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Dolan M, St. John N, Zaidi F, Doyle F, Fasullo M. High-throughput screening of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome for 2-amino-3-methylimidazo [4,5-f] quinoline resistance identifies colon cancer-associated genes. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad219. [PMID: 37738679 PMCID: PMC11025384 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are potent carcinogenic agents found in charred meats and cigarette smoke. However, few eukaryotic resistance genes have been identified. We used Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast) to identify genes that confer resistance to 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoline (IQ). CYP1A2 and NAT2 activate IQ to become a mutagenic nitrenium compound. Deletion libraries expressing human CYP1A2 and NAT2 or no human genes were exposed to either 400 or 800 µM IQ for 5 or 10 generations. DNA barcodes were sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform and statistical significance was determined for exactly matched barcodes. We identified 424 ORFs, including 337 genes of known function, in duplicate screens of the "humanized" collection for IQ resistance; resistance was further validated for a select group of 51 genes by growth curves, competitive growth, or trypan blue assays. Screens of the library not expressing human genes identified 143 ORFs conferring resistance to IQ per se. Ribosomal protein and protein modification genes were identified as IQ resistance genes in both the original and "humanized" libraries, while nitrogen metabolism, DNA repair, and growth control genes were also prominent in the "humanized" library. Protein complexes identified included the casein kinase 2 (CK2) and histone chaperone (HIR) complex. Among DNA Repair and checkpoint genes, we identified those that function in postreplication repair (RAD18, UBC13, REV7), base excision repair (NTG1), and checkpoint signaling (CHK1, PSY2). These studies underscore the role of ribosomal protein genes in conferring IQ resistance, and illuminate DNA repair pathways for conferring resistance to activated IQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dolan
- College of Nanotechnology, Science, and Engineering, State University of NewYork at Albany, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Nick St. John
- College of Nanotechnology, Science, and Engineering, State University of NewYork at Albany, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Faizan Zaidi
- College of Nanotechnology, Science, and Engineering, State University of NewYork at Albany, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Francis Doyle
- College of Nanotechnology, Science, and Engineering, State University of NewYork at Albany, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Michael Fasullo
- College of Nanotechnology, Science, and Engineering, State University of NewYork at Albany, Albany, NY 12203, USA
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2
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McGill MR, Curry SC. The Evolution of Circulating Biomarkers for Use in Acetaminophen/Paracetamol-Induced Liver Injury in Humans: A Scoping Review. LIVERS 2023; 3:569-596. [PMID: 38434489 PMCID: PMC10906739 DOI: 10.3390/livers3040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used drug, but overdose can cause severe acute liver injury. The first reports of APAP hepatotoxicity in humans were published in 1966, shortly after the development of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) as the first biomarkers of liver injury as opposed to liver function. Thus, the field of liver injury biomarkers has evolved alongside the growth in APAP hepatotoxicity incidence. Numerous biomarkers have been proposed for use in the management of APAP overdose patients in the intervening years. Here, we comprehensively review the development of these markers from the 1960s to the present day and briefly discuss possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R McGill
- Dept. of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72212, USA
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72212, USA
- Dept. of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72212, USA
| | - Steven C Curry
- Division of Clinical Data Analytics and Decision Support, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA
- Department of Medical Toxicology, Banner-University Medical Center Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA
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3
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Yiew NKH, Vazquez JH, Martino MR, Kennon-McGill S, Price JR, Allard FD, Yee EU, Layman AJ, James LP, McCommis KS, Finck BN, McGill MR. Hepatic pyruvate and alanine metabolism are critical and complementary for maintenance of antioxidant capacity and resistance to oxidative insult. Mol Metab 2023; 77:101808. [PMID: 37716594 PMCID: PMC10561123 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mitochondrial pyruvate is a critical intermediary metabolite in gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and NADH production. As a result, the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) complex has emerged as a promising therapeutic target in metabolic diseases. Clinical trials are currently underway. However, recent in vitro data indicate that MPC inhibition diverts glutamine/glutamate away from glutathione synthesis and toward glutaminolysis to compensate for loss of pyruvate oxidation, possibly sensitizing cells to oxidative insult. Here, we explored this in vivo using the clinically relevant acetaminophen (APAP) overdose model of acute liver injury, which is driven by oxidative stress. METHODS We used pharmacological and genetic approaches to inhibit MPC2 and alanine aminotransferase 2 (ALT2), individually and concomitantly, in mice and cell culture models and determined the effects on APAP hepatotoxicity. RESULTS We found that MPC inhibition sensitizes the liver to APAP-induced injury in vivo only with concomitant loss of alanine aminotransferase 2 (ALT2). Pharmacological and genetic manipulation of neither MPC2 nor ALT2 alone affected APAP toxicity, but liver-specific double knockout (DKO) significantly worsened APAP-induced liver damage. Further investigation indicated that DKO impaired glutathione synthesis and increased urea cycle flux, consistent with increased glutaminolysis, and these results were reproducible in vitro. Finally, induction of ALT2 and post-treatment with dichloroacetate both reduced APAP-induced liver injury, suggesting new therapeutic avenues. CONCLUSIONS Increased susceptibility to APAP toxicity requires loss of both the MPC and ALT2 in vivo, indicating that MPC inhibition alone is insufficient to disrupt redox balance. Furthermore, the results from ALT2 induction and dichloroacetate in the APAP model suggest new metabolic approaches to the treatment of liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K H Yiew
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joel H Vazquez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Michael R Martino
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stefanie Kennon-McGill
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jake R Price
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Felicia D Allard
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Eric U Yee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Alexander J Layman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Laura P James
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Kyle S McCommis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian N Finck
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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4
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Howell J, Van H, Pham MD, Sawhney R, Li F, Bhat P, Lubel J, Kemp W, Bloom S, Majumdar A, McCaughan GW, Hall S, Spelman T, Doyle JS, Hellard M, Visvanathan K, Thompson A, Drummer HE, Anderson D. Validation of a novel point-of-care test for alanine aminotransferase measurement: A pilot cohort study. Liver Int 2023; 43:989-999. [PMID: 36719055 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) measurement is essential for evaluation of liver disease. We validated a novel rapid point-of-care (POC) test for ALT1 against laboratory ALT. METHODS Stored plasma samples from adults with chronic liver disease (Test cohort n = 240; Validation cohort n = 491) were analysed using the BioPoint® antigen immunoassay POC ALT1 lateral flow test, which provides quantitative ALT results (Axxin handheld reader) or semi-quantitative results (visual read, cut off 40 IU/ml). The accuracy of POC ALT1 to detect ALT > 40 IU/L was determined by ROC analysis. In patients with chronic hepatitis B, treatment eligibility (EASL criteria) was determined using POC ALT1 and compared to laboratory ALT. RESULTS POC ALT1 test had good accuracy for laboratory ALT > 40 IU/L: AUROC 0.93 (95% CI: 0.89-0.96) in the Test cohort and AUROC 0.92 (95% CI: 0.88-0.95) in the Validation cohort. POC ALT1 cut off of 0.8 for ALT > 40 IU/L maximised sensitivity (97%) and specificity (71%) in the Test cohort (42% laboratory ALT > 40 IU/L) and yielded PPV 84% and NPV 91% in the Validation cohort (19% laboratory ALT > 40 IU/L). Semi-quantitative POC ALT1 had good accuracy for laboratory ALT in the Validation cohort (AUROC 0.85, 95% CI: 0.81-0.99; sensitivity 77% and specificity 93%). Combined with HBV DNA and transient elastography, both quantitative and semi-quantitative POC ALT1 tests had good accuracy for excluding hepatitis B treatment needs (sensitivity 96%, specificity 78% and NPV 99%). CONCLUSION The POC ALT1 test had good accuracy for elevated ALT levels and for determining treatment eligibility among people with chronic hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Howell
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- St Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Huy Van
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Minh D Pham
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rohit Sawhney
- St Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Eastern Health, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fan Li
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - John Lubel
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - William Kemp
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen Bloom
- Department of Gastroenterology, Eastern Health, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Avik Majumdar
- A.W.Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- A.W.Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Samuel Hall
- St Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Joseph S Doyle
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Margaret Hellard
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kumar Visvanathan
- St Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Heidi E Drummer
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Amaryllidaceae, Lycopodiaceae Alkaloids and Coumarins—A Comparative Assessment of Safety and Pharmacological Activity. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11154291. [PMID: 35893381 PMCID: PMC9332316 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the safety and pharmacological activity Amaryllidaceae, Lycopodiaceae alkaloids and coumarins obtained from Narcissus triandrus L., Lycopodium clavatum L., Lycopodium annotinum L., Huperzia selago L. and Angelica dahurica (Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Franch. & Sav. In the in vivo studies. The influence of the tested compounds on the central nervous system of rats was assessed in behavioral tests (locomotor activity, Y-maze, passive avoidance). In order to investigate the mechanisms of action, biochemical determinations were performed (AChE activity, BChE activity, IL-1β, IL-6 concentration). In order to assess safety, the concentrations of AST, ALT, GGT and urea and creatinine were determined. The results of the conducted studies indicate a high safety profile of the tested compounds. Behavioral tests showed that they significantly improved rodent memory in a passive avoidance test. The results of biochemical studies showed that by reducing the activity of AChE and BChE and lowering the concentration of IL-1β and IL-6, the coumarin-rich Angelica dahurica extract shows the most promising potential for future therapeutic AD strategies.
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Kobayashi A, Suzuki Y, Sugai S. Specificity of transaminase activities in the prediction of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. J Toxicol Sci 2020; 45:515-537. [PMID: 32879252 DOI: 10.2131/jts.45.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The activities of the transaminases (aminotransferases) alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in the blood (serum or plasma) are widely used as sensitive markers of possible tissue damage and, in particular for liver toxicity. On the other hand, an increase in transaminase activities is not always accompanied by findings suggestive of hepatotoxicity. Transaminases are some of the key enzymes in the gluconeogenesis and glycolysis pathways and exist in many organs and tissues which have high activities of the gluconeogenesis and glycolysis. The activities of transaminases are altered not only in the liver but also in other organs by modification of gluconeogenesis by nutritional or hormonal factors and this phenomenon leads to alteration of transaminase activity in the blood. Drugs, which are considered to directly or secondarily modify gluconeogenesis through lowering blood glucose levels or activating lipid metabolism, such as α-glucosidase inhibitors and fibrates, slightly increase transaminase activities in the blood but there is little evidence that the phenomenon is related to drug-induced liver injury (DILI). This type of elevations can be called pharmacology-related elevation. The pharmacology-related elevation of transaminase activities sometimes makes it difficult to assess precisely the potential hepatotoxicity of new investigational drugs. Considering the characteristic of transaminases, concomitant use of new biomarkers more specific to hepatic injury is needed in the assessment of DILI both in non-clinical and clinical studies. In this review, we will discuss the specificity of transaminases to DILI and future perspectives for transaminases in the estimation of risk of DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Kobayashi
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
| | - Shoichiro Sugai
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC
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Mikus M, Drobin K, Gry M, Bachmann J, Lindberg J, Yimer G, Aklillu E, Makonnen E, Aderaye G, Roach J, Fier I, Kampf C, Göpfert J, Perazzo H, Poynard T, Stephens C, Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Arber N, Uhlén M, Watkins PB, Schwenk JM, Nilsson P, Schuppe‐Koistinen I. Elevated levels of circulating CDH5 and FABP1 in association with human drug-induced liver injury. Liver Int 2017; 37:132-140. [PMID: 27224670 PMCID: PMC5215406 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The occurrence of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major issue in all phases of drug development. To identify novel biomarker candidates associated with DILI, we utilised an affinity proteomics strategy, where antibody suspension bead arrays were applied to profile plasma and serum samples from human DILI cases and controls. METHODS An initial screening was performed using 4594 randomly selected antibodies, representing 3450 human proteins. Resulting candidate proteins together with proposed DILI biomarker candidates generated a DILI array of 251 proteins for subsequent target analysis and verifications. In total, 1196 samples from 241 individuals across four independent cohorts were profiled: healthy volunteers receiving acetaminophen, patients with human immunodeficiency virus and/or tuberculosis receiving treatment, DILI cases originating from a wide spectrum of drugs, and healthy volunteers receiving heparins. RESULTS We observed elevated levels of cadherin 5, type 2 (CDH5) and fatty acid-binding protein 1 (FABP1) in DILI cases. In the two longitudinal cohorts, CDH5 was elevated already at baseline. FABP1 was elevated after treatment initiation and seemed to respond more rapidly than alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The elevations were verified in the DILI cases treated with various drugs. In the heparin cohort, CDH5 was stable over time whereas FABP1 was elevated. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that CDH5 may have value as a susceptibility marker for DILI. FABP1 was identified as a biomarker candidate with superior characteristics regarding tissue distribution and kinetics compared to ALT but likely with limited predictive value for the development of severe DILI. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical utility of the proposed markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mikus
- Affinity proteomicsSciLifeLabSchool of BiotechnologyKTH‐Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Kimi Drobin
- Affinity proteomicsSciLifeLabSchool of BiotechnologyKTH‐Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Marcus Gry
- Global Safety AssessmentMolecular ToxicologyFormer AstraZeneca R&DSödertäljeSweden
| | - Julie Bachmann
- Affinity proteomicsSciLifeLabSchool of BiotechnologyKTH‐Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Johan Lindberg
- Global Safety AssessmentMolecular ToxicologyFormer AstraZeneca R&DSödertäljeSweden
| | - Getnet Yimer
- Department of PharmacologyAddis Ababa UniversityAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Eleni Aklillu
- Division of Clinical PharmacologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Eyasu Makonnen
- Department of PharmacologyAddis Ababa UniversityAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Getachew Aderaye
- Department of Internal MedicineAddis Ababa UniversityAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | | | - Ian Fier
- Momenta PharmaceuticalsCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Caroline Kampf
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologySciLifeLabUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Jens Göpfert
- Biochemistry DepartmentNatural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of TuebingenReutlingenGermany
| | - Hugo Perazzo
- Hepatology DepartmentHôpital Pitié‐SalpêtrièreParisFrance
| | | | - Camilla Stephens
- UGC Gastroenterologia y Hepatologia y Serv Farmacología ClínicaIBIMA, Hospital U Virgen de la VictoriaUniversity of MalagaMálagaSpain
| | - Raúl J. Andrade
- UGC Gastroenterologia y Hepatologia y Serv Farmacología ClínicaIBIMA, Hospital U Virgen de la VictoriaUniversity of MalagaMálagaSpain
| | - M Isabel Lucena
- UGC Gastroenterologia y Hepatologia y Serv Farmacología ClínicaIBIMA, Hospital U Virgen de la VictoriaUniversity of MalagaMálagaSpain
| | - Nadir Arber
- The Integrated Cancer Prevention CenterTel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Affinity proteomicsSciLifeLabSchool of BiotechnologyKTH‐Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Paul B. Watkins
- Schools of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Jochen M. Schwenk
- Affinity proteomicsSciLifeLabSchool of BiotechnologyKTH‐Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Affinity proteomicsSciLifeLabSchool of BiotechnologyKTH‐Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Ina Schuppe‐Koistinen
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden,AstraZeneca R&DInnovative Medicines Personalised Healthcare & BiomarkersSciLifeLabStockholmSweden
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8
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Thulin P, Hornby RJ, Auli M, Nordahl G, Antoine DJ, Starkey Lewis P, Goldring CE, Park BK, Prats N, Glinghammar B, Schuppe-Koistinen I. A longitudinal assessment of miR-122 and GLDH as biomarkers of drug-induced liver injury in the rat. Biomarkers 2016; 22:461-469. [PMID: 27978773 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2016.1269131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT There is an ongoing search for specific and translational biomarkers of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). MicroRNA-122 (miR-122) has previously shown potential as a sensitive, specific, and translational biomarker of DILI in both rodent, and human studies. OBJECTIVE To build on previous work within the field, we examined biomarker kinetics in a rat model of acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury to confirm the sensitivity, and specificity of miR-122 and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH). MATERIALS AND METHODS qRT-PCR and a standard enzymatic assay were used for biomarker analysis. RESULTS Both miR-122 and GLDH were demonstrated to be more readily-detectable biomarkers of APAP-DILI than alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Peak levels for all biomarkers were detected at 2 days after APAP. At day 3, miR-122 had returned to baseline; however, other biomarkers remained elevated between 3 and 4 days. We were also able to demonstrate that, although miR-122 is present in greater quantities in exosome-free form, both exosome-bound and non-vesicle bound miR-122 are released in a similar profile throughout the course of DILI. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Together, this study demonstrates that both GLDH and miR-122 could be used during preclinical drug-development as complementary biomarkers to ALT to increase the chance of early detection of hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Thulin
- a Drug Safety & Metabolism , Discovery Safety, AstraZeneca , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Robert J Hornby
- b MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science , University of Liverpool , Liverpool, UK
| | - Mariona Auli
- c Pathology and Predictive Toxicology Section , Almirall , Barcelona , Spain
| | | | - Daniel J Antoine
- b MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science , University of Liverpool , Liverpool, UK
| | - Philip Starkey Lewis
- e MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | | | - B Kevin Park
- e MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Neus Prats
- c Pathology and Predictive Toxicology Section , Almirall , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Björn Glinghammar
- f Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox) , Karolinska Institutet , Södertälje , Sweden
| | - Ina Schuppe-Koistinen
- g Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Science for Life Laboratory , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
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Robles-Díaz M, Medina-Caliz I, Stephens C, Andrade RJ, Lucena MI. Biomarkers in DILI: One More Step Forward. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:267. [PMID: 27597831 PMCID: PMC4992729 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being relatively rare, drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a serious condition, both for the individual patient due to the risk of acute liver failure, and for the drug development industry and regulatory agencies due to associations with drug development attritions, black box warnings, and postmarketing withdrawals. A major limitation in DILI diagnosis and prediction is the current lack of specific biomarkers. Despite refined usage of traditional liver biomarkers in DILI, reliable disease outcome predictions are still difficult to make. These limitations have driven the growing interest in developing new more sensitive and specific DILI biomarkers, which can improve early DILI prediction, diagnosis, and course of action. Several promising DILI biomarker candidates have been discovered to date, including mechanistic-based biomarker candidates such as glutamate dehydrogenase, high-mobility group box 1 protein and keratin-18, which can also provide information on the injury mechanism of different causative agents. Furthermore, microRNAs have received much attention lately as potential non-invasive DILI biomarker candidates, in particular miR-122. Advances in “omics” technologies offer a new approach for biomarker exploration studies. The ability to screen a large number of molecules (e.g., metabolites, proteins, or DNA) simultaneously enables the identification of ‘toxicity signatures,’ which may be used to enhance preclinical safety assessments and disease diagnostics. Omics-based studies can also provide information on the underlying mechanisms of distinct forms of DILI that may further facilitate the identification of early diagnostic biomarkers and safer implementation of personalized medicine. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the area of DILI biomarker studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Robles-Díaz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas Málaga, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Medina-Caliz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas Málaga, Spain
| | - Camilla Stephens
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas Málaga, Spain
| | - Raúl J Andrade
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas Málaga, Spain
| | - M Isabel Lucena
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas Málaga, Spain
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10
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Suzuki Y, Kawashima Y. Intrahepatic and extrahepatic aminotransferase elevation associated with clinical‐therapeutic events in a schizophrenic patient. Clin Case Rep 2016; 4:469-72. [PMID: 27190609 PMCID: PMC4856238 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A schizophrenic patient showed rhabdomyolysis with idiopathic transaminitis. The intermixed pattern of intrahepatic and extrahepatic alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation is associated with respective clinical‐therapeutic events. Aminotransferases play a role as surrogate biomarkers of “liver metabolic functioning” beyond the obsolete classical concept associating ALT elevation only with liver cellular damage.
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Sookoian S, Pirola CJ. Liver enzymes, metabolomics and genome-wide association studies: From systems biology to the personalized medicine. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:711-725. [PMID: 25624707 PMCID: PMC4299326 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i3.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
For several decades, serum levels of alanine (ALT) and aspartate (AST) aminotransferases have been regarded as markers of liver injury, including a wide range of etiologies from viral hepatitis to fatty liver. The increasing worldwide prevalence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease revealed that transaminases are strong predictors of type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, atherothrombotic risk profile, and overall risk of metabolic disease. Therefore, it is plausible to suggest that aminotransferases are surrogate biomarkers of “liver metabolic functioning” beyond the classical concept of liver cellular damage, as their enzymatic activity might actually reflect key aspects of the physiology and pathophysiology of the liver function. In this study, we summarize the background information and recent findings on the biological role of ALT and AST, and review the knowledge gained from the application of genome-wide approaches and “omics” technologies that uncovered new concepts on the role of aminotransferases in human diseases and systemic regulation of metabolic functions. Prediction of biomolecular interactions between the candidate genes recently discovered to be associated with plasma concentrations of liver enzymes showed interesting interconnectivity nodes, which suggest that regulation of aminotransferase activity is a complex and highly regulated trait. Finally, links between aminotransferase genes and metabolites are explored to understand the genetic contributions to the metabolic diversity.
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Shi Q, Yang X, Mattes WB, Mendrick DL, Harrill AH, Beger RD. Circulating mitochondrial biomarkers for drug-induced liver injury. Biomark Med 2015; 9:1215-23. [PMID: 26507261 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.15.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver mitochondria affected by drugs can be released into circulation and serve as biomarkers for drug-induced liver injury (DILI). The tissue specificity of ALT was improved by differentiating cytosolic ALT1 and mitochondrial ALT2 isoforms released in circulation. Prior to ALT elevation, mitochondrial cytochrome c, OCT, GLDH, CPS1 and DNA were increased in circulation following DILI. The baseline expression of mt-Nd6 was predictive of individual DILI susceptibility in animals. As mitochondrial DILI biomarkers appeared to be drug or species dependent, they might have value in clinical scenarios when culprit drugs are established, but may not be ideal tools to assess DILI potentials of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shi
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food & Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Xi Yang
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food & Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - William B Mattes
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food & Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Donna L Mendrick
- Regulatory Activities, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food & Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Alison H Harrill
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Richard D Beger
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food & Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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Ma H, Ning J, Jin X, Mao C, Bu X, Wang M, Liu H, Wang K, Lausted C, Hood L, Chen J, Hu Z. Betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) as a specific and sensitive blood marker for acute liver injury. Biomarkers 2014; 19:578-84. [PMID: 25144858 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2014.951880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huailei Ma
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
BeijingP.R. China
| | - Jing Ning
- Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
BeijingP.R. China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing 307 Hospital
BeijingP.R. China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Academy of Military Medicine Science
BeijingP.R. China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Municipal Corps Hospital, Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces
BeijingP.R. China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing 307 Hospital
BeijingP.R. China
| | - Chunming Mao
- Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
BeijingP.R. China
| | - Xiangli Bu
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
BeijingP.R. China
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing 307 Hospital
BeijingP.R. China
| | - Huan Liu
- Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
BeijingP.R. China
| | - Kun Wang
- Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
BeijingP.R. China
- Division of Physical Biology & Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences ShanghaiP.R. China
| | | | - Leroy Hood
- Institute for Systems Biology, North Seattle
WAUSA
| | - Jiankui Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing 307 Hospital
BeijingP.R. China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Academy of Military Medicine Science
BeijingP.R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Hu
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
BeijingP.R. China
- Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
BeijingP.R. China
- Institute for Systems Biology, North Seattle
WAUSA
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Senior JR. New biomarkers for drug-induced liver injury: are they really better? What do they diagnose? Liver Int 2014; 34:325-7. [PMID: 25839081 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John R. Senior
- Associate Director for Science; Office of Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology; Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring MD USA
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15
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Thulin P, Nordahl G, Gry M, Yimer G, Aklillu E, Makonnen E, Aderaye G, Lindquist L, Mattsson CM, Ekblom B, Antoine DJ, Park BK, Linder S, Harrill AH, Watkins PB, Glinghammar B, Schuppe-Koistinen I. Keratin-18 and microRNA-122 complement alanine aminotransferase as novel safety biomarkers for drug-induced liver injury in two human cohorts. Liver Int 2014; 34:367-78. [PMID: 24118944 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS There is a demand for more sensitive, specific and predictive biomarkers for drug-induced liver injury (DILI) than the gold standard used today, alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The aim of this study was to qualify novel DILI biomarkers (keratin-18 markers M65/M30, microRNA-122, glutamate dehydrogenase and alpha-foetoprotein) in human DILI. METHODS Levels of the novel biomarkers were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or real-time quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) in two human DILI cohorts: a human volunteer study with acetaminophen and a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/tuberculosis (TB) study. RESULTS In the acetaminophen study, serum M65 and microRNA-122 levels were significantly increased at an earlier time point than ALT. Furthermore, the maximal elevation of M65 and microRNA-122 exceeded the increase in ALT. In the HIV/TB study, all the analysed novel biomarkers increased after 1 week of treatment. In contrast to ALT, the novel biomarkers remained stable in a human cohort with exercise-induced muscular injury. CONCLUSIONS M65 and microRNA-122 are potential biomarkers of DILI superior to ALT with respect to sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Thulin
- AstraZeneca R&D, Innovative Medicines Personalised Healthcare & Biomarkers, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
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Salgado MC, Metón I, Anemaet IG, Baanante IV. Activating transcription factor 4 mediates up-regulation of alanine aminotransferase 2 gene expression under metabolic stress. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:288-96. [PMID: 24418603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) provides a molecular link between carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. In humans, two ALT isoforms have been characterized: ALT1, cytosolic, and ALT2, mitochondrial. To gain insight into the transcriptional regulation of the ALT2 gene, we cloned and characterized the human ALT2 promoter. 5'-deletion analysis of ALT2 promoter in transiently transfected HepG2 cells and site-directed mutagenesis allowed us to identify ATF4 as a new factor involved in the transcriptional regulation of ALT2 expression. Quantitative RT-PCR assays showed that the metabolic stressors histidinol and tunicamycin increased ATF4 levels and up-regulated ALT2 in HepG2 and Huh7 cells. Consistently, knock-down of ATF4 decreased ALT2 mRNA levels in HepG2 and Huh-7 cells. Moreover, ATF4 silencing prevented the activating effect of histidinol and tunicamycin on ATF4 and ALT2 expression. Our findings point to ALT2 as an enzyme involved in the metabolic adaptation of the cell to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Salgado
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidoro Metón
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ida G Anemaet
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel V Baanante
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Gray LR, Tompkins SC, Taylor EB. Regulation of pyruvate metabolism and human disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:2577-604. [PMID: 24363178 PMCID: PMC4059968 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1539-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate is a keystone molecule critical for numerous aspects of eukaryotic and human metabolism. Pyruvate is the end-product of glycolysis, is derived from additional sources in the cellular cytoplasm, and is ultimately destined for transport into mitochondria as a master fuel input undergirding citric acid cycle carbon flux. In mitochondria, pyruvate drives ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation and multiple biosynthetic pathways intersecting the citric acid cycle. Mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism is regulated by many enzymes, including the recently discovered mitochondria pyruvate carrier, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate carboxylase, to modulate overall pyruvate carbon flux. Mutations in any of the genes encoding for proteins regulating pyruvate metabolism may lead to disease. Numerous cases have been described. Aberrant pyruvate metabolism plays an especially prominent role in cancer, heart failure, and neurodegeneration. Because most major diseases involve aberrant metabolism, understanding and exploiting pyruvate carbon flux may yield novel treatments that enhance human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence R Gray
- Department of Biochemistry, Fraternal Order of the Eagles Diabetes Research Center, and François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd, 4-403 BSB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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Adeva M, González-Lucán M, Seco M, Donapetry C. Enzymes involved in l-lactate metabolism in humans. Mitochondrion 2013; 13:615-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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