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Nyakundi BB, Wall MM, Yang J. Supplementation of papaya leaf juice has beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis in high fat/high sugar-induced obese and prediabetic adult mice. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:18. [PMID: 38172797 PMCID: PMC10765817 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04320-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Prediabetes is characterized by a cluster of glycemic parameters higher than normal but below the threshold of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In recent years, phytochemical-rich plant extracts have gained popularity as therapeutic agents for metabolic disorders. This study investigated the effects of papaya leaf (PL) juice supplementation on blood glucose levels in diet-induced obese and prediabetic adult mice. B65JL F1 mice (n = 20) at 12-14 months old were fed a high fat/sugar diet (HFHS) for 120 days. Mice were switched to restricted rodent chow of 3 g feed/30 g body weight/day, supplemented with 3 g/100 mL PL juice for 30 days. HFHS diet remarkably increased fasting plasma glucose levels from 114 ± 6.54 mg/dL to 192.7 ± 10.1 mg/dL and body weight from 32.5 ± 1.6 to 50.3 ± 4.1 g. HFHS diet results in hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and liver steatosis. The combination of PL juice and restricted diet significantly reduced body weight and fasting blood glucose levels to 43.75 ± 1.4 g and 126.25 ± 3.2 mg/dl, respectively. Moreover, PL juice with a restricted diet significantly improved lipid profile: cholesterol from 204 to 150 mg/dL, LDL-c from 110.4 to 50 mg/dL, and triglyceride from 93.7 to 60 mg/dL. Additionally, PL juice combined with a restricted diet significantly reduced adiposity, reversed fatty liver, and restored skeletal muscle Glut4 and phosphorylated (p-AKT (ser473). This study demonstrated that supplementation of PL juice with a restricted diet was more effective than a restricted diet alone in reversing major symptoms related to prediabetic and obesity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benard B Nyakundi
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822, USA
| | - Marisa M Wall
- Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Jinzeng Yang
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822, USA.
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Saputri FC, Azmi NU, Puteri MU, Damayanti, Novita V, Marisi G, Oktavira E, Sari AN, Ronaningtyas K, Herawati E. High-Fat Diet Enhances Platelet Activation and Is Associated with Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin 9: An Animal Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:4463. [PMID: 37892538 PMCID: PMC10609754 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet activation and proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9) play pivotal roles in the progression of atherosclerosis to cardiovascular events. It has been reported that hyperlipidemia, a well-documented risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, tends increase platelet activation and PCSK9 expression. However, little is known about this specific mechanism, particularly how nutrition affects platelet activation and PCSK9 levels in hyperlipidemia conditions. This study aimed to assess how a high-fat diet influences platelet activation, its association with PCSK9, and the effects on blood pressure in an animal model. Here, male Wistar rats were divided into four groups, subjected to different high-fat diets for ten weeks with varying nutrient components. The results showed that high-fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia significantly increased the plasma levels of β-thromboglobulin (β-TG), p-selectin, and platelet factor 4 (PF-4). The blood pressure readings were also elevated post high-fat diet induction. Interestingly, the group with the highest percentage of saturated fatty acid and trans-fat exhibited the highest PCSK9 levels, along with the highest increase in plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and platelet activation parameters. These findings confirm that high-fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia stimulate platelet activity and PCSK9 levels. Moreover, our results suggest that PCSK9, implicated in hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, may synergistically mediate platelet hyperactivity, aligning with clinical studies. Notably, our results highlight the association between a high-fat diet and PCSK9, providing insights for drug discovery targeting platelet activation in atherosclerosis-induced cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadlina Chany Saputri
- Laboratory of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (N.U.A.); (M.U.P.); (A.N.S.); (K.R.); (E.H.)
- National Metabolomics Collaborative Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Nuriza Ulul Azmi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (N.U.A.); (M.U.P.); (A.N.S.); (K.R.); (E.H.)
| | - Meidi Utami Puteri
- Laboratory of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (N.U.A.); (M.U.P.); (A.N.S.); (K.R.); (E.H.)
- National Metabolomics Collaborative Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Damayanti
- Laboratory of Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (D.); (V.N.); (G.M.); (E.O.)
| | - Vivi Novita
- Laboratory of Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (D.); (V.N.); (G.M.); (E.O.)
| | - Gracia Marisi
- Laboratory of Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (D.); (V.N.); (G.M.); (E.O.)
| | - Elin Oktavira
- Laboratory of Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (D.); (V.N.); (G.M.); (E.O.)
| | - Aninda Novika Sari
- Laboratory of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (N.U.A.); (M.U.P.); (A.N.S.); (K.R.); (E.H.)
| | - Khairunisa Ronaningtyas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (N.U.A.); (M.U.P.); (A.N.S.); (K.R.); (E.H.)
| | - Enny Herawati
- Laboratory of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia; (N.U.A.); (M.U.P.); (A.N.S.); (K.R.); (E.H.)
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Santana LF, do Espirito Santo BLS, Tatara MB, Negrão FJ, Croda J, Alves FM, de Oliveira Filiú WF, Cavalheiro LF, Nazário CED, Asato MA, de Faria BB, do Nascimento VA, de Cássia Avellaneda Guimarães R, de Cássia Freitas K, Hiane PA. Effects of the Seed Oil of Carica papaya Linn on Food Consumption, Adiposity, Metabolic and Inflammatory Profile of Mice Using Hyperlipidic Diet. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196705. [PMID: 36235241 PMCID: PMC9570947 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies indicate that different parts of Carica papaya Linn have nutritional properties that mean it can be used as an adjuvant for the treatment of various pathologies. METHODS The fatty acid composition of the oil extracted from the seeds of Carica papaya Linn was evaluated by gas chromatography, and an acute toxicity test was performed. For the experiment, Swiss mice were fed a balanced or high-fat diet and supplemented with saline, soybean oil, olive oil, or papaya seed oil. Oral glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity tests were performed. After euthanasia, adiposity, glycemia, total cholesterol and fractions, insulin, resistin, leptin, MCP-1, TNF-α, and IL-6 and the histology of the liver, pancreas, and adipose tissue were evaluated. RESULTS Papaya seed oil showed predominance of monounsaturated fatty acids in its composition. No changes were observed in the acute toxicity test. Had lower food intake in grams, and caloric intake and in the area of adipocytes without minimizing weight gain or adiposity and impacting the liver or pancreas. Reductions in total and non-HDL-c, LDL-c, and VLDL-c were also observed. The treatment had a hypoglycemic and protective effect on insulin resistance. Supplementation also resulted in higher leptin and lower insulin and cytokine resistance. CONCLUSIONS Under these experimental conditions, papaya seed oil led to higher amounts of monounsaturated fatty acids and had hypocholesterolemic, hypotriglyceridemic, and hypoglycemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiani Figueiredo Santana
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna Larissa Spontoni do Espirito Santo
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana Bento Tatara
- Health Science Research Laboratory, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Fábio Juliano Negrão
- Health Science Research Laboratory, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Júlio Croda
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Campo Grande 79074-460, Brazil
| | - Flávio Macedo Alves
- Laboratory of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Wander Fernando de Oliveira Filiú
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcel Arakaki Asato
- Medical School, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
| | | | - Valter Aragão do Nascimento
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Avellaneda Guimarães
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Karine de Cássia Freitas
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-67-3345-7410
| | - Priscila Aiko Hiane
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
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Termkwancharoen C, Malakul W, Phetrungnapha A, Tunsophon S. Naringin Ameliorates Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Improves Insulin Resistance in High-Fat-Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance in Obese Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194120. [PMID: 36235772 PMCID: PMC9571698 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity causes progressive lipid accumulation and insulin resistance within muscle cells and affects skeletal muscle fibres and muscle mass that demonstrates atrophy and dysfunction. This study investigated the effects of naringin on the metabolic processes of skeletal muscle in obese rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups: the control group with normal diet and the obese groups, which were induced with a high-fat diet (HFD) for the first 4 weeks and then treated with 40 mg/kg of simvastatin and 50 and 100 mg/kg of naringin from week 4 to 8. The naringin-treated group showed reduced body weight, biochemical parameters, and the mRNA expressions of protein degradation. Moreover, increased levels of antioxidant enzymes, glycogen, glucose uptake, the expression of the insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), the glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), and the mRNA expressions of protein synthesis led to improved muscle mass in the naringin-treated groups. The in vitro part showed the inhibitory effects of naringin on digestive enzymes related to lipid and glucose homeostasis. This study demonstrates the potential benefits of naringin as a supplement for treating muscle abnormalities in obese rats by modulating the antioxidative status, regulating protein metabolism, and improved insulin resistance in skeletal muscle of HFD-induced insulin resistance in obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutimon Termkwancharoen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Wachirawadee Malakul
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Amnat Phetrungnapha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Sakara Tunsophon
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-55-964655
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Hibiscus sabdariffa extract improves hepatic steatosis, partially through IRS-1/Akt and Nrf2 signaling pathways in rats fed a high fat diet. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7022. [PMID: 35487948 PMCID: PMC9054782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a major world-wide health problem and is characterized by lipid accumulation in the liver induced by high fat diet (HFD) consumption. It is usually associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. Roselle extract (Hibiscus sabdariffa) is an herb which is used in traditional medicine. However, further study is necessary to represent the mechanism of NAFLD and find new preventive strategies. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of roselle extract on NAFLD rat models. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 35) were divided into 5 groups, control, HFD, HFD + Simvastatin (HFD + SIM), HFD + 250 mg/kg BW, and HFD + 500 mg/kg BW of roselle extract (HFD + R250 and HFD + R500, respectively). The results showed that roselle extract reduced hepatic lipid contents, de novo lipogenesis enzymes, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, inflammatory cytokines, malondialdehyde, and increased antioxidant properties, transporter related with lipoprotein uptake, and insulin signal proteins. Comparing to SIM, the HFD + R500 group exhibited the greater benefit in terms of anti-hepatic steatosis, antioxidant properties, and an ability to improve insulin resistance. This study demonstrates that roselle extract improved antioxidant properties and attenuated hepatic steatosis, liver inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance in HFD-induced NAFLD in rats, which could be used for NAFLD prevention.
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In Vitro Antilipidic and Antithrombotic Activities of Plectranthus glandulosus (Lamiaceae) Leaves Extracts and Fractions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4145659. [PMID: 35178447 PMCID: PMC8844437 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4145659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective The present study investigated the effect of the leaves extracts and fractions of Plectranthus glandulosus on the inhibition of pancreatic lipase, cholesterol esterase, adipocytes lipid uptake, and antithrombotic activity which may be important in atherosclerosis development. Methods Aqueous, ethanolic, and hydroethanolic extracts of Plactranthus glandulosus were prepared by maceration. The hydroethanolic extract was fractionated into n-hexane, ethylacetate, and n-butanol fractions and their inhibition of pancreatic lipase, cholesterol esterase, adipocytes lipid uptake, and antithrombotic activities measured. Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis was carried out to determine phytochemical constituents present in the extracts. Results The standard orlistat exhibited a higher inhibitory activity on pancreatic lipase and cholesterol esterase (16.31 μg/mL and 15.75 μg/mL, respectively) compared to ethyl acetate fraction (IC50, 17.70 μg/mL and IC50, 24.8 μg/mL, respectively). Among crude extract, hydroethanolic extract showed a better inhibition against pancreatic lipase (IC50, 21.06 μg/mL) and cholesterol esterase (IC50, 25.14 μg/mL) though not comparable to the effect of orlistat. The best lipid uptake inhibition was observed in the hydroethanolic extract (IC50, 45.42 μg/mL) followed by the ethyl acetate fraction (IC50, 47.77 μg/mL). A better antithrombolytic activity was exhibited by the ethyl acetate fraction at all concentrations (50-800 μ/mL), while hydroethanolic extract exhibited the best activity among crude extract. However, these were not comparable to the standard aspirin. The LC-HRMS analysis revealed the presence of 7-O-methyl luteolin 5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, chrysoeriol 5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 5,7-dihydroxy-3,2′,4′-trimethoxyflavone, and plectranmicin as major compounds in both hydroethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction. Conclusion Thus, our finding supports the traditional use of this plant, which might provide a potential source for future antiatherosclerotic drug discovery.
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Beneficial Role of Carica papaya Extracts and Phytochemicals on Oxidative Stress and Related Diseases: A Mini Review. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10040287. [PMID: 33916114 PMCID: PMC8066973 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary This review highlights the medicinal benefits of a natural remedy, the Carica papaya extracts and its phytochemicals. In this review, the potential of Carica papaya against various conditions, including cancer, inflammation, aging, healing of the skin, and lifelong diseases has been summarized and discussed. In short, more research and development should focus on this natural remedy that can potentially act as a prophylaxis against chronic diseases. Abstract Oxidative stress is a result of disruption in the balance between antioxidants and pro-oxidants in which subsequently impacting on redox signaling, causing cell and tissue damages. It leads to a range of medical conditions including inflammation, skin aging, impaired wound healing, chronic diseases and cancers but these conditions can be managed properly with the aid of antioxidants. This review features various studies to provide an overview on how Carica papaya help counteract oxidative stress via various mechanisms of action closely related to its antioxidant properties and eventually improving the management of various oxidative stress-related health conditions. Carica papaya is a topical plant species discovered to contain high amounts of natural antioxidants that can usually be found in their leaves, fruits and seeds. It contains various chemical compounds demonstrate significant antioxidant properties including caffeic acid, myricetin, rutin, quercetin, α-tocopherol, papain, benzyl isothiocyanate (BiTC), and kaempferol. Therefore, it can counteract pro-oxidants via a number of signaling pathways that either promote the expression of antioxidant enzymes or reduce ROS production. These signaling pathways activate the antioxidant defense mechanisms that protect the body against both intrinsic and extrinsic oxidative stress. To conclude, Carica papaya can be incorporated into medications or supplements to help manage the health conditions driven by oxidative stress and further studies are needed to investigate the potential of its chemical components to manage various chronic diseases.
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