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Reddy AJ, Geng X, Herschl MH, Kolli S, Kumar A, Hsu PD, Levine S, Ioannidis NM. Designing Cell-Type-Specific Promoter Sequences Using Conservative Model-Based Optimization. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.23.600232. [PMID: 38948874 PMCID: PMC11213138 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.23.600232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Gene therapies have the potential to treat disease by delivering therapeutic genetic cargo to disease-associated cells. One limitation to their widespread use is the lack of short regulatory sequences, or promoters, that differentially induce the expression of delivered genetic cargo in target cells, minimizing side effects in other cell types. Such cell-type-specific promoters are difficult to discover using existing methods, requiring either manual curation or access to large datasets of promoter-driven expression from both targeted and untargeted cells. Model-based optimization (MBO) has emerged as an effective method to design biological sequences in an automated manner, and has recently been used in promoter design methods. However, these methods have only been tested using large training datasets that are expensive to collect, and focus on designing promoters for markedly different cell types, overlooking the complexities associated with designing promoters for closely related cell types that share similar regulatory features. Therefore, we introduce a comprehensive framework for utilizing MBO to design promoters in a data-efficient manner, with an emphasis on discovering promoters for similar cell types. We use conservative objective models (COMs) for MBO and highlight practical considerations such as best practices for improving sequence diversity, getting estimates of model uncertainty, and choosing the optimal set of sequences for experimental validation. Using three relatively similar blood cancer cell lines (Jurkat, K562, and THP1), we show that our approach discovers many novel cell-type-specific promoters after experimentally validating the designed sequences. For K562 cells, in particular, we discover a promoter that has 75.85% higher cell-type-specificity than the best promoter from the initial dataset used to train our models.
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Zmorzynski S, Kimicka-Szajwaj A, Szajwaj A, Czerwik-Marcinkowska J, Wojcierowski J. Genetic Changes in Mastocytes and Their Significance in Mast Cell Tumor Prognosis and Treatment. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:137. [PMID: 38275618 PMCID: PMC10815783 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mast cell tumors are a large group of diseases occurring in dogs, cats, mice, as well as in humans. Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a disease involving the accumulation of mast cells in organs. KIT gene mutations are very often seen in abnormal mast cells. In SM, high KIT/CD117 expression is observed; however, there are usually no KIT gene mutations present. Mastocytoma (MCT)-a form of cutaneous neoplasm-is common in animals but quite rare in humans. KIT/CD117 receptor mutations were studied as the typical changes for human mastocytosis. In 80% of human cases, the KIT gene substitution p.D816H was present. In about 25% of MCTs, metastasis was observed. Changes in the gene expression of certain genes, such as overexpression of the DNAJ3A3 gene, promote metastasis. In contrast, the SNORD93 gene blocks the expression of metastasis genes. The panel of miR-21-5p, miR-379, and miR-885 has a good efficiency in discriminating healthy and MCT-affected dogs, as well as MCT-affected dogs with and without nodal metastasis. Further studies on the pathobiology of mast cells can lead to clinical improvements, such as better MCT diagnosis and treatment. Our paper reviews studies on the topic of mast cells, which have been carried out over the past few years.
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Pathak S, Singh V, Kumar N, Jayandharan GR. Inducible caspase 9-mediated suicide gene therapy using AAV6 vectors in a murine model of breast cancer. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 31:101166. [PMID: 38149057 PMCID: PMC10750187 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.101166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Breast carcinoma has one of the highest incidence rates (11.7%), with significant clinical heterogeneity. Although conventional chemotherapy and surgical resection are the current standard of care, the resistance and recurrence, after these interventions, necessitate alternate therapeutic approaches. Cancer gene therapy for breast cancer with the suicide gene is an attractive option due to their directed delivery into the tumor. In this study, we have developed a novel treatment strategy against breast cancer with recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 6 vectors carrying a suicide gene, inducible Caspase 9 (iCasp9). Upon treatment with AAV6-iCasp9 vectors and the chemical inducer of dimerizer, AP20187, the viability of murine breast cancer cells (4T1) was significantly reduced to ∼40%-60% (mock control 100%). Following intratumoral delivery of AAV6-iCasp9 vectors in an orthotopic breast cancer mouse model, we observed a significant increase in iCasp9 transgene expression and a significant reduction in tumor growth rate. At the molecular level, immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated subsequent activation of the effector caspase 3 and cellular death. These data highlight the potential of AAV6-iCasp9-based suicide gene therapy for aggressive breast cancer in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Pathak
- Laurus Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering and Mehta Family Center for Engineering in Medicine and Gangwal School of Medical Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Vijayata Singh
- Laurus Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering and Mehta Family Center for Engineering in Medicine and Gangwal School of Medical Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Narendra Kumar
- Laurus Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering and Mehta Family Center for Engineering in Medicine and Gangwal School of Medical Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Giridhara R. Jayandharan
- Laurus Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering and Mehta Family Center for Engineering in Medicine and Gangwal School of Medical Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
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Chen G, Yu M, Cao J, Zhao H, Dai Y, Cong Y, Qiao G. Identification of candidate biomarkers correlated with poor prognosis of breast cancer based on bioinformatics analysis. Bioengineered 2021; 12:5149-5161. [PMID: 34384030 PMCID: PMC8806858 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1960775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a malignancy with high incidence among women in the world. This study aims to screen key genes and potential prognostic biomarkers for BC using bioinformatics analysis. Total 58 normal tissues and 203 cancer tissues were collected from three Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) gene expression profiles, and then the differential expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Subsequently, the Gene Ontology (GO) function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) pathway were analyzed to investigate the biological function of DEGs. Additionally, hub genes were screened by constructing a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network. Then, we explored the prognostic value and molecular mechanism of these hub genes using Kaplan–Meier (KM) curve and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). As a result, 42 up-regulated and 82 down-regulated DEGs were screened out from GEO datasets. The DEGs were mainly related to cell cycles and cell proliferation by GO and KEGG pathway analysis. Furthermore, 12 hub genes (FN1, AURKA, CCNB1, BUB1B, PRC1, TPX2, NUSAP1, TOP2A, KIF20A, KIF2C, RRM2, ASPM) with a high degree were identified initially, among which, 11 hub genes were significantly correlated with the prognosis of BC patients based on the Kaplan–Meier-plotter. GSEA reviewed that these hub genes correlated with KEGG_CELL_CYCLE and HALLMARK_P53_PATHWAY. In conclusion, this study identified 11 key genes as BC potential prognosis biomarkers on the basis of integrated bioinformatics analysis. This finding will improve our knowledge of the BC progress and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Mingwei Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jianqiao Cao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Huishan Zhao
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yuanping Dai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Liuzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Yizi Cong
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Guangdong Qiao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, P.R. China
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Xu T, Wang X, Jia X, Gao W, Li J, Gao F, Zhan P, Ji W. Overexpression of protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 facilitates tumor growth and indicates unfavorable prognosis of patients with colon cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:528. [PMID: 33292244 PMCID: PMC7603724 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 (PRC1) has been reported to play important role in the pathogenesis of various cancers. However, its role in colon cancer has not been studied. Here, we aimed to investigate the biological functions and potential mechanism of PRC1 in colon cancer. Methods The expression level of PRC1 in colon cancer tissues and cell lines was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western blotting, and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of a tissue microarray (TMA). Furthermore, colon cancer cell lines HCT116 and SW480 were treated with short hairpin RNAs against PRC1. The biological function of PRC1 was determined by MTT proliferation, colony formation assay, cell cycle, and apoptosis assays. Then, an in vivo tumor formation assay was conducted to explore the effects of PRC1 on tumor growth. Results The mRNA and protein expression levels of PRC1 were highly expressed in colon cancer tissues and cell lines. PRC1 expression was associated with clinicopathological characteristics and overall survival of patients with colon cancer. Knockdown of PRC1 could decrease proliferation and colony forming ability of colon cancer cells, as well as arrested more cells at G2/M phase and promoted cell apoptosis. In cancer cells, the expression pattern of protein regulators included in cell cycle and apoptosis progress were reverted by PRC1 down-regulation. Additionally, PRC1 down-regulation could suppress colon tumor growth and differentiation. Conclusions We confirmed that PRC1 was overexpressed in colon cancer and was associated with poor prognosis of colon cancer patients. PRC1 down-regulation could arrest cell cycle at G2/M stage, inhibit proliferation, and elicit apoptosis. These findings showed the potential of PRC1 to be used for therapeutic approaches in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Xu
- Center of Tumor, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, 010017, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, 010017, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiangdong Jia
- Center of Tumor, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, 010017, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Weishi Gao
- Center of Tumor, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, 010017, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Junhua Li
- Center of Tumor, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, 010017, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Fengying Gao
- Center of Tumor, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, 010017, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ping Zhan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University , Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wu Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University , Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China.
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Multiple Input Sensing and Signal Integration Using a Split Cas12a System. Mol Cell 2020; 78:184-191.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Athyala PK, Chitipothu S, Kanwar JR, Krishnakumar S, Narayanan J. Synthesis of saporin-antibody conjugates for targeting EpCAM positive tumour cells. IET Nanobiotechnol 2019; 13:90-99. [PMID: 30964044 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2018.5222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a transmembrane glycoprotein involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. Ribosomal inactivating proteins derived from plants specifically target ribosomes and irreversibly inhibit protein synthesis. EpCAM antibody and saporin were conjugated using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride/N-hydroxysuccinimide chemistry. The mass of the conjugates were characterised using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI). The saporin-EpCAM (SAP-EpAB) conjugates were tested in-vitro against MCF-7 (breast cancer cells), WERI-Rb1 (retinoblastoma) cells. The flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy were performed to show the binding efficiency of SAP-EpAB conjugate. Whole transcriptome changes of sap-conjugate treated cells were studied using affymetrix microarrays. MALDI-TOF analysis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed the conjugation of SAP with EpCAM antibody. Flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy analysis revealed the binding of SAP-EpAB conjugates to the MCF-7, WERI-Rb1 cells. Apoptosis assay by annexin-V has shown an increased apoptotic and necrotic population in conjugate treated cells. MTT assay confirmed the tumour cell death and had shown the IC50 value of 0.8 µg for conjugate in MCF-7 (breast cancer cells), and 1 µg for WERI-Rb1 (retinoblastoma) cells. The microarray analysis revealed downregulation of the tumourigenic genes and upregulation of pro-apoptotic genes leading to apoptosis of tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Kumar Athyala
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Srujana Chitipothu
- Central Research Instrumentation Facility, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai-600006, India
| | - Jagat Rakesh Kanwar
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Subramanian Krishnakumar
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai-600006, India
| | - Janakiraman Narayanan
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai-600006, India.
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Wu F, Shi X, Zhang R, Tian Y, Wang X, Wei C, Li D, Li X, Kong X, Liu Y, Guo W, Guo Y, Zhou H. Regulation of proliferation and cell cycle by protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:564. [PMID: 29752448 PMCID: PMC5948203 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 (PRC1), a microtubule-associated protein, has emerged as a critical regulator of proliferation and apoptosis, acting predominantly in numerous tumors. However, its function in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is still unknown. To establish the roles of PRC1 in OSCC, 95 oral clinical samples (54 OSCC, 24 oral leukoplakia [OLK], and 17 normal oral mucosa) and seven oral cell lines (6 OSCC and 1 normal oral cell lines) were analyzed using a series of molecular and genomic assays both in vivo and in vitro were conducted in this study. Herein, we provide evidence demonstrating that expression of PRC1 closely correlates with the degree of epithelial dysplasia in OLK (n = 24) (p < 0.001), and the poor differentiation, large tumor volume, lymph node metastasis, and high-clinical stage in OSCC (n = 54) (p < 0.05), illustrating that PRC1 has a promotive influence on tumor progression in OSCC. Simultaneously, we observed that PRC1 knockdown in OSCC cell lines caused G2/M phase arrest (p < 0.05), inhibited cell proliferation in vitro (p < 0.05) and tumor growth in vivo (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the effects of PRC1 on the regulation of proliferation and cell cycle transition in OSCC samples were mediated by p53. The p53/PRC1/EGFR signaling pathway was found to be implicated in the tumor progression of OSCC. Based on our data, we demonstrate that PRC1 is a key factor in regulating proliferation and the cell cycle, pointing to the potential benefits of PRC1-targeted therapies for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xueke Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiangjian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Changlei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Duo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiangli Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yurong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weihua Guo
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yiqing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. .,Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Li C, Zheng J, Chen S, Huang B, Li G, Feng Z, Wang J, Xu S. RRM2 promotes the progression of human glioblastoma. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6759-6767. [PMID: 29667764 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma pathogenesis is related to multiple processes that affected by dozens of regulatory factors, but the potential underlying factors regulating glioblastoma progression remains unclear. The goal of this research was to determine how the ribonucleotide reductase M2 subunit (RRM2) influenced proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis of human glioblastoma cells. The level of proliferation of human glioblastoma cells was measured through CCK8, colony formation assay and immunofluorescence stains. Flow cytometry (FCM), wound healing, and transwell assays were conducted to detect cell apoptosis, migration, and invasion. Apoptotic level of cells and invasion-related expression of protein were measured by Western blot. Xenograft tumor model was established to confirm effect of RRM2 on the proliferation of human glioblastoma cells in vivo. Silencing RRM2 inhibited proliferation, invasion, and migration of glioblastoma cells whereas enhanced apoptosis rate. Overexpressing RRM2 promoted proliferation, migration and invasion but suppressed apoptosis. In vivo, Overexpressing RRM2 accelerated the tumor growth in glioblastoma cells. The present study illustrated that RRM2 was overexpressed in human glioblastoma cells. RRM2 promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion but inhibited apoptosis of human glioblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jingfang Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guosheng Li
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | | | - Jiwei Wang
- Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shujun Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Li J, Dallmayer M, Kirchner T, Musa J, Grünewald TGP. PRC1: Linking Cytokinesis, Chromosomal Instability, and Cancer Evolution. Trends Cancer 2017; 4:59-73. [PMID: 29413422 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis is the final event of the cell cycle dividing one cell into two daughter cells. The protein regulator of cytokinesis (PRC)1 is essential for cytokinesis and normal cell cleavage. Deregulation of PRC1 causes cytokinesis defects that promote chromosomal instability (CIN) and thus tumor heterogeneity and cancer evolution. Consistently, abnormal PRC1 expression correlates with poor patient outcome in various malignancies, which may be caused by PRC1-mediated CIN and aneuploidy. Here, we review the physiological functions of PRC1 in cell cycle regulation and its contribution to tumorigenesis and intratumoral heterogeneity. We discuss targeting PRC1 within the complementary approaches of either normalizing CIN in aneuploid cancers or creating chromosomal chaos in genomically stable cancers to induce apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marlene Dallmayer
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Musa
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas G P Grünewald
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Nissim L, Wu MR, Pery E, Binder-Nissim A, Suzuki HI, Stupp D, Wehrspaun C, Tabach Y, Sharp PA, Lu TK. Synthetic RNA-Based Immunomodulatory Gene Circuits for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cell 2017; 171:1138-1150.e15. [PMID: 29056342 PMCID: PMC5986174 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite its success in several clinical trials, cancer immunotherapy remains limited by the rarity of targetable tumor-specific antigens, tumor-mediated immune suppression, and toxicity triggered by systemic delivery of potent immunomodulators. Here, we present a proof-of-concept immunomodulatory gene circuit platform that enables tumor-specific expression of immunostimulators, which could potentially overcome these limitations. Our design comprised de novo synthetic cancer-specific promoters and, to enhance specificity, an RNA-based AND gate that generates combinatorial immunomodulatory outputs only when both promoters are mutually active. These outputs included an immunogenic cell-surface protein, a cytokine, a chemokine, and a checkpoint inhibitor antibody. The circuits triggered selective T cell-mediated killing of cancer cells, but not of normal cells, in vitro. In in vivo efficacy assays, lentiviral circuit delivery mediated significant tumor reduction and prolonged mouse survival. Our design could be adapted to drive additional immunomodulators, sense other cancers, and potentially treat other diseases that require precise immunological programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Nissim
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ming-Ru Wu
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Erez Pery
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Adina Binder-Nissim
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hiroshi I Suzuki
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Doron Stupp
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, and Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Claudia Wehrspaun
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yuval Tabach
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, and Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Phillip A Sharp
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy K Lu
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Biophysics Program, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Genetic and functional analyses do not explain the association of high PRC1 expression with poor survival of breast carcinoma patients. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:857-864. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Tang M, Zu C, He A, Wang W, Chen B, Zheng X. Synergistic antitumor effect of adenovirus armed with Drosophila melanogaster deoxyribonucleoside kinase and nucleoside analogs for human breast carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015. [PMID: 26203222 PMCID: PMC4507493 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s81717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Suicide gene therapy in cancer can selectively kill tumors without damaging normal tissues. Drosophila melanogaster multisubstrate deoxyribonucleoside kinase (Dm-dNK), an original suicide kinase, makes use of the carcinomatous suicide gene therapy for broader substrate specificity and a higher catalytic rate. Methods To enhance the anti-tumor efficacy of Dm-dNK and maintain its substrate specificity and safety control in the meantime, the conditionally replicative gene–viral system, ZD55–dNK (which contains the selective replication adenovirus, ZD55, encoded with Dm-dNK), was investigated in pushing a deeper development of this strategy. Selective replication, cell killing efficacy, and cytotoxicity, in combination with chemotherapy, were applied to two breast cell lines (MDA231 and MCF7 cells), two normal cell lines (WI38 and MRC5 cells), and the MCF7 xenograft model in vivo. Results The preclinical study showed that ZD55–dNK, combined with 2′,2′-difluorodeoxycytidine (DFDC), synergistically inhibited adenovirus replication in vitro but maintained specifically cancer cell killing efficacy. ZD55–dNK also greatly improved the antineoplastic effect in vitro and in breast cancer xenograft in vivo. Conclusion The concomitant use of ZD55–dNK and DFDC is possibly a novel and promising approach to breast cancer treatment, and further investigation on the safe control of excessive virus replication and the efficacy of this approach in humans is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Tang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Zu
- Laboratory 1, Cancer Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Anning He
- Laboratory 1, Cancer Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqian Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Zheng
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, People's Republic of China ; Laboratory 1, Cancer Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Pranjol MZI, Hajitou A. Bacteriophage-derived vectors for targeted cancer gene therapy. Viruses 2015; 7:268-84. [PMID: 25606974 PMCID: PMC4306838 DOI: 10.3390/v7010268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer gene therapy expanded and reached its pinnacle in research in the last decade. Both viral and non-viral vectors have entered clinical trials, and significant successes have been achieved. However, a systemic administration of a vector, illustrating safe, efficient, and targeted gene delivery to solid tumors has proven to be a major challenge. In this review, we summarize the current progress and challenges in the targeted gene therapy of cancer. Moreover, we highlight the recent developments of bacteriophage-derived vectors and their contributions in targeting cancer with therapeutic genes following systemic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zahidul Islam Pranjol
- Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK.
| | - Amin Hajitou
- Phage Therapy Group, Department of Medicine, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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McCrudden CM, McCarthy HO. Current status of gene therapy for breast cancer: progress and challenges. Appl Clin Genet 2014; 7:209-20. [PMID: 25419154 PMCID: PMC4234158 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s54992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is characterized by a series of genetic mutations and is therefore ideally placed for gene therapy intervention. The aim of gene therapy is to deliver a nucleic acid-based drug to either correct or destroy the cells harboring the genetic aberration. More recently, cancer gene therapy has evolved to also encompass delivery of RNA interference technologies, as well as cancer DNA vaccines. However, the bottleneck in creating such nucleic acid pharmaceuticals lies in the delivery. Deliverability of DNA is limited as it is prone to circulating nucleases; therefore, numerous strategies have been employed to aid with biological transport. This review will discuss some of the viral and nonviral approaches to breast cancer gene therapy, and present the findings of clinical trials of these therapies in breast cancer patients. Also detailed are some of the most recent developments in nonviral approaches to targeting in breast cancer gene therapy, including transcriptional control, and the development of recombinant, multifunctional bio-inspired systems. Lastly, DNA vaccines for breast cancer are documented, with comment on requirements for successful pharmaceutical product development.
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Huang Y, Liu X, Wang YH, Yeh SD, Chen CL, Nelson RA, Chu P, Wilson T, Yen Y. The prognostic value of ribonucleotide reductase small subunit M2 in predicting recurrence for prostate cancers. Urol Oncol 2014; 32:51.e9-19. [PMID: 24360663 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the prognostic significance of ribonucleotide reductase small subunit M2 (RRM2) in low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer (PCa). MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective outcome study was conducted on 164 eligible PCa samples from the City of Hope (n = 90) and the Taipei Medical University (n = 74). The RRM2 protein levels were detected by immunohistochemistry. Biochemical recurrence was assessed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard analyses. Cell invasion assays, Ras/Raf, and matrix metallopeptidase 9 activities were determined to evaluate the role of RRM2 on invasiveness of PCa. RESULTS Expression of RRM2 was significantly increased in patients with higher Gleason score, who had advanced T stage, and who were margin/capsule positive (P<0.05). Analysis revealed that the expression of RRM2 positively associated with biochemical recurrence of PCa in the City of Hope set (hazard ratio = 5.26; 95% CI 1.50-24.71) and the Taipei Medical University set (hazard ratio = 2.55; 95% CI 1.30-9.22). In stratification analysis, RRM2 was significantly correlated with poor outcome in patients with lower-risk PCa, including those with Gleason score 4 to 7, margin(-), capsule(-), and stage T1-T2. In patients with Gleason score 4 to 7, the risk of recurrence was proportional to RRM2 protein levels. The prognostic performance of RRM2 was superior to that of pathoclinical factors, including margin/capsule status and T stage. An in vitro study demonstrated that RRM2 could promote tumor invasion activities in PCa cell lines. Suppression of RRM2 reduced the Ras/Raf and matrix metallopeptidase 9 activities. CONCLUSION RRM2 plays a critical role in proliferation and invasion of PCa. Adding RRM2 as a biomarker in clinical assessments may increase model precision in predicting recurrence in patients with low-risk PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasheng Huang
- Department of Urology, Hangzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA
| | - Xiyong Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA
| | - Yuan-Hung Wang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C); Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C)
| | - Shauh-Der Yeh
- Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University; Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Chi-Long Chen
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan (R.O.C.); Department Center of Excellence for Cancer Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Rebecca A Nelson
- Department of Information Science, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA
| | - Peiguo Chu
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA
| | - Timothy Wilson
- Department of Surgery PS-Urology & Urologic Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA
| | - Yun Yen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Center, Duarte, CA; The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C).
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Giantin M, Granato A, Baratto C, Marconato L, Vascellari M, Morello EM, Vercelli A, Mutinelli F, Dacasto M. Global gene expression analysis of canine cutaneous mast cell tumor: could molecular profiling be useful for subtype classification and prognostication? PLoS One 2014; 9:e95481. [PMID: 24748173 PMCID: PMC3991658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prognosis and therapeutic management of dogs with cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) depend on clinical stage and histological grade. However, the prognostic value of this latter is still questionable. In the present study, MCT transcriptome was analyzed to identify a set of candidate genes potentially useful for predicting the biological behavior of MCTs. Fifty-one canine MCT biopsies were analyzed. Isolated and purified total RNAs were individually hybridized to the Agilent Canine V2 4x44k DNA microarray. The comparison of reference differentiated and undifferentiated MCT transcriptome revealed a total of 597 differentially expressed genes (147 down-regulated and 450 up-regulated). The functional analysis of this set of genes provided evidence that they were mainly involved in cell cycle, DNA replication, p53 signaling pathway, nucleotide excision repair and pyrimidine metabolism. Class prediction analysis identified 13 transcripts providing the greatest accuracy of class prediction and divided samples into two categories (differentiated and undifferentiated), harboring a different prognosis. The Principal Component Analysis of all samples, made by using the selected 13 markers, confirmed MCT classification. The first three components accounted for 99.924% of the total variance. This molecular classification significantly correlated with survival time (p = 0.0026). Furthermore, among all marker genes, a significant association was found between mRNA expression and MCT-related mortality for FOXM1, GSN, FEN1 and KPNA2 (p<0.05). Finally, marker genes mRNA expression was evaluated in a cohort of 22 independent samples. Data obtained enabled to identify MCT cases with different prognosis. Overall, the molecular characterization of canine MCT transcriptome allowed the identification of a set of 13 transcripts that clearly separated differentiated from undifferentiated MCTs, thus predicting outcome regardless of the histological grade. These results may have clinical relevance and warrant future validation in a prospective study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mery Giantin
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università di Padova, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Granato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Chiara Baratto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Laura Marconato
- Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Sasso Marconi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marta Vascellari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Emanuela M. Morello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, Grugliasco (Torino), Italy
| | | | - Franco Mutinelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Mauro Dacasto
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università di Padova, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
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Lu AG, Feng H, Wang PXZ, Han DP, Chen XH, Zheng MH. Emerging roles of the ribonucleotide reductase M2 in colorectal cancer and ultraviolet-induced DNA damage repair. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:4704-13. [PMID: 23002339 PMCID: PMC3442208 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i34.4704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the roles of the ribonucleotide reductase M2 (RRM2) subunit in colorectal cancer (CRC) and ultraviolet (UV)-induced DNA damage repair. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining of tissue microarray was performed to detect the expression of RRM2. Seven CRC cell lines were cultured and three human colon cancer cell lines, i.e., HCT116, SW480 and SW620, were used. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were performed to determine the mRNA and protein expression levels of RRM2, respectively. Cell proliferation assay, cell cycle analysis were performed. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by double staining with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) using Annexin V/PI apoptosis kit. The motility and invasion of CRC cells were assessed by the Transwell chamber assay. Cells were irradiated with a 254 nm UV-C lamp to detect the UV sensitivity after RRM2 depletion. RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining revealed elevated RRM2 levels in CRC tissues. RRM2 overexpression was positively correlated with invasion depth (P < 0.05), poorly differentiated type (P = 0.0051), and tumor node metastasis stage (P = 0.0015). The expression of RRM2 in HCT116 cells was downregulated after transfection, and HCT116 cell proliferation was obviously suppressed compared to control groups (P < 0.05). In the invasion test, the number of cells that passed through the chambers in the RRM2-siRNA group was 81 ± 3, which was lower than that in the negative control (289 ± 7) and blank control groups (301 ± 7.2). These differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01). Our data suggest that RRM2 overexpression may be associated with CRC progression. RRM2 silencing by siRNA may inhibit the hyperplasia and invasiveness of CRC cells, suggesting that RRM2 may play an important role in the infiltration and metastasis of CRC, which is a potential therapeutic strategy in CRC. In addition, RRM2 depletion increased UV sensitivity. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that RRM2 may be a facilitating factor in colorectal tumorigenesis and UV-induced DNA damage repair.
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Ma S, Zhao L, Zhu Z, Liu Q, Xu H, Johansson M, Karlsson A, Zheng X. The multisubstrate deoxyribonucleoside kinase of Drosophila melanogaster as a therapeutic suicide gene of breast cancer cells. J Gene Med 2011; 13:305-11. [PMID: 21674733 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The multisubstrate deoxyribonucleoside kinase of Drosophila melanogaster (Dm-dNK) was investigated for its broader substrate specificity and higher catalytic rate as a suicide gene in a combined gene/chemotherapy of cancer. METHODS To evaluate the effects of nucleoside analog phosphorylation by Dm-dNK in vitro and in vivo, we generated a replication-deficient retroviral vector expressing Dm-dNK to transduce human breast cancer cells MCF7 (ER+) and MDA-MB-231 (ER-). We further determined the enzymatic activity and the sensitivity of the nontransduced and Dm-dNK-transduced 231/dNK and MCF7/dNK cells to the pyrimidine nucleoside analogs araC and araT. RESULTS The data obtained show that Dm-dNK is enzymatically active and its overexpression in the nuclei of breast cancer cells results in an increased sensitivity to the nucleoside analogs araC and araT in vitro. Furthermore, subcutaneously transplanted 231/dNK cells were significantly inhibited after araC treatment, whereas nontransduced cancer cells continued to grow and develop in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the Dm-dNK/nucleoside analog system could be a novel therapeutic strategy for treating breast cancer and improving anti-tumor efficacy, as well as for optimizing approaches for suicide gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Ma
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang
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Morikawa T, Maeda D, Kume H, Homma Y, Fukayama M. Ribonucleotide reductase M2 subunit is a novel diagnostic marker and a potential therapeutic target in bladder cancer. Histopathology 2011; 57:885-92. [PMID: 21166702 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the immunohistochemical expression and function of ribonucleotide reductase M2 subunit (RRM2), a gemcitabine-related molecule, in bladder cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS One hundred and seventeen bladder specimens on a tissue microarray were immunostained for RRM2. Positive RRM2 staining was observed in none of 14 examples of non-neoplastic urothelium, none of four low-grade urothelial carcinoma (UC), 69 of 83 (83%) high-grade UC, three of three (100%) squamous cell carcinoma and 12 of 13 (92%) lymph node metastasis of UC. RRM2 overexpression was associated significantly with muscularis propria invasion in UC patients who had undergone radical cystectomy (P=0.005). Immunohistochemistry for RRM2 was then applied to small biopsy specimens of 15 cystitis with reactive atypia cases and 25 urothelial carcinoma in-situ (CIS) cases. Positive RRM2 staining was found in one of 15 (6.7%) cystitis with reactive atypia cases and in 24 of 25 (96%) CIS cases. Finally, UM-UC-3 bladder cancer cells were transfected with RRM2 siRNAs and cell growth was evaluated. Knockdown of RRM2 protein markedly inhibited cell growth. CONCLUSIONS We have shown frequent overexpression of RRM2 protein and its possible role in bladder cancer. Our results suggest that RRM2 is a novel diagnostic marker and a potential therapeutic target in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Morikawa
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Yawata T, Maeda Y, Okiku M, Ishida E, Ikenaka K, Shimizu K. Identification and functional characterization of glioma-specific promoters and their application in suicide gene therapy. J Neurooncol 2011; 104:497-507. [PMID: 21347689 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-010-0522-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Suicide gene therapy has been shown to be effective in inducing tumor regression. In this study, a human brain tumor-specific promoter was identified and used to develop transcriptionally targeted gene therapy. We searched for genes with brain tumor-specific expression. By in silico and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction screening, MAGE-A3 and SSX4 were found to be expressed in a tumor-specific manner. SSX4 gene promoter activity was high in human brain tumor cells but not in normal human astrocyte cells, whereas the MAGE-A3 promoter showed activity in both tumor and normal cells. A retrovirus vector carrying a suicide gene, the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene controlled by the SSX4 promoter, was constructed to evaluate the efficacy of the promoter in tumor-specific gene therapy. Glioma and human telomerase catalytic subunit-immortalized fibroblast BJ-5ta cell lines transduced with retrovirus vectors were assayed for killing activity by ganciclovir. Glioma cell lines were effectively killed by ganciclovir in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas BJ-5ta cells were not. By contrast, MAGE-A3 promoter failed to induce cytotoxicity in a brain tumor-specific manner. In addition, mouse glioma RSV-M cells transduced with retrovirus vector also showed suppressed tumor formation activity in syngeneic mice in response to ganciclovir administration. Therefore, the SSX4 promoter is a candidate for brain tumor-specific gene therapy and supports the efficacy and safety of suicide gene therapy for malignant brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Yawata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
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Morikawa T, Hino R, Uozaki H, Maeda D, Ushiku T, Shinozaki A, Sakatani T, Fukayama M. Expression of ribonucleotide reductase M2 subunit in gastric cancer and effects of RRM2 inhibition in vitro. Hum Pathol 2010; 41:1742-8. [PMID: 20825972 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductase M2 subunit is one of two subunits that constitute ribonucleotide reductase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ribonucleotide 5'-diphosphates into 2'-deoxyribonucleotides, which are required for DNA synthesis. This study was conducted to investigate the roles of ribonucleotide reductase M2 subunit in gastric cancer. The expression of ribonucleotide reductase M2 subunit protein was examined by immunohistochemistry. In normal gastric mucosa, ribonucleotide reductase M2 subunit expression was restricted to the neck regions of gastric pits and no expression was observed in the surface epithelium. Among 112 gastric cancer tissues, ribonucleotide reductase M2 subunit overexpression (≥10% cancer cells stained) was observed in 72 cases (64.3%). Ribonucleotide reductase M2 subunit overexpression was significantly associated with male sex (P = .015), presence of muscularis propria invasion (P = .020), presence of Epstein-Barr virus (P = .045), expression of survivin (P = .0014), and DNA methyltransferase 1 (P = .043), but not with age, histology, tumor size, lymph node metastasis or expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog, phosphorylated signal transducer, and activator of transcription 3 or p53. Suppression of ribonucleotide reductase M2 subunit synthesis, using small interfering RNA, inhibited the growth of 3 gastric cancer cell lines, MKN-1, MKN-7, and SNU-719. Our data suggest that ribonucleotide reductase M2 subunit overexpression could be associated with the gastric cancer progression and that suppression of its function is a potential therapeutic strategy in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Morikawa
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Seo E, Kim S, Jho EH. Induction of cancer cell-specific death via MMP2 promoterdependent Bax expression. BMB Rep 2009; 42:217-22. [PMID: 19403045 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2009.42.4.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled gene expression in specific cells is a valuable tool for gene therapy. We attempted to determine whether the lentivirus-mediated Tet-On inducible system could be applied to cancer gene therapy. In order to select the genes that induce cancer cell death, we compared the ability of the known pro-apoptotreic genes, Bax and tBid, and a cell cycle inhibitor, p21cip1/waf1, and determined that Bax was the most effective. For the cancer cell-specific expression of rtTA2(S)-M2, we tested the matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) promoter and determined that it is highly expressed in cancer cell lines, including SNU475 cells. The co-transduction of two lentiviruses that contain sequences for TRE-Bax and rtTA2(S)-M2, the expression of which is controlled by the MMP-2 promoter, resulted in the specific cell death of SNU475, whereas other cells with low MMP-2 expression did not evidence significant cell death. Our data indicate that the lentivirus-mediated Tet-On system using the cancer-specific promoter is applicable for cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjeong Seo
- Department of Life Science, The University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea
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Min BW, Kim CG, Ko J, Lim Y, Lee YH, Shin SY. Transcription of the protein kinase C-delta gene is activated by JNK through c-Jun and ATF2 in response to the anticancer agent doxorubicin. Exp Mol Med 2009; 40:699-708. [PMID: 19116455 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2008.40.6.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of protein kinase C-delta (PKCdelta) is up-regulated by apoptosis-inducing stimuli. However, very little is known about the signaling pathways that control PKCdelta gene transcription. In the present study, we demonstrate that JNK stimulates PKCdelta gene expression via c-Jun and ATF2 in response to the anticancer agent doxorubicin (DXR) in mouse lymphocytic leukemia L1210 cells. Luciferase reporter assays showed that DXR-induced activation of the PKCdelta promoter was enhanced by ectopic expression of JNK1, c-Jun, or ATF2, whereas it was strongly reduced by expression of dominant negative JNK1 or by treatment with the JNK inhibitor SP600125. Furthermore, point mutations in the core sequence of the c-Jun/ATF2 binding site suppressed DXR-induced activation of the PKCdelta promoter. Our results suggest an additional role for a JNK signaling cascade in DXR-induced PKCdelta gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byong Wook Min
- Department of Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan 425-707, Korea
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