gently retracted to maximize BAL fluid retrieval and to minimize shearing forces. This technique allows the viability, function, and structure of cells within the airways and BAL fluid to be preserved. Numerous techniques may be applied to gain further understanding of the disease state of the lung. Here, a commonly used technique for the identification and enumeration of different types of immune cells is described, where flow cytometry is combined with a select panel of fluorescently labeled cell surface-specific markers. The BAL procedure presented here can also be used to analyze infectious agents, fluid constituents, or inhaled particles within murine lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Van Hoecke
- UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University (UGent);
| | - Emma Richelle Job
- UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University (UGent)
| | - Xavier Saelens
- UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University (UGent)
| | - Kenny Roose
- UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University (UGent)
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23
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Pharmacological Rescue of Long-Term Potentiation in Alzheimer Diseased Synapses. J Neurosci 2016; 37:1197-1212. [PMID: 27986924 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2774-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term potentiation (LTP) is an activity-dependent and persistent increase in synaptic transmission. Currently available techniques to measure LTP are time-intensive and require highly specialized expertise and equipment, and thus are not well suited for screening of multiple candidate treatments, even in animal models. To expand and facilitate the analysis of LTP, here we use a flow cytometry-based method to track chemically induced LTP by detecting surface AMPA receptors in isolated synaptosomes: fluorescence analysis of single-synapse long-term potentiation (FASS-LTP). First, we demonstrate that FASS-LTP is simple, sensitive, and models electrically induced LTP recorded in intact circuitries. Second, we conducted FASS-LTP analysis in two well-characterized Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models (3xTg and Tg2576) and, importantly, in cryopreserved human AD brain samples. By profiling hundreds of synaptosomes, our data provide the first direct evidence to support the idea that synapses from AD brain are intrinsically defective in LTP. Third, we used FASS-LTP for drug evaluation in human synaptosomes. Testing a panel of modulators of cAMP and cGMP signaling pathways, FASS-LTP identified vardenafil and Bay-73-6691 (phosphodiesterase-5 and -9 inhibitors, respectively) as potent enhancers of LTP in synaptosomes from AD cases. These results indicate that our approach could provide the basis for protocols to study LTP in both healthy and diseased human brains, a previously unattainable goal. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Learning and memory depend on the ability of synapses to strengthen in response to activity. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a rapid and persistent increase in synaptic transmission that is thought to be affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, direct evidence of LTP deficits in human AD brain has been elusive, primarily due to methodological limitations. Here, we analyze LTP in isolated synapses from AD brain using a novel approach that allows testing LTP in cryopreserved brain. Our analysis of hundreds of synapses supports the idea that AD-diseased synapses are intrinsically defective in LTP. Further, we identified pharmacological agents that rescue LTP in AD, thus opening up a new avenue for drug screening and evaluation of strategies for alleviating memory impairments.
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24
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Murinello S, Moreno SK, Macauley MS, Sakimoto S, Westenskow PD, Friedlander M. Assessing Retinal Microglial Phagocytic Function In Vivo Using a Flow Cytometry-based Assay. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27805590 DOI: 10.3791/54677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the tissue resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) and they perform a variety of functions that support CNS homeostasis, including phagocytosis of damaged synapses or cells, debris, and/or invading pathogens. Impaired phagocytic function has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases such as Alzheimer's and age-related macular degeneration, where amyloid-β plaque and drusen accumulate, respectively. Despite its importance, microglial phagocytosis has been challenging to assess in vivo. Here, we describe a simple, yet robust, technique for precisely monitoring and quantifying the in vivo phagocytic potential of retinal microglia. Previous methods have relied on immunohistochemical staining and imaging techniques. Our method uses flow cytometry to measure microglial uptake of fluorescently labeled particles after intravitreal delivery to the eye in live rodents. This method replaces conventional practices that involve laborious tissue sectioning, immunostaining, and imaging, allowing for more precise quantification of microglia phagocytic function in just under six hours. This procedure can also be adapted to test how various compounds alter microglial phagocytosis in physiological settings. While this technique was developed in the eye, its use is not limited to vision research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salome Murinello
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute;
| | - Stacey K Moreno
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | | | - Susumu Sakimoto
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - Peter D Westenskow
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute; The Lowy Medical Research Institute
| | - Martin Friedlander
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute
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Sim WJ, Malinarich F, Fairhurst AM, Connolly JE. Generation of Immature, Mature and Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells with Differing Metabolic Phenotypes. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27404554 DOI: 10.3791/54128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune response results from a complex interplay between the antigen non-specific innate immune system and the antigen specific adaptive immune system. The immune system is a constant balance in maintaining tolerance to self-molecules and reacting rapidly to pathogens. Dendritic cells (DCs) are powerful professional antigen presenting cells that link the innate immune system to the adaptive immune system and balance the adaptive response between self and non-self. Depending on the maturation signals, immature dendritic cells can be selectively stimulated to differentiate into immunogenic or tolerogenic DCs. Immunogenic dendritic cells provide proliferation signals to antigen-specific T cells for clonal expansion; while tolerogenic dendritic cells regulate tolerance by antigen-specific T-cell deletion or clonal expansion of regulatory T-cells. Due to this unique property, dendritic cells are highly sought after as therapeutic agents for cancer and autoimmune diseases. Dendritic cells can be loaded with specific antigens in vitro and injected into the human body to mount a specific immune response both immunogenic and tolerogenic. This work presents a means to generate in vitro from monocytes, immature monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDCs), tolerogenic and mature moDCs that differ in surface marker expression, function and metabolic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jing Sim
- Translational Immunology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research
| | - Frano Malinarich
- Translational Immunology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research
| | | | - John Edward Connolly
- Translational Immunology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University;
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A combination of high dose rate (10X FFF/2400 MU/min/10 MV X-rays) and total low dose (0.5 Gy) induces a higher rate of apoptosis in melanoma cells in vitro and superior preservation of normal melanocytes. Melanoma Res 2016; 25:376-89. [PMID: 26177150 PMCID: PMC4560269 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the apoptotic effects, toxicity, and radiosensitization of total low dose irradiation delivered at a high dose rate in vitro to melanoma cells, normal human epidermal melanocytes (HEM), or normal human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) and to study the effect of mitochondrial inhibition in combination with radiation to enhance apoptosis in melanoma cells. Cells irradiated using 10X flattening filter-free (FFF) 10 MV X-rays at a dose rate of 400 or 2400 MU/min and a total dose of 0.25–8 Gy were analyzed by cell/colony counting, MitoTracker, MTT, and DNA-damage assays, as well as by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR in the presence or absence of mitochondrial respiration inhibitors. A dose rate of 2400 MU/min killed on average five-fold more melanoma cells than a dose rate 400 MU/min at a total dose of 0.5 Gy and preserved 80% survival of HEM and 90% survival of HDF. Increased apoptosis at the 2400 MU/min dose rate is mediated by greater DNA damage, reduced cell proliferation, upregulation of apoptotic genes, and downregulation of cell cycle genes. HEM and HDF were relatively unharmed at 2400 MU/min. Radiation induced upregulation of mitochondrial respiration in both normal and cancer cells, and blocking the respiration with inhibitors enhanced apoptosis only in melanoma cells. A high dose rate with a low total dose (2400 MU/min, 0.5 Gy/10X FFF 10 MV X-rays) enhances radiosensitivity of melanoma cells while reducing radiotoxicity toward HEM and HDF. Selective cytotoxicity of melanoma cells is increased by blocking mitochondrial respiration.
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Tyleckova J, Valekova I, Zizkova M, Rakocyova M, Marsala S, Marsala M, Gadher SJ, Kovarova H. Surface N-glycoproteome patterns reveal key proteins of neuronal differentiation. J Proteomics 2015; 132:13-20. [PMID: 26581640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pluripotent stem cell-derived committed neural precursors are an important source of cells to treat neurodegenerative diseases including spinal cord injury. There remains an urgency to identify markers for monitoring of neural progenitor specificity, estimation of neural fate and follow-up correlation with therapeutic effect in preclinical studies using animal disease models. Cell surface capture technology was used to uncover the cell surface exposed N-glycoproteome of neural precursor cells upon neuronal differentiation as well as post-mitotic mature hNT neurons. The data presented depict an extensive study of surfaceome during neuronal differentiation, confirming glycosylation at a particular predicted site of many of the identified proteins. Quantitative changes detected in cell surface protein levels reveal a set of proteins that highlight the complexity of the neuronal differentiation process. Several of these proteins including the cell adhesion molecules ICAM1, CHL1, and astrotactin1 as well as LAMP1 were validated by SRM. Combination of immunofluorescence staining of ICAM1 and flow cytometry indicated a possible direction for future scrutiny of such proteins as targets for enrichment of the neuronal subpopulation from mixed cultures after differentiation of neural precursor cells. These surface proteins hold an important key for development of safe strategies in cell-replacement therapies of neuronal disorders. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Neural stem and/or precursor cells have a great potential for cell-replacement therapies of neuronal diseases. Availability of well characterised and expandable neural cell lineage specific populations is critical for addressing such a challenge. In our study we identified and relatively quantified several hundred surface N-glycoproteins in the course of neuronal differentiation. We further confirmed the abundant changes for several cell adhesion proteins by SRM and outlined a strategy for utilisation of such N-glycoproteins in antibody based cell sorting. The comprehensive dataset presented here demonstrates the molecular background of neuronal differentiation highly useful for development of new plasma membrane markers to identify and select neuronal subpopulation from mixed neural cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirina Tyleckova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, Libechov, CZ 27721, Czech Republic; Research Center PIGMOD, Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, Libechov, CZ 27721, Czech Republic
| | - Ivona Valekova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, Libechov, CZ 27721, Czech Republic; Research Center PIGMOD, Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, Libechov, CZ 27721, Czech Republic; Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, CZ 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Zizkova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, Libechov, CZ 27721, Czech Republic; Research Center PIGMOD, Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, Libechov, CZ 27721, Czech Republic; Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, CZ 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Rakocyova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, Libechov, CZ 27721, Czech Republic; Research Center PIGMOD, Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, Libechov, CZ 27721, Czech Republic
| | - Silvia Marsala
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Anesthesiology, Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA-92037, USA
| | - Martin Marsala
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Anesthesiology, Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA-92037, USA
| | | | - Hana Kovarova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, Libechov, CZ 27721, Czech Republic; Research Center PIGMOD, Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, Libechov, CZ 27721, Czech Republic.
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