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Levi J, Guglielmetti C, Henrich TJ, Yoon JC, Gokhale PC, Reardon DA, Packiasamy J, Huynh L, Cabrera H, Ruzevich M, Blecha J, Peluso MJ, Huynh TL, An SM, Dornan M, Belanger AP, Nguyen QD, Seo Y, Song H, Chaumeil MM, VanBrocklin HF, Chae HD. [ 18F]F-AraG imaging reveals association between neuroinflammation and brown- and bone marrow adipose tissue. Commun Biol 2024; 7:793. [PMID: 38951146 PMCID: PMC11217368 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06494-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Brown and brown-like adipose tissues have attracted significant attention for their role in metabolism and therapeutic potential in diabetes and obesity. Despite compelling evidence of an interplay between adipocytes and lymphocytes, the involvement of these tissues in immune responses remains largely unexplored. This study explicates a newfound connection between neuroinflammation and brown- and bone marrow adipose tissue. Leveraging the use of [18F]F-AraG, a mitochondrial metabolic tracer capable of tracking activated lymphocytes and adipocytes simultaneously, we demonstrate, in models of glioblastoma and multiple sclerosis, the correlation between intracerebral immune infiltration and changes in brown- and bone marrow adipose tissue. Significantly, we show initial evidence that a neuroinflammation-adipose tissue link may also exist in humans. This study proposes the concept of an intricate immuno-neuro-adipose circuit, and highlights brown- and bone marrow adipose tissue as an intermediary in the communication between the immune and nervous systems. Understanding the interconnectedness within this circuitry may lead to advancements in the treatment and management of various conditions, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Levi
- CellSight Technologies Incorporated, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Caroline Guglielmetti
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Timothy J Henrich
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John C Yoon
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lyna Huynh
- CellSight Technologies Incorporated, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hilda Cabrera
- CellSight Technologies Incorporated, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Joseph Blecha
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Peluso
- Division of HIV, ID and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tony L Huynh
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sung-Min An
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mark Dornan
- Molecular Cancer Imaging Facility, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony P Belanger
- Molecular Cancer Imaging Facility, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Quang-Dé Nguyen
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Youngho Seo
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hong Song
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Myriam M Chaumeil
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Henry F VanBrocklin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hee-Don Chae
- CellSight Technologies Incorporated, San Francisco, CA, USA
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2
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Nuechterlein N, Shelbourn A, Szulzewsky F, Arora S, Casad M, Pattwell S, Merino-Galan L, Sulman E, Arowa S, Alvinez N, Jung M, Brown D, Tang K, Jackson S, Stoica S, Chittaboina P, Banasavadi-Siddegowda YK, Wirsching HG, Stella N, Shapiro L, Paddison P, Patel AP, Gilbert MR, Abdullaev Z, Aldape K, Pratt D, Holland EC, Cimino PJ. Haploinsufficiency of phosphodiesterase 10A activates PI3K/AKT signaling independent of PTEN to induce an aggressive glioma phenotype. Genes Dev 2024; 38:273-288. [PMID: 38589034 PMCID: PMC11065166 DOI: 10.1101/gad.351350.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is universally fatal and characterized by frequent chromosomal copy number alterations harboring oncogenes and tumor suppressors. In this study, we analyzed exome-wide human glioblastoma copy number data and found that cytoband 6q27 is an independent poor prognostic marker in multiple data sets. We then combined CRISPR-Cas9 data, human spatial transcriptomic data, and human and mouse RNA sequencing data to nominate PDE10A as a potential haploinsufficient tumor suppressor in the 6q27 region. Mouse glioblastoma modeling using the RCAS/tv-a system confirmed that Pde10a suppression induced an aggressive glioma phenotype in vivo and resistance to temozolomide and radiation therapy in vitro. Cell culture analysis showed that decreased Pde10a expression led to increased PI3K/AKT signaling in a Pten-independent manner, a response blocked by selective PI3K inhibitors. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing from our mouse gliomas in vivo, in combination with cell culture validation, further showed that Pde10a suppression was associated with a proneural-to-mesenchymal transition that exhibited increased cell adhesion and decreased cell migration. Our results indicate that glioblastoma patients harboring PDE10A loss have worse outcomes and potentially increased sensitivity to PI3K inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Nuechterlein
- Neuropathology Unit, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Allison Shelbourn
- Neuropathology Unit, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Frank Szulzewsky
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Sonali Arora
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Michelle Casad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Siobhan Pattwell
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98145, USA
| | - Leyre Merino-Galan
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98145, USA
| | - Erik Sulman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York 11220, USA
| | - Sumaita Arowa
- Neuropathology Unit, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Neriah Alvinez
- Neuropathology Unit, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Miyeon Jung
- Neurosurgical Oncology Unit, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Desmond Brown
- Neurosurgical Oncology Unit, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Kayen Tang
- Developmental Therapeutics and Pharmacology Unit, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Sadhana Jackson
- Developmental Therapeutics and Pharmacology Unit, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Stefan Stoica
- Neurosurgery Unit for Pituitary and Inheritable Diseases, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Prashant Chittaboina
- Neurosurgery Unit for Pituitary and Inheritable Diseases, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Yeshavanth K Banasavadi-Siddegowda
- Molecular and Therapeutics Unit, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Hans-Georg Wirsching
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Linda Shapiro
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Patrick Paddison
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Anoop P Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Mark R Gilbert
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Zied Abdullaev
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Kenneth Aldape
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Drew Pratt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Eric C Holland
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Patrick J Cimino
- Neuropathology Unit, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA;
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3
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Patton MH, Thomas KT, Bayazitov IT, Newman KD, Kurtz NB, Robinson CG, Ramirez CA, Trevisan AJ, Bikoff JB, Peters ST, Pruett-Miller SM, Jiang Y, Schild AB, Nityanandam A, Zakharenko SS. Synaptic plasticity in human thalamocortical assembloids. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.01.578421. [PMID: 38352415 PMCID: PMC10862901 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.01.578421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticities, such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD), tune synaptic efficacy and are essential for learning and memory. Current studies of synaptic plasticity in humans are limited by a lack of adequate human models. Here, we modeled the thalamocortical system by fusing human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived thalamic and cortical organoids. Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing revealed that most cells in mature thalamic organoids were glutamatergic neurons. When fused to form thalamocortical assembloids, thalamic and cortical organoids formed reciprocal long-range axonal projections and reciprocal synapses detectable by light and electron microscopy, respectively. Using whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology and two-photon imaging, we characterized glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Thalamocortical and corticothalamic synapses displayed short-term plasticity analogous to that in animal models. LTP and LTD were reliably induced at both synapses; however, their mechanisms differed from those previously described in rodents. Thus, thalamocortical assembloids provide a model system for exploring synaptic plasticity in human circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary H. Patton
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kristen T. Thomas
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ildar T. Bayazitov
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kyle D. Newman
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Nathaniel B. Kurtz
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Center, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Camenzind G. Robinson
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Center, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Cody A. Ramirez
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Alexandra J. Trevisan
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jay B. Bikoff
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Samuel T. Peters
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shondra M. Pruett-Miller
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yanbo Jiang
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Andrew B. Schild
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Anjana Nityanandam
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stanislav S. Zakharenko
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Zholudeva LV, Fortino T, Agrawal A, Vila OF, Williams M, McDevitt T, Lane MA, Srivastava D. Human spinal interneurons repair the injured spinal cord through synaptic integration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.11.575264. [PMID: 38260390 PMCID: PMC10802598 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.11.575264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Advances in cell therapy offer promise for some of the most devastating neural injuries, including spinal cord injury (SCI). Endogenous VSX2-expressing spinal V2a interneurons have been implicated as a key component in plasticity and therapeutically driven recovery post-SCI. While transplantation of generic V2a neurons may have therapeutic value, generation of human spinal V2a neurons with rostro-caudal specificity and assessment of their functional synaptic integration with the injured spinal cord has been elusive. Here, we efficiently differentiated optogenetically engineered cervical V2a spinal interneurons (SpINs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells and tested their capacity to form functional synapses with injured diaphragm motor networks in a clinically-relevant sub-acute model of cervical contusion injury. Neuroanatomical tracing and immunohistochemistry demonstrated transplant integration and synaptic connectivity with injured host tissue. Optogenetic activation of transplanted human V2a SpINs revealed functional synaptic connectivity to injured host circuits, culminating in improved diaphragm activity assessed by electromyography. Furthermore, optogenetic activation of host supraspinal pathways revealed functional innervation of transplanted cells by host neurons, which also led to enhanced diaphragm contraction indicative of a functional neuronal relay. Single cell analyses pre- and post-transplantation suggested the in vivo environment resulted in maturation of cervical SpINs that mediate the formation of neuronal relays, as well as differentiation of glial progenitors involved in repair of the damaged spinal cord. This study rigorously demonstrates feasibility of generating human cervical spinal V2a interneurons that develop functional host-transplant and transplant-host connectivity resulting in improved muscle activity post-SCI.
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5
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Sakr MF, El-Khalek AMA, Mohammad NS, Abouhashem NS, Gaballah MH, Ragab HM. Estimation of postmortem interval using histological and oxidative biomarkers in human bone marrow. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2023:10.1007/s12024-023-00753-9. [PMID: 37987965 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-023-00753-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
In forensic medicine, estimating the postmortem interval (PMI) is of great importance for the timeline and the reconstruction of the events surrounding death. Bone marrow (BM) is one of the largest organs in the body, with good resistance to autolysis and contamination. Therefore, the present study aims to correlate different postmortem intervals and bone marrow antioxidant enzyme levels using an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, detection of the changes in the histological structure of human bone marrow in relation to the time passed since death. BM samples from 20 forensic autopsy cadavers were obtained from cases referred to the Department of Forensic Medicine in the Ministry of Justice, Dakahlia Governorate, processed for histopathological examination as well as estimation of reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase (GRX) using ELISA. Results of ELISA analysis showed a significant decrease in the level of antioxidant enzymes with increasing PMI; regarding histopathological examination, from 6 to > 18 h PMI, the changes in morphology after death were gradual, progressive, and regular, indicating great value in PMI determination. Also, 18 h of PMI showed loss of cellular details, absence of fat cells, and necrosis of BM with the nucleus dispersed as eosinophilic debris. Estimation of antioxidant enzymes level in human bone marrow using ELISA and detection of the changes in the histological structure of human bone marrow in relation to time passed since the death, either separately or in combination, can be used to estimate PMI accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amal Mohamad Abd El-Khalek
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Nanies Sameeh Mohammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Nehal S Abouhashem
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Hosnia M Ragab
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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6
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Savell KE, Madangopal R, Saravanan P, Palaganas RG, Woods KD, Thompson DJ, Drake OR, Brenner MB, Weber SJ, Van Leer E, Choi JH, Martin TL, Martin JC, Steinberg MK, Austin JW, Charendoff CI, Hope BT. MultipleXed Population Selection and Enrichment single nucleus RNA sequencing (XPoSE-seq) enables sample identity retention during transcriptional profiling of rare populations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.27.559834. [PMID: 38196637 PMCID: PMC10775316 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.27.559834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Single nucleus RNA-sequencing is critical in deciphering tissue heterogeneity and identifying rare populations. However, current high throughput techniques are not optimized for rare target populations and require tradeoffs in design due to feasibility. We provide a novel snRNA pipeline, MulipleXed Population Selection and Enrichment snRNA-sequencing (XPoSE-seq), to enable targeted snRNA-seq experiments and in-depth transcriptomic characterization of rare target populations while retaining individual sample identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Savell
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Rajtarun Madangopal
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Padmashri Saravanan
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Ryan G Palaganas
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Kareem D Woods
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Drake J Thompson
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Olivia R Drake
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Megan B Brenner
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Sophia J Weber
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Elise Van Leer
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Jae H Choi
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Toni L Martin
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | | | | | | | | | - Bruce T Hope
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224
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7
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Chittiboina P, Mandal D, Bugarini A, Asuzu DT, Mullaney D, Mastorakos P, Stoica S, Alvarez R, Scott G, Maric D, Elkahloun A, Zhuang Z, Chew EY, Yang C, Linehan M, Lonser RR. Proteostasis Modulation in Germline Missense von Hippel Lindau Disease. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:2199-2209. [PMID: 37018064 PMCID: PMC10330138 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-3651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Missense mutated von Hippel Lindau (VHL) protein (pVHL) maintains intrinsic function but undergoes proteasomal degradation and tumor initiation and/or progression in VHL disease. Vorinostat can rescue missense mutated pVHL and arrest tumor growth in preclinical models. We asked whether short-term oral vorinostat could rescue pVHL in central nervous system hemangioblastomas in patients with germline missense VHL. PATIENTS AND METHODS We administered oral vorinostat to 7 subjects (ages 46.0 ± 14.5 years) and then removed symptomatic hemangioblastomas surgically (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02108002). RESULTS Vorinostat was tolerated without serious adverse events by all patients. pVHL expression was elevated in neoplastic stromal cells compared with untreated hemangioblastomas from same patients. We found transcriptional suppression of downstream hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) effectors. Mechanistically, vorinostat prevented Hsp90 recruitment to mutated pVHL in vitro. The effects of vorinostat on the Hsp90-pVHL interaction, pVHL rescue, and transcriptional repression of downstream HIF effectors was independent of the location of the missense mutation on the VHL locus. We confirmed a neoplastic stromal cell-specific effect in suppression of protumorigenic pathways with single-nucleus transcriptomic profiling. CONCLUSIONS We found that oral vorinostat treatment in patients with germline missense VHL mutations has a potent biologic effect that warrants further clinical study. These results provide biologic evidence to support the use of proteostasis modulation for the treatment of syndromic solid tumors involving protein misfolding. Proteostasis modulation with vorinostat rescues missense mutated VHL protein. Further clinical trials are needed to demonstrate tumor growth arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Chittiboina
- Neurosurgery Unit for Pituitary and Inheritable Diseases, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Debjani Mandal
- Neurosurgery Unit for Pituitary and Inheritable Diseases, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alejandro Bugarini
- Neurosurgery Unit for Pituitary and Inheritable Diseases, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA
| | - David T. Asuzu
- Neurosurgery Unit for Pituitary and Inheritable Diseases, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health Science Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Dustin Mullaney
- Neurosurgery Unit for Pituitary and Inheritable Diseases, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Panagiotis Mastorakos
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health Science Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Stefan Stoica
- Neurosurgery Unit for Pituitary and Inheritable Diseases, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Reinier Alvarez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Gretchen Scott
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Dragan Maric
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Zhengping Zhuang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Emily Y. Chew
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Chunzhang Yang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Russell R. Lonser
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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8
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Andersen J, Thom N, Shadrach JL, Chen X, Onesto MM, Amin ND, Yoon SJ, Li L, Greenleaf WJ, Müller F, Pașca AM, Kaltschmidt JA, Pașca SP. Single-cell transcriptomic landscape of the developing human spinal cord. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:902-914. [PMID: 37095394 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01311-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding spinal cord assembly is essential to elucidate how motor behavior is controlled and how disorders arise. The human spinal cord is exquisitely organized, and this complex organization contributes to the diversity and intricacy of motor behavior and sensory processing. But how this complexity arises at the cellular level in the human spinal cord remains unknown. Here we transcriptomically profiled the midgestation human spinal cord with single-cell resolution and discovered remarkable heterogeneity across and within cell types. Glia displayed diversity related to positional identity along the dorso-ventral and rostro-caudal axes, while astrocytes with specialized transcriptional programs mapped into white and gray matter subtypes. Motor neurons clustered at this stage into groups suggestive of alpha and gamma neurons. We also integrated our data with multiple existing datasets of the developing human spinal cord spanning 22 weeks of gestation to investigate the cell diversity over time. Together with mapping of disease-related genes, this transcriptomic mapping of the developing human spinal cord opens new avenues for interrogating the cellular basis of motor control in humans and guides human stem cell-based models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Andersen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas Thom
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Massimo Mario Onesto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Neal D Amin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Se-Jin Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William J Greenleaf
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fabian Müller
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Anca M Pașca
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Sergiu P Pașca
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA, USA.
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9
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Pei F, Ma L, Jing J, Feng J, Yuan Y, Guo T, Han X, Ho TV, Lei J, He J, Zhang M, Chen JF, Chai Y. Sensory nerve niche regulates mesenchymal stem cell homeostasis via FGF/mTOR/autophagy axis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:344. [PMID: 36670126 PMCID: PMC9859800 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35977-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) reside in microenvironments, referred to as niches, which provide structural support and molecular signals. Sensory nerves are niche components in the homeostasis of tissues such as skin, bone marrow and hematopoietic system. However, how the sensory nerve affects the behavior of MSCs remains largely unknown. Here we show that the sensory nerve is vital for mesenchymal tissue homeostasis and maintenance of MSCs in the continuously growing adult mouse incisor. Loss of sensory innervation leads to mesenchymal disorder and a decrease in MSCs. Mechanistically, FGF1 from the sensory nerve directly acts on MSCs by binding to FGFR1 and activates the mTOR/autophagy axis to sustain MSCs. Modulation of mTOR/autophagy restores the MSCs and rescues the mesenchymal tissue disorder of Fgfr1 mutant mice. Collectively, our study provides insights into the role of sensory nerves in the regulation of MSC homeostasis and the mechanism governing it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Pei
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 430079, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Ma
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Junjun Jing
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Jifan Feng
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Tingwei Guo
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Xia Han
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Thach-Vu Ho
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Jie Lei
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Jinzhi He
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Mingyi Zhang
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Jian-Fu Chen
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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10
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Turcato FC, Wegman E, Lu T, Ferguson N, Luo Y. Dopaminergic neurons are not a major Sonic hedgehog ligand source for striatal cholinergic or PV interneurons. iScience 2022; 25:105278. [PMID: 36281454 PMCID: PMC9587326 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A model was previously proposed that DA neurons provide SHH ligand to striatal interneurons, which in turn support the survival of DA neurons through the release of trophic factors such as Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). However, some key clinical observations do not support this proposed model, and a recent independent study shows that striatal cholinergic neuron survival does not rely on intact DA neuron projections. To resolve this discrepancy, we generated several independent mouse lines to examine the exact role of DA neuron-derived Shh signaling in the maintenance of the basal ganglia circuit and to identify the Shh-producing cells in the adult brain. Our data suggest that the deletion of Shh in DA neurons does not affect DA neuron survival or locomotive function in cKO mice during aging, nor does it affect the long-term survival of cholinergic or FS PV + interneurons in the striatum (STR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Correa Turcato
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Elliot Wegman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Nathan Ferguson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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11
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Borgenheimer E, Hamel K, Sheeler C, Moncada FL, Sbrocco K, Zhang Y, Cvetanovic M. Single nuclei RNA sequencing investigation of the Purkinje cell and glial changes in the cerebellum of transgenic Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:998408. [PMID: 36457352 PMCID: PMC9706545 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.998408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells constitute half the population of the human brain and are essential for normal brain function. Most, if not all, brain diseases are characterized by reactive gliosis, a process by which glial cells respond and contribute to neuronal pathology. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by a severe degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) and cerebellar gliosis. SCA1 is caused by an abnormal expansion of CAG repeats in the gene Ataxin1 (ATXN1). While several studies reported the effects of mutant ATXN1 in Purkinje cells, it remains unclear how cerebellar glia respond to dysfunctional Purkinje cells in SCA1. To address this question, we performed single nuclei RNA sequencing (snRNA seq) on cerebella of early stage Pcp2-ATXN1[82Q] mice, a transgenic SCA1 mouse model expressing mutant ATXN1 only in Purkinje cells. We found no changes in neuronal and glial proportions in the SCA1 cerebellum at this early disease stage compared to wild-type controls. Importantly, we observed profound non-cell autonomous and potentially neuroprotective reactive gene and pathway alterations in Bergmann glia, velate astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in response to Purkinje cell dysfunction.
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12
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Matson KJE, Russ DE, Kathe C, Hua I, Maric D, Ding Y, Krynitsky J, Pursley R, Sathyamurthy A, Squair JW, Levi BP, Courtine G, Levine AJ. Single cell atlas of spinal cord injury in mice reveals a pro-regenerative signature in spinocerebellar neurons. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5628. [PMID: 36163250 PMCID: PMC9513082 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
After spinal cord injury, tissue distal to the lesion contains undamaged cells that could support or augment recovery. Targeting these cells requires a clearer understanding of their injury responses and capacity for repair. Here, we use single nucleus RNA sequencing to profile how each cell type in the lumbar spinal cord changes after a thoracic injury in mice. We present an atlas of these dynamic responses across dozens of cell types in the acute, subacute, and chronically injured spinal cord. Using this resource, we find rare spinal neurons that express a signature of regeneration in response to injury, including a major population that represent spinocerebellar projection neurons. We characterize these cells anatomically and observed axonal sparing, outgrowth, and remodeling in the spinal cord and cerebellum. Together, this work provides a key resource for studying cellular responses to injury and uncovers the spontaneous plasticity of spinocerebellar neurons, uncovering a potential candidate for targeted therapy. Matson et al. performed single nucleus sequencing of the “spared” spinal cord tissue distal to an injury in mice. They found that spinocerebellar neurons expressed a pro-regenerative gene signature and showed axon outgrowth after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaya J E Matson
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Johns Hopkins University Department of Biology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel E Russ
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Data Science Research Group, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Claudia Kathe
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,NeuroRestore, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Hua
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yi Ding
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan Krynitsky
- Signal Processing and Instrumentation Section, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Randall Pursley
- Signal Processing and Instrumentation Section, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anupama Sathyamurthy
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Jordan W Squair
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,NeuroRestore, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Boaz P Levi
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gregoire Courtine
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,NeuroRestore, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ariel J Levine
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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13
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Lin JP, Kelly HM, Song Y, Kawaguchi R, Geschwind DH, Jacobson S, Reich DS. Transcriptomic architecture of nuclei in the marmoset CNS. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5531. [PMID: 36130924 PMCID: PMC9492672 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33140-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the cellular composition and region-specific specialization of white matter - a disease-relevant, glia-rich tissue highly expanded in primates relative to rodents - we profiled transcriptomes of ~500,000 nuclei from 19 tissue types of the central nervous system of healthy common marmoset and mapped 87 subclusters spatially onto a 3D MRI atlas. We performed cross-species comparison, explored regulatory pathways, modeled regional intercellular communication, and surveyed cellular determinants of neurological disorders. Here, we analyze this resource and find strong spatial segregation of microglia, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, and astrocytes. White matter glia are diverse, enriched with genes involved in stimulus-response and biomolecule modification, and predicted to interact with other resident cells more extensively than their gray matter counterparts. Conversely, gray matter glia preserve the expression of neural tube patterning genes into adulthood and share six transcription factors that restrict transcriptome complexity. A companion Callithrix jacchus Primate Cell Atlas (CjPCA) is available through https://cjpca.ninds.nih.gov .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ping Lin
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hannah M Kelly
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yeajin Song
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel S Reich
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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14
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Han L, Jara CP, Wang O, Shi Y, Wu X, Thibivilliers S, Wóycicki RK, Carlson MA, Velander WH, Araújo EP, Libault M, Zhang C, Lei Y. Isolating and cryopreserving pig skin cells for single-cell RNA sequencing study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263869. [PMID: 35176067 PMCID: PMC8853494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The pig skin architecture and physiology are similar to those of humans. Thus, the pig model is very valuable for studying skin biology and testing therapeutics. The single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology allows quantitatively analyzing cell types, compositions, states, signaling, and receptor-ligand interactome at single-cell resolution and at high throughput. scRNA-seq has been used to study mouse and human skins. However, studying pig skin with scRNA-seq is still rare. A critical step for successful scRNA-seq is to obtain high-quality single cells from the pig skin tissue. Here we report a robust method for isolating and cryopreserving pig skin single cells for scRNA-seq. We showed that pig skin could be efficiently dissociated into single cells with high cell viability using the Miltenyi Human Whole Skin Dissociation kit and the Miltenyi gentleMACS Dissociator. Furthermore, the obtained single cells could be cryopreserved using 90% FBS + 10% DMSO without causing additional cell death, cell aggregation, or changes in gene expression profiles. Using the developed protocol, we were able to identify all the major skin cell types. The protocol and results from this study are valuable for the skin research scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Han
- School of Biological Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Carlos P. Jara
- Nursing School, University of Campinas, Campinas SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas SP, Brazil
| | - Ou Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Yu Shi
- School of Biological Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Xinran Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sandra Thibivilliers
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Rafał K. Wóycicki
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Carlson
- Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center and the VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - William H. Velander
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Eliana P. Araújo
- Nursing School, University of Campinas, Campinas SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas SP, Brazil
| | - Marc Libault
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Biological Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Yuguo Lei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center and the VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Sartorius Mammalian Cell Culture Facility, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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15
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Iglesias González AB, Jakobsson JET, Vieillard J, Lagerström MC, Kullander K, Boije H. Single Cell Transcriptomic Analysis of Spinal Dmrt3 Neurons in Zebrafish and Mouse Identifies Distinct Subtypes and Reveal Novel Subpopulations Within the dI6 Domain. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:781197. [PMID: 35002627 PMCID: PMC8733252 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.781197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinal locomotor network is frequently used for studies into how neuronal circuits are formed and how cellular activity shape behavioral patterns. A population of dI6 interneurons, marked by the Doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 3 (Dmrt3), has been shown to participate in the coordination of locomotion and gaits in horses, mice and zebrafish. Analyses of Dmrt3 neurons based on morphology, functionality and the expression of transcription factors have identified different subtypes. Here we analyzed the transcriptomes of individual cells belonging to the Dmrt3 lineage from zebrafish and mice to unravel the molecular code that underlies their subfunctionalization. Indeed, clustering of Dmrt3 neurons based on their gene expression verified known subtypes and revealed novel populations expressing unique markers. Differences in birth order, differential expression of axon guidance genes, neurotransmitters, and their receptors, as well as genes affecting electrophysiological properties, were identified as factors likely underlying diversity. In addition, the comparison between fish and mice populations offers insights into the evolutionary driven subspecialization concomitant with the emergence of limbed locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Henrik Boije
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Russ DE, Cross RBP, Li L, Koch SC, Matson KJE, Yadav A, Alkaslasi MR, Lee DI, Le Pichon CE, Menon V, Levine AJ. A harmonized atlas of mouse spinal cord cell types and their spatial organization. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5722. [PMID: 34588430 PMCID: PMC8481483 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing data can unveil the molecular diversity of cell types. Cell type atlases of the mouse spinal cord have been published in recent years but have not been integrated together. Here, we generate an atlas of spinal cell types based on single-cell transcriptomic data, unifying the available datasets into a common reference framework. We report a hierarchical structure of postnatal cell type relationships, with location providing the highest level of organization, then neurotransmitter status, family, and finally, dozens of refined populations. We validate a combinatorial marker code for each neuronal cell type and map their spatial distributions in the adult spinal cord. We also show complex lineage relationships among postnatal cell types. Additionally, we develop an open-source cell type classifier, SeqSeek, to facilitate the standardization of cell type identification. This work provides an integrated view of spinal cell types, their gene expression signatures, and their molecular organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Russ
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Data Science Research Group, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ryan B Patterson Cross
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Li Li
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie C Koch
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kaya J E Matson
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Archana Yadav
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mor R Alkaslasi
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Dylan I Lee
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claire E Le Pichon
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vilas Menon
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ariel J Levine
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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17
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Malaiya S, Cortes-Gutierrez M, Herb BR, Coffey SR, Legg SRW, Cantle JP, Colantuoni C, Carroll JB, Ament SA. Single-Nucleus RNA-Seq Reveals Dysregulation of Striatal Cell Identity Due to Huntington's Disease Mutations. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5534-5552. [PMID: 34011527 PMCID: PMC8221598 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2074-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by a trinucleotide expansion in exon 1 of the huntingtin (HTT) gene. Cell death in HD occurs primarily in striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs), but the involvement of specific MSN subtypes and of other striatal cell types remains poorly understood. To gain insight into cell type-specific disease processes, we studied the nuclear transcriptomes of 4524 cells from the striatum of a genetically precise knock-in mouse model of the HD mutation, HttQ175/+, and from wild-type controls. We used 14- to 15-month-old male mice, a time point at which multiple behavioral, neuroanatomical, and neurophysiological changes are present but at which there is no known cell death. Thousands of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were distributed across most striatal cell types, including transcriptional changes in glial populations that are not apparent from RNA-seq of bulk tissue. Reconstruction of cell type-specific transcriptional networks revealed a striking pattern of bidirectional dysregulation for many cell type-specific genes. Typically, these genes were repressed in their primary cell type, yet de-repressed in other striatal cell types. Integration with existing epigenomic and transcriptomic data suggest that partial loss-of-function of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) may underlie many of these transcriptional changes, leading to deficits in the maintenance of cell identity across virtually all cell types in the adult striatum.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Huntington's disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by specific loss of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the striatum, accompanied by more subtle changes in many other cell types. It is thought that changes in transcriptional regulation are an important underlying mechanism, but cell type-specific gene expression changes are not well understood, particularly at time points relevant to the onset of disease-related symptoms. Single-nucleus (sn)RNA-seq in a genetically precise mouse model enabled us to identify novel patterns of transcriptional dysregulation because of HD mutations, including bidirectional dysregulation of many cell type identity genes that may be driven by partial loss-of-function of the polycomb repressive complex (PRC). Identifying these regulators of transcriptional dysregulation in HD can be leveraged to design novel disease-modifying therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Malaiya
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Marcia Cortes-Gutierrez
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Brian R Herb
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Sydney R Coffey
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225
| | - Samuel R W Legg
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225
| | - Jeffrey P Cantle
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225
| | - Carlo Colantuoni
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Jeffrey B Carroll
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225
| | - Seth A Ament
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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18
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West AC, Mizoro Y, Wood SH, Ince LM, Iversen M, Jørgensen EH, Nome T, Sandve SR, Martin SAM, Loudon ASI, Hazlerigg DG. Immunologic Profiling of the Atlantic Salmon Gill by Single Nuclei Transcriptomics. Front Immunol 2021; 12:669889. [PMID: 34017342 PMCID: PMC8129531 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.669889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Anadromous salmonids begin life adapted to the freshwater environments of their natal streams before a developmental transition, known as smoltification, transforms them into marine-adapted fish. In the wild, smoltification is a photoperiod-regulated process, involving radical remodeling of gill function to cope with the profound osmotic and immunological challenges of seawater (SW) migration. While prior work has highlighted the role of specialized "mitochondrion-rich" cells (MRCs) and accessory cells (ACs) in delivering this phenotype, recent RNA profiling experiments suggest that remodeling is far more extensive than previously appreciated. Here, we use single-nuclei RNAseq to characterize the extent of cytological changes in the gill of Atlantic salmon during smoltification and SW transfer. We identify 20 distinct cell clusters, including known, but also novel gill cell types. These data allow us to isolate cluster-specific, smoltification-associated changes in gene expression and to describe how the cellular make-up of the gill changes through smoltification. As expected, we noted an increase in the proportion of seawater mitochondrion-rich cells, however, we also identify previously unknown reduction of several immune-related cell types. Overall, our results provide fresh detail of the cellular complexity in the gill and suggest that smoltification triggers unexpected immune reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C. West
- Arctic seasonal timekeeping initiative (ASTI), Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Yasutaka Mizoro
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Shona H. Wood
- Arctic seasonal timekeeping initiative (ASTI), Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Louise M. Ince
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Iversen
- Arctic seasonal timekeeping initiative (ASTI), Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Even H. Jørgensen
- Arctic seasonal timekeeping initiative (ASTI), Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Torfinn Nome
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences (IHA), Faculty of Life Sciences (BIOVIT), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Simen Rød Sandve
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences (IHA), Faculty of Life Sciences (BIOVIT), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Samuel A. M. Martin
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S. I. Loudon
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David G. Hazlerigg
- Arctic seasonal timekeeping initiative (ASTI), Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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19
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Novel Technologies in Studying Brain Immune Response. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6694566. [PMID: 33791073 PMCID: PMC7997736 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6694566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the immune system, including both the adaptive and innate immune systems, proved to be essential and critical to brain damage and recovery in the pathogenesis of several diseases, opening a new avenue for developing new immunomodulatory therapies and novel treatments for many neurological diseases. However, due to the specificity and structural complexity of the central nervous system (CNS), and the limit of the related technologies, the biology of the immune response in the brain is still poorly understood. Here, we discuss the application of novel technologies in studying the brain immune response, including single-cell RNA analysis, cytometry by time-of-flight, and whole-genome transcriptomic and proteomic analysis. We believe that advancements in technology related to immune research will provide an optimistic future for brain repair.
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20
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Klatt Shaw D, Saraswathy VM, Zhou L, McAdow AR, Burris B, Butka E, Morris SA, Dietmann S, Mokalled MH. Localized EMT reprograms glial progenitors to promote spinal cord repair. Dev Cell 2021; 56:613-626.e7. [PMID: 33609461 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anti-regenerative scarring obstructs spinal cord repair in mammals and presents a major hurdle for regenerative medicine. In contrast, adult zebrafish possess specialized glial cells that spontaneously repair spinal cord injuries by forming a pro-regenerative bridge across the severed tissue. To identify the mechanisms that regulate differential regenerative capacity between mammals and zebrafish, we first defined the molecular identity of zebrafish bridging glia and then performed cross-species comparisons with mammalian glia. Our transcriptomics show that pro-regenerative zebrafish glia activate an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) gene program and that EMT gene expression is a major factor distinguishing mammalian and zebrafish glia. Functionally, we found that localized niches of glial progenitors undergo EMT after spinal cord injury in zebrafish and, using large-scale CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis, we identified the gene regulatory network that activates EMT and drives functional regeneration. Thus, non-regenerative mammalian glia lack an essential EMT-driving gene regulatory network that reprograms pro-regenerative zebrafish glia after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Klatt Shaw
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Lili Zhou
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Anthony R McAdow
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brooke Burris
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emily Butka
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Samantha A Morris
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mayssa H Mokalled
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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21
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Fadl BR, Brodie SA, Malasky M, Boland JF, Kelly MC, Kelley MW, Boger E, Fariss R, Swaroop A, Campello L. An optimized protocol for retina single-cell RNA sequencing. Mol Vis 2020; 26:705-717. [PMID: 33088174 PMCID: PMC7553720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a powerful technique used to explore gene expression at the single cell level. However, appropriate preparation of samples is essential to obtain the most information out of this transformative technology. Generating high-quality single-cell suspensions from the retina is critical to preserve the native expression profile that will ensure meaningful transcriptome data analysis. Methods We modified the conditions for rapid and optimal dissociation of retina sample preparation. We also included additional filtering steps in data analysis for retinal scRNA-seq. Results We report a gentle method for dissociation of the mouse retina that minimizes cell death and preserves cell morphology. This protocol also results in detection of higher transcriptional complexity. In addition, the modified computational pipeline leads to better-quality single-cell RNA-sequencing data in retina samples. We also demonstrate the advantages and limitations of using fresh versus frozen retinas to prepare cell or nuclei suspensions for scRNA-seq. Conclusions We provide a simple yet robust and reproducible protocol for retinal scRNA-seq analysis, especially for comparative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Fadl
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Seth A. Brodie
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health & NCI-Frederick, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD
| | - Michael Malasky
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health & NCI-Frederick, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD
| | - Joseph F. Boland
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health & NCI-Frederick, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD
| | - Michael C. Kelly
- Single Cell Analysis Facility, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Bethesda, MD
| | - Matthew W. Kelley
- Laboratory of Cochlear Development, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Erich Boger
- Genomics and Computational Biology Core, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Robert Fariss
- Biological Imaging Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Laura Campello
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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22
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Mona B, Villarreal J, Savage TK, Kollipara RK, Boisvert BE, Johnson JE. Positive autofeedback regulation of Ptf1a transcription generates the levels of PTF1A required to generate itch circuit neurons. Genes Dev 2020; 34:621-636. [PMID: 32241803 PMCID: PMC7197352 DOI: 10.1101/gad.332577.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Mona et al. set out to investigate the role of Ptf1a in specifying a subset of dorsal spinal cord inhibitory neurons in mice in vivo. The authors used CRISPR to target multiple noncoding sequences with putative cis-regulatory activity controlling Ptf1a and demonstrate a requirement for positive transcriptional autoregulatory feedback to attain the levels of PTF1A necessary for generating correctly balanced neuronal circuits. Peripheral somatosensory input is modulated in the dorsal spinal cord by a network of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons. PTF1A is a transcription factor essential in dorsal neural tube progenitors for specification of these inhibitory neurons. Thus, mechanisms regulating Ptf1a expression are key for generating neuronal circuits underlying somatosensory behaviors. Mutations targeted to distinct cis-regulatory elements for Ptf1a in mice, tested the in vivo contribution of each element individually and in combination. Mutations in an autoregulatory enhancer resulted in reduced levels of PTF1A, and reduced numbers of specific dorsal spinal cord inhibitory neurons, particularly those expressing Pdyn and Gal. Although these mutants survive postnatally, at ∼3–5 wk they elicit a severe scratching phenotype. Behaviorally, the mutants have increased sensitivity to itch, but acute sensitivity to other sensory stimuli such as mechanical or thermal pain is unaffected. We demonstrate a requirement for positive transcriptional autoregulatory feedback to attain the level of the neuronal specification factor PTF1A necessary for generating correctly balanced neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishakha Mona
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Juan Villarreal
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Trisha K Savage
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Rahul K Kollipara
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Brooke E Boisvert
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Jane E Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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