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Pape LJ, Hambach J, Gebhardt AJ, Rissiek B, Stähler T, Tode N, Khan C, Weisel K, Adam G, Koch-Nolte F, Bannas P. CD38-specific nanobodies allow in vivo imaging of multiple myeloma under daratumumab therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1010270. [PMID: 36389758 PMCID: PMC9647632 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1010270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of CD38-specific antibody constructs for in vivo imaging of multiple myeloma. However, detecting multiple myeloma in daratumumab-pretreated patients remains difficult due to overlapping binding epitopes of the CD38-specific imaging antibody constructs and daratumumab. Therefore, the development of an alternative antibody construct targeting an epitope of CD38 distinct from that of daratumumab is needed. We report the generation of a fluorochrome-conjugated nanobody recognizing such an epitope of CD38 to detect myeloma cells under daratumumab therapy in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. METHODS We conjugated the CD38-specific nanobody JK36 to the near-infrared fluorescent dye Alexa Fluor 680. The capacity of JK36AF680 to bind and detect CD38-expressing cells pretreated with daratumumab was evaluated on CD38-expressing tumor cell lines in vitro, on primary myeloma cells from human bone marrow biopsies ex vivo, and in a mouse tumor model in vivo. RESULTS Fluorochrome-labeled nanobody JK36AF680 showed specific binding to CD38-expressing myeloma cells pretreated with daratumumab in vitro and ex vivo and allowed for specific imaging of CD38-expressing xenografts in daratumumab-pretreated mice in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that a nanobody recognizing a distinct, non-overlapping epitope of CD38 allows the specific detection of myeloma cells under daratumumab therapy in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Julius Pape
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Hambach
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Josephine Gebhardt
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Stähler
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Natalie Tode
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cerusch Khan
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katja Weisel
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Bannas
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Bolli E, Scherger M, Arnouk SM, Pombo Antunes AR, Straßburger D, Urschbach M, Stickdorn J, De Vlaminck K, Movahedi K, Räder HJ, Hernot S, Besenius P, Van Ginderachter JA, Nuhn L. Targeted Repolarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages via Imidazoquinoline-Linked Nanobodies. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004574. [PMID: 34026453 PMCID: PMC8132149 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) promote the immune suppressive microenvironment inside tumors and are, therefore, considered as a promising target for the next generation of cancer immunotherapies. To repolarize their phenotype into a tumoricidal state, the Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist imidazoquinoline IMDQ is site-specifically and quantitatively coupled to single chain antibody fragments, so-called nanobodies, targeting the macrophage mannose receptor (MMR) on TAMs. Intravenous injection of these conjugates result in a tumor- and cell-specific delivery of IMDQ into MMRhigh TAMs, causing a significant decline in tumor growth. This is accompanied by a repolarization of TAMs towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype and an increase in anti-tumor T cell responses. Therefore, the therapeutic benefit of such nanobody-drug conjugates may pave the road towards effective macrophage re-educating cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Bolli
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular ImmunologyVrije Universiteit BrusselPleinlaan 2Brussels1050Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology LabVIB Center for Inflammation ResearchBrussels1050Belgium
| | | | - Sana M. Arnouk
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular ImmunologyVrije Universiteit BrusselPleinlaan 2Brussels1050Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology LabVIB Center for Inflammation ResearchBrussels1050Belgium
| | - Ana Rita Pombo Antunes
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular ImmunologyVrije Universiteit BrusselPleinlaan 2Brussels1050Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology LabVIB Center for Inflammation ResearchBrussels1050Belgium
| | - David Straßburger
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg‐University MainzDuesbergweg 10‐14Mainz55128Germany
| | - Moritz Urschbach
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg‐University MainzDuesbergweg 10‐14Mainz55128Germany
| | - Judith Stickdorn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
| | - Karen De Vlaminck
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular ImmunologyVrije Universiteit BrusselPleinlaan 2Brussels1050Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology LabVIB Center for Inflammation ResearchBrussels1050Belgium
| | - Kiavash Movahedi
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular ImmunologyVrije Universiteit BrusselPleinlaan 2Brussels1050Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology LabVIB Center for Inflammation ResearchBrussels1050Belgium
| | - Hans Joachim Räder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
| | - Sophie Hernot
- Laboratory of In Vivo Cellular and Molecular ImagingVrije Universiteit BrusselLaarbeeklaan 103Brussels1090Belgium
| | - Pol Besenius
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg‐University MainzDuesbergweg 10‐14Mainz55128Germany
| | - Jo A. Van Ginderachter
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular ImmunologyVrije Universiteit BrusselPleinlaan 2Brussels1050Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology LabVIB Center for Inflammation ResearchBrussels1050Belgium
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
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3
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de Beer MA, Giepmans BNG. Nanobody-Based Probes for Subcellular Protein Identification and Visualization. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:573278. [PMID: 33240044 PMCID: PMC7667270 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.573278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how building blocks of life contribute to physiology is greatly aided by protein identification and cellular localization. The two main labeling approaches developed over the past decades are labeling with antibodies such as immunoglobulin G (IgGs) or use of genetically encoded tags such as fluorescent proteins. However, IgGs are large proteins (150 kDa), which limits penetration depth and uncertainty of target position caused by up to ∼25 nm distance of the label created by the chosen targeting approach. Additionally, IgGs cannot be easily recombinantly modulated and engineered as part of fusion proteins because they consist of multiple independent translated chains. In the last decade single domain antigen binding proteins are being explored in bioscience as a tool in revealing molecular identity and localization to overcome limitations by IgGs. These nanobodies have several potential benefits over routine applications. Because of their small size (15 kDa), nanobodies better penetrate during labeling procedures and improve resolution. Moreover, nanobodies cDNA can easily be fused with other cDNA. Multidomain proteins can thus be easily engineered consisting of domains for targeting (nanobodies) and visualization by fluorescence microscopy (fluorescent proteins) or electron microscopy (based on certain enzymes). Additional modules for e.g., purification are also easily added. These nanobody-based probes can be applied in cells for live-cell endogenous protein detection or may be purified prior to use on molecules, cells or tissues. Here, we present the current state of nanobody-based probes and their implementation in microscopy, including pitfalls and potential future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit A de Beer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ben N G Giepmans
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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4
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Moradi A, Pourseif MM, Jafari B, Parvizpour S, Omidi Y. Nanobody-based therapeutics against colorectal cancer: Precision therapies based on the personal mutanome profile and tumor neoantigens. Pharmacol Res 2020; 156:104790. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Mortensen MR, Skovsgaard MB, Märcher A, Andersen VL, Palmfeldt J, Nielsen TB, Tørring T, Laursen NS, Andersen KR, Kjems J, Gothelf KV. Introduction of an Aldehyde Handle on Nanobodies by Affinity-Guided Labeling. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1295-1300. [PMID: 32320218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemically modified antigen-binding proteins are widely applied for their targeting abilities in the fields of biotechnology, medicine, and diagnostics. However, the production of site-selectively modified proteins remains a challenge. Here, we have designed a chemical probe for the introduction of a reactive aldehyde on nanobodies by metal-complex-guided conjugation. The probe design allows for purification of the conjugates, and the aldehyde constitutes an efficient handle for further modification of the nanobodies. In vitro experiments confirmed the binding activity and selectivity of fluorescent conjugates toward the native antigen. Furthermore, the modification strategy allowed for production of a nanobody-drug conjugate that was active in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Mortensen
- Center for Multifunctional Biomolecular Drug Design at the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mikkel B Skovsgaard
- Center for Multifunctional Biomolecular Drug Design at the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anders Märcher
- Center for Multifunctional Biomolecular Drug Design at the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Veronica L Andersen
- Center for Multifunctional Biomolecular Drug Design at the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Johan Palmfeldt
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Thorbjørn B Nielsen
- Center for Multifunctional Biomolecular Drug Design at the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Tørring
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nick S Laursen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kasper R Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Kjems
- Center for Multifunctional Biomolecular Drug Design and DNRF Center for Cellular Signal Patterns (CellPat) at the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Gothelf
- Center for Multifunctional Biomolecular Drug Design at the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Ma L, Zhu M, Gai J, Li G, Chang Q, Qiao P, Cao L, Chen W, Zhang S, Wan Y. Preclinical development of a novel CD47 nanobody with less toxicity and enhanced anti-cancer therapeutic potential. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:12. [PMID: 31931812 PMCID: PMC6956557 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-0571-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD47, the integrin-related protein, plays an important role in immune resistance and escape of tumor cells. Antibodies blocking the CD47/SIRPα signal pathway can effectively stimulate macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of tumor cells, which becomes a promising approach for tumor immunotherapy. Nanobodies (Nbs) derived from camelid animals are emerging as a new force in antibody therapy. RESULTS HuNb1-IgG4, an innovative anti-CD47 nanobody, was developed with high affinity and specificity. It effectively enhanced macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of tumor cells in vitro and showed potent anti-ovarian and anti-lymphoma activity in vivo. Importantly, HuNb1-IgG4 did not induce the agglutination of human red blood cells (RBCs) in vitro and exhibited high safety for hematopoietic system in cynomolgus monkey. In addition, HuNb1-IgG4 could be produced on a large scale in CHO-S cells with high activity and good stability. Also, we established anti-CD47/CD20 bispecific antibody (BsAb) consisted of HuNb1 and Rituximab, showing more preference binding to tumor cells and more potent anti-lymphoma activity compared to HuNb1-IgG4. CONCLUSIONS Both of HuNb1-IgG4 and anti-CD47/CD20 BsAb are potent antagonists of CD47/SIRPα pathway and promising candidates for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Ma
- Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Junwei Gai
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Qiao
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Longlong Cao
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanqing Chen
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- XPCC Tenth Division Beitun Hospital, Beitun, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yakun Wan
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China.
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NIRF-Molecular Imaging with Synovial Macrophages-Targeting Vsig4 Nanobody for Disease Monitoring in a Mouse Model of Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133347. [PMID: 31288389 PMCID: PMC6651725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanobody against V-set and Ig domain-containing 4 (Vsig4) on tissue macrophages, such as synovial macrophages, could visualize joint inflammation in multiple experimental arthritis models via single-photon emission computed tomography imaging. Here, we further addressed the specificity and assessed the potential for arthritis monitoring using near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) Cy7-labeled Vsig4 nanobody (Cy7-Nb119). In vivo NIRF-imaging of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was performed using Cy7-Nb119. Signals obtained with Cy7-Nb119 or isotope control Cy7-NbBCII10 were compared in joints of naive mice versus CIA mice. In addition, pathological microscopy and fluorescence microscopy were used to validate the arthritis development in CIA. Cy7-Nb119 accumulated in inflamed joints of CIA mice, but not the naive mice. Development of symptoms in CIA was reflected in increased joint accumulation of Cy7-Nb119, which correlated with the conventional measurements of disease. Vsig4 is co-expressed with F4/80, indicating targeting of the increasing number of synovial macrophages associated with the severity of inflammation by the Vsig4 nanobody. NIRF imaging with Cy7-Nb119 allows specific assessment of inflammation in experimental arthritis and provides complementary information to clinical scoring for quantitative, non-invasive and economical monitoring of the pathological process. Nanobody labelled with fluorescence can also be used for ex vivo validation experiments using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy.
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Heukers R, De Groof TW, Smit MJ. Nanobodies detecting and modulating GPCRs outside in and inside out. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 57:115-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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De Groof TWM, Bobkov V, Heukers R, Smit MJ. Nanobodies: New avenues for imaging, stabilizing and modulating GPCRs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 484:15-24. [PMID: 30690070 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is the largest class of membrane proteins and an important drug target due to their role in many (patho)physiological processes. Besides small molecules, GPCRs can be targeted by biologicals including antibodies and antibody fragments. This review describes the use of antibodies and in particular antibody fragments from camelid-derived heavy chain-only antibodies (nanobodies/VHHs/sdAbs) for detecting, stabilizing, modulating and therapeutically targeting GPCRs. Altogether, it becomes increasingly clear that the small size, structure and protruding antigen-binding loops of nanobodies are favorable features for the development of selective and potent GPCRs-binding molecules. This makes them attractive tools to modulate GPCR activity but also as targeting modalities for GPCR-directed therapeutics. In addition, these antibody-fragments are important tools in the stabilization of particular conformations of these receptors. Lastly, nanobodies, in contrast to conventional antibodies, can also easily be expressed intracellularly which render nanobodies important tools for studying GPCR function. Hence, GPCR-targeting nanobodies are ideal modalities to image, stabilize and modulate GPCR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo W M De Groof
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vladimir Bobkov
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Argenx BVBA, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Raimond Heukers
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; QVQ Holding B.V., Yalelaan 1, 3484 CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Bannas P, Hambach J, Koch-Nolte F. Nanobodies and Nanobody-Based Human Heavy Chain Antibodies As Antitumor Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1603. [PMID: 29213270 PMCID: PMC5702627 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized cancer therapy. However, delivery to tumor cells in vivo is hampered by the large size (150 kDa) of conventional antibodies. The minimal target recognition module of a conventional antibody is composed of two non-covalently associated variable domains (VH and VL). The proper orientation of these domains is mediated by their hydrophobic interface and is stabilized by their linkage to disulfide-linked constant domains (CH1 and CL). VH and VL domains can be fused via a genetic linker into a single-chain variable fragment (scFv). scFv modules in turn can be fused to one another, e.g., to generate a bispecific T-cell engager, or they can be fused in various orientations to antibody hinge and Fc domains to generate bi- and multispecific antibodies. However, the inherent hydrophobic interaction of VH and VL domains limits the stability and solubility of engineered antibodies, often causing aggregation and/or mispairing of V-domains. Nanobodies (15 kDa) and nanobody-based human heavy chain antibodies (75 kDa) can overcome these limitations. Camelids naturally produce antibodies composed only of heavy chains in which the target recognition module is composed of a single variable domain (VHH or Nb). Advantageous features of nanobodies include their small size, high solubility, high stability, and excellent tissue penetration in vivo. Nanobodies can readily be linked genetically to Fc-domains, other nanobodies, peptide tags, or toxins and can be conjugated chemically at a specific site to drugs, radionuclides, photosensitizers, and nanoparticles. These properties make them particularly suited for specific and efficient targeting of tumors in vivo. Chimeric nanobody-heavy chain antibodies combine advantageous features of nanobodies and human Fc domains in about half the size of a conventional antibody. In this review, we discuss recent developments and perspectives for applications of nanobodies and nanobody-based human heavy chain antibodies as antitumor therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bannas
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Hambach
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Bedford R, Tiede C, Hughes R, Curd A, McPherson MJ, Peckham M, Tomlinson DC. Alternative reagents to antibodies in imaging applications. Biophys Rev 2017; 9:299-308. [PMID: 28752365 PMCID: PMC5578921 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies have been indispensable tools in molecular biology, biochemistry and medical research. However, a number of issues surrounding validation, specificity and batch variation of commercially available antibodies have prompted research groups to develop novel non-antibody binding reagents. The ability to select highly specific monoclonal non-antibody binding proteins without the need for animals, the ease of production and the ability to site-directly label has enabled a wide variety of applications to be tested, including imaging. In this review, we discuss the success of a number of non-antibody reagents in imaging applications, including the recently reported Affimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bedford
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - C Tiede
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - R Hughes
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - A Curd
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - M J McPherson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Michelle Peckham
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Darren C Tomlinson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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12
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Debie P, Van Quathem J, Hansen I, Bala G, Massa S, Devoogdt N, Xavier C, Hernot S. Effect of Dye and Conjugation Chemistry on the Biodistribution Profile of Near-Infrared-Labeled Nanobodies as Tracers for Image-Guided Surgery. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1145-1153. [PMID: 28245129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Advances in optical imaging technologies have stimulated the development of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescently labeled targeted probes for use in image-guided surgery. As nanobodies have already proven to be excellent candidates for molecular imaging, we aimed in this project to design NIR-conjugated nanobodies targeting the tumor biomarker HER2 for future applications in this field and to evaluate the effect of dye and dye conjugation chemistry on their pharmacokinetics during development. IRDye800CW or IRdye680RD were conjugated either randomly (via lysines) or site-specifically (via C-terminal cysteine) to the anti-HER2 nanobody 2Rs15d. After verification of purity and functionality, the biodistribution and tumor targeting of the NIR-nanobodies were assessed in HER2-positive and -negative xenografted mice. Site-specifically IRDye800CW- and IRdye680RD-labeled 2Rs15d as well as randomly labeled 2Rs15d-IRDye680RD showed rapid tumor accumulation and low nonspecific uptake, resulting in high tumor-to-muscle ratios at early time points (respectively 6.6 ± 1.0, 3.4 ± 1.6, and 3.5 ± 0.9 for HER2-postive tumors at 3 h p.i., while <1.0 for HER2-negative tumors at 3 h p.i., p < 0.05). Contrarily, using the randomly labeled 2Rs15d-IRDye800CW, HER2-positive and -negative tumors could only be distinguished after 24 h due to high nonspecific signals. Moreover, both randomly labeled 2Rs15d nanobodies were not only cleared via the kidneys but also partially via the hepatobiliary route. In conclusion, near-infrared fluorescent labeling of nanobodies allows rapid, specific, and high contrast in vivo tumor imaging. Nevertheless, the fluorescent dye as well as the chosen conjugation strategy can affect the nanobodies' properties and consequently have a major impact on their pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieterjan Debie
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jannah Van Quathem
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Inge Hansen
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gezim Bala
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sam Massa
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Imunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nick Devoogdt
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catarina Xavier
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Hernot
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Chang JE, Cho HJ, Jheon S. Anticancer Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy with Lung Cancer-Targeted Nanoparticles. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27929475 DOI: 10.3791/54865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive and non-surgical method representing an attractive alternative choice for lung cancer treatment. Photosensitizers selectively accumulate in tumor tissue and lead to tumor cell death in the presence of oxygen and the proper wavelength of light. To increase the therapeutic effect of PDT, we developed both photosensitizer- and anticancer agent-loaded lung cancer-targeted nanoparticles. Both enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect-based passive targeting and hyaluronic-acid-CD44 interaction-based active targeting were applied. CD44 is a well-known hyaluronic acid receptor that is often introduced as a biomarker of non-small cell lung cancer. In addition, a combination of PDT and chemotherapy is adopted in the present study. This combination concept may increase anticancer therapeutic effects and reduce adverse reactions. We chose hypocrellin B (HB) as a novel photosensitizer in this study. It has been reported that HB causes higher anticancer efficacy of PDT compared to hematoporphyrin derivatives1. Paclitaxel was selected as the anticancer drug since it has proven to be a potential treatment for lung cancer2. The antitumor efficacies of photosensitizer (HB) solution, photosensitizer encapsulated hyaluronic acid-ceramide nanoparticles (HB-NPs), and both photosensitizer- and anticancer agent (paclitaxel)-encapsulated hyaluronic acid-ceramide nanoparticles (HB-P-NPs) after PDT were compared both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro phototoxicity in A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma) cells and the in vivo antitumor efficacy in A549 tumor-bearing mice were evaluated. The HB-P-NP treatment group showed the most effective anticancer effect after PDT. In conclusion, the HB-P-NPs prepared in the present study represent a potential and novel photosensitizer delivery system in treating lung cancer with PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Chang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital
| | | | - Sanghoon Jheon
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine;
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