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Carneiro FS, Katashima CK, Dodge JD, Cintra DE, Pauli JR, Da Silva ASR, Ropelle ER. Tissue-specific roles of mitochondrial unfolded protein response during obesity. Obes Rev 2024:e13791. [PMID: 38880974 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide multifactorial disease caused by an imbalance in energy metabolism, increasing adiposity, weight gain, and promoting related diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Recent findings have reported that metabolic stress related to obesity induces a mitochondrial stress response called mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), a quality control pathway that occurs in a nuclear DNA-mitochondria crosstalk, causing transduction of chaperones and proteases under stress conditions. The duality of UPRmt signaling, with both beneficial and detrimental effects, acts in different contexts depending on the tissue, cell type, and physiological states, affecting the mitochondrial function and efficiency and the metabolism homeostasis during obesity, which remains not fully clarified. Therefore, this review discusses the most recent findings regarding UPRmt signaling during obesity, bringing an overview of UPRmt across different metabolic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda S Carneiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos K Katashima
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joshua D Dodge
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Arlington (UTA), Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Dennys E Cintra
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomic, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adelino S R Da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Dashti Z, Yousefi Z, Kiani P, Taghizadeh M, Maleki MH, Borji M, Vakili O, Shafiee SM. Autophagy and the unfolded protein response shape the non-alcoholic fatty liver landscape: decoding the labyrinth. Metabolism 2024; 154:155811. [PMID: 38309690 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is on the rise, mirroring a global surge in diabetes and metabolic syndrome, as its major leading causes. NAFLD represents a spectrum of liver disorders, ranging from nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can potentially progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Mechanistically, we know the unfolded protein response (UPR) as a protective cellular mechanism, being triggered under circumstances of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The hepatic UPR is turned on in a broad spectrum of liver diseases, including NAFLD. Recent data also defines molecular mechanisms that may underlie the existing correlation between UPR activation and NAFLD. More interestingly, subsequent studies have demonstrated an additional mechanism, i.e. autophagy, to be involved in hepatic steatosis, and thus NAFLD pathogenesis, principally by regulating the insulin sensitivity, hepatocellular injury, innate immunity, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. All these findings suggest possible mechanistic roles for autophagy in the progression of NAFLD and its complications. Both UPR and autophagy are dynamic and interconnected fluxes that act as protective responses to minimize the harmful effects of hepatic lipid accumulation, as well as the ER stress during NAFLD. The functions of UPR and autophagy in the liver, together with findings of decreased hepatic autophagy in correlation with conditions that predispose to NAFLD, such as obesity and aging, suggest that autophagy and UPR, alone or combined, may be novel therapeutic targets against the disease. In this review, we discuss the current evidence on the interplay between autophagy and the UPR in connection to the NAFLD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Dashti
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zeynab Yousefi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouria Kiani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Motahareh Taghizadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Maleki
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Borji
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Omid Vakili
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Autophagy Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Sayed Mohammad Shafiee
- Autophagy Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Liu Z, Qiang Y, Shan S, Wang S, Liu Z, Yang Y, Huang Z, Song M, Zhao X, Song F. Aberrant mitochondrial aggregation of TDP-43 activated mitochondrial unfolded protein response and contributed to recovery of acetaminophen induced acute liver injury. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfae008. [PMID: 38283824 PMCID: PMC10811519 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key pathological event in the acute liver injury following the overdose of acetaminophen (APAP). Calpain is the calcium-dependent protease, recent studies demonstrate that it is involved in the impairment of mitochondrial dynamics. The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is commonly activated in the context of mitochondrial damage following pathological insults and contributes to the maintenance of the mitochondrial quality control through regulating a wide range of gene expression. More importantly, it is reported that abnormal aggregation of TDP-43 in mitochondria induced the activation of UPRmt. However, whether it is involved in APAP induced-hepatotoxicity remains unclear. In the present study, C57/BL6 mice were given 300 mg/kg APAP to establish a time-course model of acute liver injury. Furthermore, Calpeptin, the specific inhibiter of calpains, was used to conduct the intervention experiment. Our results showed, APAP exposure produced severe liver injury. Moreover, TDP-43 was obviously accumulated within mitochondria whereas mitochondrial protease LonP1 was significantly decreased. However, these changes exhibited significant recovery at 48 h. By contrast, the mitochondrial protease ClpP and chaperone mtHSP70 and HSP60 were consistently increased, which supported the UPRmt was activated to promote protein homeostasis. Further investigation revealed that calpain-mediated cleavage of TDP-43 could promote the accumulation of TDP-43 in mitochondria compartment, thereby facilitating the activation of UPRmt. Additionally, Calpeptin pretreatment not only protected against APAP-induced liver injury, but also suppressed the formation of TDP-43 aggregates and the activation of UPRmt. Taken together, our findings indicated that in APAP-induced acute liver injury, calpain-mediated cleavage of TDP43 caused its aberrant aggregation on the mitochondria. As a stress-protective response, the induction of UPRmt contributed to the recovery of mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxiong Liu
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yalong Qiang
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Shulin Shan
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zhidan Liu
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yiyu Yang
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zhengcheng Huang
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Mingxue Song
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiulan Zhao
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Fuyong Song
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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Cilleros-Holgado P, Gómez-Fernández D, Piñero-Pérez R, Romero-Domínguez JM, Reche-López D, López-Cabrera A, Álvarez-Córdoba M, Munuera-Cabeza M, Talaverón-Rey M, Suárez-Carrillo A, Romero-González A, Sánchez-Alcázar JA. Mitochondrial Quality Control via Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response (mtUPR) in Ageing and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1789. [PMID: 38136659 PMCID: PMC10741690 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a key role in cellular functions, including energy production and oxidative stress regulation. For this reason, maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and proteostasis (homeostasis of the proteome) is essential for cellular health. Therefore, there are different mitochondrial quality control mechanisms, such as mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs), mitophagy, or mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR). The last item is a stress response that occurs when stress is present within mitochondria and, especially, when the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins in the mitochondrial matrix surpasses the folding capacity of the mitochondrion. In response to this, molecular chaperones and proteases as well as the mitochondrial antioxidant system are activated to restore mitochondrial proteostasis and cellular function. In disease contexts, mtUPR modulation holds therapeutic potential by mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction. In particular, in the case of neurodegenerative diseases, such as primary mitochondrial diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), or Friedreich's Ataxia (FA), there is a wealth of evidence demonstrating that the modulation of mtUPR helps to reduce neurodegeneration and its associated symptoms in various cellular and animal models. These findings underscore mtUPR's role as a promising therapeutic target in combating these devastating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jose Antonio Sánchez-Alcázar
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (P.C.-H.); (D.G.-F.); (R.P.-P.); (J.M.R.-D.); (D.R.-L.); (A.L.-C.); (M.Á.-C.); (M.M.-C.); (M.T.-R.); (A.S.-C.); (A.R.-G.)
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Wang J, Luo LZ, Liang DM, Guo C, Huang ZH, Jian XH, Wen J. Recent progress in understanding mitokines as diagnostic and therapeutic targets in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:5416-5429. [PMID: 37637689 PMCID: PMC10450380 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i23.5416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent tumors worldwide and the leading contributor to cancer-related deaths. The progression and metastasis of HCC are closely associated with altered mitochondrial metabolism, including mitochondrial stress response. Mitokines, soluble proteins produced and secreted in response to mitochondrial stress, play an essential immunomodulatory role. Immunotherapy has emerged as a crucial treatment option for HCC. However, a positive response to therapy is typically dependent on the interaction of tumor cells with immune regulation within the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, exploring the specific immunomodulatory mechanisms of mitokines in HCC is essential for improving the efficacy of immunotherapy. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the association between HCC and the immune microenvironment and highlights recent progress in understanding the involvement of mitochondrial function in preserving liver function. In addition, a systematic review of mitokines-mediated immunomodulation in HCC is presented. Finally, the potential diagnostic and therapeutic roles of mitokines in HCC are prospected and summarized. Recent progress in mitokine research represents a new prospect for mitochondrial therapy. Considering the potential of mitokines to regulate immune function, investigating them as a relevant molecular target holds great promise for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wang
- Children Medical Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lan-Zhu Luo
- Children Medical Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dao-Miao Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Huang
- Children Medical Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Jian
- Department of Anatomy, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
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6
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Wu P, Wang X. Natural Drugs: A New Direction for the Prevention and Treatment of Diabetes. Molecules 2023; 28:5525. [PMID: 37513397 PMCID: PMC10385698 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance, as a common pathological process of many metabolic diseases, including diabetes and obesity, has attracted much attention due to its relevant influencing factors. To date, studies have mainly focused on the shared mechanisms between mitochondrial stress and insulin resistance, and they are now being pursued as a very attractive therapeutic target due to their extensive involvement in many human clinical settings. In view of the complex pathogenesis of diabetes, natural drugs have become new players in diabetes prevention and treatment because of their wide targets and few side effects. In particular, plant phenolics have received attention because of their close relationship with oxidative stress. In this review, we briefly review the mechanisms by which mitochondrial stress leads to insulin resistance. Moreover, we list some cytokines and genes that have recently been found to play roles in mitochondrial stress and insulin resistance. Furthermore, we describe several natural drugs that are currently widely used and give a brief overview of their therapeutic mechanisms. Finally, we suggest possible ideas for future research related to the unique role that natural drugs play in the treatment of insulin resistance through the above targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peishan Wu
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250001, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250001, China
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Amorim R, Magalhães CC, Borges F, Oliveira PJ, Teixeira J. From Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver to Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Story of (Mal)Adapted Mitochondria. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040595. [PMID: 37106795 PMCID: PMC10135755 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global pandemic affecting 25% of the world's population and is a serious health and economic concern worldwide. NAFLD is mainly the result of unhealthy dietary habits combined with sedentary lifestyle, although some genetic contributions to NAFLD have been documented. NAFLD is characterized by the excessive accumulation of triglycerides (TGs) in hepatocytes and encompasses a spectrum of chronic liver abnormalities, ranging from simple steatosis (NAFL) to steatohepatitis (NASH), significant liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the molecular mechanisms that cause the progression of steatosis to severe liver damage are not fully understood, metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease is strong evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a significant role in the development and progression of NAFLD. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that undergo functional and structural adaptations to meet the metabolic requirements of the cell. Alterations in nutrient availability or cellular energy needs can modify mitochondria formation through biogenesis or the opposite processes of fission and fusion and fragmentation. In NAFL, simple steatosis can be seen as an adaptive response to storing lipotoxic free fatty acids (FFAs) as inert TGs due to chronic perturbation in lipid metabolism and lipotoxic insults. However, when liver hepatocytes' adaptive mechanisms are overburdened, lipotoxicity occurs, contributing to reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Impaired mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, reduction in mitochondrial quality, and disrupted mitochondrial function are associated with a decrease in the energy levels and impaired redox balance and negatively affect mitochondria hepatocyte tolerance towards damaging hits. However, the sequence of events underlying mitochondrial failure from steatosis to hepatocarcinoma is still yet to be fully clarified. This review provides an overview of our understanding of mitochondrial adaptation in initial NAFLD stages and highlights how hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction and heterogeneity contribute to disease pathophysiology progression, from steatosis to hepatocellular carcinoma. Improving our understanding of different aspects of hepatocytes' mitochondrial physiology in the context of disease development and progression is crucial to improving diagnosis, management, and therapy of NAFLD/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Amorim
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carina C Magalhães
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Teixeira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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Suárez-Rivero JM, Pastor-Maldonado CJ, Povea-Cabello S, Álvarez-Córdoba M, Villalón-García I, Talaverón-Rey M, Suárez-Carrillo A, Munuera-Cabeza M, Reche-López D, Cilleros-Holgado P, Piñero-Perez R, Sánchez-Alcázar JA. UPR mt activation improves pathological alterations in cellular models of mitochondrial diseases. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:204. [PMID: 35581596 PMCID: PMC9115953 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial diseases represent one of the most common groups of genetic diseases. With a prevalence greater than 1 in 5000 adults, such diseases still lack effective treatment. Current therapies are purely palliative and, in most cases, insufficient. Novel approaches to compensate and, if possible, revert mitochondrial dysfunction must be developed. Results In this study, we tackled the issue using as a model fibroblasts from a patient bearing a mutation in the GFM1 gene, which is involved in mitochondrial protein synthesis. Mutant GFM1 fibroblasts could not survive in galactose restrictive medium for more than 3 days, making them the perfect screening platform to test several compounds. Tetracycline enabled mutant GFM1 fibroblasts survival under nutritional stress. Here we demonstrate that tetracycline upregulates the mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response (UPRmt), a compensatory pathway regulating mitochondrial proteostasis. We additionally report that activation of UPRmt improves mutant GFM1 cellular bioenergetics and partially restores mitochondrial protein expression. Conclusions Overall, we provide compelling evidence to propose the activation of intrinsic cellular compensatory mechanisms as promising therapeutic strategy for mitochondrial diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13023-022-02331-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Suárez-Rivero
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Carmen J Pastor-Maldonado
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Suleva Povea-Cabello
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Mónica Álvarez-Córdoba
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Irene Villalón-García
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Marta Talaverón-Rey
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Alejandra Suárez-Carrillo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Munuera-Cabeza
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Diana Reche-López
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Paula Cilleros-Holgado
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Rocío Piñero-Perez
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - José A Sánchez-Alcázar
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013, Seville, Spain.
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9
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Huang YH, Wang FS, Wang PW, Lin HY, Luo SD, Yang YL. Heat Shock Protein 60 Restricts Release of Mitochondrial dsRNA to Suppress Hepatic Inflammation and Ameliorate Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010577. [PMID: 35009003 PMCID: PMC8745303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common cause of chronic liver disease, consists of fat deposited (steatosis) in the liver due to causes besides excessive alcohol use. The folding activity of heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) has been shown to protect mitochondria from proteotoxicity under various types of stress. In this study, we investigated whether HSP60 could ameliorate experimental high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and hepatitis and explored the potential mechanism in mice. The results uncovered that HSP60 gain not only alleviated HFD-induced body weight gain, fat accumulation, and hepatocellular steatosis, but also glucose tolerance and insulin resistance according to intraperitoneal glucose tolerance testing and insulin tolerance testing in HSP60 transgenic (HSP60Tg) compared to wild-type (WT) mice by HFD. Furthermore, overexpression of HSP60 in the HFD group resulted in inhibited release of mitochondrial dsRNA (mt-dsRNA) compared to WT mice. In addition, overexpression of HSP60 also inhibited the activation of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), and phosphorylated-interferon regulatory factor 3 (p-IRF3), as well as inflammatory biomarkers such as mRNA of il-1β and il-6 expression in the liver in response to HFD. The in vitro study also confirmed that the addition of HSP-60 mimics in HepG2 cells led to upregulated expression level of HSP60 and restricted release of mt-dsRNA, as well as downregulated expression levels of TLR3, MDA5, and pIRF3. This study provides novel insight into a hepatoprotective effect, whereby HSP60 inhibits the release of dsRNA to repress the TLR3/MDA5/pIRF3 pathway in the context of NAFLD or hepatic inflammation. Therefore, HSP60 may serve as a possible therapeutic target for improving NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hsien Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Chang, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Sheng Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
- Core Laboratory for Phenomics & Diagnostics, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Core Laboratory for Phenomics & Diagnostics, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Lin
- Research Assistant Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan;
| | - Sheng-Dean Luo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Yang
- College of Medicine, Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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10
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Eisenberg-Bord M, Zung N, Collado J, Drwesh L, Fenech EJ, Fadel A, Dezorella N, Bykov YS, Rapaport D, Fernandez-Busnadiego R, Schuldiner M. Cnm1 mediates nucleus-mitochondria contact site formation in response to phospholipid levels. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212719. [PMID: 34694322 PMCID: PMC8548916 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202104100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial functions are tightly regulated by nuclear activity, requiring extensive communication between these organelles. One way by which organelles can communicate is through contact sites, areas of close apposition held together by tethering molecules. While many contacts have been characterized in yeast, the contact between the nucleus and mitochondria was not previously identified. Using fluorescence and electron microscopy in S. cerevisiae, we demonstrate specific areas of contact between the two organelles. Using a high-throughput screen, we uncover a role for the uncharacterized protein Ybr063c, which we have named Cnm1 (contact nucleus mitochondria 1), as a molecular tether on the nuclear membrane. We show that Cnm1 mediates contact by interacting with Tom70 on mitochondria. Moreover, Cnm1 abundance is regulated by phosphatidylcholine, enabling the coupling of phospholipid homeostasis with contact extent. The discovery of a molecular mechanism that allows mitochondrial crosstalk with the nucleus sets the ground for better understanding of mitochondrial functions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naama Zung
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Javier Collado
- Institute for Neuropathology, Georg August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells," University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Layla Drwesh
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Emma J Fenech
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amir Fadel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nili Dezorella
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yury S Bykov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Doron Rapaport
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ruben Fernandez-Busnadiego
- Institute for Neuropathology, Georg August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells," University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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11
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Yi HS. The Role of Carnitine Orotate Complex in Fatty Liver. Diabetes Metab J 2021; 45:866-867. [PMID: 34847643 PMCID: PMC8640160 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2021.0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyon-Seung Yi
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Immune System, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Corresponding author: Hyon-Seung Yi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3767-1954 Laboratory of Endocrinology and Immune System, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Korea E-mail:
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12
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Mitochondrial Metabolic Signatures in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081901. [PMID: 34440674 PMCID: PMC8391498 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. HCC progression and metastasis are closely related to altered mitochondrial metabolism, including mitochondrial stress responses, metabolic reprogramming, and mitoribosomal defects. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) defects and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production are attributed to mitochondrial dysfunction. In response to oxidative stress caused by increased ROS production, misfolded or unfolded proteins can accumulate in the mitochondrial matrix, leading to initiation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt). The mitokines FGF21 and GDF15 are upregulated during UPRmt and their levels are positively correlated with liver cancer development, progression, and metastasis. In addition, mitoribosome biogenesis is important for the regulation of mitochondrial respiration, cell viability, and differentiation. Mitoribosomal defects cause OXPHOS impairment, mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased production of ROS, which are associated with HCC progression in mouse models and human HCC patients. In this paper, we focus on the role of mitochondrial metabolic signatures in the development and progression of HCC. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive review of cell autonomous and cell non-autonomous mitochondrial stress responses during HCC progression and metastasis.
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13
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Zhu L, Luo X, Fu N, Chen L. Mitochondrial unfolded protein response: A novel pathway in metabolism and immunity. Pharmacol Res 2021; 168:105603. [PMID: 33838292 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mitoUPR) is a mitochondria stress response to maintain mitochondrial proteostasis during stress. Increasing evidence suggests that mitoUPR participates in diverse physiological processes especially metabolism and immunity. Although mitoUPR regulates metabolism in many aspects, it is mainly reflected in the regulation of energy metabolism. During stress, mitoUPR alters energy metabolism via suppressing oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) or increasing glycolysis. MitoUPR also alters energy metabolism and regulates diverse metabolic diseases such as diabetes, cancers, fatty liver and obesity. In addition, mitoUPR also participates in immune process during stress. MitoUPR can induce innate immune response during various infections and may regulate inflammatory response during diverse inflammations. Considering the pleiotropic actions of mitoUPR, mitoUPR may supply diverse therapeutic targets for metabolic diseases and immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Xuling Luo
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Nian Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
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14
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Longo M, Meroni M, Paolini E, Macchi C, Dongiovanni P. Mitochondrial dynamics and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): new perspectives for a fairy-tale ending? Metabolism 2021; 117:154708. [PMID: 33444607 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a broad spectrum of liver dysfunctions and it is predicted to become the primary cause of liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles involved in multiple metabolic/bioenergetic pathways in the liver. Emerging evidence outlined that hepatic mitochondria adapt in number and functionality in response to external cues, as high caloric intake and obesity, by modulating mitochondrial biogenesis, and maladaptive mitochondrial response has been described from the early stages of NAFLD. Indeed, mitochondrial plasticity is lost in progressive NAFLD and these organelles may assume an aberrant phenotype to drive or contribute to hepatocarcinogenesis. Severe alimentary regimen and physical exercise represent the cornerstone for NAFLD care, although the low patients' compliance is urging towards the discovery of novel pharmacological treatments. Mitochondrial-targeted drugs aimed to recover mitochondrial lifecycle and to modulate oxidative stress are becoming attractive molecules to be potentially introduced for NAFLD management. Although the path guiding the switch from bench to bedside remains tortuous, the study of mitochondrial dynamics is providing intriguing perspectives for future NAFLD healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Longo
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Marica Meroni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Erika Paolini
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Macchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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15
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Nga HT, Jang IY, Kim DA, Park SJ, Lee JY, Lee S, Kim JH, Lee E, Park JH, Lee YH, Yi HS, Kim BJ. Serum GDF15 Level Is Independent of Sarcopenia in Older Asian Adults. Gerontology 2021; 67:525-531. [PMID: 33690236 DOI: 10.1159/000513600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), induced by tissue inflammation and mitochondrial stress, has received significant attention as a biomarker of mitochondrial dysfunction and has been implicated in various age-related diseases. However, the association between circulating GDF15 and sarcopenia-associated outcomes in older adults remains to be established. AIM To validate previous experimental data and to investigate the possible role of GDF15 in aging and muscle physiology in humans, this study examined serum GDF15 levels in relation to sarcopenia-related parameters in a cohort of older Asian adults. METHODS Muscle mass and muscle function-related parameters, such as grip strength, gait speed, chair stands, and short physical performance battery score were evaluated by experienced nurses in 125 geriatric participants with or without sarcopenia. Sarcopenia was diagnosed using the Asian-specific cutoff points. Serum GDF15 levels were measured using an enzyme immunoassay kit. RESULTS Serum GDF15 levels were not significantly different according to sarcopenia status, muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance and were not associated with the skeletal muscle index, grip strength, gait speed, time to complete 5 chair stands, and short physical performance battery score, regardless of adjustments for sex, age, and BMI. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the definite role of GDF15 on muscle metabolism observed in animal models might not be evident in humans and that elevated GDF15 levels might not predict the risk for sarcopenia, at least in older Asian adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Thi Nga
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Young Jang
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Ae Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Jeong Park
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjoo Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeoung Hee Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunju Lee
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hoon Park
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Lee
- Protein Structure Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyon-Seung Yi
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea, .,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea,
| | - Beom-Jun Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Kim KS, Choi YK, Kim MJ, Hwang JW, Min K, Jung SY, Kim SK, Choi YS, Cho YW. Umbilical Cord-Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Conditioned Medium Improves Insulin Resistance in C2C12 Cell. Diabetes Metab J 2021; 45:260-269. [PMID: 32662257 PMCID: PMC8024157 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2019.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium (UC-MSC-CM) has emerged as a promising cell-free therapy. The aim of this study was to explore the therapeutic effects of UC-MSC-CM on insulin resistance in C2C12 cell. METHODS Insulin resistance was induced by palmitate. Effects of UC-MSC-CM on insulin resistance were evaluated using glucose uptake, glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) translocation, the insulin-signaling pathway, and mitochondrial contents and functions in C2C12 cell. RESULTS Glucose uptake was improved by UC-MSC-CM. UC-MSC-CM treatment increased only in membranous GLUT4 expression, not in cytosolic GLUT4 expression. It restored the insulin-signaling pathway in insulin receptor substrate 1 and protein kinase B. Mitochondrial contents evaluated by mitochondrial transcription factor A, mitochondrial DNA copy number, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha were increased by UC-MSC-CM. In addition, UC-MSC-CM significantly decreased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and increased fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial membrane potential. There was no improvement in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contents, but ATP synthesis was improved by UC-MSC-CM. Cytokine and active factor analysis of UC-MSC-CM showed that it contained many regulators inhibiting insulin resistance. CONCLUSION UC-MSC-CM improves insulin resistance with multiple mechanisms in C2C12 cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yeon Kyung Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Mi Jin Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jung Wook Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kyunghoon Min
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sang Youn Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Soo-Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yong-Wook Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
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17
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Zhu L, Zhou Q, He L, Chen L. Mitochondrial unfolded protein response: An emerging pathway in human diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 163:125-134. [PMID: 33347985 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is a mitochondria stress response, which the transcriptional activation programs of mitochondrial chaperone proteins and proteases are initiated to maintain proteostasis in mitochondria. Additionally, the activation of UPRmt delays aging and extends lifespan by maintaining mitochondrial proteostasis. Growing evidences suggests that UPRmt plays an important role in diverse human diseases, especially ageing-related diseases. Therefore, this review focuses on the role of UPRmt in ageing and ageing-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease. The activation of UPRmt and the high expression of UPRmt components contribute to longevity extension. The activation of UPRmt may ameliorate Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Besides, UPRmt is also involved in the occurrence and development of cancers and heart diseases. UPRmt contributes to the growth, invasive and metastasis of cancers. UPRmt has paradoxical roles in heart diseases. UPRmt not only protects against heart damage, but may sometimes aggravates the development of heart diseases. Considering the pleiotropic actions of UPRmt system, targeting UPRmt pathway may be a potent therapeutic avenue for neurodegenerative diseases, cancers and heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Qionglin Zhou
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Lu He
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China.
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
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18
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Urbina-Varela R, Castillo N, Videla LA, del Campo A. Impact of Mitophagy and Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response as New Adaptive Mechanisms Underlying Old Pathologies: Sarcopenia and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7704. [PMID: 33081022 PMCID: PMC7589512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the first-line defense of the cell in the presence of stressing processes that can induce mitochondrial dysfunction. Under these conditions, the activation of two axes is accomplished, namely, (i) the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) to promote cell recovery and survival of the mitochondrial network; (ii) the mitophagy process to eliminate altered or dysfunctional mitochondria. For these purposes, the former response induces the expression of chaperones, proteases, antioxidant components and protein import and assembly factors, whereas the latter is signaled through the activation of the PINK1/Parkin and BNIP3/NIX pathways. These adaptive mechanisms may be compromised during aging, leading to the development of several pathologies including sarcopenia, defined as the loss of skeletal muscle mass and performance; and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). These age-associated diseases are characterized by the progressive loss of organ function due to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced damage to biomolecules, since the ability to counteract the continuous and large generation of ROS becomes increasingly inefficient with aging, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction as a central pathogenic mechanism. Nevertheless, the role of the integrated stress response (ISR) involving UPRmt and mitophagy in the development and progression of these illnesses is still a matter of debate, considering that some studies indicate that the prolonged exposure to low levels of stress may trigger these mechanisms to maintain mitohormesis, whereas others sustain that chronic activation of them could lead to cell death. In this review, we discuss the available research that contributes to unveil the role of the mitochondrial UPR in the development of sarcopenia, in an attempt to describe changes prior to the manifestation of severe symptoms; and in NAFLD, in order to prevent or reverse fat accumulation and its progression by means of suitable protocols to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Urbina-Varela
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Bioenergética Celular, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7810000, Chile; (R.U.-V.); (N.C.)
| | - Nataly Castillo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Bioenergética Celular, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7810000, Chile; (R.U.-V.); (N.C.)
| | - Luis A. Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Andrea del Campo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Bioenergética Celular, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7810000, Chile; (R.U.-V.); (N.C.)
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19
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miR-29a Modulates GSK3β/SIRT1-Linked Mitochondrial Proteostatic Stress to Ameliorate Mouse Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186884. [PMID: 32961796 PMCID: PMC7555728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-29a (miR-29a) has been shown to ameliorate hepatocellular damage, such as in the context of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), steatohepatitis (NASH), and cholestatic injury. However, the mechanism mediating the hepatoprotective effect of miR-29a in diet-induced NASH remains elusive. In the present study, C57BL/6 mice of wild-type (WT) or miR-29a overexpression were fed with methionine–choline sufficient (MCS) or methionine–choline-deficient (MCD) diet for four weeks. The C57BL/6 mice harboring miR-29a overexpression presented reduced plasma AST, hepatic CD36, steatosis, and fibrosis induced by MCD. The TargetScan Release7.2-based bioinformatic analysis, KEGG pathway analysis, and luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-29a targets 3′UTR of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (Gsk3b) mRNA in the HepG2 hepatocyte cell line. Furthermore, miR-29a overexpression in the MCD-fed group resulted in inhibition of Gsk3b mRNA and GSK3β protein levels in the liver. GSK3β was notably expressed jointly with the extent of aggregated protein, which was then identified to be associated with mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), but not with endoplasmic reticulum UPR (UPRER). Additionally, in silico analysis of protein–protein interaction, in vivo, and in vitro correlation analyses of protein expression demonstrated that GSK3β closely associated with sirtuin 1(SIRT1). Finally, the implication of SIRT1-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis in the perturbation of proteostasis was observed. We herein provide novel insight into a hepatoprotective pathway, whereby miR-29a inhibits GSK3β to repress SIRT1-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis, leading to alleviation of mitochondrial proteostatic stress and UPRmt in the context of NASH. miR-29a, GSK3β, and SIRT1 could thus serve as possible therapeutic targets to improve the treatment of NAFLD/NASH.
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20
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Solano-Urrusquieta A, Morales-González JA, Castro-Narro GE, Cerda-Reyes E, Flores-Rangel PD, Fierros-Oceguera R. NRF-2 and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Ann Hepatol 2020; 19:458-465. [PMID: 31959521 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Currently, chronic liver diseases have conditioned morbidity and mortality, many of these with a metabolic, toxicologic, immunologic, viral, or other etiology. Thus, a transcription factor that has been of huge importance for biomedical research is NRF-2. The latter is considered a principal component of the antioxidant mechanism, and it has been acknowledged that it impairs the function of NRF-2 in many liver diseases and that it forms an essential part of the pathologic changes that occur in the liver to contain inflammation and damage. Within the investigations and experiments carried out, there are isolated drugs, many of them related to plants and natural extracts that possess antioxidant properties through the NRF-2 signaling pathway, or even involving the stimulation of the transcription target proteins of NRF-2. Notwithstanding all of these experimental findings, to date there is not sufficient clinical evidence to justify the use of NRF-2 in medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José A Morales-González
- Laboratory of Conservation Medicine, Higher School of Medicine, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | | | - Eira Cerda-Reyes
- Gastroenterology Section of the Central Military Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
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21
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Moon JS, Goeminne LJE, Kim JT, Tian JW, Kim S, Nga HT, Kang SG, Kang BE, Byun J, Lee Y, Jeon J, Shong M, Auwerx J, Ryu D, Yi H. Growth differentiation factor 15 protects against the aging-mediated systemic inflammatory response in humans and mice. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13195. [PMID: 32691494 PMCID: PMC7431835 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with aging-mediated inflammatory responses, leading to metabolic deterioration, development of insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is an important mitokine generated in response to mitochondrial stress and dysfunction; however, the implications of GDF15 to the aging process are poorly understood in mammals. In this study, we identified a link between mitochondrial stress-induced GDF15 production and protection from tissue inflammation on aging in humans and mice. We observed an increase in serum levels and hepatic expression of GDF15 as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines in elderly subjects. Circulating levels of cell-free mitochondrial DNA were significantly higher in elderly subjects with elevated serum levels of GDF15. In the BXD mouse reference population, mice with metabolic impairments and shorter survival were found to exhibit higher hepatic Gdf15 expression. Mendelian randomization links reduced GDF15 expression in human blood to increased body weight and inflammation. GDF15 deficiency promotes tissue inflammation by increasing the activation of resident immune cells in metabolic organs, such as in the liver and adipose tissues of 20-month-old mice. Aging also results in more severe liver injury and hepatic fat deposition in Gdf15-deficient mice. Although GDF15 is not required for Th17 cell differentiation and IL-17 production in Th17 cells, GDF15 contributes to regulatory T-cell-mediated suppression of conventional T-cell activation and inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these data reveal that GDF15 is indispensable for attenuating aging-mediated local and systemic inflammation, thereby maintaining glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Moon
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Chungnam National University Hospital Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Ludger J. E. Goeminne
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Jung Tae Kim
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Chungnam National University Hospital Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Jing Wen Tian
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Chungnam National University Hospital Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Seok‐Hwan Kim
- Department of Surgery Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Thi Nga
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Chungnam National University Hospital Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Gi Kang
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Chungnam National University Hospital Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Baeki E. Kang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Suwon Republic of Korea
| | - Jin‐Seok Byun
- Department of Oral Medicine School of Dentistry Kyungpook National University Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Young‐Sun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine Korea University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jae‐Han Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine Kyungpook National University Daegu Korea
| | - Minho Shong
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Chungnam National University Hospital Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Suwon Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS) Sungkyunkwan University Suwon Republic of Korea
- Samsung Biomedical Research InstituteSamsung Medical Center Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hyon‐Seung Yi
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Chungnam National University Hospital Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Republic of Korea
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22
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High-altitude chronic hypoxia ameliorates obesity-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice by regulating mitochondrial and AMPK signaling. Life Sci 2020; 252:117633. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Exogenous Therapeutics of Microrna-29a Attenuates Development of Hepatic Fibrosis in Cholestatic Animal Model through Regulation of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase p85 Alpha. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103636. [PMID: 32455716 PMCID: PMC7279217 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have found that microRNA-29a (miR-29a) levels are significantly lower in fibrotic livers, as shown with human liver cirrhosis. Such downregulation influences the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC). Phosphoinositide 3-kinase p85 alpha (PI3KP85α) is implicated in the regulation of proteostasis mitochondrial integrity and unfolded protein response (UPR) and apoptosis in hepatocytes. This study aimed to investigate the potential therapeutic role of miR-29a in a murine bile duct ligation (BDL)-cholestatic injury and liver fibrosis model. Mice were assigned to four groups: sham, BDL, BDL + scramble miRs, and BDL + miR-29a-mimic. Liver fibrosis and inflammation were assessed by histological staining and mRNA/protein expression of representative markers. Exogenous therapeutics of miR-29a in BDL-stressed mice significantly attenuated glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT)/glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and liver fibrosis, and caused a significant downregulation in markers related to inflammation (IL-1β), fibrogenesis (TGF-β1, α-SMA, and COL1α1), autophagy (p62 and LC3B II), mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt; C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), and Lon protease-1 (LONP1, a mitochondrial protease), and PI3KP85α within the liver tissue. An in vitro luciferase reporter assay further confirmed that miR-29a mimic directly targets mRNA 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of PI3KP85α to suppress its expression in HepG2 cell line. Our data provide new insights that therapeutic miR-29a improves cholestasis-induced hepatic inflammation and fibrosis and proteotstasis via blocking PI3KP85α, highlighting the potential of miR-29a targeted therapy for liver injury.
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Oh CM, Ryu D, Cho S, Jang Y. Mitochondrial Quality Control in the Heart: New Drug Targets for Cardiovascular Disease. Korean Circ J 2020; 50:395-405. [PMID: 32216174 PMCID: PMC7098821 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2019.0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable efforts to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease (CVD), it has become the leading cause of death worldwide. Cardiac mitochondria are crucial cell organelles responsible for creating energy-rich ATP and mitochondrial dysfunction is the root cause for developing heart failure. Therefore, maintenance of mitochondrial quality control (MQC) is an essential process for cardiovascular homeostasis and cardiac health. In this review, we describe the major mechanisms of MQC system, such as mitochondrial unfolded protein response and mitophagy. Moreover, we describe the results of MQC failure in cardiac mitochondria. Furthermore, we discuss the prospects of 2 drug candidates, urolithin A and spermidine, for restoring mitochondrial homeostasis to treat CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Myung Oh
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Korea
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sungsoo Cho
- Division of Cardiovascular medicine, Department of Internal medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Yangsoo Jang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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25
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Görgens SW, Jahn-Hofmann K, Bangari D, Cummings S, Metz-Weidmann C, Schwahn U, Wohlfart P, Schäfer M, Bielohuby M. A siRNA mediated hepatic dpp4 knockdown affects lipid, but not glucose metabolism in diabetic mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225835. [PMID: 31794591 PMCID: PMC6890245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp4) represents an effective and established treatment option for type 2 diabetes (T2D). The current study investigated in mice if a liver selective knock-down of dpp4 by therapeutic siRNAs could be a novel, similarly effective treatment option for T2D. Furthermore, the potential effects on hepatic steatosis, inflammation and lipid metabolism were investigated after hepato-selective knock-down of dpp4. The knock-down efficiency and IC50 values of siRNAs targeting dpp4 were analyzed in PC3 cells. In two independent studies, either db/db mice or C57BL/6J mice were injected intravenously with a liposomal formulation of siRNAs targeting either dpp4 or a non-targeting control, followed by metabolically characterization. In comparator groups, additional cohorts of mice were treated with an oral dpp4 inhibitor. In both animal studies, we observed a robust knock-down (~75%) of hepatic dpp4 with a potent siRNA. Hepatic dpp4 knockdown did not significantly affect glucose metabolism or circulating incretin concentrations in both animal studies. However, in obese and diabetic db/db mice hepatic steatosis was reduced and hepatic mRNA expression of acaca, scd1, fasn and pparg was significantly lower after siRNA treatment. Systemic inhibition of the enzymatic dpp4 activity by an oral dpp4 inhibitor significantly improved glucose handling in db/db mice but did not affect hepatic endpoints. These data demonstrate that a targeted reduction of dpp4 expression in the liver may not be sufficient to improve whole-body glucose metabolism in obese and diabetic mice but may improve hepatic lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kerstin Jahn-Hofmann
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dinesh Bangari
- Sanofi, Global Discovery Pathology, Translational In-vivo Models Framingham, MA, United States of America
| | - Sheila Cummings
- Sanofi, Global Discovery Pathology, Translational In-vivo Models Framingham, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Uwe Schwahn
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Paulus Wohlfart
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- * E-mail: (PW); (MB)
| | - Matthias Schäfer
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maximilian Bielohuby
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- * E-mail: (PW); (MB)
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26
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Lee J, Park JS, Roh YS. Molecular insights into the role of mitochondria in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Arch Pharm Res 2019; 42:935-946. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-019-01178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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