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Zhang Y, Murakami K, Borra VJ, Ozen MO, Demirci U, Nakamura T, Esfandiari L. A Label-Free Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy for Detection of Clusters of Extracellular Vesicles Based on Their Unique Dielectric Properties. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12020104. [PMID: 35200364 PMCID: PMC8869858 DOI: 10.3390/bios12020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained considerable attention as vital circulating biomarkers since their structure and composition resemble the originating cells. The investigation of EVs' biochemical and biophysical properties is of great importance to map them to their parental cells and to better understand their functionalities. In this study, a novel frequency-dependent impedance measurement system has been developed to characterize EVs based on their unique dielectric properties. The system is composed of an insulator-based dielectrophoretic (iDEP) device to entrap and immobilize a cluster of vesicles followed by utilizing electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to measure their impedance at a wide frequency spectrum, aiming to analyze both their membrane and cytosolic charge-dependent contents. The EIS was initially utilized to detect nano-size vesicles with different biochemical compositions, including liposomes synthesized with different lipid compositions, as well as EVs and lipoproteins with similar biophysical properties but dissimilar biochemical properties. Moreover, EVs derived from the same parental cells but treated with different culture conditions were characterized to investigate the correlation of impedance changes with biochemical properties and functionality in terms of pro-inflammatory responses. The system also showed the ability to discriminate between EVs derived from different cellular origins as well as among size-sorted EVs harbored from the same cellular origin. This proof-of-concept approach is the first step towards utilizing EIS as a label-free, non-invasive, and rapid sensor for detection and characterization of pathogenic EVs and other nanovesicles in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kazutoshi Murakami
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (K.M.); (V.J.B.); (T.N.)
| | - Vishnupriya J. Borra
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (K.M.); (V.J.B.); (T.N.)
| | - Mehmet Ozgun Ozen
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; (M.O.O.); (U.D.)
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; (M.O.O.); (U.D.)
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Takahisa Nakamura
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (K.M.); (V.J.B.); (T.N.)
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
- Department of Metabolic Bioregulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Leyla Esfandiari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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2
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Shen Y, Liu W, Zuo J, Han J, Zhang ZC. Protocol for visualizing newly synthesized proteins in primary mouse hepatocytes. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100616. [PMID: 34189479 PMCID: PMC8220402 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective identification of newly synthesized proteins is challenging because all proteins, both existing and nascent, have the same amino acid pool and are therefore chemically indistinguishable. L-homopropargylglycine is an amino acid analog of methionine containing an alkyne moiety that can undergo a classic click chemical reaction with azide containing Alexa Fluor. Here, we present an integrated tool based on immunofluorescence staining to accurately trace and localize the newly synthesized protein in isolated primary mouse hepatocytes. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Shen et al. (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Shen
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jian Zuo
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Junhai Han
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Zi Chao Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
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3
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Bhattacharjee J, Borra VJ, Salem ESB, Zhang C, Murakami K, Gill RK, Kim A, Kim JK, Salazar-Gonzalez RM, Warren M, Kohli R, Nakamura T. Hepatic Ago2 Regulates PPARα for Oxidative Metabolism Linked to Glycemic Control in Obesity and Post Bariatric Surgery. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6081955. [PMID: 33567453 PMCID: PMC7875175 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Argonaute 2 (Ago2) is the main component of the RNA-induced silencing complex. We recently showed that liver-specific Ago2-deficiency in mice (L-Ago2 knockout [KO] mice) enhances mitochondrial oxidation and alleviates obesity-associated pathophysiology. However, the precise mechanisms behind the role of hepatic Ago2 in regulating the mitochondrial oxidation associated with glucose metabolism are still unclear. Here, we show that hepatic Ago2 regulates the function of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) for oxidative metabolism. In both genetically and diet-induced severe obese conditions, L-Ago2 KO mice developed obesity and hepatic steatosis but exhibited improved glucose metabolism accompanied by lowered expression levels of pathologic microRNAs (miRNAs), including miR-802, miR-103/107, and miR-152, and enhanced expression of PPARα and its target genes regulating oxidative metabolism in the liver. We then investigated the role of hepatic Ago2 in the outcomes of vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) in which PPARα plays a crucial role in a drastic transcription reprogram associated with improved glycemia post VSG. Whereas VSG reduced body weight and improved fatty liver in wild-type mice, these effects were not observed in hepatic Ago2-deficient mice. Conversely, glucose metabolism was improved in a hepatic Ago2-dependent manner post VSG. Treating Ago2-deficient primary hepatocytes with WY-14643, a PPARα agonist, showed that Ago2-deficiency enhances sensitivity to WY-14643 and increases expression of PPARα target genes and mitochondrial oxidation. Our findings suggest that hepatic Ago2 function is intrinsically associated with PPARα that links Ago2-mediated RNA silencing with mitochondrial functions for oxidation and obesity-associated pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jashdeep Bhattacharjee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vishnupriya J Borra
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Esam S B Salem
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Cai Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kazutoshi Murakami
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rupinder K Gill
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ahlee Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - James K Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rosa-Maria Salazar-Gonzalez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mikako Warren
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rohit Kohli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Correspondence: Rohit Kohli, MBBS, MS, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA. ; or Takahisa Nakamura, PhD, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 7012, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Takahisa Nakamura
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Metabolic Bioregulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Correspondence: Rohit Kohli, MBBS, MS, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA. ; or Takahisa Nakamura, PhD, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 7012, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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4
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Liu QR, Canseco-Alba A, Liang Y, Ishiguro H, Onaivi ES. Low Basal CB2R in Dopamine Neurons and Microglia Influences Cannabinoid Tetrad Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9763. [PMID: 33371336 PMCID: PMC7767340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are two well-characterized cannabinoid receptors (CB1R and CB2R and other candidates): the central nervous system (CNS) enriched CB1R and peripheral tissue enriched CB2R with a wide dynamic range of expression levels in different cell types of human tissues. Hepatocytes and neurons express low baseline CB1R and CB2R, respectively, and their cell-type-specific functions are not well defined. Here we report inducible expression of CB1R in the liver by high-fat and high sugar diet and CB2R in cortical neurons by methamphetamine. While there is less controversy about hepatocyte CB1R, the presence of functional neuronal CB2R is still debated to date. We found that neuron CB2R basal expression was higher than that of hepatocyte CB1R by measuring mRNA levels of specific isoform CB2A in neurons isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and CB1A in hepatocytes isolated by collagenase perfusion of liver. For in vivo studies, we generated hepatocyte, dopaminergic neuron, and microglia-specific conditional knockout mice (Abl-Cnr1Δ, Dat-Cnr2Δ, and Cx3cr1-Cnr2Δ) of CB1R and CB2R by crossing Cnr1f/f and Cnr2f/f strains to Abl-Cre, Dat-Cre, and Cx3cr1-Cre deleter mouse strains, respectively. Our data reveals that neuron and microglia CB2Rs are involved in the "tetrad" effects of the mixed agonist WIN 55212-2, CB1R selective agonist arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide (ACEA), and CB2R selective agonist JWH133. Dat-Cnr2Δ and Cx3cr1-Cnr2Δ mice showed genotypic differences in hypomobility, hypothermia, analgesia, and catalepsy induced by the synthetic cannabinoids. Alcohol conditioned place preference was abolished in DAT-Cnr2Δ mice and remained intact in Cx3cr1-Cnr2Δ mice in comparison to WT mice. These Cre-loxP recombinant mouse lines provide unique approaches in cannabinoid research for dissecting the complex endocannabinoid system that is implicated in many chronic disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Cannabinoids/pharmacology
- Dopaminergic Neurons/drug effects
- Dopaminergic Neurons/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/physiology
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Rong Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Ana Canseco-Alba
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA;
| | - Ying Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China;
| | - Hiroki Ishiguro
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan;
| | - Emmanuel S. Onaivi
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA;
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5
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Shi L, Kuhnell D, Borra VJ, Langevin SM, Nakamura T, Esfandiari L. Rapid and label-free isolation of small extracellular vesicles from biofluids utilizing a novel insulator based dielectrophoretic device. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3726-3734. [PMID: 31588942 PMCID: PMC7477750 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00902g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-scale membrane-encapsulated vesicles produced by the majority of cells and have emerged as a rich source of biomarkers for a wide variety of diseases. Although many approaches have been developed for exosome isolation from biofluids, most of them have substantial shortcomings including long processing time, inefficiency, high cost, lack of specificity and/or surface marker-dependency. To address these issues, here we report a novel insulator-based dielectrophoretic (iDEP) device predicated on an array of borosilicate micropipettes to rapidly isolate exosomes from conditioned cell culture media and biofluids, such as plasma, serum, and saliva. The device is capable of exosome isolation from small sample volumes of 200 μL within 20 minutes under a relatively low (10 V cm-1) direct current (DC). This device is easy to fabricate thus, no cleanroom facility and expensive equipment are needed. Therefore, the iDEP device offers a rapid and cost-effective strategy for exosome isolation from biofluids in timely manner while maintaining the yield and purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Shi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Damaris Kuhnell
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Vishnupriya J Borra
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Scott M Langevin
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA and Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Takahisa Nakamura
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA and Department of Metabolic Bioregulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Leyla Esfandiari
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA and Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA and Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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