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De Oliveira IB, Alves SDS, Ferreira MM, Santos AS, Farias KS, Assis ETCDM, Mora-Ocampo IY, Muñoz JJM, Costa EA, Gramacho KP, Pirovani CP. Apoplastomes of contrasting cacao genotypes to witches' broom disease reveals differential accumulation of PR proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1387153. [PMID: 38817930 PMCID: PMC11137319 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1387153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Witches' broom disease (WBD) affects cocoa trees (Theobroma cacao L.) and is caused by the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa that grows in the apoplast in its biotrophic phase and later progresses into the tissues, causing serious losses in the production of cocoa beans. Therefore, the apoplast of T. cacao can provide important defense responses during the interaction with M. perniciosa. In this work, the protein profile of the apoplast of the T. cacao genotypes Catongo, susceptible to WBD, and CCN-51, resistant one, was evaluated. The leaves of T. cacao were collected from asymptomatic plants grown in a greenhouse (GH) and from green witches' brooms grown under field (FD) conditions for extraction of apoplastic washing fluid (AWF). AWF was used in proteomic and enzymatic analysis. A total of 14 proteins were identified in Catongo GH and six in Catongo FD, with two proteins being common, one up-accumulated, and one down-accumulated. In CCN-51, 19 proteins were identified in the GH condition and 13 in FD, with seven proteins being common, one up-accumulated, and six down-accumulated. Most proteins are related to defense and stress in both genotypes, with emphasis on pathogenesis-related proteins (PR): PR-2 (β-1,3-glucanases), PR-3 and PR-4 (chitinases), PR-5 (thaumatine), PR-9 (peroxidases), and PR-14 (lipid transfer proteins). Furthermore, proteins from microorganisms were detected in the AWF. The enzymatic activities of PR-3 showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in Catongo GH and PR-2 activity (p < 0.01) in CCN-51 FD. The protein profile of the T. cacao apoplastome offers insight into the defense dynamics that occur in the interaction with the fungus M. perniciosa and offers new insights in exploring future WBD control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivina Barbosa De Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Saline dos Santos Alves
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Monaliza Macêdo Ferreira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ariana Silva Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Keilane Silva Farias
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Irma Yuliana Mora-Ocampo
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jonathan Javier Mucherino Muñoz
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Almeida Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Karina Peres Gramacho
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Centro de Pesquisa do Cacau (CEPEC/CEPLAC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
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Aime MC, Nzuzi AM, Lautenschläger T. Moniliophthora perniciosa in Angola, Africa-the First Record in the Eastern Hemisphere. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:1152-1156. [PMID: 38372722 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-23-1396-sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Moniliophthora perniciosa causes a destructive disease known as witches' broom disease of cacao (WBDC). WBDC has been responsible for major reductions in production or even total abandonment of cacao plantations in most countries that it has invaded. To date, however, the disease is known only from the cacao-producing regions of South America and a few Central American and Caribbean countries. It is not known from the Eastern Hemisphere and remains a major threat should it invade West Africa or Southeast Asia, where the majority of the world's chocolate production now occurs. In 2019, a pink pigmented mushroom was found fruiting from unidentified twigs in the Serra Vamba of Angola. The specimen was identified as M. perniciosa based on morphological and molecular analyses. Although Angola is not a major cacao-producing country, the presence of the fungus in the Eastern Hemisphere could be of global concern and may indicate the need for quarantine in Angola and vigilance in neighboring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Catherine Aime
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A
| | | | - Thea Lautenschläger
- Institute of Botany, TUD Dresden University of Technology, D-01217 Dresden, Germany
- Botanical Garden, Universität Hamburg, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany
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de Oliveira IB, Moura IM, Santana JO, Gramacho KP, Dos Santos Alves S, Ferreira MM, Santos AS, de Novais DPS, Pirovani CP. Cocoa Apoplastome Contains Defense Proteins Against Pathogens. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:427-440. [PMID: 37665571 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-23-0101-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The apoplast performs important functions in the plant, such as defense against stress, and compounds present form the apoplastic washing fluid (AWF). The fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease (WBD) in Theobroma cacao, initially colonizes the apoplast in its biotrophic phase. In this period, the fungus can remain for approximately 60 days, until it changes to its second phase, causing tissue death and consequently large loss in the production of beans. To better understand the importance of the apoplast in the T. cacao-M. perniciosa interaction, we performed the first apoplastic proteomic mapping of two contrasting genotypes for WBD resistance (CCN51-resistant and Catongo-susceptible). Based on two-dimensional gel analysis, we identified 36 proteins in CCN-51 and 15 in Catongo. We highlight PR-proteins, such as peroxidases, β-1,3-glucanases, and chitinases. A possible candidate for a resistance marker of the CCN-51 genotype, osmotin, was identified. The antioxidative metabolism of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the AWF of the two genotypes under field conditions (FD). T. cacao AWF inhibited the germination of M. perniciosa basidiospores (>80%), in addition to causing morphological changes. Our results shed more light on the nature of the plant's defense performed by the apoplast in the T. cacao-M. perniciosa interaction in the initial (biotrophic) phase of fungal infection and therefore make it possible to expand WBD control strategies based on the identification of potential targets for resistance markers and advance scientific knowledge of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Karina Peres Gramacho
- Centro de Pesquisa do Cacau (CEPEC/CEPLAC) Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Km 22 Rod. Ilhéus-Itabuna, Ilhéus, Bahia 45600-970, Brazil
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Reyes BMD, Fonseca PLC, Heming NM, Conceição LBDA, Nascimento KTDS, Gramacho KP, Arevalo-Gardini E, Pirovani CP, Aguiar ERGR. Characterization of the microbiota dynamics associated with Moniliophthora roreri, causal agent of cocoa frosty pod rot disease, reveals new viral species. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1053562. [PMID: 36817107 PMCID: PMC9936985 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1053562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Theobroma cacao, the cocoa tree, is a target for pathogens, such as fungi from the genera Phytophthora, Moniliophthora, Colletotrichum, Ceratocystis, among others. Some cacao pathogens are restricted to specific regions of the world, such as the Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) in West African countries, while others are expanding geographically, such as Moniliophthora roreri in the Americas. M. roreri is one of the most threatening cacao pathogens since it directly attacks the cacao pods driving a significant reduction in production, and therefore economic losses. Despite its importance, the knowledge about the microenvironment of this pathogen and the cocoa pods is still poorly characterized. Methods Herein we performed RNA sequencing of spores in differential stages of culture in a medium supplemented with cacao pod extract and mycelium collected of the susceptible variety ICT 7121 naturally infected by the pathogen to evaluate the diversity and transcriptional activity of microorganisms associated with the in vitro sporulation of M. roreri. Results Our data revealed a great variety of fungi and bacteria associated with M. roreri, with an exceptional diversity of individuals from the genus Trichoderma sp. Interestingly, the dynamics of microorganisms from different kingdoms varied proportionally, suggesting they are somehow affected by M. roreri culture time. We also identified three sequences similar to viral genomes from the Narnaviridae family, posteriorly confirmed by phylogenetic analysis as members of the genus Narnavirus. Screening of M. roreri public datasets indicated the virus sequences circulating in samples from Ecuador, suggesting a wide spread of these elements. Of note, we did not identify traces of the viral sequences in the M. roreri genome or DNA sequencing, restricting the possibility of these sequences representing endogenized elements. Discussion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of viruses infecting the fungus of the genus Moniliophthora and only the third description of viruses that are able to parasite elements from the Marasmiaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Luize Camargos Fonseca
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil,Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Neander Marcel Heming
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Karina Peres Gramacho
- Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau, Comissão Executivo do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira, CEPEC/CEPLAC, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Enrique Arevalo-Gardini
- Instituto de Cultivos Tropicales, Tarapoto, Peru,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Alto Amazonas, Yurimaguas, Peru
| | | | - Eric Roberto Guimarães Rocha Aguiar
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil,*Correspondence: Eric Roberto Guimarães Rocha Aguiar, ✉
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Huamán-Pilco AF, Torres-de la Cruz M, Aime MC, Leiva-Espinoza ST, Oliva-Cruz SM, Díaz-Valderrama JR. First Report of Thread Blight Caused by Marasmius tenuissimus on Cacao ( Theobroma cacao) in Peru. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 107:219. [PMID: 35522953 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-22-0420-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Peru is the second largest producer of organic cocoa and one of the most important suppliers of fine aroma cocoa beans in the world (Sánchez et al. 2019). The fine aroma cocoa produced by smallholder farmers in the Bagua and Utcubamba Provinces, Amazonas Department, under the name of "Cacao Amazonas Peru", is protected by the Peruvian appellation rules (Díaz-Valderrama et al. 2020). Despite this importance, native diseases of the crop (Theobroma cacao) are poorly documented due to difficulty of access in this region. In November 2020 we conducted expeditions into Imaza District (4°47'09.4"S 78°16'51.6"W), a significant producer of fine aroma cocoa in terms of number of cultivated plots (4,651 out of 6,505 total in the Bagua Province) (INEI 2012). We visited 20 farms of < 2-ha in size; in 19 of these small farms, T. cacao trees were found infected with a white fungal thread blight and rhizomorphs covering branches and leaves. Disease incidence ranged from 90 to nearly 100%, and severity exceeded 80% on the eight farms with the most deficient phytosanitary management. Heavily infected leaves were hanging on branches by mycelial threads, harboring tiny (0.5 to 5.3 mm broad) white mushrooms. These symptoms and signs correspond to the thread blight disease constellation (TBD) of cacao caused by various species of Marasmius and Marasmiellus (Amoako-Attah et al. 2020). Mushrooms lacked a collarium, and their stipes were absent or rudimentary (< 2-mm long) and eccentric, consistent with Marasmius tenuissimus (Tan et al. 2009). Axenic cultures were obtained by surface sterilization of mycelium threads with 2% NaClO, rinsed three times in sterile water, plated on potato dextrose agar medium (PDA), and incubated for 7 days at 25°C. Hyphae was non-pigmented with clamp connections, consistent with the genus Marasmius. We extracted the DNA of isolate INDES-AFHP31 using the Wizard® Purification Kit (Promega Corp., Madison, Wisconsin) and sequenced the rDNA internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 intervening the 5.8S subunit (ITS), and the 28S subunit (LSU) (Accession numbers: OM720123 and OM720135) according to Aime and Phillips-Mora (2005). The ITS and LSU sequences were 97.92 to 98.79% and 99.07 to 99.30% identical, respectively, with published sequences from M. tenuissimus from Ghana (Amoako-Attah et al. 2020). The pathogenicity test was conducted by inoculation of ten healthy cacao leaves with 7-day-old mycelium PDA discs of isolate INDES-AFHP31. An equal number of healthy cacao leaves were inoculated with PDA discs without mycelium as control. The observation of TBD symptoms and signs in the non-control set of cacao leaves starting at 3 days post inoculation, and the re-isolation of the same fungus from infected tissue confirmed its pathogenicity on cacao. Isolate INDES-AFHP31 was deposited as a dried culture into the herbarium Kuélap of the Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (voucher KUELAP-2251). Marasmius tenuissimus was originally reported from dead and living twigs and leaves of unidentified dicotyledonous trees from Indonesia, Brazil, and Bolivia (Singer 1976). However, it was first associated with TBD of cacao in Ghana in 2020, being the most frequently TBD-causing fungus isolated in the country (Amoako-Attah et al. 2020). Its discovery in 19 of the 20 surveyed cacao farms in Imaza District, Amazonas, Peru, reveals its importance as a cacao pathogen in the Western hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Fernando Huamán-Pilco
- Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, 216270, Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru;
| | - Magdiel Torres-de la Cruz
- Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, 27836, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico;
| | - Mary Catherine Aime
- Purdue Univ., Botany and Plant Pathology, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, Indiana, United States, 47907;
| | - Santos Triunfo Leiva-Espinoza
- Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, 216270, Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru;
| | - Segundo Manuel Oliva-Cruz
- Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, 216270, Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru;
| | - Jorge Ronny Díaz-Valderrama
- Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, 216270, Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru;
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Jaimes Y, Gonzalez C, Rojas J, Rivera JJ, Cilas C, Argout X. Population Structure of Moniliophthora perniciosa in the Main Cacao Producing Departments of Colombia. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:1492-1501. [PMID: 34879729 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-20-2679-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The witches' broom (Moniliophthora perniciosa) is considered as one of the main threats for cacao production and, consequently, for chocolate production worldwide. In this work, the genetic diversity and population structure of M. perniciosa were analyzed for 59 isolates collected in five departments of Colombia and using 10 microsatellite markers. Analyses revealed 35 multilocus genotypes and clonal populations structure according to linkage disequilibrium analysis. One of the objectives of this study was to determine whether populations were differentiated by geographic origin or Theobroma cacao host genotype. Analysis of molecular variance, discriminant analysis of principal components, and Bruvo genetic distance suggested that the genetic structure was driven by geographic origin and not by T. cacao genotype. The results of this study were consistent with previous findings obtained in other cocoa-producing countries. Important insights were discussed regarding the dispersal patterns of the pathogen in Colombia and the genetic change of its populations because of different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeirme Jaimes
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Centro de Investigación La Suiza, Rionegro, Santander 687511, Colombia
| | - Carolina Gonzalez
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Bogotá, Cundinamarca 0130, Colombia
| | - Jairo Rojas
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Centro de Investigación La Suiza, Rionegro, Santander 687511, Colombia
| | - Jessica Johana Rivera
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Centro de Investigación La Suiza, Rionegro, Santander 687511, Colombia
| | - Christian Cilas
- French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), Deputy Director General for Research and Strategy, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Cocody, 01 BP 6483 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Xavier Argout
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Centro de Investigación Palmira, Palmira, Valle del Cauca 763531, Colombia
- French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), UMR AGAP, Palmira 763532, Colombia
- AGAP, French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), the French National Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment (INRAE), Institut Agro, Université Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France
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Alves-Júnior M, de Sousa FO, Silva TF, Albino UB, Garcia MG, Moreira SMCDO, Vieira MRDS. Functional and morphological analysis of isolates of phylloplane and rhizoplane endophytic bacteria interacting in different cocoa production systems in the Amazon. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 2:100039. [PMID: 34841330 PMCID: PMC8610332 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic bacteria colonize different internal tissues of plants without damaging their cells. They can establish themselves in the same niche as other microorganisms and develop antagonistic activities against phytopathogens. There is little research on the functional and morphological characterization of these bacteria in production systems in the Amazon. Thus, the objective of this work was to functionally and morphologically characterize endophytic bacteria isolated from cocoa trees (Theobroma cacao L.) and evaluate their antagonistic potential against phytopathogens. A total of 197 endophytic bacteria isolates were obtained from leaves and roots of cocoa plants with different production systems and at different times of the year. The characterization of functional groups consisted of proteolytic, amylolytic and cellulolytic activity and ability to fix nitrogen and solubilize phosphate. Morphological diversity was evaluated mainly according to the following parameters: shape, color, size and elevation of the colony. Thirteen isolates of endophytic bacteria, selected by cluster analysis, were used to evaluate the antagonistic potential in paired trials against four species of phytopathogenic fungi. The largest amount of endophytic bacteria was isolated from the root (95.9%), in the dry season. The most expressive activities with regards to the enzyme index were amylolytic (71.9%), proteolytic (70.2%) and nitrogen fixing (38.6%), respectively. The similarity analysis formed two clusters with isolates CS R 2.4 and CS R 2.25 exhibiting 100% similarity. Five isolates displayed inhibitory activity against phytopathogenic fungi, most notably isolate TS R 2.19, which exhibited antagonistic activity against all fungi and mycelial growth inhibition rates between 25.7% and 50.7%. Understanding the interaction between endophytes in cocoa plants is important as a possible additional tool in biological control. Our studies are incipient and the first to be carried out in different cocoa production systems in the state of Pará, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Alves-Júnior
- Faculty of Agronomic Engineering, Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Phytopathology, Federal University of Pará, Altamira, PA, 68372-040, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Oliveira de Sousa
- Faculty of Agronomic Engineering, Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Phytopathology, Federal University of Pará, Altamira, PA, 68372-040, Brazil
| | - Thays Ferreira Silva
- Faculty of Agronomic Engineering, Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Phytopathology, Federal University of Pará, Altamira, PA, 68372-040, Brazil
| | - Ulisses Brigatto Albino
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of the South and Southeast of Pará, Marabá, PA 68507-590, Brazil
| | - Magali Gonçalves Garcia
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Federal University of Pará, Altamira, PA 68372-040, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Ribeiro da Silva Vieira
- Faculty of Agronomic Engineering, Laboratory of Physiology and Post-Harvest, Technology, Federal University of Pará, Altamira, PA 68372-040, Brazil
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Ferraz P, Brandão RL, Cássio F, Lucas C. Moniliophthora perniciosa, the Causal Agent of Cacao Witches' Broom Disease Is Killed in vitro by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Wickerhamomyces anomalus Yeasts. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:706675. [PMID: 34630345 PMCID: PMC8493218 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.706675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cacao plantations from South America have been afflicted with the severe fungal disease known as Witches’ Broom Disease (WBD), caused by the basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa. Yeasts are increasingly recognized as good fungal biocides, although their application is still mostly restricted to the postharvest control of plant and fruit decay. Their possible utilization in the field, in a preharvest phase, is nevertheless promising, particularly if the strains are locally adapted and evolved and if they belong to species considered safe for man and the environment. In this work, a group of yeast strains originating from sugarcane-based fermentative processes in Brazil, the cacao-producing country where the disease is most severe, were tested for their ability to antagonize M. perniciosa in vitro. Wickerhamomyces anomalus LBCM1105 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains LBCM1112 from spontaneous fermentations used to produce cachaça, and PE2 widely used in Brazil in the industrial production of bioethanol, efficiently antagonized six strains of M. perniciosa, originating from several South American countries. The two fastest growing fungal strains, both originating from Brazil, were further used to assess the mechanisms underlying the yeasts’ antagonism. Yeasts were able to inhibit fungal growth and kill the fungus at three different temperatures, under starvation, at different culture stages, or using an inoculum from old yeast cultures. Moreover, SEM analysis revealed that W. anomalus and S. cerevisiae PE2 cluster and adhere to the hyphae, push their surface, and fuse to them, ultimately draining the cells. This behavior concurs with that classified as necrotrophic parasitism/mycoparasitism. In particular, W. anomalus within the adhered clusters appear to be ligated to each other through roundish groups of fimbriae-like structures filled with bundles of microtubule-sized formations, which appear to close after cells detach, leaving a scar. SEM also revealed the formation of tube-like structures apparently connecting yeast to hypha. This evidence suggests W. anomalus cells form a network of yeast cells connecting with each other and with hyphae, supporting a possible cooperative collective killing and feeding strategy. The present results provide an initial step toward the formulation of a new eco-friendly and effective alternative for controlling cacao WBD using live yeast biocides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ferraz
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho-Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho-Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rogelio Lopes Brandão
- Nucleus of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Cássio
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho-Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho-Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cândida Lucas
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho-Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho-Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
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Díaz-Muñoz C, De Vuyst L. Functional yeast starter cultures for cocoa fermentation. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 133:39-66. [PMID: 34599633 PMCID: PMC9542016 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The quest to develop a performant starter culture mixture to be applied in cocoa fermentation processes started in the 20th century, aiming at achieving high‐quality, reproducible chocolates with improved organoleptic properties. Since then, different yeasts have been proposed as candidate starter cultures, as this microbial group plays a key role during fermentation of the cocoa pulp‐bean mass. Yeast starter culture‐initiated fermentation trials have been performed worldwide through the equatorial zone and the effects of yeast inoculation have been analysed as a function of the cocoa variety (Forastero, Trinitario and hybrids) and fermentation method (farm‐, small‐ and micro‐scale) through the application of physicochemical, microbiological and chemical techniques. A thorough screening of candidate yeast starter culture strains is sometimes done to obtain the best performing strains to steer the cocoa fermentation process and/or to enhance specific features, such as pectinolysis, ethanol production, citrate assimilation and flavour production. Besides their effects during cocoa fermentation, a significant influence of the starter culture mixture applied is often found on the cocoa liquors and/or chocolates produced thereof. Thus, starter culture‐initiated cocoa fermentation processes constitute a suitable strategy to elaborate improved flavourful chocolate products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Díaz-Muñoz
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc De Vuyst
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Vasconcelos AA, José J, Tokimatu PM, Camargo AP, Teixeira PJPL, Thomazella DPT, do Prado PFV, Fiorin GL, Costa JL, Figueira A, Carazzolle MF, Pereira GAG, Baroni RM. Adaptive evolution of Moniliophthora PR-1 proteins towards its pathogenic lifestyle. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:84. [PMID: 33990179 PMCID: PMC8120714 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01818-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant pathogenesis related-1 (PR-1) proteins belong to the CAP superfamily and have been characterized as markers of induced defense against pathogens. Moniliophthora perniciosa and Moniliophthora roreri are hemibiotrophic fungi that respectively cause the witches' broom disease and frosty pod rot in Theobroma cacao. Interestingly, a large number of plant PR-1-like genes are present in the genomes of both species and many are up-regulated during the biotrophic interaction. In this study, we investigated the evolution of PR-1 proteins from 22 genomes of Moniliophthora isolates and 16 other Agaricales species, performing genomic investigation, phylogenetic reconstruction, positive selection search and gene expression analysis. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis revealed conserved PR-1 genes (PR-1a, b, d, j), shared by many Agaricales saprotrophic species, that have diversified in new PR-1 genes putatively related to pathogenicity in Moniliophthora (PR-1f, g, h, i), as well as in recent specialization cases within M. perniciosa biotypes (PR-1c, k, l) and M. roreri (PR-1n). PR-1 families in Moniliophthora with higher evolutionary rates exhibit induced expression in the biotrophic interaction and positive selection clues, supporting the hypothesis that these proteins accumulated adaptive changes in response to host-pathogen arms race. Furthermore, although previous work showed that MpPR-1 can detoxify plant antifungal compounds in yeast, we found that in the presence of eugenol M. perniciosa differentially expresses only MpPR-1e, k, d, of which two are not linked to pathogenicity, suggesting that detoxification might not be the main function of most MpPR-1. CONCLUSIONS Based on analyses of genomic and expression data, we provided evidence that the evolution of PR-1 in Moniliophthora was adaptive and potentially related to the emergence of the parasitic lifestyle in this genus. Additionally, we also discuss how fungal PR-1 proteins could have adapted from basal conserved functions to possible roles in fungal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrielle A Vasconcelos
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana José
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo M Tokimatu
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio P Camargo
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo J P L Teixeira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela P T Thomazella
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula F V do Prado
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel L Fiorin
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana L Costa
- Centro de Energia Nuclear Na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Figueira
- Centro de Energia Nuclear Na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Carazzolle
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gonçalo A G Pereira
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Renata M Baroni
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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11
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Gómez-Zapata PA, Haelewaters D, Quijada L, Pfister DH, Aime MC. Notes on Trochila (Ascomycota, Leotiomycetes), with new species and combinations. MycoKeys 2021; 78:21-47. [PMID: 36761369 PMCID: PMC9849072 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.78.62046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of Trochila (Leotiomycetes, Helotiales, Cenangiaceae) are scarce. Here, we describe two new species based on molecular phylogenetic data and morphology. Trochilabostonensis was collected at the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area, Massachusetts. It was found on the stem of Asclepiassyriaca, representing the first report of any Trochila species from a plant host in the family Apocynaceae. Trochilaurediniophila is associated with the uredinia of the rust fungus Ceroteliumfici. It was discovered during a survey for rust hyperparasites conducted at the Arthur Fungarium, in a single sample from 1912 collected in Trinidad. Macro- and micromorphological descriptions, illustrations, and molecular phylogenetic analyses are presented. The two new species are placed in Trochila with high support in both our six-locus (SSU, ITS, LSU, rpb1, rpb2, tef1) and two-locus (ITS, LSU) phylogenetic reconstructions. In addition, two species are combined in Trochila: Trochilacolensoi (formerly placed in Pseudopeziza) and T.xishuangbanna (originally described as the only species in Calycellinopsis). This study reveals new host plant families, a new ecological strategy, and a new country record for the genus Trochila. Finally, our work emphasizes the importance of specimens deposited in biological collections such as fungaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Andrea Gómez-Zapata
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USAPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUnited States of America
| | - Danny Haelewaters
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USAPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUnited States of America
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USAHarvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States of America
- Farlow Herbarium and Reference Library of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAHarvard University HerbariaCambridgeUnited States of America
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech RepublicUniversity of South BohemiaČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
| | - Luis Quijada
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USAHarvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States of America
- Farlow Herbarium and Reference Library of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAHarvard University HerbariaCambridgeUnited States of America
| | - Donald H. Pfister
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USAHarvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States of America
- Farlow Herbarium and Reference Library of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAHarvard University HerbariaCambridgeUnited States of America
| | - M. Catherine Aime
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USAPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUnited States of America
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12
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Amoako-Attah I, Shahin AS, Aime MC, Odamtten GT, Cornelius E, Nyaku ST, Kumi-Asare E, Yahaya HB, Bailey BA. Identification and Characterization of Fungi Causing Thread Blight Diseases on Cacao in Ghana. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:3033-3042. [PMID: 32822261 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-20-0565-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Theobroma cacao (chocolate tree) is currently under serious threat from thread blight disease (TBD), which has been attributed to the causal agent Marasmiellus scandens in other regions of the world. TBD in Ghana has similar symptomology but variable signs. This study sought to determine whether TBD in Ghana was caused by a single agent and whether Marasmiellus scandens was a significant agent of TBD. Forty-eight isolates were collected from eight geographical locations in Ghana for morphological and molecular characterization. Disease signs occurred as vegetative rhizomorphs or hyphal aggregates, which were classified into five morphotypes: A, abundant thin, black, "horse hair"-type rhizomorphs; B, scattered brown rhizomorphs; C, whitish to brownish-white; D, faint cream or dull white; and E, aggregates of shiny or silky white hyphae. Sequencing and analyses of three loci-the internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear ribosomal repeat, nuclear large subunit, and mitochondrial small subunit-detected four species, all members of the Marasmiaceae, causing TBD-like disease. These were identified as Marasmius crinis-equi (morphotype A), Marasmius tenuissimus (morphotypes B and C), Marasmiellus palmivorus (morphotype E), and Marasmiellus scandens (morphotype D). Marasmius tenuissimus, the most frequently isolated TBD fungus in this study, is primarily an Asian fungus and not previously associated with diseases of cacao. Marasmiellus palmivorus, the second most frequently isolated fungus, is a pan-tropical pathogen with a broad host range; this is the first report of the fungus causing TBD on cacao. Marasmius crinis-equi also has a broad pan-tropical distribution and host range and causes thread blight on several tropical tree crops. Surprisingly, Marasmiellus scandens, the most frequently cited agent of TBD in cacao, made up only 8% of the isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali S Shahin
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, Northeast Area, USDA/ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A
| | - M Catherine Aime
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A
| | - George T Odamtten
- Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Eric Cornelius
- Department of Crop Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Salome T Nyaku
- Department of Crop Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - E Kumi-Asare
- Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, Akim New-Tafo, Ghana
| | | | - Bryan A Bailey
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, Northeast Area, USDA/ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A
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13
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Lücking R, Aime MC, Robbertse B, Miller AN, Ariyawansa HA, Aoki T, Cardinali G, Crous PW, Druzhinina IS, Geiser DM, Hawksworth DL, Hyde KD, Irinyi L, Jeewon R, Johnston PR, Kirk PM, Malosso E, May TW, Meyer W, Öpik M, Robert V, Stadler M, Thines M, Vu D, Yurkov AM, Zhang N, Schoch CL. Unambiguous identification of fungi: where do we stand and how accurate and precise is fungal DNA barcoding? IMA Fungus 2020; 11:14. [PMID: 32714773 PMCID: PMC7353689 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-020-00033-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
True fungi (Fungi) and fungus-like organisms (e.g. Mycetozoa, Oomycota) constitute the second largest group of organisms based on global richness estimates, with around 3 million predicted species. Compared to plants and animals, fungi have simple body plans with often morphologically and ecologically obscure structures. This poses challenges for accurate and precise identifications. Here we provide a conceptual framework for the identification of fungi, encouraging the approach of integrative (polyphasic) taxonomy for species delimitation, i.e. the combination of genealogy (phylogeny), phenotype (including autecology), and reproductive biology (when feasible). This allows objective evaluation of diagnostic characters, either phenotypic or molecular or both. Verification of identifications is crucial but often neglected. Because of clade-specific evolutionary histories, there is currently no single tool for the identification of fungi, although DNA barcoding using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) remains a first diagnosis, particularly in metabarcoding studies. Secondary DNA barcodes are increasingly implemented for groups where ITS does not provide sufficient precision. Issues of pairwise sequence similarity-based identifications and OTU clustering are discussed, and multiple sequence alignment-based phylogenetic approaches with subsequent verification are recommended as more accurate alternatives. In metabarcoding approaches, the trade-off between speed and accuracy and precision of molecular identifications must be carefully considered. Intragenomic variation of the ITS and other barcoding markers should be properly documented, as phylotype diversity is not necessarily a proxy of species richness. Important strategies to improve molecular identification of fungi are: (1) broadly document intraspecific and intragenomic variation of barcoding markers; (2) substantially expand sequence repositories, focusing on undersampled clades and missing taxa; (3) improve curation of sequence labels in primary repositories and substantially increase the number of sequences based on verified material; (4) link sequence data to digital information of voucher specimens including imagery. In parallel, technological improvements to genome sequencing offer promising alternatives to DNA barcoding in the future. Despite the prevalence of DNA-based fungal taxonomy, phenotype-based approaches remain an important strategy to catalog the global diversity of fungi and establish initial species hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lücking
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6–8, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi, Champaign, IL USA
| | - M. Catherine Aime
- International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi, Champaign, IL USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Barbara Robbertse
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 45 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Andrew N. Miller
- International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi, Champaign, IL USA
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820-6970 USA
| | - Hiran A. Ariyawansa
- International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi, Champaign, IL USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipe City, Taiwan
| | - Takayuki Aoki
- International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi, Champaign, IL USA
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Genetic Resources Center, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602 Japan
| | - Gianluigi Cardinali
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Borgo 20 Giugno, 74, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pedro W. Crous
- International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi, Champaign, IL USA
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Irina S. Druzhinina
- International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi, Champaign, IL USA
- Microbiology and Applied Genomics Group, Research Area Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE), TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - David M. Geiser
- Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - David L. Hawksworth
- International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi, Champaign, IL USA
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, TW9 3DS UK
- Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
- Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 Jilin Province China
| | - Kevin D. Hyde
- International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi, Champaign, IL USA
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
- Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Rai, 50150 Thailand
| | - Laszlo Irinyi
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital (Research and Education Network), Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Rajesh Jeewon
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - Peter R. Johnston
- International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi, Champaign, IL USA
- Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | | | - Elaine Malosso
- International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi, Champaign, IL USA
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Micologia, Laboratório de Hifomicetos de Folhedo, Avenida da Engenharia, s/n Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE 50.740-600 Brazil
| | - Tom W. May
- International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi, Champaign, IL USA
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Birdwood Avenue, Melbourne, Victoria 3004 Australia
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital (Research and Education Network), Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Maarja Öpik
- International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi, Champaign, IL USA
- University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51 005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vincent Robert
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Borgo 20 Giugno, 74, Perugia, Italy
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Stadler
- International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi, Champaign, IL USA
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marco Thines
- International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi, Champaign, IL USA
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60439 Frankfurt (Main); Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Duong Vu
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrey M. Yurkov
- International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi, Champaign, IL USA
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ning Zhang
- International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi, Champaign, IL USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Conrad L. Schoch
- International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi, Champaign, IL USA
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 45 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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14
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Niveiro N, Ramírez NA, Michlig A, Lodge DJ, Aime MC. Studies of Neotropical tree pathogens in Moniliophthora: a new species, M. mayarum, and new combinations for Crinipellis ticoi and C. brasiliensis. MycoKeys 2020; 66:39-54. [PMID: 32273793 PMCID: PMC7136302 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.66.48711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The crinipelloid genera Crinipellis and Moniliophthora (Agaricales, Marasmiaceae) are characterized by basidiomes that produce long, dextrinoid, hair-like elements on the pileus surface. Historically, most species are believed to be saprotrophic or, rarely, parasitic on plant hosts. The primary morphological diagnostic characters that separate Crinipellis and Moniliophthora are pliant vs. stiff (Crinipellis) stipes and a tendency toward production of reddish pigments (ranging from violet to orange) in the basidiome in Moniliophthora. Additionally, most species of Moniliophthora appear to have a biotrophic habit, while those of Crinipellis are predominantly saprotrophic. Recently, several new neotropical collections prompted a morphological and phylogenetic analysis of this group. Herein, we propose a new species and two new combinations: Moniliophthoramayarumsp. nov., described from Belize, is characterized by its larger pileus and narrower basidiospores relative to other related species; Moniliophthoraticoicomb. nov. (= Crinipellisticoi) is recollected and redescribed from biotrophic collections from northern Argentina; and M.brasiliensiscomb. nov. (= Crinipellisbrasiliensis), a parasite of Heteropterysacutifolia. The addition of these three parasitic species into Moniliophthora support a hypothesis of a primarily biotrophic/parasitic habit within this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Niveiro
- Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (IBONE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET). Sargento Cabral 2131, CC 209 Corrientes Capital, CP 3400, Argentina Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas Corrientes Argentina.,Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Av. Libertad 5470, Corrientes Capital, CP 3400, Argentina Universidad Nacional del Nordeste Corrientes Argentina
| | - Natalia A Ramírez
- Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (IBONE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET). Sargento Cabral 2131, CC 209 Corrientes Capital, CP 3400, Argentina Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas Corrientes Argentina.,Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Av. Libertad 5470, Corrientes Capital, CP 3400, Argentina Universidad Nacional del Nordeste Corrientes Argentina
| | - Andrea Michlig
- Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (IBONE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET). Sargento Cabral 2131, CC 209 Corrientes Capital, CP 3400, Argentina Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas Corrientes Argentina.,Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Av. Libertad 5470, Corrientes Capital, CP 3400, Argentina Universidad Nacional del Nordeste Corrientes Argentina
| | - D Jean Lodge
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA University of Georgia Athens United States of America
| | - M Catherine Aime
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2054, USA Purdue University West Lafayette United States of America
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15
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Wang YS, Dai TM, Tian H, Wan FH, Zhang GF. Comparative analysis of eight DNA extraction methods for molecular research in mealybugs. PLoS One 2020; 14:e0226818. [PMID: 31891602 PMCID: PMC6938366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For molecular research, the quality and integrity of DNA obtained will affect the reliability of subsequent results. Extracting quality DNA from scale insects, including mealybugs, can be difficult due to their small body size and waxy coating. In this study, we evaluate eight commonly used DNA extraction methods to determine their efficacy in PCR analysis across life stages and preservation times. We find that fresh samples, immediately upon collection or after 2 wks, resulted in the most effective DNA extraction. Methods using the DNeasy Blood & Tissue kit, NaCl, SDS-RNase A, and SDS isolated DNA of sufficient quality DNA. The SDS method gave high DNA yield, while the NaCl and SDS-RNase A methods gave lower yield. NaCl, SDS-RNase A, SDS, chloroform-isopentyl alcohol, and the salting-out methods all resulted in sufficient DNA for PCR, and performed equal to or better than that of the DNeasy Blood & Tissue kit. When time and cost per extraction were considered, the SDS method was most efficient, especially for later life stages of mealybug, regardless of preservation duration. DNA extracted from a single fresh sample of a female adult mealybug was adequate for more than 10,000 PCR reactions. For earlier stages, including the egg and 1st instar nymph samples, DNA was most effectively extracted by the Rapid method. Our results provide guidelines for the choice of effective DNA extraction method for mealybug or other small insects across different life stages and preservation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests / Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Mei Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests / Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Hu Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests / Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Caofeidian Sub-Center of Hebei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Technical Center, Tangshan, China
| | - Fang-Hao Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests / Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Management of Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Gui-Fen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests / Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Management of Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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16
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Marelli JP, Guest DI, Bailey BA, Evans HC, Brown JK, Junaid M, Barreto RW, Lisboa DO, Puig AS. Chocolate Under Threat from Old and New Cacao Diseases. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1331-1343. [PMID: 31115251 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-18-0477-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Theobroma cacao, the source of chocolate, is affected by destructive diseases wherever it is grown. Some diseases are endemic; however, as cacao was disseminated from the Amazon rain forest to new cultivation sites it encountered new pathogens. Two well-established diseases cause the greatest losses: black pod rot, caused by several species of Phytophthora, and witches' broom of cacao, caused by Moniliophthora perniciosa. Phytophthora megakarya causes the severest damage in the main cacao producing countries in West Africa, while P. palmivora causes significant losses globally. M. perniciosa is related to a sister basidiomycete species, M. roreri which causes frosty pod rot. These Moniliophthora species only occur in South and Central America, where they have significantly limited production since the beginnings of cacao cultivation. The basidiomycete Ceratobasidium theobromae causing vascular-streak dieback occurs only in South-East Asia and remains poorly understood. Cacao swollen shoot disease caused by Cacao swollen shoot virus is rapidly spreading in West Africa. This review presents contemporary research on the biology, taxonomy and genomics of what are often new-encounter pathogens, as well as the management of the diseases they cause.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David I Guest
- 2Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Bryan A Bailey
- 3USDA-ARS/Sustainable Perennial Crops Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A
| | | | - Judith K Brown
- 5School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, U.S.A
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- 2Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- 8Cocoa Research Group/Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, 90245 Makassar, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Alina S Puig
- 7USDA-ARS/Subtropical Horticultural Research Station, Miami, FL 33131, U.S.A
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17
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Ferraz P, Cássio F, Lucas C. Potential of Yeasts as Biocontrol Agents of the Phytopathogen Causing Cacao Witches' Broom Disease: Is Microbial Warfare a Solution? Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1766. [PMID: 31417539 PMCID: PMC6685038 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by fungal pathogens are responsible for major crop losses worldwide, with a significant socio-economic impact on the life of millions of people who depend on agriculture-exclusive economy. This is the case of the Witches’ Broom Disease (WBD) affecting cacao plant and fruit in South and Central America. The severity and extent of this disease is prospected to impact the growing global chocolate market in a few decades. WBD is caused by the basidiomycete fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa. The methods used to contain the fungus mainly rely on chemical fungicides, such as copper-based compounds or azoles. Not only are these highly ineffective, but also their utilization is increasingly restricted by the cacao industry, in part because it promotes fungal resistance, in part related to consumers’ health concerns and environmental awareness. Therefore, the disease is being currently tentatively controlled through phytosanitary pruning, although the full removal of infected plant material is impossible and the fungus maintains persistent inoculum in the soil, or using an endophytic fungal parasite of Moniliophthora perniciosa which production is not sustainable. The growth of Moniliophthora perniciosa was reported as being antagonized in vitro by some yeasts, which suggests that they could be used as biological control agents, suppressing the fungus multiplication and containing its spread. Concurrently, some yeast-based products are used in the protection of fruits from postharvest fungal spoilage, and the extension of diverse food products shelf-life. These successful applications suggest that yeasts can be regarded a serious alternative also in the pre-harvest management of WBD and other fungal plant diseases. Yeasts’ GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) nature adds to their appropriateness for field application, not raising major ecological concerns as do the present more aggressive approaches. Importantly, mitigating WBD, in a sustainable manner, would predictably have a high socioeconomic impact, contributing to diminish poverty in the cacao-producing rural communities severely affected by the disease. This review discusses the importance/advantages and the challenges that such a strategy would have for WBD containment, and presents the available information on the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying fungi antagonism by yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ferraz
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Cássio
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cândida Lucas
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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18
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Bolaños-Villegas P, Argüello-Miranda O. Meiosis Research in Orphan and Non-orphan Tropical Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:74. [PMID: 30891046 PMCID: PMC6411703 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant breeding is directly linked to the development of crops that can effectively adapt to challenging conditions such as soil nutrient depletion, water pollution, drought, and anthropogenic climate change. These conditions are extremely relevant in developing countries already burdened with population growth and unchecked urban expansion, especially in the tropical global southern hemisphere. Engineering new crops thus has potential to enhance food security, prevent hunger, and spur sustainable agricultural growth. A major tool for the improvement of plant varieties in this context could be the manipulation of homologous recombination and genome haploidization during meiosis. The isolation or the design of mutations in key meiotic genes may facilitate DNA recombination and transmission of important genes quickly and efficiently. Genome haploidization through centromeric histone mutants could be an option to create new crosses rapidly. This review covers technical approaches to engineer key meiotic genes in tropical crops as a blueprint for future work and examples of tropical crops in which such strategies could be applied are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Bolaños-Villegas
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Fabio Baudrit Agricultural Research Station, University of Costa Rica, Alajuela, Costa Rica
- *Correspondence: Pablo Bolaños-Villegas,
| | - Orlando Argüello-Miranda
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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19
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Santana JO, Gramacho KP, de Souza Eduvirgens Ferreira KT, Rezende RP, Mangabeira PAO, Dias RPM, Couto FM, Pirovani CP. Witches' broom resistant genotype CCN51 shows greater diversity of symbiont bacteria in its phylloplane than susceptible genotype catongo. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:194. [PMID: 30470193 PMCID: PMC6251189 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Theobroma cacao L. (cacao) is a perennial tropical tree, endemic to rainforests of the Amazon Basin. Large populations of bacteria live on leaf surfaces and these phylloplane microorganisms can have important effects on plant health. In recent years, the advent of high-throughput sequencing techniques has greatly facilitated studies of the phylloplane microbiome. In this study, we characterized the bacterial microbiome of the phylloplane of the catongo genotype (susceptible to witch’s broom) and CCN51 (resistant). Bacterial microbiome was determined by sequencing the V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Results After the pre-processing, a total of 1.7 million reads were considered. In total, 106 genera of bacteria were characterized. Proteobacteria was the predominant phylum in both genotypes. The exclusive genera of Catongo showed activity in the protection against UV radiation and in the transport of substrates. CCN51 presented genus that act in the biological control and inhibition in several taxonomic groups. Genotype CCN51 presented greater diversity of microorganisms in comparison to the Catongo genotype and the total community was different between both. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of leaves revealed that on the phylloplane, many bacterial occur in large aggregates in several regions of the surface and isolated nearby to the stomata. Conclusions We describe for the first time the phylloplane bacterial communities of T. cacao. The Genotype CCN51, resistant to the witch’s broom, has a greater diversity of bacterial microbioma in comparison to Catongo and a greater amount of exclusive microorganisms in the phylloplane with antagonistic action against phytopathogens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1339-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rachel Passos Rezende
- Department of Biological Science, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Pedro Moreira Dias
- BioISI: Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisco M Couto
- LaSIGE, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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20
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Barbosa CS, Fonseca RRD, Batista TM, Barreto MA, Argolo CS, Carvalho MRD, Amaral DOJD, Silva EMDA, Arévalo-Gardini E, Hidalgo KS, Franco GR, Pirovani CP, Micheli F, Gramacho KP. Genome sequence and effectorome of Moniliophthora perniciosa and Moniliophthora roreri subpopulations. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:509. [PMID: 29969982 PMCID: PMC6029071 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4875-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The hemibiotrophic pathogens Moniliophthora perniciosa (witches’ broom disease) and Moniliophthora roreri (frosty pod rot disease) are among the most important pathogens of cacao. Moniliophthora perniciosa has a broad host range and infects a variety of meristematic tissues in cacao plants, whereas M. roreri infects only pods of Theobroma and Herrania genera. Comparative pathogenomics of these fungi is essential to understand Moniliophthora infection strategies, therefore the detection and in silico functional characterization of effector candidates are important steps to gain insight on their pathogenicity. Results Candidate secreted effector proteins repertoire were predicted using the genomes of five representative isolates of M. perniciosa subpopulations (three from cacao and two from solanaceous hosts), and one representative isolate of M. roreri from Peru. Many putative effectors candidates were identified in M. perniciosa: 157 and 134 in cacao isolates from Bahia, Brazil; 109 in cacao isolate from Ecuador, 92 and 80 in wild solanaceous isolates from Minas Gerais (Lobeira) and Bahia (Caiçara), Brazil; respectively. Moniliophthora roreri showed the highest number of effector candidates, a total of 243. A set of eight core effectors were shared among all Moniliophthora isolates, while others were shared either between the wild solanaceous isolates or among cacao isolates. Mostly, candidate effectors of M. perniciosa were shared among the isolates, whereas in M. roreri nearly 50% were exclusive to the specie. In addition, a large number of cell wall-degrading enzymes characteristic of hemibiotrophic fungi were found. From these, we highlighted the proteins involved in cell wall modification, an enzymatic arsenal that allows the plant pathogens to inhabit environments with oxidative stress, which promotes degradation of plant compounds and facilitates infection. Conclusions The present work reports six genomes and provides a database of the putative effectorome of Moniliophthora, a first step towards the understanding of the functional basis of fungal pathogenicity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4875-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceslaine Santos Barbosa
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus, 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil.,Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira (CEPLAC), Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau (CEPEC), Seção de Fitossanidade (SEFIT), Laboratório de Fitopatologia Molecular (FITOMOL), km 22 Rod. Ilhéus Itabuna, Ilhéus, 45600-970, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rute R da Fonseca
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Thiago Mafra Batista
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais/Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana Araújo Barreto
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus, 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil.,Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira (CEPLAC), Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau (CEPEC), Seção de Fitossanidade (SEFIT), Laboratório de Fitopatologia Molecular (FITOMOL), km 22 Rod. Ilhéus Itabuna, Ilhéus, 45600-970, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Caio Suzart Argolo
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus, 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rocha de Carvalho
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus, 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil.,Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira (CEPLAC), Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau (CEPEC), Seção de Fitossanidade (SEFIT), Laboratório de Fitopatologia Molecular (FITOMOL), km 22 Rod. Ilhéus Itabuna, Ilhéus, 45600-970, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oliveira Jordão do Amaral
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus, 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Edson Mário de Andrade Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus, 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Karina Solis Hidalgo
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias - INIAP, Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Glória Regina Franco
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais/Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus, 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabienne Micheli
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus, 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil.,CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Karina Peres Gramacho
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus, 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil. .,Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira (CEPLAC), Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau (CEPEC), Seção de Fitossanidade (SEFIT), Laboratório de Fitopatologia Molecular (FITOMOL), km 22 Rod. Ilhéus Itabuna, Ilhéus, 45600-970, Bahia, Brazil.
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21
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Silva Monteiro de Almeida D, Oliveira Jordão do Amaral D, Del-Bem LE, Bronze dos Santos E, Santana Silva RJ, Peres Gramacho K, Vincentz M, Micheli F. Genome-wide identification and characterization of cacao WRKY transcription factors and analysis of their expression in response to witches' broom disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187346. [PMID: 29084273 PMCID: PMC5662177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation, led by transcription factors (TFs) such as those of the WRKY family, is a mechanism used by the organism to enhance or repress gene expression in response to stimuli. Here, we report on the genome-wide analysis of the Theobroma cacao WRKY TF family and also investigate the expression of WRKY genes in cacao infected by the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa. In the cacao genome, 61 non-redundant WRKY sequences were found and classified in three groups (I to III) according to the WRKY and zinc-finger motif types. The 61 putative WRKY sequences were distributed on the 10 cacao chromosomes and 24 of them came from duplication events. The sequences were phylogenetically organized according to the general WRKY groups. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that subgroups IIa and IIb are sister groups and share a common ancestor, as well as subgroups IId and IIe. The most divergent groups according to the plant origin were IIc and III. According to the phylogenetic analysis, 7 TcWRKY genes were selected and analyzed by RT-qPCR in susceptible and resistant cacao plants infected (or not) with M. perniciosa. Some TcWRKY genes presented interesting responses to M. perniciosa such as Tc01_p014750/Tc06_p013130/AtWRKY28, Tc09_p001530/Tc06_p004420/AtWRKY40, Tc04_p016130/AtWRKY54 and Tc10_p016570/ AtWRKY70. Our results can help to select appropriate candidate genes for further characterization in cacao or in other Theobroma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayanne Silva Monteiro de Almeida
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oliveira Jordão do Amaral
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
| | - Luiz-Eduardo Del-Bem
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil
| | - Emily Bronze dos Santos
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
| | - Raner José Santana Silva
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
| | | | - Michel Vincentz
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil
| | - Fabienne Micheli
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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22
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Darwiche R, El Atab O, Baroni RM, Teixeira PJPL, Mondego JMC, Pereira GAG, Schneiter R. Plant pathogenesis-related proteins of the cacao fungal pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa differ in their lipid-binding specificities. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:20558-20569. [PMID: 29042440 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.811398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Moniliophthora perniciosa is the causative agent of witches' broom disease, which devastates cacao cultures in South America. This pathogenic fungus infects meristematic tissues and derives nutrients from the plant apoplast during an unusually long-lasting biotrophic stage. To survive, the fungus produces proteins to suppress the plant immune response. Proteins of the PR-1 (pathogenesis-related 1)/CAP superfamily have been implicated in fungal virulence and immune suppression. The genome of M. perniciosa encodes 11 homologues of plant PR-1 proteins, designated MpPR-1 proteins, but their precise mode of action is poorly understood. In this study, we expressed MpPR-1 proteins in a yeast model lacking endogenous CAP proteins. We show that some members of the MpPR-1 family bind and promote secretion of sterols, whereas others bind and promote secretion of fatty acids. Lipid binding by purified MpPR-1 occurs with micromolar affinity and is saturable in vitro Sterol binding by MpPR-1 requires the presence of a flexible loop region containing aromatic amino acids, the caveolin-binding motif. Remarkably, MpPR-1 family members that do not bind sterols can be converted to sterol binders by a single point mutation in the caveolin-binding motif. We discuss the possible implications of the lipid-binding activity of MpPR-1 family members with regard to the mode of action of these proteins during M. perniciosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabih Darwiche
- From the Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ola El Atab
- From the Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Renata M Baroni
- the Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil, and.,the Laboratório de Genética e Expressão, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Paulo J P L Teixeira
- the Laboratório de Genética e Expressão, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Jorge M C Mondego
- the Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil, and
| | - Gonçalo A G Pereira
- the Laboratório de Genética e Expressão, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Roger Schneiter
- From the Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland,
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23
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Mares JH, Gramacho KP, Santos EC, da Silva Santiago A, Santana JO, de Sousa AO, Alvim FC, Pirovani CP. Proteomic analysis during of spore germination of Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease in cacao. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:176. [PMID: 28818052 PMCID: PMC5561645 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Moniliophthora perniciosa is a phytopathogenic fungus responsible for witches’ broom disease of cacao trees (Theobroma cacao L.). Understanding the molecular events during germination of the pathogen may enable the development of strategies for disease control in these economically important plants. In this study, we determined a comparative proteomic profile of M. perniciosa basidiospores during germination by two-dimensional SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry. Results A total of 316 proteins were identified. Molecular changes during the development of the germinative tube were identified by a hierarchical clustering analysis based on the differential accumulation of proteins. Proteins associated with fungal filamentation, such as septin and kinesin, were detected only 4 h after germination (hag). A transcription factor related to biosynthesis of the secondary metabolite fumagillin, which can form hybrids with polyketides, was induced 2 hag, and polyketide synthase was observed 4 hag. The accumulation of ATP synthase, binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), and catalase was validated by western blotting. Conclusions In this study, we showed variations in protein expression during the early germination stages of fungus M. perniciosa. Proteins associated with fungal filamentation, and consequently with virulence, were detected in basidiospores 4 hag., for example, septin and kinesin. We discuss these results and propose a model of the germination of fungus M. perniciosa. This research can help elucidate the mechanisms underlying basic processes of host invasion and to develop strategies for control of the disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-017-1085-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joise Hander Mares
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Everton Cruz Santos
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Oliveira Santana
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Aurizângela Oliveira de Sousa
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fátima Cerqueira Alvim
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil.
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24
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Baroni RM, Luo Z, Darwiche R, Hudspeth EM, Schneiter R, Pereira GAG, Mondego JMC, Asojo OA. Crystal Structure of MpPR-1i, a SCP/TAPS protein from Moniliophthora perniciosa, the fungus that causes Witches' Broom Disease of Cacao. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7818. [PMID: 28798297 PMCID: PMC5552782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07887-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic fungi Moniliophthora perniciosa causes Witches’ Broom Disease (WBD) of cacao. The structure of MpPR-1i, a protein expressed by M. perniciosa when it infects cacao, are presented. This is the first reported de novo structure determined by single-wavelength anomalous dispersion phasing upon soaking with selenourea. Each monomer has flexible loop regions linking the core alpha-beta-alpha sandwich topology that comprise ~50% of the structure, making it difficult to generate an accurate homology model of the protein. MpPR-1i is monomeric in solution but is packed as a high ~70% solvent content, crystallographic heptamer. The greatest conformational flexibility between monomers is found in loops exposed to the solvent channel that connect the two longest strands. MpPR-1i lacks the conserved CAP tetrad and is incapable of binding divalent cations. MpPR-1i has the ability to bind lipids, which may have roles in its infection of cacao. These lipids likely bind in the palmitate binding cavity as observed in tablysin-15, since MpPR-1i binds palmitate with comparable affinity as tablysin-15. Further studies are required to clarify the possible roles and underlying mechanisms of neutral lipid binding, as well as their effects on the pathogenesis of M. perniciosa so as to develop new interventions for WBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata M Baroni
- Genomics and Expression Laboratory (LGE), Institute of Biology, CP 6109, 13083-862 UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil.,Agronomic Institute (IAC), CP 28, CEP 13012-970, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Zhipu Luo
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Section, Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Argonne, Illinois, 60439, USA
| | - Rabih Darwiche
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Museé 10, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Elissa M Hudspeth
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Roger Schneiter
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Museé 10, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Gonçalo A G Pereira
- Genomics and Expression Laboratory (LGE), Institute of Biology, CP 6109, 13083-862 UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Oluwatoyin A Asojo
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Valasques Junior GL, Boffo EF, Santos JDG, Brandão HN, Mascarenhas AJS, Cruz FT, Assis SA. The extraction and characterisation of a polysaccharide from Moniliophthora perniciosa CCMB 0257. Nat Prod Res 2017; 31:1647-1654. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1285302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gildomar L. Valasques Junior
- Departamento de Saúde, Laboratório de Enzimologia e Tecnologia de Fermentação, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Brazil
| | - Elisangela F. Boffo
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Salvador, Brasil
| | - Jener David G. Santos
- Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Bahia, Brasil
| | - Hugo Neves Brandão
- Departamento de Saúde, Laboratório de Bioprospecção Vegetal (LABIV), Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Brazil
| | - Artur J. S. Mascarenhas
- Departamento de Química Geral e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal da Bahia – UFBA, Salvador, Brasil
| | - Fernanda T. Cruz
- Departamento de Química Geral e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal da Bahia – UFBA, Salvador, Brasil
| | - Sandra A. Assis
- Departamento de Saúde, Laboratório de Enzimologia e Tecnologia de Fermentação, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Brazil
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Genome size, cytogenetic data and transferability of EST-SSRs markers in wild and cultivated species of the genus Theobroma L. (Byttnerioideae, Malvaceae). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170799. [PMID: 28187131 PMCID: PMC5302445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Theobroma comprises several trees species native to the Amazon. Theobroma cacao L. plays a key economic role mainly in the chocolate industry. Both cultivated and wild forms are described within the genus. Variations in genome size and chromosome number have been used for prediction purposes including the frequency of interspecific hybridization or inference about evolutionary relationships. In this study, the nuclear DNA content, karyotype and genetic diversity using functional microsatellites (EST-SSR) of seven Theobroma species were characterized. The nuclear content of DNA for all analyzed Theobroma species was 1C = ~ 0.46 pg. These species presented 2n = 20 with small chromosomes and only one pair of terminal heterochromatic bands positively stained (CMA+/DAPI− bands). The small size of Theobroma ssp. genomes was equivalent to other Byttnerioideae species, suggesting that the basal lineage of Malvaceae have smaller genomes and that there was an expansion of 2C values in the more specialized family clades. A set of 20 EST-SSR primers were characterized for related species of Theobroma, in which 12 loci were polymorphic. The polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.23 to 0.65, indicating a high level of information per locus. Combined results of flow cytometry, cytogenetic data and EST-SSRs markers will contribute to better describe the species and infer about the evolutionary relationships among Theobroma species. In addition, the importance of a core collection for conservation purposes is highlighted.
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Kirschner R, Lee IS, Chen CJ. Ovularia puerariae Sawada is the hyphomycetous anamorph of a new Marasmius species on living leaves of kudzu (Pueraria montana, Fabaceae). Mycologia 2017; 105:781-92. [DOI: 10.3852/12-285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - I-Shu Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongda Road 300, Jhongli City, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Chee-Jen Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University, Nan-Tai Street 1, Yungkang City, Tainan 71043, Taiwan R.O.C
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Motilal LA, Zhang D, Mischke S, Meinhardt LW, Boccara M, Fouet O, Lanaud C, Umaharan P. Association mapping of seed and disease resistance traits in Theobroma cacao L. PLANTA 2016; 244:1265-1276. [PMID: 27534964 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2582-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism markers that could be used in marker assisted breeding of cacao were identified for number of filled seeds, black pod resistance and witches' broom disease resistance. An association mapping approach was employed to identify markers for seed number and resistance to black pod and witches' broom disease (WBD) in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). Ninety-five microsatellites (SSRs) and 775 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were assessed on 483 unique trees in the International Cocoa Genebank Trinidad (ICGT). Linkage disequilibrium (LD) and association mapping studies were conducted to identify markers to tag the phenotypic traits. Decay of LD occurred over an average 9.3 cM for chromosomes 1-9 and 2.5 cM for chromosome 10. Marker/trait associations were generally identified based on general linear models (GLMs) that incorporated principal components from molecular information on relatedness factor. Seven markers (mTcCIR 8, 66, 126, 212; TcSNP368, 697, 1370) on chromosomes 1 and 9 were identified for number of filled seeds (NSEED). A single marker was found for black pod resistance (mTcCIR280) on chromosome 3, whereas six markers on chromosomes 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 were detected for WBD (mTcCIR91, 183; TcSNP375, 720, 1230 and 1374). It is expected that this association mapping study in cacao would contribute to the knowledge of the genetic determinism of cocoa traits and that the markers identified herein would prove useful in marker assisted breeding of cacao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambert A Motilal
- Cocoa Research Centre, The University of the West Indies, Sir Frank Stockdale Bldg., St. Augustine, Trinidad, 330912, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- USDA/ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, PSI, SPCL, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg. 001, Rm. 223, BARC-W, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Sue Mischke
- USDA/ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, PSI, SPCL, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg. 001, Rm. 223, BARC-W, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Lyndel W Meinhardt
- USDA/ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, PSI, SPCL, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg. 001, Rm. 223, BARC-W, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Michel Boccara
- Cocoa Research Centre, The University of the West Indies, Sir Frank Stockdale Bldg., St. Augustine, Trinidad, 330912, Trinidad and Tobago
- CIRAD-UMR AGAP (Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement), Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Olivier Fouet
- CIRAD-UMR AGAP (Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement), Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Claire Lanaud
- CIRAD-UMR AGAP (Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement), Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Pathmanathan Umaharan
- Cocoa Research Centre, The University of the West Indies, Sir Frank Stockdale Bldg., St. Augustine, Trinidad, 330912, Trinidad and Tobago
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de Mattos-Shipley K, Ford K, Alberti F, Banks A, Bailey A, Foster G. The good, the bad and the tasty: The many roles of mushrooms. Stud Mycol 2016; 85:125-157. [PMID: 28082758 PMCID: PMC5220184 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi are often inconspicuous in nature and this means it is all too easy to overlook their importance. Often referred to as the "Forgotten Kingdom", fungi are key components of life on this planet. The phylum Basidiomycota, considered to contain the most complex and evolutionarily advanced members of this Kingdom, includes some of the most iconic fungal species such as the gilled mushrooms, puffballs and bracket fungi. Basidiomycetes inhabit a wide range of ecological niches, carrying out vital ecosystem roles, particularly in carbon cycling and as symbiotic partners with a range of other organisms. Specifically in the context of human use, the basidiomycetes are a highly valuable food source and are increasingly medicinally important. In this review, seven main categories, or 'roles', for basidiomycetes have been suggested by the authors: as model species, edible species, toxic species, medicinal basidiomycetes, symbionts, decomposers and pathogens, and two species have been chosen as representatives of each category. Although this is in no way an exhaustive discussion of the importance of basidiomycetes, this review aims to give a broad overview of the importance of these organisms, exploring the various ways they can be exploited to the benefit of human society.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.M.J. de Mattos-Shipley
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - K.L. Ford
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - F. Alberti
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
- School of Life Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - A.M. Banks
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
- School of Biology, Devonshire Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - A.M. Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - G.D. Foster
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
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Protein profile and protein interaction network of Moniliophthora perniciosa basidiospores. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:120. [PMID: 27342316 PMCID: PMC4919874 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0753-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Witches' broom, a disease caused by the basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa, is considered to be the most important disease of the cocoa crop in Bahia, an area in the Brazilian Amazon, and also in the other countries where it is found. M. perniciosa germ tubes may penetrate into the host through intact or natural openings in the cuticle surface, in epidermis cell junctions, at the base of trichomes, or through the stomata. Despite its relevance to the fungal life cycle, basidiospore biology has not been extensively investigated. In this study, our goal was to optimize techniques for producing basidiospores for protein extraction, and to produce the first proteomics analysis map of ungerminated basidiospores. We then presented a protein interaction network by using Ustilago maydis as a model. RESULTS The average pileus area ranged from 17.35 to 211.24 mm(2). The minimum and maximum productivity were 23,200 and 6,666,667 basidiospores per basidiome, respectively. The protein yield in micrograms per million basidiospores were approximately 0.161; 2.307, and 3.582 for germination times of 0, 2, and 4 h after germination, respectively. A total of 178 proteins were identified through mass spectrometry. These proteins were classified according to their molecular function and their involvement in biological processes such as cellular energy production, oxidative metabolism, stress, protein synthesis, and protein folding. Furthermore, to better understand the expression pattern, signaling, and interaction events of spore proteins, we presented an interaction network using orthologous proteins from Ustilago maydis as a model. Most of the orthologous proteins that were identified in this study were not clustered in the network, but several of them play a very important role in hypha development and branching. CONCLUSIONS The quantities of basidiospores 7 × 10(9); 5.2 × 10(8), and 6.7 × 10(8) were sufficient to obtain enough protein mass for the three 2D-PAGE replicates, for the 0, 2, and 4 h-treatments, respectively. The protein extraction method that is based on sedimentation, followed by sonication with SDS-dense buffer, and phenolic extraction, which was utilized in this study, was effective, presenting a satisfactory resolution and reproducibility for M. perniciosa basidiospores. This report constitutes the first comprehensive study of protein expression during the ungerminated stage of the M. perniciosa basidiospore. Identification of the spots observed in the reference gel enabled us to know the main molecular interactions involved in the initial metabolic processes of fungal development.
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Díaz-Valderrama JR, Aime MC. The cacao pathogen Moniliophthora roreri (Marasmiaceae) possesses biallelic A and B mating loci but reproduces clonally. Heredity (Edinb) 2016; 116:491-501. [PMID: 26932308 PMCID: PMC4868271 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The cacao pathogen Moniliophthora roreri belongs to the mushroom-forming family Marasmiaceae, but it has never been observed to produce a fruiting body, which calls to question its capacity for sexual reproduction. In this study, we identified potential A (HD1 and HD2) and B (pheromone precursors and pheromone receptors) mating genes in M. roreri. A PCR-based method was subsequently devised to determine the mating type for a set of 47 isolates from across the geographic range of the fungus. We developed and generated an 11-marker microsatellite set and conducted association and linkage disequilibrium (standardized index of association, IA(s)) analyses. We also performed an ancestral reconstruction analysis to show that the ancestor of M. roreri is predicted to be heterothallic and tetrapolar, which together with sliding window analyses support that the A and B mating loci are likely unlinked and follow a tetrapolar organization within the genome. The A locus is composed of a pair of HD1 and HD2 genes, whereas the B locus consists of a paired pheromone precursor, Mr_Ph4, and receptor, STE3_Mr4. Two A and B alleles but only two mating types were identified. Association analyses divided isolates into two well-defined genetically distinct groups that correlate with their mating type; IA(s) values show high linkage disequilibrium as is expected in clonal reproduction. Interestingly, both mating types were found in South American isolates but only one mating type was found in Central American isolates, supporting a prior hypothesis of clonal dissemination throughout Central America after a single or very few introductions of the fungus from South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Díaz-Valderrama
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - M C Aime
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Ferraz dos Santos L, Moreira Fregapani R, Falcão LL, Togawa RC, Costa MMDC, Lopes UV, Peres Gramacho K, Alves RM, Micheli F, Marcellino LH. First Microsatellite Markers Developed from Cupuassu ESTs: Application in Diversity Analysis and Cross-Species Transferability to Cacao. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151074. [PMID: 26949967 PMCID: PMC4780773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The cupuassu tree (Theobroma grandiflorum) (Willd. ex Spreng.) Schum. is a fruitful species from the Amazon with great economical potential, due to the multiple uses of its fruit´s pulp and seeds in the food and cosmetic industries, including the production of cupulate, an alternative to chocolate. In order to support the cupuassu breeding program and to select plants presenting both pulp/seed quality and fungal disease resistance, SSRs from Next Generation Sequencing ESTs were obtained and used in diversity analysis. From 8,330 ESTs, 1,517 contained one or more SSRs (1,899 SSRs identified). The most abundant motifs identified in the EST-SSRs were hepta- and trinucleotides, and they were found with a minimum and maximum of 2 and 19 repeats, respectively. From the 1,517 ESTs containing SSRs, 70 ESTs were selected based on their functional annotation, focusing on pulp and seed quality, as well as resistance to pathogens. The 70 ESTs selected contained 77 SSRs, and among which, 11 were polymorphic in cupuassu genotypes. These EST-SSRs were able to discriminate the cupuassu genotype in relation to resistance/susceptibility to witches’ broom disease, as well as to pulp quality (SST/ATT values). Finally, we showed that these markers were transferable to cacao genotypes, and that genome availability might be used as a predictive tool for polymorphism detection and primer design useful for both Theobroma species. To our knowledge, this is the first report involving EST-SSRs from cupuassu and is also a pioneer in the analysis of marker transferability from cupuassu to cacao. Moreover, these markers might contribute to develop or saturate the cupuassu and cacao genetic maps, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Ferraz dos Santos
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662–900 Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília-DF, 70770–917, Brazil
| | | | - Loeni Ludke Falcão
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília-DF, 70770–917, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fabienne Micheli
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662–900 Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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Royaert S, Jansen J, da Silva DV, de Jesus Branco SM, Livingstone DS, Mustiga G, Marelli JP, Araújo IS, Corrêa RX, Motamayor JC. Identification of candidate genes involved in Witches' broom disease resistance in a segregating mapping population of Theobroma cacao L. in Brazil. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:107. [PMID: 26865216 PMCID: PMC4750280 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2415-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Witches’ broom disease (WBD) caused by the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa is responsible for considerable economic losses for cacao producers. One of the ways to combat WBD is to plant resistant cultivars. Resistance may be governed by a few genetic factors, mainly found in wild germplasm. Results We developed a dense genetic linkage map with a length of 852.8 cM that contains 3,526 SNPs and is based on the MP01 mapping population, which counts 459 trees from a cross between the resistant ‘TSH 1188’ and the tolerant ‘CCN 51’ at the Mars Center for Cocoa Science in Barro Preto, Bahia, Brazil. Seven quantitative trait loci (QTL) that are associated with WBD were identified on five different chromosomes using a multi-trait QTL analysis for outbreeders. Phasing of the haplotypes at the major QTL region on chromosome IX on a diversity panel of genotypes clearly indicates that the major resistance locus comes from a well-known source of WBD resistance, the clone ‘SCAVINA 6’. Various potential candidate genes identified within all QTL may be involved in different steps leading to disease resistance. Preliminary expression data indicate that at least three of these candidate genes may play a role during the first 12 h after infection, with clear differences between ‘CCN 51’ and ‘TSH 1188’. Conclusions We combined the information from a large mapping population with very distinct parents that segregate for WBD, a dense set of mapped markers, rigorous phenotyping capabilities and the availability of a sequenced genome to identify several genomic regions that are involved in WBD resistance. We also identified a novel source of resistance that most likely comes from the ‘CCN 51’ parent. Thanks to the large population size of the MP01 population, we were able to pick up QTL and markers with relatively small effects that can contribute to the creation and selection of more tolerant/resistant plant material. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2415-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Royaert
- Mars Center for Cocoa Science, CP 55, Itajuípe, BA, CEP 45.630-000, Brazil.
| | - Johannes Jansen
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 100, 6700 AC, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Daniela Viana da Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 16, Bairro Salobrinho, Ilhéus, BA, CEP 45.662-900, Brazil.
| | - Samuel Martins de Jesus Branco
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 16, Bairro Salobrinho, Ilhéus, BA, CEP 45.662-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Guiliana Mustiga
- Mars, Incorporated, 13601 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL, 33158, USA.
| | | | - Ioná Santos Araújo
- Departamento de Ciências Vegetais, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Arido, BR 110 - Km 47, Bairro Pres. Costa e Silva, Mossoró, RN, CEP 59.625-900, Brazil.
| | - Ronan Xavier Corrêa
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 16, Bairro Salobrinho, Ilhéus, BA, CEP 45.662-900, Brazil.
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Santana JO, Freire L, de Sousa AO, Fontes Soares VL, Gramacho KP, Pirovani CP. Characterization of the legumains encoded by the genome of Theobroma cacao L. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 98:162-170. [PMID: 26691061 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Legumains are cysteine proteases related to plant development, protein degradation, programmed cell death, and defense against pathogens. In this study, we have identified and characterized three legumains encoded by Theobroma cacao genome through in silico analyses, three-dimensional modeling, genetic expression pattern in different tissues and as a response to the inoculation of Moniliophthora perniciosa fungus. The three proteins were named TcLEG3, TcLEG6, and TcLEG9. Histidine and cysteine residue which are part of the catalytic site were conserved among the proteins, and they remained parallel in the loop region in the 3D modeling. Three-dimensional modeling showed that the propeptide, which is located in the terminal C region of legumains blocks the catalytic cleft. Comparing dendrogram data with the relative expression analysis, indicated that TcLEG3 is related to the seed legumain group, TcLEG6 is related with the group of embryogenesis activities, and protein TcLEG9, with processes regarding the vegetative group. Furthermore, the expression analyses proposes a significant role for the three legumains during the development of Theobroma cacao and in its interaction with M. perniciosa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laís Freire
- Biotechnology and Genetics Center, State University of Santa Cruz, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Biotechnology and Genetics Center, State University of Santa Cruz, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
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Teixeira PJPL, Thomazella DPDT, Pereira GAG. Time for Chocolate: Current Understanding and New Perspectives on Cacao Witches' Broom Disease Research. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005130. [PMID: 26492417 PMCID: PMC4619654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães Pereira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Franco SDF, Baroni RM, Carazzolle MF, Teixeira PJPL, Reis O, Pereira GAG, Mondego JMC. Genomic analyses and expression evaluation of thaumatin-like gene family in the cacao fungal pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 466:629-36. [PMID: 26367180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) are found in diverse eukaryotes. Plant TLPs, known as Pathogenicity Related Protein (PR-5), are considered fungal inhibitors. However, genes encoding TLPs are frequently found in fungal genomes. In this work, we have identified that Moniliophthora perniciosa, a basidiomycete pathogen that causes the Witches' Broom Disease (WBD) of cacao, presents thirteen putative TLPs from which four are expressed during WBD progression. One of them is similar to small TLPs, which are present in phytopathogenic basidiomycete, such as wheat stem rust fungus Puccinia graminis. Fungi genomes annotation and phylogenetic data revealed a larger number of TLPs in basidiomycetes when comparing with ascomycetes, suggesting that these proteins could be involved in specific traits of mushroom-forming species. Based on the present data, we discuss the contribution of TLPs in the combat against fungal competitors and hypothesize a role of these proteins in M. perniciosa pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulamita de Freitas Franco
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Moro Baroni
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Instituto Agronômico, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Falsarella Carazzolle
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo José Pereira Lima Teixeira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Reis
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães Pereira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Kües U, Navarro-González M. How do Agaricomycetes shape their fruiting bodies? 1. Morphological aspects of development. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Freitas ACO, Souza CF, Monzani PS, Garcia W, de Almeida AAF, Costa MGC, Pirovani CP. The activity of TcCYS4 modified by variations in pH and temperature can affect symptoms of witches' broom disease of cocoa, caused by the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121519. [PMID: 25830226 PMCID: PMC4382335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytocystatins regulate various physiological processes in plants, including responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, mainly because they act as inhibitors of cysteine proteases. In this study, we have analyzed four cystatins from Theobroma cacao L. previously identified in ESTs libraries of the interaction with the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa and named TcCYS1, TcCYS2, TcCYS3 and TcCYS4. The recombinant cystatins were purified and subjected to the heat treatment, at different temperatures, and their thermostabilities were monitored using their ability to inhibit papain protease. TcCYS1 was sensitive to temperatures above 50°C, while TcCYS2, TcCYS3, and TcCYS4 were thermostable. TcCYS4 presented a decrease of inhibitory activity when it was treated at temperatures between 60 and 70°C, with the greater decrease occurring at 65°C. Analyses by native gel electrophoresis and size-exclusion chromatography showed that TcCYS4 forms oligomers at temperatures between 60 and 70°C, condition where reduction of inhibitory activity was observed. TcCYS4 oligomers remain stable for up to 20 days after heat treatment and are undone after treatment at 80°C. TcCYS4 presented approximately 90% of inhibitory activity at pH values between 5 and 9. This protein treated at temperatures above 45°C and pH 5 presented reduced inhibitory activity against papain, suggesting that the pH 5 enhances the formation of TcCYS4 oligomers. A variation in the titratable acidity was observed in tissues of T. cacao during the symptoms of witches’ broom disease. Our findings suggest that the oligomerization of TcCYS4, favored by variations in pH, is an endergonic process. We speculate that this process can be involved in the development of the symptoms of witches’ broom disease in cocoa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristiane Ferreira Souza
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Monzani
- Centro de Biologia e Ciêncais da Saúde, Universidade do Norte do Paraná, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Wanius Garcia
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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de Oliveira Ceita G, Vilas-Boas LA, Castilho MS, Carazzolle MF, Pirovani CP, Selbach-Schnadelbach A, Gramacho KP, Ramos PIP, Barbosa LV, Pereira GAG, Góes-Neto A. Analysis of the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway cloning, molecular characterization and phylogeny of lanosterol 14 α-demethylase (ERG11) gene of Moniliophthora perniciosa. Genet Mol Biol 2014; 37:683-93. [PMID: 25505843 PMCID: PMC4261968 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572014005000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytopathogenic fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa (Stahel) Aime & Philips-Mora, causal agent of witches' broom disease of cocoa, causes countless damage to cocoa production in Brazil. Molecular studies have attempted to identify genes that play important roles in fungal survival and virulence. In this study, sequences deposited in the M. perniciosa Genome Sequencing Project database were analyzed to identify potential biological targets. For the first time, the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway in M. perniciosa was studied and the lanosterol 14α-demethylase gene (ERG11) that encodes the main enzyme of this pathway and is a target for fungicides was cloned, characterized molecularly and its phylogeny analyzed. ERG11 genomic DNA and cDNA were characterized and sequence analysis of the ERG11 protein identified highly conserved domains typical of this enzyme, such as SRS1, SRS4, EXXR and the heme-binding region (HBR). Comparison of the protein sequences and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the M. perniciosa enzyme was most closely related to that of Coprinopsis cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geruza de Oliveira Ceita
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Microbiologia,
Departamento de Ciências Biológicas,
Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana,
Feira de Santana,
BA,
Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular,
Instituto de Biologia,
Departamento de Biologia Geral,
Universidade Federal da Bahia,
Salvador,
BA,
Brazil
| | - Laurival Antônio Vilas-Boas
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas,
Departamento de Biologia Geral,
Universidade Estadual de Londrina,
Londrina,
PR,
Brazil
| | - Marcelo Santos Castilho
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Modelagem Molecular,
Departamento do Medicamento,
Faculdade de Farmácia,
Universidade Federal da Bahia,
Salvador,
BA,
Brazil
| | - Marcelo Falsarella Carazzolle
- Laboratório de Genômica e Proteômica,
Departamento de Genética e Evolução,
Universidade Estadual de Campinas,
Campinas,
SP,
Brazil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética,
Departamento de Ciências Biológicas,
Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz,
Ilhéus,
BA,
Brazil
| | - Alessandra Selbach-Schnadelbach
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular,
Instituto de Biologia,
Departamento de Biologia Geral,
Universidade Federal da Bahia,
Salvador,
BA,
Brazil
| | - Karina Peres Gramacho
- Laboratório de Fitopatologia Molecular,
Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau,
Ilhéus,
BA,
Brazil
| | - Pablo Ivan Pereira Ramos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular,
Instituto de Biologia,
Departamento de Biologia Geral,
Universidade Federal da Bahia,
Salvador,
BA,
Brazil
| | - Luciana Veiga Barbosa
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular,
Instituto de Biologia,
Departamento de Biologia Geral,
Universidade Federal da Bahia,
Salvador,
BA,
Brazil
| | | | - Aristóteles Góes-Neto
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Microbiologia,
Departamento de Ciências Biológicas,
Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana,
Feira de Santana,
BA,
Brazil
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Pereira Menezes S, de Andrade Silva EM, Matos Lima E, Oliveira de Sousa A, Silva Andrade B, Santos Lima Lemos L, Peres Gramacho K, da Silva Gesteira A, Pirovani CP, Micheli F. The pathogenesis-related protein PR-4b from Theobroma cacao presents RNase activity, Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) dependent-DNase activity and antifungal action on Moniliophthora perniciosa. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:161. [PMID: 24920373 PMCID: PMC4079191 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production and accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins (PR proteins) in plants in response to biotic or abiotic stresses is well known and is considered as a crucial mechanism for plant defense. A pathogenesis-related protein 4 cDNA was identified from a cacao-Moniliophthora perniciosa interaction cDNA library and named TcPR-4b. RESULTS TcPR-4b presents a Barwin domain with six conserved cysteine residues, but lacks the chitin-binding site. Molecular modeling of TcPR-4b confirmed the importance of the cysteine residues to maintain the protein structure, and of several conserved amino acids for the catalytic activity. In the cacao genome, TcPR-4b belonged to a small multigene family organized mainly on chromosome 5. TcPR-4b RT-qPCR analysis in resistant and susceptible cacao plants infected by M. perniciosa showed an increase of expression at 48 hours after infection (hai) in both cacao genotypes. After the initial stage (24-72 hai), the TcPR-4b expression was observed at all times in the resistant genotypes, while in the susceptible one the expression was concentrated at the final stages of infection (45-90 days after infection). The recombinant TcPR-4b protein showed RNase, and bivalent ions dependent-DNase activity, but no chitinase activity. Moreover, TcPR-4b presented antifungal action against M. perniciosa, and the reduction of M. perniciosa survival was related to ROS production in fungal hyphae. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first report of a PR-4 showing simultaneously RNase, DNase and antifungal properties, but no chitinase activity. Moreover, we showed that the antifungal activity of TcPR-4b is directly related to RNase function. In cacao, TcPR-4b nuclease activities may be related to the establishment and maintenance of resistance, and to the PCD mechanism, in resistant and susceptible cacao genotypes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pereira Menezes
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Edson Mario de Andrade Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Eline Matos Lima
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Aurizângela Oliveira de Sousa
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Bruno Silva Andrade
- Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Av. José Moreira Sobrinho, Jequié, Bahia 45206-190, Brazil
| | | | | | - Abelmon da Silva Gesteira
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Rua Embrapa, s/n°, CEP44380-000 Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Fabienne Micheli
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France
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41
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de Oliveira JJS, Sanchez-Ramirez S, Capelari M. Some new species and new varieties of Marasmius (Marasmiaceae, Basidiomycota) from Atlantic Rainforest areas of São Paulo State, Brazil. Mycol Prog 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-014-0978-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Meinhardt LW, Costa GGL, Thomazella DPT, Teixeira PJPL, Carazzolle MF, Schuster SC, Carlson JE, Guiltinan MJ, Mieczkowski P, Farmer A, Ramaraj T, Crozier J, Davis RE, Shao J, Melnick RL, Pereira GAG, Bailey BA. Genome and secretome analysis of the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen, Moniliophthora roreri, which causes frosty pod rot disease of cacao: mechanisms of the biotrophic and necrotrophic phases. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:164. [PMID: 24571091 PMCID: PMC3948071 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The basidiomycete Moniliophthora roreri is the causal agent of Frosty pod rot (FPR) disease of cacao (Theobroma cacao), the source of chocolate, and FPR is one of the most destructive diseases of this important perennial crop in the Americas. This hemibiotroph infects only cacao pods and has an extended biotrophic phase lasting up to sixty days, culminating in plant necrosis and sporulation of the fungus without the formation of a basidiocarp. RESULTS We sequenced and assembled 52.3 Mb into 3,298 contigs that represent the M. roreri genome. Of the 17,920 predicted open reading frames (OFRs), 13,760 were validated by RNA-Seq. Using read count data from RNA sequencing of cacao pods at 30 and 60 days post infection, differential gene expression was estimated for the biotrophic and necrotrophic phases of this plant-pathogen interaction. The sequencing data were used to develop a genome based secretome for the infected pods. Of the 1,535 genes encoding putative secreted proteins, 1,355 were expressed in the biotrophic and necrotrophic phases. Analysis of the data revealed secretome gene expression that correlated with infection and intercellular growth in the biotrophic phase and invasive growth and plant cellular death in the necrotrophic phase. CONCLUSIONS Genome sequencing and RNA-Seq was used to determine and validate the Moniliophthora roreri genome and secretome. High sequence identity between Moniliophthora roreri genes and Moniliophthora perniciosa genes supports the taxonomic relationship with Moniliophthora perniciosa and the relatedness of this fungus to other basidiomycetes. Analysis of RNA-Seq data from infected plant tissues revealed differentially expressed genes in the biotrophic and necrotrophic phases. The secreted protein genes that were upregulated in the biotrophic phase are primarily associated with breakdown of the intercellular matrix and modification of the fungal mycelia, possibly to mask the fungus from plant defenses. Based on the transcriptome data, the upregulated secreted proteins in the necrotrophic phase are hypothesized to be actively attacking the plant cell walls and plant cellular components resulting in necrosis. These genes are being used to develop a new understanding of how this disease interaction progresses and to identify potential targets to reduce the impact of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndel W Meinhardt
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Lab, USDA/ARS, Bldg 001 Rm 223 Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Gustavo Gilson Lacerda Costa
- Centro Nacional de Processamento de Alto Desempenho em São Paulo, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6141, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela PT Thomazella
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo José PL Teixeira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Falsarella Carazzolle
- Centro Nacional de Processamento de Alto Desempenho em São Paulo, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6141, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Stephan C Schuster
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - John E Carlson
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mark J Guiltinan
- Department of Horticulture, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Piotr Mieczkowski
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Mary Ellen Jones, Room 921, 27599-3280 Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew Farmer
- National Center of Genomic Research, 2935 Rodeo Park Drive East Santa Fe, NM 87505 Santa Fe, USA
| | - Thiruvarangan Ramaraj
- National Center of Genomic Research, 2935 Rodeo Park Drive East Santa Fe, NM 87505 Santa Fe, USA
| | | | - Robert E Davis
- Molecular Plant Pathology Lab, USDA/ARS, Bldg 004 Rm 119 Beltsville Agricultural Research Center West, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Jonathan Shao
- Molecular Plant Pathology Lab, USDA/ARS, Bldg 004 Rm 119 Beltsville Agricultural Research Center West, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Rachel L Melnick
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Lab, USDA/ARS, Bldg 001 Rm 223 Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Gonçalo AG Pereira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Bryan A Bailey
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Lab, USDA/ARS, Bldg 001 Rm 223 Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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de O Barsottini MR, de Oliveira JF, Adamoski D, Teixeira PJPL, do Prado PFV, Tiezzi HO, Sforça ML, Cassago A, Portugal RV, de Oliveira PSL, de M Zeri AC, Dias SMG, Pereira GAG, Ambrosio ALB. Functional diversification of cerato-platanins in Moniliophthora perniciosa as seen by differential expression and protein function specialization. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:1281-93. [PMID: 23902259 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-13-0148-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cerato-platanins (CP) are small, cysteine-rich fungal-secreted proteins involved in the various stages of the host-fungus interaction process, acting as phytotoxins, elicitors, and allergens. We identified 12 CP genes (MpCP1 to MpCP12) in the genome of Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease in cacao, and showed that they present distinct expression profiles throughout fungal development and infection. We determined the X-ray crystal structures of MpCP1, MpCP2, MpCP3, and MpCP5, representative of different branches of a phylogenetic tree and expressed at different stages of the disease. Structure-based biochemistry, in combination with nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry, allowed us to define specialized capabilities regarding self-assembling and the direct binding to chitin and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) tetramers, a fungal cell wall building block, and to map a previously unknown binding region in MpCP5. Moreover, fibers of MpCP2 were shown to act as expansin and facilitate basidiospore germination whereas soluble MpCP5 blocked NAG6-induced defense response. The correlation between these roles, the fungus life cycle, and its tug-of-war interaction with cacao plants is discussed.
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Argôlo Santos Carvalho H, de Andrade Silva EM, Carvalho Santos S, Micheli F. Polygalacturonases from Moniliophthora perniciosa are regulated by fermentable carbon sources and possible post-translational modifications. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 60:110-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Penton CR, StLouis D, Cole JR, Luo Y, Wu L, Schuur EAG, Zhou J, Tiedje JM. Fungal diversity in permafrost and tallgrass prairie soils under experimental warming conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:7063-72. [PMID: 24014534 PMCID: PMC3811548 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01702-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil fungi play a major role in terrestrial ecosystem functioning through interactions with soil structure, plants, micro- and mesofauna, and nutrient cycling through predation, pathogenesis, mutualistic, and saprotrophic roles. The diversity of soil fungi was assessed by sequencing their 28S rRNA gene in Alaskan permafrost and Oklahoma tallgrass prairie soils at experimental sites where the effect of climate warming is under investigation. A total of 226,695 reads were classified into 1,063 genera, covering 62% of the reference data set. Using the Bayesian Classifier offered by the Ribosomal Database Project (RDP) with 50% bootstrapping classification confidence, approximately 70% of sequences were returned as "unclassified" at the genus level, although the majority (∼65%) were classified at the class level, which provided insight into these lesser-known fungal lineages. Those unclassified at the genus level were subjected to BLAST analysis against the ARB-SILVA database, where ∼50% most closely matched nonfungal taxa. Compared to the more abundant sequences, a higher proportion of rare operational taxonomic units (OTU) were successfully classified to genera at 50% bootstrap confidence, indicating that the fungal rare biosphere in these sites is not composed of sequencing artifacts. There was no significant effect after 1 year of warming on the fungal community structure at both sites, except perhaps for a few minor members, but there was a significant effect of sample depth in the permafrost soils. Despite overall significant community structure differences driven by variations in OTU dominance, the prairie and permafrost soils shared 90% and 63% of all fungal sequences, respectively, indicating a fungal "seed bank" common between both sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Ryan Penton
- Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Derek StLouis
- Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - James R. Cole
- Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Liyou Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - E. A. G Schuur
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jizhong Zhou
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - James M. Tiedje
- Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Teixeira PJPL, Costa GGL, Fiorin GL, Pereira GAG, Mondego JMC. Novel receptor-like kinases in cacao contain PR-1 extracellular domains. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:602-9. [PMID: 23573899 PMCID: PMC6638629 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Members of the pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR-1) family are well-known markers of plant defence responses, forming part of the arsenal of the secreted proteins produced on pathogen recognition. Here, we report the identification of two cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) PR-1s that are fused to transmembrane regions and serine/threonine kinase domains, in a manner characteristic of receptor-like kinases (RLKs). These proteins (TcPR-1f and TcPR-1g) were named PR-1 receptor kinases (PR-1RKs). Phylogenetic analysis of RLKs and PR-1 proteins from cacao indicated that PR-1RKs originated from a fusion between sequences encoding PR-1 and the kinase domain of a LecRLK (Lectin Receptor-Like Kinase). Retrotransposition marks surround TcPR-1f, suggesting that retrotransposition was involved in the origin of PR-1RKs. Genes with a similar domain architecture to cacao PR-1RKs were found in rice (Oryza sativa), barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) and a nonphototrophic bacterium (Herpetosiphon aurantiacus). However, their kinase domains differed from those found in LecRLKs, indicating the occurrence of convergent evolution. TcPR-1g expression was up-regulated in the biotrophic stage of witches' broom disease, suggesting a role for PR-1RKs during cacao defence responses. We hypothesize that PR-1RKs transduce a defence signal by interacting with a PR-1 ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo José Pereira Lima Teixeira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-Uicamp, CP 6109, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
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Bacillus subtilis and Enterobacter cloacae endophytes from healthy Theobroma cacao L. trees can systemically colonize seedlings and promote growth. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:2639-51. [PMID: 23212670 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4574-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Clonal genotypes resistant to fungal diseases are an important component of the cocoa production system in southeastern Bahia state (Brazil), so that technologies for faster production of stronger and healthier plantlets are highly desirable. In this study, the effects of inoculated bacterial endophytes isolated from healthy adult cacao plants on seedlings, and aspects related to inoculation methods, colonization patterns, and photosynthesis were investigated. Sequencing of 16S rRNA, hsp-60, and rpo-B genes placed the wild-type isolates within the species Enterobacter cloacae (isolates 341 and 344) and Bacillus subtilis (isolate 629). Spontaneous rifampicin-resistant (rif(R)) variants for 344 were also produced and tested. Endophytic application was either by immersion of surface sterilized seeds in bacterial suspensions or direct inoculation into soil, 20 days after planting non-inoculated seeds into pots. Results from in vitro recovery of inoculated isolates showed that the wild-type endophytes and rif(R) variants systemically colonized the entire cacao seedlings in 15-20 days, regardless of the inoculation method. Some endophytic treatments showed significant increases in seedlings' height, number of leaves, and dry matter. Inoculation methods affected the combined application of endophytes, which maintained the growth-promotion effects, but not in the same manner as in single applications. Interestingly, the 344-3.2 rif(R) variant showed improved performance in relation to both the wild type and another related variant. Photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance increased significantly for some endophytic treatments, being partially associated with effects on growth and affected by the inoculation method. The results suggest that E. cloacae and B. subtilis endophytes from healthy adult plants (not transmitted by seeds) were able to promote vegetative growth on cacao seedlings. The development of products for large-scale use in seedlings/plantlets production systems was discussed.
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Deng C, Li T, Li T, Antonín V. New Species and New Records in Marasmius sect. Sicci from China. CRYPTOGAMIE MYCOL 2012. [DOI: 10.7872/crym.v33.iss4.2012.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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de Oliveira BV, Teixeira GS, Reis O, Barau JG, Teixeira PJPL, do Rio MCS, Domingues RR, Meinhardt LW, Paes Leme AF, Rincones J, Pereira GAG. A potential role for an extracellular methanol oxidase secreted by Moniliophthora perniciosa in Witches' broom disease in cacao. Fungal Genet Biol 2012; 49:922-32. [PMID: 23022488 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The hemibiotrophic basidiomycete fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of Witches' broom disease (WBD) in cacao, is able to grow on methanol as the sole carbon source. In plants, one of the main sources of methanol is the pectin present in the structure of cell walls. Pectin is composed of highly methylesterified chains of galacturonic acid. The hydrolysis between the methyl radicals and galacturonic acid in esterified pectin, mediated by a pectin methylesterase (PME), releases methanol, which may be decomposed by a methanol oxidase (MOX). The analysis of the M. pernciosa genome revealed putative mox and pme genes. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR performed with RNA from mycelia grown in the presence of methanol or pectin as the sole carbon source and with RNA from infected cacao seedlings in different stages of the progression of WBD indicate that the two genes are coregulated, suggesting that the fungus may be metabolizing the methanol released from pectin. Moreover, immunolocalization of homogalacturonan, the main pectic domain that constitutes the primary cell wall matrix, shows a reduction in the level of pectin methyl esterification in infected cacao seedlings. Although MOX has been classically classified as a peroxisomal enzyme, M. perniciosa presents an extracellular methanol oxidase. Its activity was detected in the fungus culture supernatants, and mass spectrometry analysis indicated the presence of this enzyme in the fungus secretome. Because M. pernciosa possesses all genes classically related to methanol metabolism, we propose a peroxisome-independent model for the utilization of methanol by this fungus, which begins with the extracellular oxidation of methanol derived from the demethylation of pectin and finishes in the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno V de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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de Oliveira GAP, Pereira EG, Dias CV, Souza TLF, Ferretti GDS, Cordeiro Y, Camillo LR, Cascardo J, Almeida FC, Valente AP, Silva JL. Moniliophthora perniciosa necrosis- and ethylene-inducing protein 2 (MpNep2) as a metastable dimer in solution: structural and functional implications. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45620. [PMID: 23029140 PMCID: PMC3454426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how Nep-like proteins (NLPs) behave during the cell cycle and disease progression of plant pathogenic oomycetes, fungi and bacteria is crucial in light of compelling evidence that these proteins play a role in Witches` Broom Disease (WBD) of Theobroma cacao, one of the most important phytopathological problems to afflict the Southern Hemisphere. The crystal structure of MpNep2, a member of the NLP family and the causal agent of WBD, revealed the key elements for its activity. This protein has the ability to refold after heating and was believed to act as a monomer in solution, in contrast to the related homologs MpNep1 and NPP from the oomyceteous fungus Phytophthora parasitica. Here, we identify and characterize a metastable MpNep2 dimer upon over-expression in Escherichia coli using different biochemical and structural approaches. We found using ultra-fast liquid chromatography that the MpNep2 dimer can be dissociated by heating but not by dilution, oxidation or high ionic strength. Small-angle X-ray scattering revealed a possible tail-to-tail interaction between monomers, and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements identified perturbed residues involved in the putative interface of interaction. We also explored the ability of the MpNep2 monomer to refold after heating or chemical denaturation. We observed that MpNep2 has a low stability and cooperative fold that could be an explanation for its structure and activity recovery after stress. These results can provide new insights into the mechanism for MpNep2's action in dicot plants during the progression of WBD and may open new avenues for the involvement of NLP- oligomeric species in phytopathological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme A. P. de Oliveira
- Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Instituto Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Jiri Jonas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elen G. Pereira
- Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Instituto Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Jiri Jonas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiano V. Dias
- Laboratório de Proteômica, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
- Mars Center For Cocoa Science, Itajuípe, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Theo L. F. Souza
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giulia D. S. Ferretti
- Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Instituto Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Jiri Jonas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yraima Cordeiro
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana R. Camillo
- Laboratório de Proteômica, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Júlio Cascardo
- Laboratório de Proteômica, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabio C. Almeida
- Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Instituto Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Jiri Jonas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Valente
- Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Instituto Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Jiri Jonas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jerson L. Silva
- Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Instituto Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Jiri Jonas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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