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Marí-Sanchis A, Burgos-Balmaseda J, Hidalgo-Borrajo R. Eating disorders in sport. Update and proposal for an integrated approach. ENDOCRINOL DIAB NUTR 2022; 69:131-143. [PMID: 35256056 DOI: 10.1016/j.endien.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Eating disorders are a group of conditions which have a huge impact on the health and performance of athletes. The aetiology of eating disorders is multifactorial, being influenced by genetic and environmental factors, but also involving psychological factors and factors specific to the practising of sport. Eating disorders are highly prevalent in sport, particularly in disciplines involving endurance, those that have weight-categories or those where low weight is a competitive advantage and aesthetics are important. Athletes with eating disorders need to be assessed and receive early, comprehensive treatment. Close monitoring of nutritional status is vital, especially with female athletes. Prevention is crucial and plays an invaluable role in this type of disorder, but represents a significant challenge for all professionals who look after athletes. Priority needs to be given to implementing structured nutrition training programmes for the athlete and their entourage to help prevent eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Marí-Sanchis
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Unidad de Nutrición Clínica y Dietética, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Navarra, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdisNa), Navarra, Spain.
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Marí-Sanchis A, Burgos-Balmaseda J, Hidalgo-Borrajo R. Eating disorders in sport. Update and proposal for an integrated approach. ENDOCRINOL DIAB NUTR 2021; 69:S2530-0164(21)00125-7. [PMID: 34148864 DOI: 10.1016/j.endinu.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Eating disorders are a group of conditions which have a huge impact on the health and performance of athletes. The aetiology of eating disorders is multifactorial, being influenced by genetic and environmental factors, but also involving psychological factors and factors specific to the practising of sport. Eating disorders are highly prevalent in sport, particularly in disciplines involving endurance, those that have weight-categories or those where low weight is a competitive advantage and aesthetics are important. Athletes with eating disorders need to be assessed and receive early, comprehensive treatment. Close monitoring of nutritional status is vital, especially with female athletes. Prevention is crucial and plays an invaluable role in this type of disorder, but represents a significant challenge for all professionals who look after athletes. Priority needs to be given to implementing structured nutrition training programmes for the athlete and their entourage to help prevent eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Marí-Sanchis
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Unidad de Nutrición Clínica y Dietética, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Navarra, España; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdisNa), Navarra, España.
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Jin QG, Shi WT, Wang YC, Li SY, Xue C, Xu HR, Wu MT, Wei Y. Oyster peptide prevents the occurrence of exercise-hypogonadal male condition by improving the function of pituitary gonadal axis in male rats. Andrologia 2021; 53:e14005. [PMID: 33565168 DOI: 10.1111/and.14005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the protective role of oyster peptide (OP) on the occurrence of Exercise-Hypogonadal Male Condition. Male rats were given heavy-load swimming training and / or OP was supplemented for 6 consecutive weeks. After heavy-load training, sperm count, sperm viability and sperm motility in epididymis, testosterone in serum and testis, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) and androgen receptor (AR) in testis and mating times were remarkably decreased, malondialdehyde (MDA), capture latency and mating latency were significantly increased, mRNA expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) and P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) were obviously down-regulated, but serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) were not statistically changed. Conversely, when OP was supplemented at heavy-load training, sperm count, sperm viability and sperm motility in epididymis, serum FSH, LH, testosterone, GSH-px, superoxide dismutase (SOD), testosterone, AR in testis and mating times were dramatically increased, while testicular MDA, capture latency and mating latency were significantly decreased, and mRNA expression of StAR, StARD7, P450scc and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) were significantly up-regulated. In conclusion, heavy-load training causes testicular spermatogenic and steroidogenic disorders by enhancing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can be protected by the co-administration of OP by enhancing the function of pituitary gonad axis and lowering ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Guan Jin
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Ting Shi
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Chen Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Yan Li
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chen Xue
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Hao-Ran Xu
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Tong Wu
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
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Sansone A, Sansone M, Vaamonde D, Sgrò P, Salzano C, Romanelli F, Lenzi A, Di Luigi L. Sport, doping and male fertility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2018; 16:114. [PMID: 30415644 PMCID: PMC6231265 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-018-0435-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is universally accepted that lifestyle interventions are the first step towards a good overall, reproductive and sexual health. Cessation of unhealthy habits, such as tobacco, alcohol and drug use, poor nutrition and sedentary behavior, is suggested in order to preserve/improve fertility in humans. However, the possible risks of physical exercise per se or sports on male fertility are less known. Being "fit" does not only improve the sense of well-being, but also has beneficial effects on general health: in fact physical exercise is by all means a low-cost, high-efficacy method for preventing or treating several conditions, ranging from purely physical (diabetes and obesity) to psychological (depression and anxiety), highly influencing male reproduction. If male sexual and reproductive health could be positively affected by a proper physical activity, inadequate bouts of strength - both excessive intensity and duration of exercise training - are more likely to have detrimental effects. In addition, the illicit use of prohibited drugs (i.e. doping) has reached pandemic proportions, and their actions, unfortunately very often underestimated by both amateur and professional athletes, are known to disrupt at different levels and throughout various mechanisms the male hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, resulting in hypogonadism and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sansone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza - University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Sansone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza - University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Diana Vaamonde
- Morphological Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Universidad de Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Paolo Sgrò
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology, Università degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico", Largo Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Ciro Salzano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Romanelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza - University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza - University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Di Luigi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology, Università degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico", Largo Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135, Rome, Italy.
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Lane AR, Hackney AC. Reproductive Dysfunction from the Stress of Exercise Training is not Gender Specific: The "Exercise-Hypogonadal Male Condition". ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 1. [PMID: 29657961 DOI: 10.15226/2374-6890/1/2/00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Investigative studies point to participation in exercise training as having significant detrimental effects upon reproductive hormonal profiles in men. Specifically, men chronically exposed to training for endurance sports exhibit persistently reduced basal (resting-state) free and total testosterone concentrations without concurrent LH elevations. Men displaying these symptoms have been deemed to exhibit the "Exercise-Hypogonadal Male Condition" (EHMC). The exact physiological mechanism inducing the reduction of testosterone in these men is currently unclear, but is postulated to be a dysfunction within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal regulatory axis. The potential exists for the reduced testosterone concentrations within EHMC men to be disruptive and detrimental to some anabolic-androgenic testosterone-dependent physiological processes. Findings, while limited, suggest spermatogenesis problems may exist in some cases; thus, infertility risk in such men is a critical concern. Present evidence suggests the EHMC condition is limited to men who have been persistently involved in chronic endurance exercise training for an extended period of time, and thus is not a highly prevalent occurrence. Nevertheless, it is critical that endocrinologist and fertility clinicians become more aware of the existence of EHMC as a potential problem-diagnosis in their male patients who exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Lane
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Nutrition - Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Abstract
Obesity has become a new worldwide health problem with significant impact not only on cardiovascular diseases but also on many other related disorders, highlighting infertility. Obesity may adversely affect male reproduction by endocrinologic, thermal, genetic, and sexual mechanisms. There is good evidence that obesity can be associated with reduced sperm concentrations, but studies about sperm motility, morphology, and DNA fragmentation have been less numerous and more conflicting. Although weight loss is the cornerstone of the treatment of obesity-related infertility, with promising results in restoring fertility and normal hormonal profiles, bariatric surgery impact on male fertility is still unclear and until now there is not enough data to support the informed consent in this scenario. Physicians are encouraged to highlight possible positive and/or negative impacts concerning male capacity of fertilization when informing patients. A balanced judgment and a personalized case-by-case management with patient involvement in decisions are fundamental in this setting and indication of cryopreservation of semen samples should be considered in selected circumstances. Well-structured trials controlled for confounders including female factors and based on solid outcomes (ie, birth rates) must urgently come up to clarify this emerging scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Oliveira Reis
- Division of Urology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Unicamp, Brazil.
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Palmer NO, Bakos HW, Owens JA, Setchell BP, Lane M. Diet and exercise in an obese mouse fed a high-fat diet improve metabolic health and reverse perturbed sperm function. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E768-80. [PMID: 22252945 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00401.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Male obesity is associated with reduced sperm motility and morphology and increased sperm DNA damage and oxidative stress; however, the reversibility of these phenotypes has never been studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the reversibility of obesity and its associated sperm physiology and function in mice in response to weight loss through diet and exercise. C57BL6 male mice (n = 40) were fed either a control diet (CD; 6% fat) or a high-fat diet (HFD; 21% fat) for 10 wk before allocation to either diet and/or swimming exercise interventions for 8 wk. Diet alone reduced adiposity (1.6-fold) and serum cholesterol levels (1.7-fold, P < 0.05), while exercise alone did not alter these, but exercise plus diet also improved glucose tolerance (1.3-fold, P < 0.05). Diet and/or exercise improved sperm motility (1.2-fold) and morphology (1.1-fold, P < 0.05), and reduced sperm DNA damage (1.5-fold), reactive oxygen species (1.1-fold), and mitochondrial membrane potential (1.2-fold, P < 0.05) and increased sperm binding (1.4-fold) (P < 0.05). Sperm parameters were highly correlated with measures of glycemia, insulin action, and serum cholesterol (all P < 0.05) regardless of adiposity or intervention, suggesting a link between systemic metabolic status and sperm function. This is the first study to show that the abnormal sperm physiology resulting from obesity can be reversed through diet and exercise, even in the presence of ongoing obesity, suggesting that diet and lifestyle interventions could be a combined approach to target subfertility in overweight and obese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole O Palmer
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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