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Gardiner C, Craig R, McKenna GJ. Barriers to postgraduate education in primary dental care: a qualitative study. J Dent 2024; 150:105326. [PMID: 39197531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Postgraduate education for primary care dentists offers numerous benefits in terms of advancing clinical skills and career opportunities, culminating in improved treatment and patient outcomes. There is a strong desire amongst primary care dentists to enhance skills and provide contemporaneous evidence-based dentistry, accredited by higher educational qualifications. However, significant barriers hinder their pursuit of further training and career advancement. The aim of this study is to explore the barriers to undertaking formal postgraduate education for dental practitioners working in primary dental care. Exploration of these perceptions should help to identify further areas of study to help alleviate some of these obstacles, enabling more primary care dentists to access postgraduate education and improve patient care. METHOD A qualitative study was undertaken through individual narrative interviews with primary care dental practitioners (n = 20) with varying levels of experience and located across the UK. All interviews were conducted using a study guide, transcribed and analysed thematically. RESULTS The participants indicated that there is a strong desire to undertake postgraduate study amongst primary care dental practitioners. Significant barriers were identified, with three major themes emerging: 1.Personal Cost: Time constraints and accessibility, Financial Burden, Family Commitments. 2.Business Viability: Business time constraints, Inability to use Enhanced Skills, Remuneration systems. 3.Business Culture and Team Dynamics: Stage of Career, Current Practice Business Model, Leadership and Vision. These barriers appear to be multifaceted and interconnected, however participants also identified significant opportunities to address them. CONCLUSION Study participants identified a range of personal and professional barriers to undertaking postgraduate dental education whilst working in primary dental care. Practitioners working within predominately NHS orientated practices perceived more professional barriers than those in private practice. The majority of participants indicated their preference for hybrid models of education which would work around clinical commitments. Further research and engagement with stakeholders should be undertaken to help reduce these barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Gardiner
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; OneByOne Dental (Dental Practice, Primary Care), Northern Ireland, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Reanna Craig
- School of Dentistry, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Gerald J McKenna
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Centre for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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Alsheekhly B, Namdari M, Abbas MJ, Ghasemi H. Knowledge of and Attitude Toward Preventive Care Among Iraqi Dentists and Senior Dental Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e65120. [PMID: 39171048 PMCID: PMC11338477 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.65120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acquiring knowledge and maintaining a positive mindset are essential for dental care providers to offer optimal dental services. Dental professionals are expected to follow preventive dentistry principles to ensure the best oral health maintenance for their patients, as prevention is a key component of public health initiatives. This study aims to assess the knowledge and attitudes toward preventive dental care among Iraqi dentists and senior dental students. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional study, conducted from June to August 2023, involved 876 Iraqi dentists and 587 senior dental students in Baghdad, utilizing a physically paper-based self-administered questionnaire. Participants' level of knowledge was assessed based on a 5-point Likert scale to 12 statements on preventive dental care. Their attitudes were inquired by selecting one option from a 7-point Likert scale on four pairs of bipolar adjectives describing preventive dentistry. Higher scores were considered more accurate knowledge and more positive attitudes. Statistical evaluation included the Chi-square test and regression analysis. RESULTS In total, data from 841 dentists and 567 students were analyzed (response rate: 96%). Around 90% of dentists (N=745) and students (N=502) acknowledged the impact of sugar, sealant, and water fluoridation on dental caries, but about 80% of dentists (N=662) and students (N=446) undervalued the role of fluoridated toothpaste. Women (OR=1.4, 95% CI: 1.02-2.1) and dentists, within one year of their graduation (OR=1.9, 95% CI: 1.1-3.5), exhibited higher levels of knowledge. More favorable attitudes towards preventive dentistry were associated with a higher level of knowledge among dentists (OR=1.6, 95% CI: 1.2-2.3). Regarding dental students, those from private dental schools showed higher scores of knowledge than their counterparts from public schools (OR=2.1, 95% CI: 1.3-3.4). The majority of participants held the belief that preventive dentistry is beneficial for the community but just about 60% of dentists (N=477) and students (N=300) exhibited a positive attitude toward the economic advantages of preventive dentistry for dentists, as well as the ease of engaging in preventive dental practices. CONCLUSIONS The dentists and dental students in this study demonstrated satisfactory knowledge and a favorable attitude toward most aspects of preventive dentistry. However, deficiencies were noted in certain areas, such as the application of topical fluoride for preventing dental caries, as well as a substantial proportion of individuals who lacked a positive perspective on the economic benefits of preventive dentistry. Hence, there is a clear need for educational interventions during their undergraduate training and postgraduate continuing education to enhance their knowledge levels and cultivate a more positive attitude towards preventive dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassam Alsheekhly
- Department of Community Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IRN
| | - Mahshid Namdari
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IRN
| | - Maha Jamal Abbas
- Department of Orthodontics, Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, IRQ
| | - Hadi Ghasemi
- Department of Community Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IRN
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Shirazi M, Batra J, Devine M. Are we gaining valid consent for dental extractions? A retrospective audit on restorability assessment at one dental institution. Br Dent J 2024:10.1038/s41415-024-7175-4. [PMID: 38491205 DOI: 10.1038/s41415-024-7175-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Introduction This paper explores the widely relevant topic of obtaining valid consent in dental practice, focusing on assessing restorability of teeth planned for extraction. The General Dental Council stresses discussing treatment options, benefits and risks for informed decision-making. The study evaluates if pertinent factors, including tooth structure, endodontic status, periodontal health and patient considerations, are considered before consent.Aim To ensure restorability has been assessed and all options communicated with patients for completeness of the consent process before tooth extraction.Objective To assist clinicians in their systematic assessment of a tooth's restorability and provide a framework for contemporaneous documentation.Materials and methods A two-week retrospective audit of oral surgery outpatients at a dental hospital in London was conducted, analysing the frequency of restorability discussions and patient involvement in decision-making. A simplified restorability guide and educational interventions were introduced to target the set standard of 100% of consenting clinicians to discuss restorability with patients.Results Results from two audit cycles show a significant increase in documented restorability discussions and consideration of patient factors.Discussion The study recognised restorability assessment subjectivity, thus creating a simplified tool for clinicians. Patients may lack awareness of restorability options, consequences of edentulism, future costs and tooth replacement considerations, emphasising the importance of documented discussions.Conclusion Educational interventions and a simplified restorability guide proved beneficial and showed significant improvement in communication with patients regarding restorability and gaining valid consent. Further consideration should be given to barriers patients face when opting for tooth extraction of their restorable teeth, including discussions regarding long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Shirazi
- Dental Core Trainee 2, Oral Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, Eastman Dental Hospital, 47-49 Huntley St, London, WC1E 6DG, UK.
| | - Jasleen Batra
- Dental Core Trainee 1, Restorative Dentistry, Eastman Dental Hospital, 47-49 Huntley St, London, WC1E 6DG, UK
| | - Maria Devine
- Oral Surgery Consultant, Eastman Dental Hospital, 47-49 Huntley St, London, WC1E 6DG, UK
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Skapetis T, Cheema S, El Mustapha M. Evaluation of clinical versus non-clinical continuing education in terms of preferences and value for oral healthcare workers. MEDICAL EDUCATION ONLINE 2022; 27:2125630. [PMID: 36124488 PMCID: PMC9518277 DOI: 10.1080/10872981.2022.2125630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuing professional development (clinical) and continuing education (non-clinical) is fundamental to education and self-improvement of all categories of staff within a large healthcare facility. AIM This study sought to examine the attendance preferences and perceived value of clinical and non-clinical oral healthcare workers towards clinical continuing professional development (CPD) and non-clinical, continuing education (CE) activities. METHODS A retrospective cross-sectional survey design was used capturing 8640 self-reported evaluations collected across 8 successive years and 160 CPD and CE activities in a large dental hospital. Analysis was performed using descriptive statistics including mean scores, independent t-test and cross tabulations using chi-square. RESULTS A strongly significant association (p < 0.001) was found between attendee position type (clinical or non-clinical) and attendance preference to either clinical or non-clinical education. Dental assistants, compared to Dentist/Specialist (p < 0.001) found the programs more accurate, relevant, improved their knowledge, would use what was learned and rated the sessions higher overall. Clinical CPD was deemed more relevant (p = 0.025) and improved knowledge (p = 0.01) while non-clinical CE had higher presenter quality (p < 0.001) and overall mean scores (p = 0.015). CONCLUSION There was a preference towards attending clinical CPD over non-clinical CE, by not only clinical, but also non-clinical oral healthcare workers. Non-clinical CE was scored higher by both clinical and non-clinical participants and should therefore be considered for inclusion in CPD education programs with similar settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Skapetis
- Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead Campus, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Division of Oral Health, Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Simran Cheema
- Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead Campus, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mariam El Mustapha
- Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead Campus, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Zamanifar A, Asgari I. Continuing professional development programs for general dentists in Isfahan province, Iran: Interests, priorities, and obstacles. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2022; 19:69. [PMID: 36159054 PMCID: PMC9490241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Continuing professional development (CPD) is a life-long learning process for all health-care members including dentists to improve their knowledge and skills in their profession and provide the best quality services. This study aimed to assess the needs, priorities, and obstacles of attending dentists in these programs in Isfahan province, in 2020. Materials and Methods This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was performed on general dentists in Isfahan province. Data were collected through a three-part questionnaire, online and on paper; it included demographic information, prioritization of seven disciplines, and scoring of 33 dental subfields, as well as obstacles limiting participation in the CPD programs. This questionnaire was developed and validated by researchers. Statistical analysis was carried out through Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Chi-square tests, and a significance level of 0.05 was considered. Results Of 326 dentists (90.5% response rate) participating in this study, 157 were (48.2%) female, and most of them were in the high work experience group (45.1%). The highest mean scores standard deviation related to the dentist's interest and needs, among the seven dental disciplines, belonged to practice management (6.68 [2.9]), oral and dental reconstruction (6.29 [2.55]), and pediatric dentistry (6.291 [2.87]). On the other hand, lack of time (70.6%), inefficient teaching methods and organization (65%), and irrelevant topics (58.6%) were the most common obstacles limiting dentists in the CPD programs. Conclusion Based on the results of this study, dentists in Isfahan province reported more interest and need to participate in some fields of CPD courses including practice management, pediatric dentistry, and oral and dental reconstruction. Thus, a system for continuing education based on dentists' needs and preferences is highly suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryana Zamanifar
- Department of Oral Public Health, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Imaneh Asgari
- Department of Oral Public Health, Dental Material Research Center, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Address for correspondence: Dr. Imaneh Asgari, Department of Oral Public Health, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. E-mail:
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Asgari I, Zamanifar A. Continuing professional development programs for general dentists in Isfahan province, Iran: Interests, priorities, and obstacles. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.353838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Liu X, Zhou J, Chen L, Yang Y, Tan J. Impact of COVID-19 epidemic on live online dental continuing education. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR DENTAL EDUCATION IN EUROPE 2020; 24:786-789. [PMID: 32648989 PMCID: PMC7405200 DOI: 10.1111/eje.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to assess live online dental continuing education during COVID-19 epidemic in China. METHODS Twenty-one institutions providing live online dental courses in China during COVID-19 epidemic enrolled in this study. Their online and/or offline course provision before and during the epidemic was retrospectively inquired. If live online education was provided, the number of courses, duration and number of participants per week were further investigated. Time distributions of live online dental courses were recorded and classified as within working time and out of working time. The test period of COVID-19 epidemic was for two weeks between 16 February and 29 February 2020. The control period of pre-COVID-19 epidemic was for ten weeks between 01 November 2019 and 09 January 2020. RESULTS The percentages of offline and online courses provided by 21 dental continuing education institutions before COVID-19 epidemic were 95.2% (20 out of 21) and 28.6% (6 out of 21), respectively. All the institutions suspended offline courses whilst providing two live online courses, on average, per week with 188 minutes duration and 7290 participants during the epidemic. The total number of online courses for 10 weeks before the epidemic was 33, and that for two weeks during the epidemic was 119. The proportion of courses provided within working time raised from 6.1% (2 out of 33) of pre-COVID-19 to 46.2% (55 out of 119) during COVID-19. There were significant differences between before and during the epidemic (P < .001). CONCLUSION The dental continuing education transferred from offline to online dramatically, and live online dental continuing education increased significantly during COVID-19 epidemic in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Tan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Yang X, Li D, Liu X, Tan J. Learner behaviors in synchronous online prosthodontic education during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. J Prosthet Dent 2020; 126:653-657. [PMID: 33023743 PMCID: PMC7532753 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Statement of problem Synchronous online prosthodontic courses became a popular learning mode during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Nonetheless, the extent of learner participation and completion of these courses remains unknown. Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess learner behaviors in synchronous online prosthodontic continuing education lectures in China during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. Material and methods All live online prosthodontic courses held by an online dental school in China from February to May 2020 were retrieved. The no-cost lectures could be accessed anonymously and viewed repeatedly on the day of broadcast. Learning behavior data (teacher speaking time, audience total, timing of first visit to the online classroom, viewing time, and completion rate) were obtained. Learning progress was calculated by dividing viewing time by teacher speaking time. When a learner progressed through 95% of a lecture, the lecture was considered completed. Results A total of 41 781 learners participated in 18 online prosthodontic courses, which had a mean duration of 77.2 ±15.8 minutes. For each lecture, 2321 ±1454 participants attended, with 510 ±404 participants completing each session. There were 13 098 participants (31.35%) who viewed the lectures for less than 1 minute. Approximately half of the participants viewed the lectures for less than 10 minutes, with their learning progress failing to pass 10%. The average completion rate was 21.97%, with variation in completion rate dependent on when a learner first visited the online classroom. Significant differences were found among the lecture completion rates and the timing of the first visit to the online classroom (P<.001). Conclusions Synchronous online prosthodontic education courses in China had a high number of participants but low learning progress and completion rates during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Deli Li
- Lecturer, The Second Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Jianguo Tan
- Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
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Kolcu MİB, Öztürkçü ÖSK, Kaki GD. Evaluation of a Distance Education Course Using the 4C-ID Model for Continuing Endodontics Education. J Dent Educ 2020; 84:62-71. [PMID: 31977103 DOI: 10.21815/jde.019.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Continuing professional development (CPD) is needed in endodontics, and distance learning environments and courses may be preferable for CPD. Instructional designs (IDs) have been reported to strongly influence the educational effectiveness of these courses. Four Component Instructional Design (4C-ID) is an ID found to be effective for distance learning. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a distance learning CPD course on regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) designed with a 4C-ID model. The study was conducted between April 2017 and March 2018 with volunteers from the 2015-16 graduates of Selçuk University's Faculty of Dentistry in Turkey. Pre- and posttests and skill assessment guide were used for assessment. To determine the participants' satisfaction levels, the Satisfaction Scale for e-Learning Process and an open-ended question were used. Of the 86 graduates invited to participate, 79.1% (n=68) responded they would; but the investigators limited the participants to 30, and the first 30 volunteers who had identified a need for REPs CPD were accepted to the course. Four (0.13%) had to drop out during the course, so data from the 26 who completed it were evaluated. The findings showed the difference between pre- and posttest results was significant (p<0.001). The mean score for psychomotor skills at the end of the course was 99.62±1.96 out of 100. On the satisfaction scale, the mean score for all participants was 138.5 on a scale from 29=lower satisfaction to 145=greater satisfaction with the e-learning process. At the end of the REPs course, the participants' knowledge levels had increased, and they were able to apply REP steps on a model. These results suggest the 4C-ID was effective in this distance education course in REPs.
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Pisarnturakit PP, Sooampon S, Sooampon S. Managing knowledge for health care quality: An investigation of rational antibiotic use among Thai dentists. Int J Health Plann Manage 2019; 35:606-613. [PMID: 31755146 DOI: 10.1002/hpm.2971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Because of the irrational use of antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance is now a global concern that requires developing effective strategies against. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge gap that causes the irrational use of antibiotics among Thai dentists. METHODS Thai dentists were asked to complete an online questionnaire regarding their knowledge, perception, and attitude towards rationale antibiotic use. The survey was conducted during November to December 2018. RESULTS Online questionnaires were completed by 588 dentists. Most respondents had a positive perception and were aware of the rational use of antibiotics. However, the use of antibiotics without proper indication and the lack of pharmacological knowledge were found. A mobile application was considered the most preferable approach to manage knowledge for rational drug use. CONCLUSION Irrational drug use among Thai dentists can be caused by lack of knowledge, attitude, and the perception of each dentist. Policy makers should promote self-learning through knowledge management strategies that can complement the pharmacology courses taught in dental school.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sireerat Sooampon
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sutti Sooampon
- Department of International Business Administration, Faculty of Administration and Management, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
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