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Gnacek P, Piergies N, Niemiec P, Kowalska O, Oćwieja M. Spectroscopic studies under properties of chlorpromazine conjugated to gold nanoparticles. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 320:124588. [PMID: 38870699 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Scientific studies have demonstrated that conjugates of anticancer drugs with metal nanoparticles (MeNPs) lead to a more effective deactivation of tumor cells compared to free drugs. Similarly, it has been established that conjugates of antibiotics with MeNPs exhibit higher biocidal activity against bacteria than their unbound counterparts. However, limited information is available regarding conjugates formed from drugs other than anticancer and antibiotics. Therefore, our research aims to develop synthesis methods for conjugates of chlorpromazine (CPZ), a neuroleptic, with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). CPZ-AuNP conjugates were prepared through a ligand exchange reaction conducted on the surface of quasi-spherical, negatively charged citrate-stabilized TC-AuNPs with an average size of 55 ± 5 nm. UV-vis spectroscopy was employed to determine the stability range of the conjugates under controlled conditions of pH and ionic strength. Based on electrokinetic measurements, it was observed that the zeta potential of CPZ-AuNP conjugates strongly depends on the amount of CPZ adsorbed on the TC-AuNP surface. Additionally, the conjugates exhibited an isoelectric point at pH 8.8. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRA) were employed to elucidate the adsorption structure of CPZ on TC-AuNPs. The interpretation of the spectra was conducted based on the Raman and FTIR spectra of CPZ, along with calculations performed using Density Functional Theory (DFT). The results indicated that CPZ primarily interacts with the TC-AuNP surface through the angularly oriented phenothiazine ring and the propylene bridge. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the C-N-C fragment is perpendicular to the surface of the TC-AuNP with which it interacts. The findings from this analysis suggest the potential for further research on the use of these conjugates in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Gnacek
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, PL-30239 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Natalia Piergies
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Niemiec
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences in Tarnow, Mickiewicza 8, 33-100 Tarnow, Poland.
| | - Oliwia Kowalska
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, PL-30239 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Oćwieja
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, PL-30239 Krakow, Poland.
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Kucinska M, Pospieszna J, Tang J, Lisiak N, Toton E, Rubis B, Murias M. The combination therapy using tyrosine kinase receptors inhibitors and repurposed drugs to target patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116892. [PMID: 38876048 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The lesson from many studies investigating the efficacy of targeted therapy in glioblastoma (GBM) showed that a future perspective should be focused on combining multiple target treatments. Our research aimed to assess the efficacy of drug combinations against glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). Patient-derived cells U3042, U3009, and U3039 were obtained from the Human Glioblastoma Cell Culture resource. Additionally, the study was conducted on a GBM commercial U251 cell line. Gene expression analysis related to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), stem cell markers and genes associated with significant molecular targets was performed, and selected proteins encoded by these genes were assessed using the immunofluorescence and flow cytometry methods. The cytotoxicity studies were preceded by analyzing the expression of specific proteins that serve as targets for selected drugs. The cytotoxicity study using the MTS assay was conducted to evaluate the effects of selected drugs/candidates in monotherapy and combinations. The most cytotoxic compounds for U3042 cells were Disulfiram combined with Copper gluconate (DSF/Cu), Dacomitinib, and Foretinib with IC50 values of 52.37 nM, 4.38 µM, and 4.54 µM after 24 h incubation, respectively. Interactions were assessed using SynergyFinder Plus software. The analysis enabled the identification of the most effective drug combinations against patient-derived GSCs. Our findings indicate that the most promising drug combinations are Dacomitinib and Foretinib, Dacomitinib and DSF/Cu, and Foretinib and AZD3759. Since most tested combinations have not been previously examined against glioblastoma stem-like cells, these results can shed new light on designing the therapeutic approach to target the GSC population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Kucinska
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences 3 Rokietnicka Street, Poznan 60-806, Poland.
| | - Julia Pospieszna
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences 3 Rokietnicka Street, Poznan 60-806, Poland.
| | - Jing Tang
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland.
| | - Natalia Lisiak
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka Street, Poznan 60-806, Poland.
| | - Ewa Toton
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka Street, Poznan 60-806, Poland.
| | - Blazej Rubis
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka Street, Poznan 60-806, Poland.
| | - Marek Murias
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences 3 Rokietnicka Street, Poznan 60-806, Poland.
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Jeleń M, Otto-Ślusarczyk D, Morak-Młodawska B, Struga M. Novel Tetracyclic Azaphenothiazines with the Quinoline Ring as New Anticancer and Antibacterial Derivatives of Chlorpromazine. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4148. [PMID: 38673734 PMCID: PMC11050599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Phenothiazine derivatives are widely studied in various fields such as biology, chemistry, and medicine research because of their pharmaceutical effects. The first compound used successfully in the treatment of psychosis was a phenthiazine derivative, chlorpromazine. Apart from its activity in neurons, chlorpromazine has also been reported to display anticancer and antibacterial properties. In this study, we present the synthesis and research on the activity of A549, MDA, MiaPaCa, PC3, and HCT116 cancer cell lines and of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa bacterial strains against a series of new tetracyclic chlorpromazine analogues containing a quinoline scaffold in their structure instead of the benzene ring and various substituents at the thiazine nitrogen. The structure of these novel molecules has been determined by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS spectral techniques. The seven most active of the twenty-four new chlorpromazine analogues tested were selected to study the mechanism of cytotoxic action. Their ability to induce apoptosis or necrosis in cancer cells was assessed by flow cytometry analysis. The results obtained confirmed the proapoptotic activity of selected compounds, especially in terms of inducing late apoptosis or necrosis in cancer cell lines A549, MiaPaCa-2, and HCT-116. Furthermore, studies on the induction of cell cycle arrest suggest that the new chlorpromazine analogues exert antiproliferative effects by inducing cell cycle arrest in the S phase and, consequently, apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Jeleń
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
| | - Dagmara Otto-Ślusarczyk
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (D.O.-Ś.); (M.S.)
| | - Beata Morak-Młodawska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
| | - Marta Struga
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (D.O.-Ś.); (M.S.)
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Wang Q, Li L, Gao X, Zhang C, Xu C, Song L, Li J, Sun X, Mao F, Wang Y. Targeting GRP75 with a Chlorpromazine Derivative Inhibits Endometrial Cancer Progression Through GRP75-IP3R-Ca 2+-AMPK Axis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304203. [PMID: 38342610 PMCID: PMC11022737 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Tumors often overexpress glucose-regulated proteins, and agents that interfere with the production or activity of these proteins may represent novel cancer treatments. The chlorpromazine derivative JX57 exhibits promising effects against endometrial cancer with minimal extrapyramidal side effects; however, its mechanisms of action are currently unknown. Here, glucose-regulated protein 75 kD (GRP75) is identified as a direct target of JX57 using activity-based protein profiling and loss-of-function experiments. The findings show that GRP75 is necessary for the biological activity of JX57, as JX57 exhibits moderate anticancer properties in GRP75-deficient cancer cells, both in vitro and in vivo. High GRP75 expression is correlated with poor differentiation and poor survival in patients with endometrial cancer, whereas the knockdown of GRP75 can significantly suppress tumor growth. Mechanistically, the direct binding of JX57 to GRP75 impairs the structure of the mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane and disrupts the endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial calcium homeostasis, resulting in a mitochondrial energy crisis and AMP-activated protein kinase activation. Taken together, these findings highlight GRP75 as a potential prognostic biomarker and direct therapeutic target in endometrial cancer and suggest that the chlorpromazine derivative JX57 can potentially be a new therapeutic option for endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncologythe International Peace Maternity and Child Health HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Municipal Key Clinical SpecialtyFemale Tumor Reproductive SpecialtyShanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original DiseaseShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200025China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringShanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell MetabolismFrontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug DesignSchool of PharmacyEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncologythe International Peace Maternity and Child Health HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Municipal Key Clinical SpecialtyFemale Tumor Reproductive SpecialtyShanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original DiseaseShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200025China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- Department of Gynecologic Oncologythe International Peace Maternity and Child Health HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Municipal Key Clinical SpecialtyFemale Tumor Reproductive SpecialtyShanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original DiseaseShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200025China
| | - Chunxue Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncologythe International Peace Maternity and Child Health HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Municipal Key Clinical SpecialtyFemale Tumor Reproductive SpecialtyShanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original DiseaseShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200025China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncologythe International Peace Maternity and Child Health HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Municipal Key Clinical SpecialtyFemale Tumor Reproductive SpecialtyShanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original DiseaseShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200025China
| | - Lingyi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringShanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell MetabolismFrontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug DesignSchool of PharmacyEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringShanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell MetabolismFrontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug DesignSchool of PharmacyEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Department of Gynecologic Oncologythe International Peace Maternity and Child Health HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Municipal Key Clinical SpecialtyFemale Tumor Reproductive SpecialtyShanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original DiseaseShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200025China
| | - Fei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringShanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell MetabolismFrontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug DesignSchool of PharmacyEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
| | - Yudong Wang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncologythe International Peace Maternity and Child Health HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Municipal Key Clinical SpecialtyFemale Tumor Reproductive SpecialtyShanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original DiseaseShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200025China
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5
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Gouveia MJ, Ribeiro E, Vale N. A Surprising Repurposing of Central Nervous System Drugs against Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder, UM-UC-5. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:212. [PMID: 38399266 PMCID: PMC10892655 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The potential benefits of drug repurposing have gained attention as an alternative to developing de novo drugs. The potential of using central nervous system (CNS) drugs as anticancer drugs has been explored in several types of human cancers, such as breast and colon cancer, among others. Here, we examine the effect of the CNS drugs sertraline, paroxetine, and chlorpromazine on human squamous carcinoma cells of the bladder (UM-UC-5). After exposing UM-UC-5 cells to increased concentrations of each drug for 48 h, we assessed their metabolic activity using an MTT assay. Based on those results, we calculated cell viability and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values. The results suggest that the CNS drugs were effective against UM-UC-5 in the order of potency of sertraline > chlorpromazine > paroxetine. Interestingly, sertraline was more potent than 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a widely used anticancer drug. This study demonstrated, for the first time, the promising anticancer activity of CNS drugs on human bladder cancer cells in vitro and supports the repurposing of CNS drugs to improve cancer treatment. Nevertheless, further studies are necessary to understand their mechanism of action and in vivo activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Gouveia
- Center for the Study in Animal Science (CECA/ICETA), University of Porto, Rua de D. Manuel II, Apt 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal;
- Centre for Parasite Biology and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Ribeiro
- PerMed Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- PerMed Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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6
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Liu R, Miao J, Jia Y, Kong G, Hong F, Li F, Zhai M, Zhang R, Liu J, Xu X, Wang T, Liu H, Hu J, Yang Y, He A. N6-methyladenosine reader YTHDF2 promotes multiple myeloma cell proliferation through EGR1/p21 cip1/waf1/CDK2-Cyclin E1 axis-mediated cell cycle transition. Oncogene 2023; 42:1607-1619. [PMID: 37012388 PMCID: PMC10181929 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02675-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematological malignancy. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant RNA modification. YTH domain-containing family protein 2 (YTHDF2) recognizes m6A-cotaining RNAs and accelerates degradation to regulate cancer progression. However, the role of YTHDF2 in MM remains unclear. We investigated the expression levels and prognostic role of YTHDF2 in MM, and studied the effect of YTHDF2 on MM proliferation and cell cycle. The results showed that YTHDF2 was highly expressed in MM and was an independent prognostic factor for MM survival. Silencing YTHDF2 suppressed cell proliferation and caused the G1/S phase cell cycle arrest. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and m6A-RIP (MeRIP) revealed that YTHDF2 accelerated EGR1 mRNA degradation in an m6A-dependent manner. Moreover, overexpression of YTHDF2 promoted MM growth via the m6A-dependent degradation of EGR1 both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, EGR1 suppressed cell proliferation and retarded cell cycle by activating p21cip1/waf1 transcription and inhibiting CDK2-cyclinE1. EGR1 knockdown could reverse the inhibited proliferation and cell cycle arrest upon YTHDF2 knockdown. In conclusion, the high expression of YTHDF2 promoted MM cell proliferation via EGR1/p21cip1/waf1/CDK2-cyclin E1 axis-mediated cell cycle transition, highlighting the potential of YTHDF2 as an effective prognostic biomarker and a promising therapeutic target for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157, 5th West Road, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiyu Miao
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157, 5th West Road, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yachun Jia
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157, 5th West Road, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guangyao Kong
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157, 5th West Road, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics & Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Tumor and Immunology in precision medical institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fei Hong
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157, 5th West Road, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fangmei Li
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157, 5th West Road, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng Zhai
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157, 5th West Road, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157, 5th West Road, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157, 5th West Road, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuezhu Xu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157, 5th West Road, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157, 5th West Road, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157, 5th West Road, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinsong Hu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The Institute of Infection and Immunity, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yun Yang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157, 5th West Road, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Aili He
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157, 5th West Road, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics & Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China.
- Department of Tumor and Immunology in precision medical institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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de Bartolomeis A, Ciccarelli M, De Simone G, Mazza B, Barone A, Vellucci L. Canonical and Non-Canonical Antipsychotics' Dopamine-Related Mechanisms of Present and Next Generation Molecules: A Systematic Review on Translational Highlights for Treatment Response and Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065945. [PMID: 36983018 PMCID: PMC10051989 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric illness affecting almost 25 million people worldwide and is conceptualized as a disorder of synaptic plasticity and brain connectivity. Antipsychotics are the primary pharmacological treatment after more than sixty years after their introduction in therapy. Two findings hold true for all presently available antipsychotics. First, all antipsychotics occupy the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) as an antagonist or partial agonist, even if with different affinity; second, D2R occupancy is the necessary and probably the sufficient mechanism for antipsychotic effect despite the complexity of antipsychotics' receptor profile. D2R occupancy is followed by coincident or divergent intracellular mechanisms, implying the contribution of cAMP regulation, β-arrestin recruitment, and phospholipase A activation, to quote some of the mechanisms considered canonical. However, in recent years, novel mechanisms related to dopamine function beyond or together with D2R occupancy have emerged. Among these potentially non-canonical mechanisms, the role of Na2+ channels at the dopamine at the presynaptic site, dopamine transporter (DAT) involvement as the main regulator of dopamine concentration at synaptic clefts, and the putative role of antipsychotics as chaperones for intracellular D2R sequestration, should be included. These mechanisms expand the fundamental role of dopamine in schizophrenia therapy and may have relevance to considering putatively new strategies for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), an extremely severe condition epidemiologically relevant and affecting almost 30% of schizophrenia patients. Here, we performed a critical evaluation of the role of antipsychotics in synaptic plasticity, focusing on their canonical and non-canonical mechanisms of action relevant to the treatment of schizophrenia and their subsequent implication for the pathophysiology and potential therapy of TRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Ciccarelli
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Simone
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mazza
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annarita Barone
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Licia Vellucci
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
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8
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Montiel-Dávalos A, Ayala Y, Hernández G. The dark side of mRNA translation and the translation machinery in glioblastoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1086964. [PMID: 36994107 PMCID: PMC10042294 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1086964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the different types of cancer affecting the central nervous system (CNS), glioblastoma (GB) is classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the most common and aggressive CNS cancer in adults. GB incidence is more frequent among persons aged 45–55 years old. GB treatments are based on tumor resection, radiation, and chemotherapies. The current development of novel molecular biomarkers (MB) has led to a more accurate prediction of GB progression. Moreover, clinical, epidemiological, and experimental studies have established genetic variants consistently associated with the risk of suffering GB. However, despite the advances in these fields, the survival expectancy of GB patients is still shorter than 2 years. Thus, fundamental processes inducing tumor onset and progression remain to be elucidated. In recent years, mRNA translation has been in the spotlight, as its dysregulation is emerging as a key cause of GB. In particular, the initiation phase of translation is most involved in this process. Among the crucial events, the machinery performing this phase undergoes a reconfiguration under the hypoxic conditions in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, ribosomal proteins (RPs) have been reported to play translation-independent roles in GB development. This review focuses on the research elucidating the tight relationship between translation initiation, the translation machinery, and GB. We also summarize the state-of-the-art drugs targeting the translation machinery to improve patients’ survival. Overall, the recent advances in this field are shedding new light on the dark side of translation in GB.
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9
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Brown JS. Treatment of cancer with antipsychotic medications: Pushing the boundaries of schizophrenia and cancer. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104809. [PMID: 35970416 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Over a century ago, the phenothiazine dye, methylene blue, was discovered to have both antipsychotic and anti-cancer effects. In the 20th-century, the first phenothiazine antipsychotic, chlorpromazine, was found to inhibit cancer. During the years of elucidating the pharmacology of the phenothiazines, reserpine, an antipsychotic with a long historical background, was likewise discovered to have anti-cancer properties. Research on the effects of antipsychotics on cancer continued slowly until the 21st century when efforts to repurpose antipsychotics for cancer treatment accelerated. This review examines the history of these developments, and identifies which antipsychotics might treat cancer, and which cancers might be treated by antipsychotics. The review also describes the molecular mechanisms through which antipsychotics may inhibit cancer. Although the overlap of molecular pathways between schizophrenia and cancer have been known or suspected for many years, no comprehensive review of the subject has appeared in the psychiatric literature to assess the significance of these similarities. This review fills that gap and discusses what, if any, significance the similarities have regarding the etiology of schizophrenia.
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10
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Thakur A, Faujdar C, Sharma R, Sharma S, Malik B, Nepali K, Liou JP. Glioblastoma: Current Status, Emerging Targets, and Recent Advances. J Med Chem 2022; 65:8596-8685. [PMID: 35786935 PMCID: PMC9297300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly malignant
brain tumor characterized
by a heterogeneous population of genetically unstable and highly infiltrative
cells that are resistant to chemotherapy. Although substantial efforts
have been invested in the field of anti-GBM drug discovery in the
past decade, success has primarily been confined to the preclinical
level, and clinical studies have often been hampered due to efficacy-,
selectivity-, or physicochemical property-related issues. Thus, expansion
of the list of molecular targets coupled with a pragmatic design of
new small-molecule inhibitors with central nervous system (CNS)-penetrating
ability is required to steer the wheels of anti-GBM drug discovery
endeavors. This Perspective presents various aspects of drug discovery
(challenges in GBM drug discovery and delivery, therapeutic targets,
and agents under clinical investigation). The comprehensively covered
sections include the recent medicinal chemistry campaigns embarked
upon to validate the potential of numerous enzymes/proteins/receptors
as therapeutic targets in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Thakur
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chetna Faujdar
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida 201307, India
| | - Ram Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Sachin Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Basant Malik
- Department of Sterile Product Development, Research and Development-Unit 2, Jubiliant Generics Ltd., Noida 201301, India
| | - Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jing Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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11
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The Impact of the Antipsychotic Medication Chlorpromazine on Cytotoxicity through Ca 2+ Signaling Pathway in Glial Cell Models. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:791-802. [PMID: 35438391 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00507-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpromazine, an antipsychotic medication, is conventionally applied to cope with the psychotic disorder such as schizophrenia. In cellular studies, chlorpromazine exerts many different actions through calcium ion (Ca2+) signaling, but the underlying pathways are elusive. This study explored the effect of chlorpromazine on viability, Ca2+ signaling pathway and their relationship in glial cell models (GBM 8401 human glioblastoma cell line and Gibco® Human Astrocyte (GHA)). First, chlorpromazine between 10 and 40 μM induced cytotoxicity in GBM 8401 cells but not in GHA cells. Second, in terms of Ca2+ homeostasis, chlorpromazine (10-30 μM) increased intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) rises in GBM 8401 cells but not in GHA cells. Ca2+ removal reduced the signal by approximately 55%. Furthermore, chelation of cytosolic Ca2+ with BAPTA-AM reduced chlorpromazine (10-40 μM)-induced cytotoxicity in GBM 8401 cells. Third, in Ca2+-containing medium of GBM 8401 cells, chlorpromazine-induced Ca2+ entry was inhibited by the modulators of store-operated Ca2+ channel (2-APB and SKF96365). Lastly, in Ca2+-free medium of GBM 8401 cells, treatment with the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump inhibitor thapsigargin completely inhibited chlorpromazine-increased [Ca2+]i rises. Conversely, treatment with chlorpromazine abolished thapsigargin-increased [Ca2+]i rises. Inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC) with U73122 abolished chlorpromazine-increased [Ca2+]i rises. Together, in GBM 8401 cells but not in GHA cells, chlorpromazine increased [Ca2+]i rises by Ca2+ influx via store-operated Ca2+ entry and PLC-dependent Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum. Moreover, the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM inhibited cytotoxicity in chlorpromazine-treated GBM 8401 cells. Therefore, Ca2+ signaling was involved in chlorpromazine-induced cytotoxicity in GBM 8401 cells.
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12
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Barzegar Behrooz A, Talaie Z, Jusheghani F, Łos MJ, Klonisch T, Ghavami S. Wnt and PI3K/Akt/mTOR Survival Pathways as Therapeutic Targets in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031353. [PMID: 35163279 PMCID: PMC8836096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a devastating type of brain tumor, and current therapeutic treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, are palliative at best. The design of effective and targeted chemotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of GBM require a thorough analysis of specific signaling pathways to identify those serving as drivers of GBM progression and invasion. The Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/Akt/mTOR (PAM) signaling pathways are key regulators of important biological functions that include cell proliferation, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), metabolism, and angiogenesis. Targeting specific regulatory components of the Wnt/β-catenin and PAM pathways has the potential to disrupt critical brain tumor cell functions to achieve critical advancements in alternative GBM treatment strategies to enhance the survival rate of GBM patients. In this review, we emphasize the importance of the Wnt/β-catenin and PAM pathways for GBM invasion into brain tissue and explore their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Barzegar Behrooz
- Brain Cancer Department, Asu vanda Gene Industrial Research Company, Tehran 1533666398, Iran; (A.B.B.); (Z.T.)
| | - Zahra Talaie
- Brain Cancer Department, Asu vanda Gene Industrial Research Company, Tehran 1533666398, Iran; (A.B.B.); (Z.T.)
| | - Fatemeh Jusheghani
- Department of Biotechnology, Asu vanda Gene Industrial Research Company, Tehran 1533666398, Iran;
| | - Marek J. Łos
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Thomas Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada;
- Department of Pathology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada;
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Katowice School of Technology, 40-555 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence:
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13
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Persico M, Abbruzzese C, Matteoni S, Matarrese P, Campana AM, Villani V, Pace A, Paggi MG. Tackling the Behavior of Cancer Cells: Molecular Bases for Repurposing Antipsychotic Drugs in the Treatment of Glioblastoma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020263. [PMID: 35053377 PMCID: PMC8773942 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is associated with a very dismal prognosis, and current therapeutic options still retain an overall unsatisfactorily efficacy in clinical practice. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches and effective medications are highly needed. Since the development of new drugs is an extremely long, complex and expensive process, researchers and clinicians are increasingly considering drug repositioning/repurposing as a valid alternative to the standard research process. Drug repurposing is also under active investigation in GBM therapy, since a wide range of noncancer and cancer therapeutics have been proposed or investigated in clinical trials. Among these, a remarkable role is played by the antipsychotic drugs, thanks to some still partially unexplored, interesting features of these agents. Indeed, antipsychotic drugs have been described to interfere at variable incisiveness with most hallmarks of cancer. In this review, we analyze the effects of antipsychotics in oncology and how these drugs can interfere with the hallmarks of cancer in GBM. Overall, according to available evidence, mostly at the preclinical level, it is possible to speculate that repurposing of antipsychotics in GBM therapy might contribute to providing potentially effective and inexpensive therapies for patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Persico
- Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Proteomics Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (C.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Claudia Abbruzzese
- Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Proteomics Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (C.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Silvia Matteoni
- Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Proteomics Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (C.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Paola Matarrese
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy;
| | - Anna Maria Campana
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Veronica Villani
- Neuro-Oncology, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (V.V.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrea Pace
- Neuro-Oncology, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (V.V.); (A.P.)
| | - Marco G. Paggi
- Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Proteomics Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (C.A.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-52662550
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14
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You F, Zhang C, Liu X, Ji D, Zhang T, Yu R, Gao S. Drug repositioning: Using psychotropic drugs for the treatment of glioma. Cancer Lett 2021; 527:140-149. [PMID: 34923043 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Psychotropic drugs can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and regulate the levels of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators such as γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the brain, and thus influence neuronal activity. Neuronal activity in the tumor microenvironment can promote the growth and expansion of glioma. There is increasing evidence that in addition to their use in the treatment of mental disorders, antipsychotic, antidepressant, and mood-stabilizing drugs have clinical potential for cancer therapy. These drugs have been shown to inhibit the malignant progression of glioma by targeting signaling pathways related to cell proliferation, apoptosis, or invasion/migration or by increasing the sensitivity of glioma cells to conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy. In this review, we summarize findings from preclinical and clinical studies investigating the use of antipsychotics, antidepressants, and mood stabilizers in the treatment of various types of cancer, with a focus on glioma; and discuss their presumed antitumor mechanisms. The existing evidence indicates that psychotropic drugs with established pharmacologic and safety profiles can be repurposed as anticancer agents, thus providing new options for the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangting You
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Nervous System Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Caiyi Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Xuzhou Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 379 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Daofei Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 32 Mei-Jian Road, Xuzhou, 221006, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Nervous System Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
| | - Rutong Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Nervous System Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
| | - Shangfeng Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Nervous System Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
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15
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Repurposing Antipsychotics for Cancer Treatment. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121785. [PMID: 34944601 PMCID: PMC8698939 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, with approximately 19 million new cases each year. Lately, several novel chemotherapeutic drugs have been introduced, efficiently inhibiting tumor growth and proliferation. However, developing a new drug is a time- and money-consuming process, requiring around 1 billion dollars and nearly ten years, with only a minority of the initially effective anti-cancer drugs experimentally finally being efficient in human clinical trials. Drug repurposing for cancer treatment is an optimal alternative as the safety of these drugs has been previously tested, and thus, in case of successful preclinical studies, can be introduced faster and with a lower cost into phase 3 clinical trials. Antipsychotic drugs are associated with anti-cancer properties and, lately, there has been an increasing interest in their role in cancer treatment. In the present review, we discussed in detail the in-vitro and in-vivo properties of the most common typical and atypical antipsychotics, along with their mechanism of action.
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16
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Matteoni S, Matarrese P, Ascione B, Ricci-Vitiani L, Pallini R, Villani V, Pace A, Paggi MG, Abbruzzese C. Chlorpromazine induces cytotoxic autophagy in glioblastoma cells via endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:347. [PMID: 34740374 PMCID: PMC8569984 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02144-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM; grade IV glioma) is characterized by a very short overall survival time and extremely low 5-year survival rates. We intend to promote experimental and clinical research on rationale and scientifically driven drug repurposing. This may represent a safe and often inexpensive way to propose novel pharmacological approaches to GBM. Our precedent work describes the role of chlorpromazine (CPZ) in hindering malignant features of GBM. Here, we investigate in greater detail the molecular mechanisms at the basis of the effect of CPZ on GBM cells. METHODS We employed proteomics platforms, i.e., activity-based protein profiling plus mass spectrometry, to identify potential cellular targets of the drug. Then, by means of established molecular and cellular biology techniques, we assessed the effects of this drug on GBM cell metabolic and survival pathways. RESULTS The experimental output indicated as putative targets of CPZ several of factors implicated in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, with consequent unfolded protein response (UPR). Such a perturbation culminated in a noticeable reactive oxygen species generation and intense autophagic response that resulted in cytotoxic and abortive effects for six GBM cell lines, three of which growing as neurospheres, while it appeared cytoprotective for the RPE-1 human non-cancer neuro-ectodermal cell line. CONCLUSIONS This discrepancy could be central in explaining the lethal effects of the drug on GBM cells and the relatively scarce cytotoxicity toward normal tissues attributed to this compound. The data presented here offer support to the multicenter phase II clinical trial we have undertaken, which consists of the addition of CPZ to first-line treatment of GBM patients carrying a hypo- or un-methylated MGMT gene, i.e. those characterized by intrinsic resistance to temozolomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Matteoni
- Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Proteomics Unit, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Matarrese
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Ascione
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Ricci-Vitiani
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Pallini
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University School of Medicine, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Villani
- Neuro-Oncology, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Pace
- Neuro-Oncology, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco G Paggi
- Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Proteomics Unit, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudia Abbruzzese
- Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Proteomics Unit, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy.
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17
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Kamgar-Dayhoff P, Brelidze TI. Multifaceted effect of chlorpromazine in cancer: implications for cancer treatment. Oncotarget 2021; 12:1406-1426. [PMID: 34262651 PMCID: PMC8274723 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1951, chlorpromazine (CPZ) has been one of the most widely used antipsychotic medications for treating schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. In addition to its antipsychotic effect, many studies in the last several decades have found that CPZ has a potent antitumorigenic effect. These studies have shown that CPZ affects a number of molecular oncogenic targets through multiple pathways, including the regulation of cell cycle, cancer growth and metastasis, chemo-resistance and stemness of cancer cells. Here we review studies on molecular mechanisms of CPZ’s action on key proteins involved in cancer, including p53, YAP, Ras protein, ion channels, and MAPKs. We discuss common and overlapping signaling pathways of CPZ’s action, its cancer-type specificity, antitumorigenic effects of CPZ reported in animal models and population studies on the rate of cancer in psychiatric patients. We also discuss the potential benefits and limitations of repurposing CPZ for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pareesa Kamgar-Dayhoff
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Tinatin I Brelidze
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA
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18
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Antoszczak M, Markowska A, Markowska J, Huczyński A. Antidepressants and Antipsychotic Agents as Repurposable Oncological Drug Candidates. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2137-2174. [PMID: 32895037 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200907141452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Drug repurposing, also known as drug repositioning/reprofiling, is a relatively new strategy for the identification of alternative uses of well-known therapeutics that are outside the scope of their original medical indications. Such an approach might entail a number of advantages compared to standard de novo drug development, including less time needed to introduce the drug to the market, and lower costs. The group of compounds that could be considered as promising candidates for repurposing in oncology include the central nervous system drugs, especially selected antidepressant and antipsychotic agents. In this article, we provide an overview of some antidepressants (citalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline) and antipsychotics (chlorpromazine, pimozide, thioridazine, trifluoperazine) that have the potential to be repurposed as novel chemotherapeutics in cancer treatment, as they have been found to exhibit preventive and/or therapeutic action in cancer patients. Nevertheless, although drug repurposing seems to be an attractive strategy to search for oncological drugs, we would like to clearly indicate that it should not replace the search for new lead structures, but only complement de novo drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Antoszczak
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Markowska
- \Department of Perinatology and Women's Diseases, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Janina Markowska
- Department of Oncology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Adam Huczyński
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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19
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Matteoni S, Matarrese P, Ascione B, Buccarelli M, Ricci-Vitiani L, Pallini R, Villani V, Pace A, Paggi MG, Abbruzzese C. Anticancer Properties of the Antipsychotic Drug Chlorpromazine and Its Synergism With Temozolomide in Restraining Human Glioblastoma Proliferation In Vitro. Front Oncol 2021; 11:635472. [PMID: 33718225 PMCID: PMC7952964 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.635472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The extremely poor prognosis of patients affected by glioblastoma (GBM, grade IV glioma) prompts the search for new and more effective therapies. In this regard, drug repurposing or repositioning can represent a safe, swift, and inexpensive way to bring novel pharmacological approaches from bench to bedside. Chlorpromazine, a medication used since six decades for the therapy of psychiatric disorders, shows in vitro several features that make it eligible for repositioning in cancer therapy. Using six GBM cell lines, three of which growing as patient-derived neurospheres and displaying stem-like properties, we found that chlorpromazine was able to inhibit viability in an apoptosis-independent way, induce hyperdiploidy, reduce cloning efficiency as well as neurosphere formation and downregulate the expression of stemness genes in all these cell lines. Notably, chlorpromazine synergized with temozolomide, the first-line therapeutic in GBM patients, in hindering GBM cell viability, and both drugs strongly cooperated in reducing cloning efficiency and inducing cell death in vitro for all the GBM cell lines assayed. These results prompted us to start a Phase II clinical trial on GBM patients (EudraCT # 2019-001988-75; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04224441) by adding chlorpromazine to temozolomide in the adjuvant phase of the standard first-line therapeutic protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Matteoni
- Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Proteomics Unit, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Matarrese
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Oncology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Ascione
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Oncology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Buccarelli
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Ricci-Vitiani
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Pallini
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Institute of Neurosurgery, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Villani
- Neuro-Oncology, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Pace
- Neuro-Oncology, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco G Paggi
- Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Proteomics Unit, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Abbruzzese
- Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Proteomics Unit, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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20
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Martinez-Escobar A, Luna-Callejas B, Ramón-Gallegos E. CRISPR-dCas9-Based Artificial Transcription Factors to Improve Efficacy of Cancer Treatment With Drug Repurposing: Proposal for Future Research. Front Oncol 2021; 10:604948. [PMID: 33614489 PMCID: PMC7887379 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.604948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high resistance that cancer has shown to conventional therapies, it is difficult to treat this disease, particularly in advanced stages. In recent decades, treatments have been improved, being more specific according to the characteristics of the tumor, becoming more effective, less toxic, and invasive. Cancer can be treated by the combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and/or drug administration, but therapies based on anticancer drugs are the main cancer treatment. Cancer drug development requires long-time preclinical and clinical studies and is not cost-effective. Drug repurposing is an alternative for cancer therapies development since it is faster, safer, easier, cheaper, and repurposed drugs do not have serious side effects. However, cancer is a complex, heterogeneous, and highly dynamic disease with multiple evolving molecular constituents. This tumor heterogeneity causes several resistance mechanisms in cancer therapies, mainly the target mutation. The CRISPR-dCas9-based artificial transcription factors (ATFs) could be used in cancer therapy due to their possibility to manipulate DNA to modify target genes, activate tumor suppressor genes, silence oncogenes, and tumor resistance mechanisms for targeted therapy. In addition, drug repurposing combined with the use of CRISPR-dCas9-based ATFs could be an alternative cancer treatment to reduce cancer mortality. The aim of this review is to describe the potential of the repurposed drugs combined with CRISPR-dCas9-based ATFs to improve the efficacy of cancer treatment, discussing the possible advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Martinez-Escobar
- Environmental Cytopathology Laboratory, Department of Morphology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Luna-Callejas
- Environmental Cytopathology Laboratory, Department of Morphology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eva Ramón-Gallegos
- Environmental Cytopathology Laboratory, Department of Morphology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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21
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Avendaño-Félix M, Aguilar-Medina M, Bermudez M, Lizárraga-Verdugo E, López-Camarillo C, Ramos-Payán R. Refocusing the Use of Psychiatric Drugs for Treatment of Gastrointestinal Cancers. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1452. [PMID: 32923398 PMCID: PMC7456997 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers (GICs) are the most common human tumors worldwide. Treatments have limited effects, and increasing global cancer burden makes it necessary to investigate alternative strategies such as drug repurposing. Interestingly, it has been found that psychiatric drugs (PDs) are promising as a new generation of cancer chemotherapies due to their anti-neoplastic properties. This review compiles the state of the art about how PDs have been redirected for cancer therapeutics in GICs. PDs, especially anti-psychotics, anti-depressants and anti-epileptic drugs, have shown effects on cell viability, cell growth, inhibition of proliferation (cell cycle arrest), apoptosis promotion by caspases activation or cytochrome C release, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nuclear fragmentation over esophageal, gastric, colorectal, liver and pancreatic cancers. Additionally, PDs can inhibit neovascularization, invasion and metastasis in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, they can induce chemosensibilization to 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin and can act synergistically with anti-neoplastic drugs such as gemcitabine, paclitaxel and oxaliplatin. All anti-cancer activities are given by activation or inhibition of pathways such as HDAC1/PTEN/Akt, EGFR/ErbB2/ErbB3, and PI3K/Akt; PI3K-AK-mTOR, HDAC1/PTEN/Akt; Wnt/β-catenin. Further investigations and clinical trials are needed to elucidate all molecular mechanisms involved on anti-cancer activities as well as adverse effects on patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Avendaño-Félix
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | - Maribel Aguilar-Medina
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | - Mercedes Bermudez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | - Erik Lizárraga-Verdugo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | - César López-Camarillo
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosalío Ramos-Payán
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
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22
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Schmidt K, Carroll JS, Yee E, Thomas DD, Wert-Lamas L, Neier SC, Sheynkman G, Ritz J, Novina CD. The lncRNA SLNCR Recruits the Androgen Receptor to EGR1-Bound Genes in Melanoma and Inhibits Expression of Tumor Suppressor p21. Cell Rep 2020; 27:2493-2507.e4. [PMID: 31116991 PMCID: PMC6668037 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer, affecting men more frequently and severely than women. Although recent studies suggest that differences in activity of the androgen receptor (AR) underlie the observed sex bias, little is known about AR activity in melanoma. Here we show that AR and EGR1 bind to the long non-coding RNA SLNCR and increase melanoma proliferation through coordinated transcriptional regulation of several growth-regulatory genes. ChIP-seq reveals that ligand-free AR is enriched on SLNCR-regulated melanoma genes and that AR genomic occupancy significantly overlaps with EGR1 at consensus EGR1 binding sites. We present a model in which SLNCR recruits AR to EGR1-bound genomic loci and switches EGR1-mediated transcriptional activation to repression of the tumor suppressor p21Waf1/Cip1. Our data implicate the regulatory triad of SLNCR, AR, and EGR1 in promoting oncogenesis and may help explain why men have a higher incidence of and more rapidly progressive melanomas compared with women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn Schmidt
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Johanna S Carroll
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Elaine Yee
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Dolly D Thomas
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Leon Wert-Lamas
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Steven C Neier
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Gloria Sheynkman
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB) and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Justin Ritz
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carl D Novina
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA.
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23
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Lin CL, Tan X, Chen M, Kusi M, Hung CN, Chou CW, Hsu YT, Wang CM, Kirma N, Chen CL, Lin CH, Lathrop KI, Elledge R, Kaklamani VG, Mitsuya K, Huang THM. ERα-related chromothripsis enhances concordant gene transcription on chromosome 17q11.1-q24.1 in luminal breast cancer. BMC Med Genomics 2020; 13:69. [PMID: 32408897 PMCID: PMC7222439 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-020-0729-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromothripsis is an event of genomic instability leading to complex chromosomal alterations in cancer. Frequent long-range chromatin interactions between transcription factors (TFs) and targets may promote extensive translocations and copy-number alterations in proximal contact regions through inappropriate DNA stitching. Although studies have proposed models to explain the initiation of chromothripsis, few discussed how TFs influence this process for tumor progression. METHODS This study focused on genomic alterations in amplification associated regions within chromosome 17. Inter-/intra-chromosomal rearrangements were analyzed using whole genome sequencing data of breast tumors in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort. Common ERα binding sites were defined based on MCF-7, T47D, and MDA-MB-134 breast cancer cell lines using univariate K-means clustering methods. Nanopore sequencing technology was applied to validate frequent rearrangements detected between ATC loci on 17q23 and an ERα hub on 20q13. The efficacy of pharmacological inhibition of a potentially druggable target gene on 17q23 was evaluated using breast cancer cell lines and patient-derived circulating breast tumor cells. RESULTS There are five adjoining regions from 17q11.1 to 17q24.1 being hotspots of chromothripsis. Inter-/intra-chromosomal rearrangements of these regions occurred more frequently in ERα-positive tumors than in ERα-negative tumors. In addition, the locations of the rearrangements were often mapped within or close to dense ERα binding sites localized on these five 17q regions or other chromosomes. This chromothriptic event was linked to concordant upregulation of 96 loci that predominantly regulate cell-cycle machineries in advanced luminal tumors. Genome-editing analysis confirmed that an ERα hub localized on 20q13 coordinately regulates a subset of these loci localized on 17q23 through long-range chromosome interactions. One of these loci, Tousled Like Kinase 2 (TLK2) known to participate in DNA damage checkpoint control, is an actionable target using phenothiazine antipsychotics (PTZs). The antiproliferative effect of PTZs was prominent in high TLK2-expressing cells, compared to low expressing cells. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates a new approach for identifying tumorigenic drivers from genomic regions highly susceptible to ERα-related chromothripsis. We found a group of luminal breast tumors displaying 17q-related chromothripsis for which antipsychotics can be repurposed as treatment adjuncts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lin Lin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Xi Tan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Meizhen Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Meena Kusi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Chia-Nung Hung
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Chih-Wei Chou
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Ya-Ting Hsu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Chiou-Miin Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Nameer Kirma
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Chun-Liang Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Ching-Hung Lin
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kate I Lathrop
- Department of Medicine, Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Richard Elledge
- Department of Medicine, Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Virginia G Kaklamani
- Department of Medicine, Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kohzoh Mitsuya
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| | - Tim H-M Huang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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24
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Kaushik I, Ramachandran S, Prasad S, Srivastava SK. Drug rechanneling: A novel paradigm for cancer treatment. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 68:279-290. [PMID: 32437876 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer continues to be one of the leading contributors towards global disease burden. According to NIH, cancer incidence rate per year will increase to 23.6 million by 2030. Even though cancer continues to be a major proportion of the disease burden worldwide, it has the lowest clinical trial success rate amongst other diseases. Hence, there is an unmet need for novel, affordable and effective anti-neoplastic medications. As a result, a growing interest has sparkled amongst researchers towards drug repurposing. Drug repurposing follows the principle of polypharmacology, which states, "any drug with multiple targets or off targets can present several modes of action". Drug repurposing also known as drug rechanneling, or drug repositioning is an economic and reliable approach that identifies new disease treatment of already approved drugs. Repurposing guarantees expedited access of drugs to the patients as these drugs are already FDA approved and their safety and toxicity profile is completely established. Epidemiological studies have identified the decreased occurrence of oncological or non-oncological conditions in patients undergoing treatment with FDA approved drugs. Data from multiple experimental studies and clinical observations have depicted that several non-neoplastic drugs have potential anticancer activity. In this review, we have summarized the potential anti-cancer effects of anti-psychotic, anti-malarial, anti-viral and anti-emetic drugs with a brief overview on their mechanism and pathways in different cancer types. This review highlights promising evidences for the repurposing of drugs in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itishree Kaushik
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, and Center for Tumor Immunology and Targeted Cancer Therapy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
| | - Sharavan Ramachandran
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, and Center for Tumor Immunology and Targeted Cancer Therapy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
| | - Sahdeo Prasad
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, and Center for Tumor Immunology and Targeted Cancer Therapy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
| | - Sanjay K Srivastava
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, and Center for Tumor Immunology and Targeted Cancer Therapy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA.
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25
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Armando RG, Gómez DLM, Gomez DE. New drugs are not enough‑drug repositioning in oncology: An update. Int J Oncol 2020; 56:651-684. [PMID: 32124955 PMCID: PMC7010222 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.4966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug repositioning refers to the concept of discovering novel clinical benefits of drugs that are already known for use treating other diseases. The advantages of this are that several important drug characteristics are already established (including efficacy, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicity), making the process of research for a putative drug quicker and less costly. Drug repositioning in oncology has received extensive focus. The present review summarizes the most prominent examples of drug repositioning for the treatment of cancer, taking into consideration their primary use, proposed anticancer mechanisms and current development status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Gabriela Armando
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Bernal B1876, Argentina
| | - Diego Luis Mengual Gómez
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Bernal B1876, Argentina
| | - Daniel Eduardo Gomez
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Bernal B1876, Argentina
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26
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Clozapine-dependent inhibition of EGF/neuregulin receptor (ErbB) kinases. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:181. [PMID: 31371697 PMCID: PMC6675791 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0519-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clozapine is an antipsychotic agent prescribed to psychotic patients exhibiting tolerance and/or resistance to the conventional antipsychotic medications that mainly drive monoamine antagonism. As the pharmacological fundamentals of its unique antipsychotic profile have been unrevealed, here, we attempted to obtain hints at this question. Here, we found that clozapine directly acts on ErbB kinases to downregulate epidermal growth factor (EGF)/neuregulin signaling. In cultured cell lines and cortical neurons, EGF-triggered ErbB1 phosphorylation was diminished by 30 μM clozapine, but not haloperidol, risperidone, or olanzapine. The neuregulin-1-triggered ErbB4 phosphorylation was attenuated by 10 μM clozapine and 30 μM haloperidol. We assumed that clozapine may directly interact with the ErbB tyrosine kinases and affect their enzyme activity. To test this assumption, we performed in vitro kinase assays using recombinant truncated ErbB kinases. Clozapine (3-30 μM) significantly decreased the enzyme activity of the truncated ErbB1, B2, and B4 kinases. Acute in vivo administration of clozapine (20 mg/kg) to adult rats significantly suppressed the basal phosphorylation levels of ErbB4 in the brain, although we failed to detect effects on basal ErbB1 phosphorylation. Altogether with the previous findings that quinazoline inhibitors for ErbB kinases harbor antipsychotic potential in animal models for schizophrenia, our present observations suggest the possibility that the micromolar concentrations of clozapine can attenuate the activity of ErbB receptor kinases, which might illustrate a part of its unique antipsychotic psychopharmacology.
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27
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Harder BG, Blomquist MR, Wang J, Kim AJ, Woodworth GF, Winkles JA, Loftus JC, Tran NL. Developments in Blood-Brain Barrier Penetrance and Drug Repurposing for Improved Treatment of Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2018; 8:462. [PMID: 30406029 PMCID: PMC6206841 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most common, deadly, and difficult-to-treat adult brain tumors. Surgical removal of the tumor, followed by radiotherapy (RT) and temozolomide (TMZ) administration, is the current treatment modality, but this regimen only modestly improves overall patient survival. Invasion of cells into the surrounding healthy brain tissue prevents complete surgical resection and complicates treatment strategies with the goal of preserving neurological function. Despite significant efforts to increase our understanding of GBM, there have been relatively few therapeutic advances since 2005 and even fewer treatments designed to effectively treat recurrent tumors that are resistant to therapy. Thus, while there is a pressing need to move new treatments into the clinic, emerging evidence suggests that key features unique to GBM location and biology, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and intratumoral molecular heterogeneity, respectively, stand as critical unresolved hurdles to effective therapy. Notably, genomic analyses of GBM tissues has led to the identification of numerous gene alterations that govern cell growth, invasion and survival signaling pathways; however, the drugs that show pre-clinical potential against signaling pathways mediated by these gene alterations cannot achieve effective concentrations at the tumor site. As a result, identifying BBB-penetrating drugs and utilizing new and safer methods to enhance drug delivery past the BBB has become an area of intensive research. Repurposing and combining FDA-approved drugs with evidence of penetration into the central nervous system (CNS) has also seen new interest for the treatment of both primary and recurrent GBM. In this review, we discuss emerging methods to strategically enhance drug delivery to GBM and repurpose currently-approved and previously-studied drugs using rational combination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan G Harder
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Mylan R Blomquist
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Junwen Wang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Anthony J Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Graeme F Woodworth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Winkles
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Joseph C Loftus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Nhan L Tran
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
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28
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Mi G, Wang Y, Ye E, Gao Y, Liu Q, Chen P, Zhu Y, Yang H, Yang Z. The antipsychotic drug quetiapine stimulates oligodendrocyte differentiation by modulating the cell cycle. Neurochem Int 2018; 118:242-251. [PMID: 29627379 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that oligodendrocyte differentiation deficits and de-myelination occur in the brains of schizophrenic patients. Cell cycle proteins play a critical role in modulating oligodendrocyte proliferation and differentiation. In our previous studies, we found that cuprizone, a copper chelant, induces oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination, and this effect can be alleviated by using the atypical antipsychotic drug quetiapine. To explore the mechanisms of quetiapine in oligodendrocyte development, we examined the effects of quetiapine on cell cycle progression. Quetiapine promoted cell cycle exit and blocked the mitogenic effect of PDGF in cultured rat cortical oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). Quetiapine accelerated OPC differentiation in vitro. Moreover, the systemic administration of quetiapine up-regulated p21 mRNA expression, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, in mice. Knocking down p21 expression by RNA interference enhanced proliferation and delayed differentiation. Our results suggest that cell cycle regulation may contribute to the differentiation-promoting effect of quetiapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyun Mi
- Department of Outpatients, 62301 Unit of PLA, No. 19, Dongan Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China; Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yituo Wang
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Enmao Ye
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yunyun Gao
- The 89 Hospital of PLA, No. 256, Beigong West Street, WeiFang City, 261021, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiaowei Liu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Pinhong Chen
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yuyang Zhu
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Hongju Yang
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Zheng Yang
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China.
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29
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Oliva CR, Zhang W, Langford C, Suto MJ, Griguer CE. Repositioning chlorpromazine for treating chemoresistant glioma through the inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase bearing the COX4-1 regulatory subunit. Oncotarget 2018; 8:37568-37583. [PMID: 28455961 PMCID: PMC5514931 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with glioblastoma have one of the lowest overall survival rates among patients with cancer. Standard of care for patients with glioblastoma includes temozolomide and radiation therapy, yet 30% of patients do not respond to these treatments and nearly all glioblastoma tumors become resistant. Chlorpromazine is a United States Food and Drug Administration-approved phenothiazine widely used as a psychotropic in clinical practice. Recently, experimental evidence revealed the anti-proliferative activity of chlorpromazine against colon and brain tumors. Here, we used chemoresistant patient-derived glioma stem cells and chemoresistant human glioma cell lines to investigate the effects of chlorpromazine against chemoresistant glioma. Chlorpromazine selectively and significantly inhibited proliferation in chemoresistant glioma cells and glioma stem cells. Mechanistically, chlorpromazine inhibited cytochrome c oxidase (CcO, complex IV) activity from chemoresistant but not chemosensitive cells, without affecting other mitochondrial complexes. Notably, our previous studies revealed that the switch to chemoresistance in glioma cells is accompanied by a switch from the expression of CcO subunit 4 isoform 2 (COX4-2) to COX4-1. In this study, chlorpromazine induced cell cycle arrest selectively in glioma cells expressing COX4-1, and computer-simulated docking studies indicated that chlorpromazine binds more tightly to CcO expressing COX4-1 than to CcO expressing COX4-2. In orthotopic mouse brain tumor models, chlorpromazine treatment significantly increased the median overall survival of mice harboring chemoresistant tumors. These data indicate that chlorpromazine selectively inhibits the growth and proliferation of chemoresistant glioma cells expressing COX4-1. The feasibility of repositioning chlorpromazine for selectively treating chemoresistant glioma tumors should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia R Oliva
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, 35294 Alabama, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Southern Research, Birmingham, 35294 Alabama, USA
| | - Cathy Langford
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, 35294 Alabama, USA
| | - Mark J Suto
- Southern Research, Birmingham, 35294 Alabama, USA
| | - Corinne E Griguer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, 35294 Alabama, USA.,Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, 35294 Alabama, USA
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30
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Chen DG, Zhu B, Lv SQ, Zhu H, Tang J, Huang C, Li Q, Zhou P, Wang DL, Li GH. Inhibition of EGR1 inhibits glioma proliferation by targeting CCND1 promoter. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:186. [PMID: 29246166 PMCID: PMC5732438 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0656-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Gliomas are the most common primary tumors in central nervous system. The prognosis of the patients with glioma is poor regardless of the development of therapeutic strategies. Its aggressive behavior mainly depends on the potent ability of proliferation. The transcription factor EGR1 (early growth response 1) is a member of a zinc finger transcription factor family which plays an essential role in cell growth and proliferation. Methods EGR1 expression levels in 39 glioma tissues and 10 normal brain tissues were tested by RT-qPCR and Western-blotting. The effects of EGR1 on U251 cells, U251 stem-like cells (GSCs), and U87 cells proliferation were assessed using in vitro and in vivo cell proliferation assays. The specific binding between EGR1 and CCND1 promoter was confirmed by CHIP assay. EGF was used to improve EGR1 expression in this assay. Results EGR1 expression levels in human gliomas are decreased compared with normal brain tissues, however, the patients with low EGR1 expression level showed significantly enhanced patient survival in all glioma patients. EGR1 silencing inhibited proliferation and induced G1 phase arrest in glioma cells. EGR1 contributed to proliferation by directly raising CCND1. Meanwhile, EGR1 overexpression induced by EGF was able to promote the proliferation of glioma cells. Conclusions Our results show that stable knockdown EGR1 would inhibit glioma proliferation. The results suggest EGR1 showing lower expression in cancer tissues compared with normal tissues maybe still play an important role in tumor proliferation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-017-0656-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian-Gang Chen
- Institute for Cancer Research in People's Liberation Army, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute for Cancer Research in People's Liberation Army, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Sheng-Qing Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Hongfan Zhu
- Institute for Cancer Research in People's Liberation Army, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Jinliang Tang
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Changlin Huang
- Institute for Cancer Research in People's Liberation Army, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Qingrui Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Pu Zhou
- Institute for Cancer Research in People's Liberation Army, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Dong-Lin Wang
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Chongqing City, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Guang-Hui Li
- Institute for Cancer Research in People's Liberation Army, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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Abstract
Cancer is a major health issue worldwide, and the global burden of cancer is expected to increase in the coming years. Whereas the limited success with current therapies has driven huge investments into drug development, the average number of FDA approvals per year has declined since the 1990s. This unmet need for more effective anti-cancer drugs has sparked a growing interest for drug repurposing, i.e. using drugs already approved for other indications to treat cancer. As such, data both from pre-clinical experiments, clinical trials and observational studies have demonstrated anti-tumor efficacy for compounds within a wide range of drug classes other than cancer. Whereas some of them induce cancer cell death or suppress various aspects of cancer cell behavior in established tumors, others may prevent cancer development. Here, we provide an overview of promising candidates for drug repurposing in cancer, as well as studies describing the biological mechanisms underlying their anti-neoplastic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sleire
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Hilde Elise Førde
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Inger Anne Netland
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Lina Leiss
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Bente Sandvei Skeie
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei, 71, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Per Øyvind Enger
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei, 71, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
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Xie J, Yu H, Song S, Fang C, Wang X, Bai Z, Ma X, Hao S, Zhao HY, Sheng J. Pu-erh Tea Water Extract Mediates Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 Human Breast Cancer Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:190. [PMID: 28428754 PMCID: PMC5382226 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pu-erh tea is believed to have health benefits, the growth inhibition activity of Pu-erh tea on breast cancer cell has not been investigated. In this study, we examined the activity of Pu-erh tea water extract on apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231 and clarified its underlying mechanism of action. We found that Pu-erh tea extract inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. We also found that Pu-erh tea extract inhibited tumor cell growth within 24 h via accumulation of cells in S phase. Further experiments showed that at 24 h, Pu-erh tea extract up-regulated the expressions of P-p53 (Ser15), p21 and P-JNK and down-regulated the expressions of PCNA, CyclinD1 and CyclinE at the protein level in MDA-MB-231 cells. In particular, the JNK-specific inhibitor SP600125 restored the induction of P-JNK, P-p53 (Ser15), p21, CyclinD1 and CyclinE by Pu-erh tea extract. Our results indicate that Pu-erh tea water extract inhibits cell proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells through the induction of apoptosis and the stimulation of cell cycle arrest, which is mediated via activation of the JNK-related pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biodiversity and Plant Disease Management of China Education Ministry, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Haishuang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Shuang Song
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Chongye Fang
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Xuanjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Zhongbin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Shumei Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan UniversityKunming, China
| | - Hong-Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan UniversityKunming, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan UniversityKunming, China
| | - Jun Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan UniversityKunming, China
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33
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Shin SY, Ahn S, Koh D, Lim Y. p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms are involved in (E)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(2-methoxynaphthalen-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (HMP)-induced apoptosis in HCT116 colon cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:913-919. [PMID: 27641669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
(E)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(2-methoxynaphthalen-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (HMP) is a novel synthetic naphthal chalcone derivative. The aim of this study was to investigate the mode of action underlying the antitumor activity of HMP. We found that treatment with HMP potently inhibited the clonogenicity and triggered cell death in HCT116 colon cancer cells. Flow cytometry showed that HMP induced an increase in the population of sub-G0/G1-phase cells. Annexin V binding assay revealed that HMP triggered apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, HMP stimulated the cleavages of caspase-7 and its substrate poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). HMP promoted γ-H2AX formation and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and up-regulated expression of the tumor suppressor p53. Interestingly, HMP-induced caspase-7 processing was not completely abrogated in p53-null (p53-/-) HCT116 cells, suggesting that p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms are involved in HMP-induced apoptosis. Egr-1, a zinc finger transcription factor, was upregulated by HMP. Silencing of Egr-1 by shRNA significantly reduced HMP-induced caspase-7 and PARP cleavages, regardless of p53 status. These results suggest that HMP triggers caspase-mediated apoptosis through two distinct mechanisms involving p53-dependent and p53-independent, Egr-1-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Young Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Cancer and Metabolism Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seunghyun Ahn
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongsoo Koh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoongho Lim
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology, BMIC, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Lee WY, Lee WT, Cheng CH, Chen KC, Chou CM, Chung CH, Sun MS, Cheng HW, Ho MN, Lin CW. Repositioning antipsychotic chlorpromazine for treating colorectal cancer by inhibiting sirtuin 1. Oncotarget 2016; 6:27580-95. [PMID: 26363315 PMCID: PMC4695010 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating existing drugs for repositioning can enable overcoming bottlenecks in the drug development process. Here, we investigated the effect and molecular mechanism of the antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine (CPZ) and identified its potential for treating colorectal cancer (CRC). Human CRC cell lines harboring different p53 statuses were used to investigate the inhibitory mechanism of CPZ. CPZ effectively inhibited tumor growth and induced apoptosis in CRC cells in a p53-dependent manner. Activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was crucial for CPZ-induced p53 expression and the subsequent induction of tumor apoptosis. Induction of p53 acetylation at lysine382 was involved in CPZ-mediated tumor apoptosis, and this induction was attenuated by sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a class III histone deacetylase. By contrast, knocking down SIRT1 sensitized tumor cells to CPZ treatment. Moreover, CPZ induced the degradation of SIRT1 protein participating downstream of JNK, and JNK suppression abrogated CPZ-mediated SIRT1 downregulation. Clinical analysis revealed a significant association between high SIRT1 expression and poor outcome in CRC patients. These data suggest that SIRT1 is an attractive therapeutic target for CRC and that CPZ is a potential repositioned drug for treating CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ying Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wai-Theng Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsiung Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ku-Chung Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ming Chou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Hung Chung
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Siou Sun
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wei Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ni Ho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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35
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Theoretical elucidation of the metabolic mechanisms of phenothiazine neuroleptic chlorpromazine catalyzed by cytochrome P450 isoenzyme 1A2. Theor Chem Acc 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-016-1943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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Lin Y, Wang P, Liu YH, Shang XL, Chen LY, Xue YX. DT(270-326) , a Truncated Diphtheria Toxin, Increases Blood-Tumor Barrier Permeability by Upregulating the Expression of Caveolin-1. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:477-87. [PMID: 26861687 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The nontoxic mutant of diphtheria toxin (DT) has been demonstrated to act as a receptor-specific carrier protein to delivery drug into brain. Recent research showed that the truncated "receptorless" DT was still capable of being internalized into cells. This study investigated the effects and potential mechanisms of DT(270-326) , a truncated "receptorless" DT, on the permeability of the blood-tumor barrier (BTB). METHODS BTB and GECs were subjected to DT(270-326) treatment. HRP flux assays, immunofluorescent, co-immunoprecipitation, Western blot, CCK-8, and Flow cytometry analysis were used to evaluate the effects of DT(270-326) administration. RESULTS Our results revealed that 5 μM of DT(270-326) significantly increased the permeability of BTBin vitro, which reached its peak at 6 h. The permeability was reduced by pretreatment with filipinIII. DT(270-326) co-localized and interacted with caveolin-1 via its caveolin-binding motif. The mRNA and protein expression levels of caveolin-1 were identical with the changes of BTB permeability. The upregulated expression of caveolin-1 was associated with Src kinase-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of caveolin-1, which subsequently induced phosphorylation and inactivation of the transcription factor Egr-1. The combination of DT(270-326) with doxorubicin significantly enhanced the loss of cell viability and apoptosis of U87 glioma cells in contrast to doxorubicin alone. CONCLUSIONS DT(270-326) might provide a novel strategy to increase the delivery of macromolecular therapeutic agents across the BTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yun-Hui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiu-Li Shang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liang-Yu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi-Xue Xue
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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37
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Ko H, Kim JM, Kim SJ, Shim SH, Ha CH, Chang HI. Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4191-6. [PMID: 26283511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural compounds are becoming important candidates in cancer therapy due to their cytotoxic effects on cancer cells by inducing various types of programmed cell deaths. In this study, we investigated whether genipin induces programmed cell deaths and mediates in Egr1/p21 signaling pathways in gastric cancer cells. Effects of genipin in AGS cancer cell lines were observed via evaluation of cell viability, ROS generation, cell cycle arrest, and protein and RNA levels of p21, Egr1, as well as apoptotic marker genes. The cell viability of AGS cells reduced by genipin treatment via induction of the caspase 3-dependent apoptosis. Cell cycle arrest was observed at the G2/M phase along with induction of p21 and p21-dependent cyclins. As an upstream mediator of p21, the transcription factor early growth response-1 (Egr1) upregulated p21 through nuclear translocation and binding to the p21 promoter site. Silencing Egr1 expression inhibited the expression of p21 and downstream molecules involved in apoptosis. We demonstrated that genipin treatment in AGS human gastric cancer cell line induces apoptosis via p53-independent Egr1/p21 signaling pathway in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonseok Ko
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center, Dankook University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Min Kim
- College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, 5-1 Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Joong Kim
- College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, 5-1 Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hee Shim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, 5-1 Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Ha
- Department of Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, 86 Asanbyeoungwon-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyo Ihl Chang
- College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, 5-1 Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
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38
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Otreba M, Wrześniok D, Beberok A, Rok J, Buszman E. Melanogenesis and antioxidant defense system in normal human melanocytes cultured in the presence of chlorpromazine. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:221-7. [PMID: 25449126 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpromazine is used in the treatment of schizophrenia and psychotic disorders and belongs to phenothiazine class of neuroleptic drugs. It shows severe side effects such as extrapyramidal symptoms as well as ocular and skin disorders, but the mechanism is still not fully established. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of chlorpromazine on cell viability, melanogenesis and antioxidant defense system in normal human melanocytes. It has been demonstrated that chlorpromazine induces concentration dependent loss in cell viability. The value of EC(50) was calculated to be 2.53 μM. Chlorpromazine in lower concentrations (0.0001, 0.001 and 0.01 μM) increased the melanin and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) content and tyrosinase activity, while changes of antioxidant enzymes activity were not observed. It suggests that long-term chlorpromazine therapy, even with low drug doses, may lead to hyperpigmentation disorders in skin and/or eye. The use of the analyzed drug in higher concentrations (0.1 and 1.0 μM) caused significant alterations of antioxidant enzymes activity in normal melanocytes, what may explain a potential role of chlorpromazine in the depletion of cellular antioxidant status leading to other adverse effects associated with the high-dose and/or long-term therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Otreba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, PL 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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39
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Identification of flavonoids from Eriodictyon californicum and their cytotoxicity against HCT116 colon cancer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-015-0015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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40
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Shin SY, Yong Y, Lee J, Ahn S, Jung KY, Koh D, Lee YH, Lim Y. A novel hydroxymethoxynaphthochalcone induces apoptosis through the p53-dependent caspase-mediated pathway in HCT116 human colon cancer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-014-4043-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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41
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Shin SY, Lee KS, Choi YK, Lim HJ, Lee HG, Lim Y, Lee YH. The antipsychotic agent chlorpromazine induces autophagic cell death by inhibiting the Akt/mTOR pathway in human U-87MG glioma cells. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:2080-9. [PMID: 23689352 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
2-Chloro-10-[3(-dimethylamino)propyl]phenothiazine mono hydrochloride (chlorpromazine; CPZ) is an antipsychotic agent that was originally developed to control psychotic disorders. The cytotoxic properties of the CPZ are well known, but its mechanism of action is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of apoptosis and autophagy in CPZ-induced cytotoxicity in U-87MG glioma cells. CPZ treatment inhibited cell proliferation and long-term clonogenic survival. Additionally, CPZ triggered autophagy, as indicated by electron microscopy and accumulation of the membrane form of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3-II); however, CPZ did not induce apoptosis. Inhibition of autophagy by expression of Beclin 1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) in U-87MG cells attenuated CPZ-induced LC3-II formation. Furthermore, U-87MG cells expressing Beclin 1 siRNA attenuated CPZ-induced cell death. CPZ inhibited phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/ mTOR pathway in U-87MG cells. Treatment with LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, alone increased the accumulation of LC3-II and potentiated the effect of CPZ. In contrast, exogenous expression of AKT partially inhibited CPZ-induced LC3-II formation. When U-87MG cells were implanted into the brain of athymic nude mouse, CPZ triggered autophagy and inhibited xenograft tumor growth. These results provided the first evidence that CPZ-induced cytotoxicity is mediated through autophagic cell death in PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10)-null U-87MG glioma cells by inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Young Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Research Center for Transcription Control, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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42
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43
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Shin SY, Kim JH, Lee JH, Lim Y, Lee YH. 2'-Hydroxyflavanone induces apoptosis through Egr-1 involving expression of Bax, p21, and NAG-1 in colon cancer cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:761-74. [PMID: 22648623 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Natural flavanones exhibit cancer preventive and/or therapeutic effects. The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the action of the antitumor activity of hydroxyflavanone using the HCT116 colon cancer cell line. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the effect of hydroxyflavanones on antitumor activity. We found that 2'-hydroxyflavanone (2'-HF) potently inhibited the clonogenicity of HCT116 cells. 2'-HF triggered apoptosis in both wild-type and p53-null HCT116 cells, as revealed by DNA fragmentation and caspase activation. 2'-HF upregulated nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene 1 (NAG-1) expression through induction of Egr-1. Silencing of NAG-1 or Egr-1 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) could attenuate 2'-HF-induced apoptosis. Egr-1 also upregulated the proapoptotic gene Bax and the cell cycle inhibitor p21. CONCLUSION Dietary 2'-HF may possess antitumor activity against human colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Young Shin
- SMART Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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44
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Lee KE, Park JS, Khoi PN, Joo YE, Lee YH, Jung YD. Upregulation of recepteur d'origine nantais tyrosine kinase and cell invasiveness via early growth response-1 in gastric cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:1217-23. [PMID: 22095683 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal accumulation and activation of the recepteur d'origine nantais (RON) has been implicated in carcinogenesis of epithelial tumors. RON expression was induced by the tumor promoter, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), in gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells. Studies with deleted and site-directed mutagenesis of Egr-1 promoter and with expression vectors encoding Egr-1 confirmed that Egr-1 is essential for RON expression. In addition, AGS cells pretreated with PMA showed remarkably enhanced invasiveness, which was partially abrogated by siRNA-targeted RON and Egr-1. These results suggest that tumor promoter induces RON expression via Egr-1, which, in turn, stimulates cell invasiveness in AGS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko E Lee
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-190, Republic of Korea
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45
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Hong S, Li X, Zhao Y, Yang Q, Kong B. 53BP1 suppresses tumor growth and promotes susceptibility to apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells through modulation of the Akt pathway. Oncol Rep 2012; 27:1251-7. [PMID: 22266878 PMCID: PMC3583484 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
53BP1 has been extensively studied as a key component of the DNA damage response, but little is known regarding the role of 53BP1 in preventing tumor development. The present study was designed to assess the impact of the modification of 53BP1 gene expression on the biological behavior of ovarian cancer cell lines and to elucidate the cellular pathway(s) triggered by 53BP1 in cancer cells. DNA liposome transfection technology was employed to increase and to knock down the expression of 53BP1 in A2780 and HO-8910PM cells, respectively. Viability, clonogenicity and cell cycle profiles were evaluated. Cell apoptosis was analyzed using flow cytometric assay. The expression of proteins related to apoptosis and cell signal transduction was assessed using western blotting. Increased expression of 53BP1 decreased the viability and the clonogenicity, and induced G2/M arrest and apoptosis of the treated cells. The protein expression of Bax, P21 and caspase-3 was upregulated, while the levels of Bcl-2 and p-Akt were reduced to a statistically significant level. In contrast, deregulation of 53BP1 significantly increased proliferative ability. Collectively, our data suggest that 53BP1 is involved in several important steps in controlling cell proliferation and growth and preventing tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, PR China
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46
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Chen MH, Yang WLR, Lin KT, Liu CH, Liu YW, Huang KW, Chang PMH, Lai JM, Hsu CN, Chao KM, Kao CY, Huang CYF. Gene expression-based chemical genomics identifies potential therapeutic drugs in hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27186. [PMID: 22087264 PMCID: PMC3210146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis. Currently, only sorafenib is approved by the FDA for advanced HCC treatment; therefore, there is an urgent need to discover candidate therapeutic drugs for HCC. We hypothesized that if a drug signature could reverse, at least in part, the gene expression signature of HCC, it might have the potential to inhibit HCC-related pathways and thereby treat HCC. To test this hypothesis, we first built an integrative platform, the "Encyclopedia of Hepatocellular Carcinoma genes Online 2", dubbed EHCO2, to systematically collect, organize and compare the publicly available data from HCC studies. The resulting collection includes a total of 4,020 genes. To systematically query the Connectivity Map (CMap), which includes 6,100 drug-mediated expression profiles, we further designed various gene signature selection and enrichment methods, including a randomization technique, majority vote, and clique analysis. Subsequently, 28 out of 50 prioritized drugs, including tanespimycin, trichostatin A, thioguanosine, and several anti-psychotic drugs with anti-tumor activities, were validated via MTT cell viability assays and clonogenic assays in HCC cell lines. To accelerate their future clinical use, possibly through drug-repurposing, we selected two well-established drugs to test in mice, chlorpromazine and trifluoperazine. Both drugs inhibited orthotopic liver tumor growth. In conclusion, we successfully discovered and validated existing drugs for potential HCC therapeutic use with the pipeline of Connectivity Map analysis and lab verification, thereby suggesting the usefulness of this procedure to accelerate drug repurposing for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Huang Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Jeon SH, Kim SH, Kim Y, Kim YS, Lim Y, Lee YH, Shin SY. The tricyclic antidepressant imipramine induces autophagic cell death in U-87MG glioma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 413:311-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kim JH, Jeong IY, Lim YH, Lee YH, Shin SY. Estrogen receptor β stimulates Egr-1 transcription via MEK1/Erk/Elk-1 cascade in C6 glioma cells. BMB Rep 2011; 44:452-7. [DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2011.44.7.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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49
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Shin SY, Hyun J, Yu JR, Lim Y, Lee YH. 5-Methoxyflavanone induces cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, apoptosis and autophagy in HCT116 human colon cancer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 254:288-98. [PMID: 21616090 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural flavonoids have diverse pharmacological activities, including anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying the action of 5-methoxyflavanone (5-MF) which has a strong bioavailability and metabolic stability. Our results show that 5-MF inhibited the growth and clonogenicity of HCT116 human colon cancer cells, and that it activated DNA damage responses, as revealed by the accumulation of p53 and the phosphorylation of DNA damage-sensitive proteins, including ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) at Ser1981, checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) at Thr68, and histone H2AX at Ser139. 5-MF-induced DNA damage was confirmed in a comet tail assay. We also found that 5-MF increased the cleavage of caspase-2 and -7, leading to the induction of apoptosis. Pretreatment with the ATM inhibitor KU55933 enhanced 5-MF-induced γ-H2AX formation and caspase-7 cleavage. HCT116 cells lacking p53 (p53(-/-)) or p21 (p21(-/-)) exhibited increased sensitivity to 5-MF compared to wild-type cells. 5-MF further induced autophagy via an ERK signaling pathway. Blockage of autophagy with the MEK inhibitor U0126 potentiated 5-MF-induced γ-H2AX formation and caspase-2 activation. These results suggest that a caspase-2 cascade mediates 5-MF-induced anti-tumor activity, while an ATM/Chk2/p53/p21 checkpoint pathway and ERK-mediated autophagy act as a survival program to block caspase-2-mediated apoptosis induced by 5-MF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Young Shin
- SMART Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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