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Zhang L, Cheng Y, Qian C, Lu W. Bacterial community evolution along full-scale municipal wastewater treatment processes. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2020; 18:665-680. [PMID: 33095191 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2020.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Sewage pollution is a major threat to public health because sewage is always accompanied by pathogens. Generally, wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) receive and treat sewage to control pathogenic risks and improve environmental health. This study investigated the changes in the bacterial community over the course of treatment by a WWTP. Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing was performed to characterize the bacterial communities in the WWTP. This study found that potential pathogens in the WWTP, especially the genera Arcobacter and Acinetobacter, were greatly reduced. In addition, high chemical oxygen demand levels provided excessive growth substrates for the genera Hyphomicrobium and Rhodoplanes, the abundance of which could exceed autotrophic bacteria, increasing the ammonium removal. According to the network analysis, the bacterial assemblage was not randomly arranged in the WWTP, and various defined processes led to higher intra-phylum (such as Proteobacteria) coexistence than expected. Moreover, the metabolic functions of bacterial communities significantly improved in the WWTP compared with the influent. Together, the data in this study emphasize the need to understand the bacterial community of WWTPs better. When analyzing the risks of WWTP drainage systems to the environment and human health, these data should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China E-mail:
| | - Yanan Cheng
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China E-mail:
| | - Chang Qian
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China E-mail:
| | - Wenxuan Lu
- Fisheries Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, China
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2
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Do TT, Delaney S, Walsh F. 16S rRNA gene based bacterial community structure of wastewater treatment plant effluents. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5299563. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thuy Do
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Sarah Delaney
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Fiona Walsh
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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3
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Begum J, Mir NA, Dev K, Khan IA. Dynamics of antibiotic resistance with special reference to Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:1228-1237. [PMID: 29957827 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of antibiotics was paralleled by the evolution of antibiotic resistance which is probably the best example of contemporary evolution in action. The selection pressure, imposed by indiscriminate use of antibiotics, has changed the scale, mode and tempo of antibiotic resistance evolution. The presence of multidrug resistance, wide range of adaptability features and the infectivity make antibiotic resistance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) more dangerous. The characterization, prevalence and the virulence factors of STEC have been profusely reported, whereas, the antibiotic resistance has been largely ignored because the antibiotic use in STEC infections is controversial. Thus, the current review has focussed on the source, evolution, persistence, mechanism, dissemination and control of antibiotic resistance viz-a-viz the STEC infections. The resistance development occurs by the inactivation of antibiotics, regulating the membrane permeability, modification of natural antibiotic targets or the use of efflux pumps against antibiotics. And, the dissemination of resistance genes occurs vertically by DNA replication and horizontally by conjugation, transduction and transformation. The prevention of development and dissemination of antibiotic resistance needs international public health bodies to rationalize the antibiotic use, prevent the flux of antibiotics into the environment, develop the rapid diagnostics tests, undertake proper surveillance of antibiotic resistance, promote the research on antibiotic resistance prevention, promote the research and development of novel alternative antibiotics, and encourage the widespread social awareness campaigns against the inappropriate antibiotic usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Begum
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, GBPUAT, Panthnagar, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - N A Mir
- ICAR- Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - K Dev
- ICAR- Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - I A Khan
- ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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4
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Köckerling E, Karrasch L, Schweitzer A, Razum O, Krause G. Public Health Research Resulting from One of the World's Largest Outbreaks Caused by Entero-Hemorrhagic Escherichia coli in Germany 2011: A Review. Front Public Health 2017; 5:332. [PMID: 29312915 PMCID: PMC5732330 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2011, Germany experienced one of the largest outbreaks of entero-hemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) ever reported. Four years thereafter, we systematically searched for scientific publications in PubMed and MEDPILOT relating to this outbreak in order to assess the pattern of respective research activities and to assess the main findings and recommendations in the field of public health. Following PRISMA guidelines, we selected 133 publications, half of which were published within 17 months after outbreak onset. Clinical medicine was covered by 71, microbiology by 60, epidemiology by 46, outbreak reporting by 11, and food safety by 9 papers. Those on the last three topics drew conclusions on methods in surveillance, diagnosis, and outbreak investigation, on resources in public health, as well as on inter-agency collaboration, and public communication. Although the outbreak primarily affected Germany, most publications were conducted by multinational cooperations. Our findings document how soon and in which fields research was conducted with respect to this outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Köckerling
- Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.,Department Münster, Institute for Rehabilitation Research IfR, Münster, Germany
| | - Laura Karrasch
- Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Aparna Schweitzer
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Oliver Razum
- Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Gérard Krause
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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5
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Peron E, Zaharia A, Zota LC, Severi E, Mårdh O, Usein C, Bălgrădean M, Espinosa L, Jansa J, Scavia G, Rafila A, Serban A, Pistol A. Early findings in outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome among young children caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Romania, January to February 2016. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:30170. [PMID: 27020906 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.11.30170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
As at 29 February 2016, 15 cases of haemolytic uraemic syndrome with onset between 25 January and 22 February were reported among children between five and 38 months in Romania, and three of them died. Cases were mostly from southern Romania. Six cases tested positive for Escherichia coli O26 by serology. Fruits, vegetables, meat and dairy products were among the possible common food exposures. Investigations are ongoing in Romania to control the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Peron
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Radosavljević V, Finke EJ, Belojević G. Analysis of Escherichia Coli O104:H4 Outbreak in Germany in 2011 Using Differentiation Method for Unusual Epidemiological Events. Cent Eur J Public Health 2016; 24:9-15. [PMID: 27070964 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a4255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to further clarify the origin of Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak in Germany in 2011 (German Ec) as the likelihood of a deliberate act has not been excluded in previous analyses. METHODS We use an original and the most detailed scoring method so far, with 33 parameters pertaining to the source of infection/reservoir or possible perpetrator, pathogen or biological agent, transmission mechanism/factors or means/media of delivery, and population at risk or target. RESULTS Total scores for a deliberate or accidental epidemic indicate that the outbreak was more probably caused unintentionally, presumably due to technical accidents or hygienic shortcomings in the food chain. CONCLUSIONS The validity of the present assessment is limited by the lack of data on the reservoir of the pathogen, the source of infection, and the mode of food contamination. Conclusive evidences on these parameters are essential for the final clarification of the outbreak origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladan Radosavljević
- Military Academy, University of Defense, Belgrade, Serbia.,Medical Corps Headquarters, Army of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ernst Jürgen Finke
- Specialist in Microbiology, Virology and Infection Epidemiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Goran Belojević
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Ecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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7
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Rodriguez-Alvarez MS, Weir MH, Pope JM, Seghezzo L, Rajal VB, Salusso MM, Moraña LB. Development of a relative risk model for drinking water regulation and design recommendations for a peri urban region of Argentina. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2015; 218:627-38. [PMID: 26190481 PMCID: PMC7187401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Argentina is a developing Latin American nation that has an aim of achieving the United Nations Millennium Development Goals for potable water supplies. Their current regulations however, limit the continued development of improved potable water quality and infrastructure from a microbiological viewpoint. This is since the current regulations are focused solely to pathogenic Eschericia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and fecal indicators. Regions of lower socioeconomic status such as peri-urban areas are particularly at risk due to lessened financial and political ability to influence their environmental quality and infrastructure needs. Therefore, a combined microbiological sampling, analysis and quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) modeling effort were engaged for a peri-urban area of Salta Argentina. Drinking water samples from home taps were analyzed and a QMRA model was developed, results of which were compared against a general 1:10,000 risk level for lack of a current Argentinian standard. This QMRA model was able to demonstrate that the current regulations were being achieved for E. coli but were less than acceptable for P. aeruginosa in some instances. Appropriate health protections are far from acceptable for Giardia for almost all water sources. Untreated water sources were sampled and analyzed then QMRA modeled as well, since a significant number of the community (∼9%) still use them for potable water supplies. For untreated water E. coli risks were near 1:10,000, however, P. aeruginosa and Giardia risks failed to be acceptable in almost all instances. The QMRA model and microbiological analyses demonstrate the need for improved regulatory efforts for the peri-urban area along with improved investment in their water infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soledad Rodriguez-Alvarez
- National Agency for the Advancement of Science and Technology (ANPCyT), Avenida Bolivia 5150, A4408FVY Salta, Argentina; INENCO-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Av. Bolivia 5150, A4408FVY Salta, Argentina.
| | - Mark H Weir
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Civil and Environmental Engineering, Temple University, 1301 Cecil B. Moore Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA; CAMRA Consultants LLC, Lansing, MI, USA.
| | | | - Lucas Seghezzo
- INENCO-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Av. Bolivia 5150, A4408FVY Salta, Argentina
| | - Verónica B Rajal
- INIQUI-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Av. Bolivia 5150, A4408FVY Salta, Argentina
| | - María Mónica Salusso
- National Agency for the Advancement of Science and Technology (ANPCyT), Avenida Bolivia 5150, A4408FVY Salta, Argentina
| | - Liliana B Moraña
- National Agency for the Advancement of Science and Technology (ANPCyT), Avenida Bolivia 5150, A4408FVY Salta, Argentina
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Identification and Biochemical Characterization of the Novel α2,3-Sialyltransferase WbwA from Pathogenic Escherichia coli Serotype O104. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:3760-8. [PMID: 26391208 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00521-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The sialyl-T antigen sialylα2-3Galβ1-3GalNAc is a common O-glycan structure in human glycoproteins and is synthesized by sialyltransferase ST3Gal1. The enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli serotype O104 has the rare ability to synthesize a sialyl-T antigen mimic. We showed here that the wbwA gene of the E. coli O104 antigen synthesis gene cluster encodes an α2,3-sialyltransferase WbwA that transfers sialic acid from CMP-sialic acid to Galβ1-3GalNAcα-diphosphate-lipid acceptor. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of purified WbwA enzyme reaction product indicated that the sialyl-T antigen sialylα2-3Galβ1-3GalNAcα-diphosphate-lipid was synthesized. We showed that the conserved His-Pro (HP) motif and Glu/Asp residues of two EDG motifs in WbwA are important for the activity. The characterization studies showed that WbwA from E. coli O104 is a monofunctional α2,3-sialyltransferase and is distinct from human ST3Gal1 as well as all other known sialyltransferases due to its unique acceptor specificity. This work contributes to knowledge of the biosynthesis of bacterial virulence factors. IMPORTANCE This is the first characterization of a sialyltransferase involved in the synthesis of an O antigen in E. coli. The enzyme contributes to the mimicry of human sialyl-T antigen and has unique substrate specificity but very little sequence identity to other sialyltransferases. Thus, the bacterial sialyltransferase is related to the human counterpart only by the similarity of biochemical activity.
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9
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Ahn TH, Chai J, Pan C. Sigma: strain-level inference of genomes from metagenomic analysis for biosurveillance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 31:170-7. [PMID: 25266224 PMCID: PMC4287953 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Motivation: Metagenomic sequencing of clinical samples provides a promising technique for direct pathogen detection and characterization in biosurveillance. Taxonomic analysis at the strain level can be used to resolve serotypes of a pathogen in biosurveillance. Sigma was developed for strain-level identification and quantification of pathogens using their reference genomes based on metagenomic analysis. Results: Sigma provides not only accurate strain-level inferences, but also three unique capabilities: (i) Sigma quantifies the statistical uncertainty of its inferences, which includes hypothesis testing of identified genomes and confidence interval estimation of their relative abundances; (ii) Sigma enables strain variant calling by assigning metagenomic reads to their most likely reference genomes; and (iii) Sigma supports parallel computing for fast analysis of large datasets. The algorithm performance was evaluated using simulated mock communities and fecal samples with spike-in pathogen strains. Availability and Implementation: Sigma was implemented in C++ with source codes and binaries freely available at http://sigma.omicsbio.org. Contact:panc@ornl.gov Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyuk Ahn
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Juanjuan Chai
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Chongle Pan
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
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10
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
We have reviewed the risk factors for the occurrence of Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli
(STEC)-associated human diseases. The analysis of STEC surveillance data and trends shows differences in frequency and severity of the illnesses across countries, whereas the economic and social costs for the affected families, the community, and the health system are better estimated in developed countries. The occurrence of STEC infections is determined by the interaction of the pathogen, the reservoirs, and the biological, cultural, and behavioral aspects of the host. The main risk factors identified in earlier case-control and population-based studies were dietary behaviors and beef consumption. However, in recent years, other risky exposures have also emerged, like the consumption of raw vegetables and sprouts, working or camping in rural areas, visiting farms, and person-to-person transmission. Epidemiological changes have also been determined by the intensification of cattle production, the increase in centralized food production and distribution, and the growth in the volume of international trade of foods. The main lessons learned from recent large outbreaks are knowledge of virulence determinants of new pathogenic strains, recognition of new vehicles of infection, development of new methodologies for detecting STEC in foods and humans, improvement in food regulations and hygiene guidelines, new therapeutic approaches in the treatment of infected patients, establishment of continuous educational programs for food consumers, and enhanced cooperation and teamwork of regional and international networks.
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11
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Radosavljevic V, Finke EJ, Belojevic G. Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak in Germany--clarification of the origin of the epidemic. Eur J Public Health 2014; 25:125-9. [PMID: 24736168 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cku048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2011, Germany was hit by one of its largest outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis and haemolytic uraemic syndrome caused by a new emerging enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O104:H4 strain. The German Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome/Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (GHUSEC) outbreak had unusual microbiological, infectiological and epidemiological features and its origin is still only partially solved. The aim of this article is to contribute to the clarification of the origin of the epidemic. METHODS To retrospectively assess whether the GHUSEC outbreak was natural, accidental or a deliberate one, we analysed it according to three published scoring and differentiation models. Data for application of these models were obtained by literature review in the database Medline for the period 2011-13. RESULTS The analysis of the unusual GHUSEC outbreak shows that the present official assumption of its natural origin is questionable and pointed out to a probability that the pathogen could have also been introduced accidentally or intentionally in the food chain. CONCLUSION The possibility of an accidental or deliberate epidemic should not be discarded. Further epidemiological, microbiological and forensic analyses are needed to clarify the GHUSEC outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladan Radosavljevic
- 1 Military Academy, University of Defense, Belgrade, Serbia 2 Medical Corps Headquarters, Army of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ernst-Jürgen Finke
- 3 Senior Scientist, ret., Specialist of Microbiology, Virology and Infection Epidemiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Goran Belojevic
- 4 Institute of Hygiene and Medical Ecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
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12
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Chattaway MA, Harris R, Jenkins C, Tam C, Coia JE, Gray J, Iturriza-Gomara M, Wain J. Investigating the link between the presence of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and infectious intestinal disease in the United Kingdom, 1993 to 1996 and 2008 to 2009. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18. [PMID: 24079400 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.37.20582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
There are an estimated 17 million human diarrhoea cases annually in the United Kingdom. In 2008 and 2009, enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) were identified in 1.9% of stools. However, it remains unclear whether there is a causal link between presence of EAEC and disease. This study used bacterial load, the presence of co-infections and demographic data to assess if EAEC was independently associated with intestinal infectious disease. Quantitative real-time PCR data (Ct values) generated directly from stool specimens for several pathogen targets were analysed to identify multiple pathogens, including EAEC, in the stools of cases and healthy controls. Sensitivity and specificity using Ct value (60% and 60%) was not useful for identifying cases or controls, but an independent association between disease and EAEC presence was demonstrated: multivariate logistic regression for EAEC presence (odds ratio: 2.41; 95% confidence interval: 1.78–3.26; p<0.001). The population-attributable fraction was 3.3%. The group of bacteria known as EAEC are associated with gastrointestinal disease in at least half of the cases with EAEC positive stools. We conclude that the current definition of EAEC, by plasmid gene detection, includes true pathogens as well as non-pathogenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Chattaway
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, Colindale, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Bouki C, Venieri D, Diamadopoulos E. Detection and fate of antibiotic resistant bacteria in wastewater treatment plants: a review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 91:1-9. [PMID: 23414720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are among the most successful group of pharmaceuticals used for human and veterinary therapy. However, large amounts of antibiotics are released into municipal wastewater due to incomplete metabolism in humans or due to disposal of unused antibiotics, which finally find their ways into different natural environmental compartments. The emergence and rapid spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) has led to an increasing concern about the potential environmental and public health risks. ARB and antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) have been detected extensively in wastewater samples. Available data show significantly higher proportion of antibiotic resistant bacteria contained in raw and treated wastewater relative to surface water. According to these studies, the conditions in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are favourable for the proliferation of ARB. Moreover, another concern with regards to the presence of ARB and ARGs is their effective removal from sewage. This review gives an overview of the available data on the occurrence of ARB and ARGs and their fate in WWTPs, on the biological methods dealing with the detection of bacterial populations and their resistance genes, and highlights areas in need for further research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chryssa Bouki
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, GR-73100 Chania, Greece
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14
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Tau NP, Meidany P, Smith AM, Sooka A, Keddy KH. Escherichia coli O104 associated with human diarrhea, South Africa, 2004-2011. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 18:1314-7. [PMID: 22840375 PMCID: PMC3414021 DOI: 10.3201/eid1808.111616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the origin of >4,000 suspected diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains isolated during 2004–2011 in South Africa, we identified 7 isolates as serotype O104; 5 as enteroaggregative E. coli O104:H4, and 2 as enteropathogenic E. coli O104:non-H4. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed that these isolates were unrelated to the 2011 E. coli O104:H4 outbreak strain from Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nomsa P Tau
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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15
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Mand T, Döpfer D, Ingham B, Ané C, Kaspar C. Growth and survival parameter estimates and relation
to RpoS levels in serotype O157:H7 and non-O157 Shiga
toxin-producing Escherichia coli. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 114:242-55. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T.D. Mand
- Department of Bacteriology; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
| | - D. Döpfer
- Food Research Institute; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
- Medical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
| | - B. Ingham
- Food Research Institute; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
- Department of Food Science; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
| | - C. Ané
- Department of Statistics; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
- Department of Botany; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
| | - C.W. Kaspar
- Department of Bacteriology; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
- Food Research Institute; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
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16
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Miszczycha SD, Ganet S, Duniere L, Rozand C, Loukiadis E, Thevenot-Sergentet D. Novel real-time PCR method to detect Escherichia coli O157:H7 in raw milk cheese and raw ground meat. J Food Prot 2012; 75:1373-81. [PMID: 22856560 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Raw milk, raw milk cheeses, and raw ground meat have been implicated in Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreaks. Developing methods to detect these bacteria in raw milk and meat products is a major challenge for food safety. The aim of our study was to develop a real-time PCR assay to detect E. coli O157:H7 in raw milk cheeses and raw ground meat. Well-known primers targeting a mutation at position +93 of the uidA gene in E. coli O157:H7 were chosen, and a specific TaqMan-minor groove binder probe was designed. This probe targets another mutation, at position +191 of the uidA gene in E. coli O157:H7. The first step in the study was to evaluate the specificity of this probe with 156 different O157:H7/NM strains and 48 non-O157:H7/NM strains of E. coli. The sensitivity of the method was evaluated by pre- and postinoculation of cheeses and meat enrichments with different E. coli O157:H7 strains. All the E. coli O157:H7 isolates tested were positive, and none of the other bacteria were detected. Our results indicate that this method is sensitive enough to detect 10(2) E. coli O157:H7 isolates per ml of cheese or meat enrichment broth (24 h at 41.5° C) and is more sensitive than the International Organization for Standardization reference method. We can conclude that this new real-time PCR protocol is a useful tool for rapid, specific, and sensitive detection of E. coli O157:H7 in raw milk and raw ground meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane D Miszczycha
- Unité de Recherche CALITYSS/Equipe EMSA, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, 1 avenue Claude Bourgelat, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
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17
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Disinfection effect of dental impression tray adhesives. Clin Oral Investig 2012; 17:497-502. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0735-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Wiwanitkit V. Renal failure in the recent 2011 Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak: a summary on up-to-date data. Ren Fail 2012; 34:533-5. [PMID: 22250957 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2011.653755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent 2011 Escherichia coli outbreak in Europe is considered as one of the biggest E. coli outbreak in the modern medical history. Although the induction of renal impairment is well described in E. coli infection, the specific knowledge on E. coli O104:H4 is very limited. To add up to known knowledge, the author hereby summarizes up-to-date information on renal failure among patients in 2011 E. coli O104:H4 outbreak.
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Borgatta B, Kmet-Lunaček N, Rello J. E. coli O104:H4 outbreak and haemolytic-uraemic syndrome. Med Intensiva 2012; 36:576-83. [PMID: 22244215 DOI: 10.1016/j.medin.2011.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first cases of the European epidemic of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 (STEC-O104:H4) infection were reported in Germany in April 2011. OBJECTIVES To characterize the 2011 STEC-O104:H4 outbreak and its management. A literature review is made to assess the state of the art in STEC-haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (HUS) epidemiology, pathogenesis, management and prognosis, focusing on critically ill adults. METHODS References were obtained from the European Center for Disease Control and World Health Organization epidemiological updates, in addition to a PubMed search covering the period from 1980 to August 2011, including all published work on STEC-014:H4 and reviews on HUS management and prognosis. RESULTS The epidemic originated from a bean and seed sprouts farm in Lower Saxony, and was caused by the O104:H4 strain - a highly antibiotic resistant, hybrid enteroaggregative - Shiga toxin producing E. coli strain (STEC). The infection was characterized by increased HUS (25%) and a higher mortality rate. STEC enteritis and HUS are associated with significant mortality and morbidity, especially amongst patients with severe renal and neurological disorders. Management should center on prompt kidney protection by maintaining adequate renal perfusion, in addition to avoiding diuretics and nephrotoxic agents. CONCLUSIONS The published studies regarding antibiotic treatment lack good quality evidence. However, recent data suggest a potential modulating effect that explains the conflicting data but moreover suggests that azithromycin might be of use. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies are a promising new therapy for STEC-HUS, with currently ongoing studies. Other treatments have not been shown to be superior to supportive therapy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Borgatta
- Critical Care Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.
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