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Ajibo DN, Orish CN, Ruggieri F, Bocca B, Battistini B, Frazzoli C, Orish FC, Orisakwe OE. An Update Overview on Mechanistic Data and Biomarker Levels in Cobalt and Chromium-Induced Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:3538-3564. [PMID: 38017235 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03965-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the imbalance of metals as cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr) may increase the risk of development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). The human exposure to Co and Cr is derived mostly from industry, orthopedic implants, and polluted environments. Neurological effects of Co and Cr include memory deficit, olfactory dysfunction, spatial disorientation, motor neuron disease, and brain cancer. Mechanisms of Co and Cr neurotoxicity included DNA damage and genomic instability, epigenetic changes, mitochondrial disturbance, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. This paper seeks to overview the Co and Cr sources, the mechanisms by which these metals induce NDDs, and their levels in fluids of the general population and patients affected by NDDs. To this end, evidence of Co and Cr unbalance in the human body, mechanistic data, and neurological symptoms were collected using in vivo mammalian studies and human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Nnena Ajibo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Chinna Nneka Orish
- Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Flavia Ruggieri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Bocca
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Battistini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Frazzoli
- Department for Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases, and Aging, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome Viale Regina Elena, 29900161, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Orish E Orisakwe
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
- African Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
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Xin Z, Holgersson K, Zhu P, Tan H, Shi G, Szekely L, Wu T. Silencing UBE2K inhibits the growth of glioma cells by inducing the autophagy-related apoptosis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23758. [PMID: 38963134 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Glioma is a central nervous system (CNS) malignant tumor with high heterogeneity and mortality, which severely threatens the health of patients. The overall survival of glioma patients is relatively short and it is critical to identify new molecular targets for developing effective treatment strategies. UBE2K is a ubiquitin conjugating enzyme with oncogenic function in several malignant tumors. However, whether UBE2K participates in gliomas remains unknown. Herein, in glioma cells, UBE2K was found highly expressed in U87 and U251 cells. Subsequently, U87 and U251 cells were transfected with si-UBE2K to silence UBE2K, with the si-NC transfection as the negative control. In both U87 and U251 cells, the cell viability was sharply reduced by transfecting si-UBE2K for 48 and 72 h. Markedly decreased colony number, reduced number of migrated cells and invaded cells, and declined relative wound healing rate were observed in si-UBE2K transfected U87 and U251 cells. Moreover, the Bcl-2 level was markedly reduced, while the Bax and cleaved-caspase-3 levels were sharply increased in U87 and U251 cells after the si-UBE2K transfection. Furthermore, the p62 level was signally declined, while the Beclin-1 and LC-3 II/I levels were greatly increased in U87 and U251 cells by the si-UBE2K transfection. Furthermore, the facilitating effect of si-UBE2K on the apoptosis and autophagy in U87 and U251 cells was abolished by the coculture of 3-MA, an inhibitor of autophagy. Collectively, UBE2K facilitated the in vitro growth of glioma cells, possibly by inhibiting the autophagy-related apoptosis, which might be a promising target for treating glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xin
- Medical Laboratory center, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | | | - Pengcheng Zhu
- Interventional department of Encephalopathy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongtu Tan
- Interventional department of Encephalopathy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guangyan Shi
- Medical Laboratory center, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Laszlo Szekely
- Department of Pathology/Cytology, Karolinska University Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tao Wu
- Interventional department of Encephalopathy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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S A, Chakraborty A, Patnaik S. SOX4/HDAC2 Axis Enhances Cell Survivability and Reduces Apoptosis by Activating AKT/MAPK Signaling in Colorectal Cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69:835-850. [PMID: 38240850 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-023-08215-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased SOX4 (SRY-related HMG-box) activity aids cellular transformation and metastasis. However, its specific functions and downstream targets remain to be completely elusive in colorectal cancer (CRC). AIMS To investigate the role of SOX4 in CRC progression and the underlying mechanism. METHODS In the current study, online available datasets of CRC patients were explored to check the expression status of SOX4. To investigate the further functions, SOX4 was overexpressed and knocked down in CRC cells. Colony formation assay, flowcytometry analysis, and MTT assay were used to check for proliferation and apoptosis. Acridine orange staining was done to check the role of SOX4 in autophagy induction. Furthermore, western blot, qRT-PCR, and bioinformatic analysis was done to elucidate the downstream molecular mechanism of SOX4. RESULTS GEPIA database showed enhanced expression of SOX4 mRNA in CRC tumor, and the human protein atlas (HPA) showed strong staining of SOX4 protein in tumor when compared to the normal tissue. Ectopic expression of SOX4 enhanced colony formation ability as well as rescued cells from apoptosis. SOX4 overexpressed cells showed the formation of acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs) which indicated autophagy. Further results revealed the activation of p-AKT/MAPK molecules upon overexpression of SOX4. SOX4 expression was found to be positively correlated with histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2). Knockdown of SOX4 or HDAC2 inhibition induced apoptosis, revealed by decrease in BCL2 and increase in BAX expression, and inactivated the p-AKT/MAPK signaling. CONCLUSION The study uncovers that SOX4/HDAC2 axis improves cell survivability and reduces apoptosis via activation of the p-AKT/MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupriya S
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-XI, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Averi Chakraborty
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-XI, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Srinivas Patnaik
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-XI, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
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Bramatti I, Aschner M, Branco V, Carvalho C. Exposure of human glioblastoma cells to thimerosal inhibits the thioredoxin system and decreases tumor growth-related factors. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 484:116844. [PMID: 38325586 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common, aggressive, and fatal primary malignant brain tumor in adults. The therapeutic efficacy of temozolomide (TMZ) is limited owing to frequent treatment resistance. The latter is in part related to the overexpression of redox systems such as the thioredoxin system. This system is fundamental for cell survival and proliferation, regulating hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1α) activity, in turn controlling vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is indispensable for tumor invasiveness, angiogenesis and microenvironment maintenance. HIF-1α can also be regulated by the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), an oncogene stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors. The thioredoxin system has several known inhibitors including mercury compounds such as Thimerosal (TmHg) which readily crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and accumulates in the brain. Though previously used in various applications epidemiological evidence on TmHg's neurotoxicity is lacking. The objective of this study was to verify whether thimerosal is a suitable candidate for hard repurposing to control glioblastoma; therefore, the effects of this molecule were evaluated in human GBM (U87) cells. Our novel results show that TmHg decreased cellular viability (>50%) and migration (up to 90% decrease in wound closure), reduced thioredoxin reductase (TrxR/TXNRD1) and thioredoxin (Trx) activity, and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Moreover, TmHg reduced HIF-1α expression (35%) as observed by immunofluorescence. Co-exposure of U87 cells to TmHg and TMZ reduced HIF-1α, VEGF, and phosphorylated STAT3. Consequently, TmHg alone or combined with chemotherapeutic drugs can reduce neoangiogenesis and ameliorate glioblastoma progression and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Bramatti
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa 1649-003, Portugal
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Vasco Branco
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa 1649-003, Portugal; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina Carvalho
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa 1649-003, Portugal; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Sun DP, Chen JT, Yang ST, Chen TH, Liu SH, Chen RM. Resveratrol triggers the ER stress-mediated intrinsic apoptosis of neuroblastoma cells coupled with suppression of Rho-dependent migration and consequently prolongs mouse survival. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110645. [PMID: 37482209 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma, the most common childhood tumor, are highly malignant and fatal because neuroblastoma cells extremely defend against apoptotic targeting. Traditional treatments for neuroblastomas are usually ineffective and lead to serious side effects and poor prognoses. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of resveratrol-induced insults to neuroblastoma cells and survival extension of nude mice with neuroblastomas, especially in the endoplasmic reticular (ER) stress-intracellular reactive oxygen species (iROS) axis-mediated signals. Resveratrol specifically killed neuroblastoma cells mainly via apoptosis and autophagy rather than necrosis. As to the mechanisms, resveratrol time-dependently triggered productions of Grp78 protein and iROS in neuroblastoma cells. Attenuating the ER stress-iROS signaling axis significantly suppressed resveratrol-induced autophagy, DNA damage, and cell apoptosis. Successively, resveratrol decreased phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein and induced cell cycle arrest at the S phase, translocation of Bak protein to mitochondria, a reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential, cascade activation of caspases-9, -3, and -6, and DNA fragmentation. Moreover, weakening the ER stress-iROS axis concomitantly overcome resveratrol-induced decreases in translocation of Rho protein to membranes and succeeding cell migration. Interestingly, administration of resveratrol did not cause significant side effects but could protect the neuroblastoma-bearing nude mice from body weight loss and consequently extended the animal survival. In parallel, resveratrol elevated levels of Grp78 and then induced cell apoptosis in neuroblastoma tissues. This study has shown that resveratrol could kill neuroblastoma cells and extend survival of animals with neuroblastomas by triggering the ER stress-iROS-involved intrinsic apoptosis and suppression of Rho-dependent cell migration. Our results imply the potential of resveratrol as a drug candidate for chemotherapy of neuroblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Ping Sun
- Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan; Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Tai Chen
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Tai Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tso-Hsiao Chen
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Ming Chen
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; International Ph.D. Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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Zhang H, Wang J, Prakash J, Zhang Z, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R. Three-Way Cell-Based Screening of Antistress Compounds: Identification, Validation, and Relevance to Old-Age-Related Pathologies. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2023; 78:1569-1577. [PMID: 37061830 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glad103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of environmental stress stimuli have been linked to poor quality of life, tissue dysfunctions, and ailments including metabolic disorders, cognitive impairment, and accelerated aging. Oxidative, metal, and hypoxia stresses are largely associated with these phenotypes. Whereas drug development and disease therapeutics have advanced remarkably in last 3 decades, there are still limited options for stress management. Because the latter can effectively decrease the disease burden, we performed cell-based screening of antistress compounds by recruiting 3 chemical models of oxidative (paraquat), metal (cadmium nitrate), or hypoxia (cobalt chloride) stresses. The screening of 70 compounds for their ability to offer protection against oxidative, metal, and hypoxia stresses resulted in the selection of 5 compounds: Withaferin-A (Wi-A), methoxy Withaferin-A (mWi-A), Withanone (Wi-N), triethylene glycol (TEG), and Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) leaf M2-DMSO extract (M2DM). Molecular assays revealed that whereas stress caused increase in (a) apoptosis, (b) reactive oxygen species accumulation coupled with mitochondrial depolarization, (c) DNA double-strand breaks, and (d) protein aggregation, low nontoxic doses of the selected compounds caused considerable protection. Furthermore, Wi-N, TEG, and their mixture-treated normal human fibroblasts (at young, mature, and senescent stages representing progressively increasing accumulation of stress) showed increase in proliferation. Taken together, these results suggested 3-way (oxidative, metal, and hypoxia) antistress potential of Wi-N and TEG that may be useful for management of environmental and old-age-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayue Zhang
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jia Wang
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jay Prakash
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Zhenya Zhang
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sunil C Kaul
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Renu Wadhwa
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
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Kholodenko IV, Yarygin KN. Suppressive Effect of Chemically Induced Hypoxia on Glioblastoma Cell Proliferation. Bull Exp Biol Med 2023; 175:530-534. [PMID: 37768451 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-023-05900-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a tumor characterized by pronounced hypoxia. Hypoxia produces diverse effects on tumor cells, and the results of experimental studies available so far are contradictory. In vitro hypoxia can be modeled in two ways: by reducing the level of atmospheric oxygen (physically induced hypoxia) or by using hypoxia-inducing chemicals such as cobalt chloride (II) (CoCl2) (chemically induced hypoxia). In the present work, we analyzed the effect of CoCl2 on the viability, proliferation, and apoptosis of cells of three glioblastoma cell lines: 1321N1, T98g, and U373 MG. It was shown that CoCl2 induced a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability and proliferation, and at high concentrations (200 and 400 μM) stimulated cell death. CoCl2 had no effect on the cytotoxic activity of doxorubicin in two cell lines T98g and U373 MG, and enhanced the effect of the chemotherapeutic agent on the 1321N1 cell line, though no synergistic cytotoxic effect of the two agents was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Kholodenko
- V. N. Orekhovich Research Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.
| | - K N Yarygin
- V. N. Orekhovich Research Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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Gao H, Nepovimova E, Heger Z, Valko M, Wu Q, Kuca K, Adam V. Role of hypoxia in cellular senescence. Pharmacol Res 2023; 194:106841. [PMID: 37385572 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Senescent cells persist and continuously secrete proinflammatory and tissue-remodeling molecules that poison surrounding cells, leading to various age-related diseases, including diabetes, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. The underlying mechanism of cellular senescence has not yet been fully explored. Emerging evidence indicates that hypoxia is involved in the regulation of cellular senescence. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)- 1α accumulates under hypoxic conditions and regulates cellular senescence by modulating the levels of the senescence markers p16, p53, lamin B1, and cyclin D1. Hypoxia is a critical condition for maintaining tumor immune evasion, which is promoted by driving the expression of genetic factors (such as p53 and CD47) while triggering immunosenescence. Under hypoxic conditions, autophagy is activated by targeting BCL-2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3, which subsequently induces p21WAF1/CIP1 as well as p16Ink4a and increases β-galactosidase (β-gal) activity, thereby inducing cellular senescence. Deletion of the p21 gene increases the activity of the hypoxia response regulator poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and the level of nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) proteins, repairs DNA double-strand breaks, and alleviates cellular senescence. Moreover, cellular senescence is associated with intestinal dysbiosis and an accumulation of D-galactose derived from the gut microbiota. Chronic hypoxia leads to a striking reduction in the amount of Lactobacillus and D-galactose-degrading enzymes in the gut, producing excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inducing senescence in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in cellular senescence. miR-424-5p levels are decreased under hypoxia, whereas lncRNA-MALAT1 levels are increased, both of which induce cellular senescence. The present review focuses on recent advances in understanding the role of hypoxia in cellular senescence. The effects of HIFs, immune evasion, PARP-1, gut microbiota, and exosomal mRNA in hypoxia-mediated cell senescence are specifically discussed. This review increases our understanding of the mechanism of hypoxia-mediated cellular senescence and provides new clues for anti-aging processes and the treatment of aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Gao
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno 613 00, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Valko
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava 812 37, Slovakia
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové 500 03, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové 500 03, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic; Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno 613 00, Czech Republic.
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Zhang H, Xu Z, Zhang J, Wei D, Liu K, Hu W, Wang J. Disordered serum essential element levels are associated with increased risk of kidney tumors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:31675-31685. [PMID: 35013964 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Essential elements play vital roles in the regulation of carcinogenesis. We aimed to investigate the relationship between essential elements and kidney tumors. This study included 72 healthy individuals and 100 kidney tumor patients. The concentrations of cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The random forest model was used to evaluate the importance of each variable by using the randomForest package. The associations between essential elements and clinical tumor characteristics were examined by the Mann-Whitney U-test, and the log-rank test was used to assess the Kaplan-Meier curves. The levels of Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn in patients with kidney tumors were significantly lower. In the random forest model, the top two metallic features were Co and Zn. The Kaplan-Meier curve showed that patients with lower Co, Se, and Zn levels exhibited lower progression-free survival. In summary, this study gathered evidence that disordered essential elements are associated with kidney tumors and thus opens a new path to elucidate the etiology of kidney tumors from the perspective of environmental health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation and Nephrosis, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Dan Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Wenxin Hu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation and Nephrosis, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Jianning Wang
- Department of Urology, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China.
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation and Nephrosis, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China.
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Lee YW, Cherng YG, Yang ST, Liu SH, Chen TL, Chen RM. Hypoxia Induced by Cobalt Chloride Triggers Autophagic Apoptosis of Human and Mouse Drug-Resistant Glioblastoma Cells through Targeting the PI3K-AKT-mTOR Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5558618. [PMID: 34136065 PMCID: PMC8177987 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5558618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive brain tumor. Drug resistance mainly drives GBM patients to poor prognoses because drug-resistant glioblastoma cells highly defend against apoptotic insults. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of cobalt chloride (CoCl2) on hypoxic stress, autophagy, and resulting apoptosis of human and mouse drug-resistant glioblastoma cells. Treatment of drug-resistant glioblastoma cells with CoCl2 increased levels of hypoxia-inducible factor- (HIF-) 1α and triggered hypoxic stress. In parallel, the CoCl2-induced hypoxia decreased mitochondrial ATP synthesis, cell proliferation, and survival in chemoresistant glioblastoma cells. Interestingly, CoCl2 elevated the ratio of light chain (LC)3-II over LC3-I in TMZ-resistant glioblastoma cells and subsequently induced cell autophagy. Analyses by loss- and gain-of-function strategies further confirmed the effects of the CoCl2-induced hypoxia on autophagy of drug-resistant glioblastoma cells. Furthermore, knocking down HIF-1α concurrently lessened CoCl2-induced cell autophagy. As to the mechanisms, the CoCl2-induced hypoxia decreased levels of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and successive phosphorylations of AKT and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in TMZ-resistant glioblastoma cells. Interestingly, long-term exposure of human chemoresistant glioblastoma cells to CoCl2 sequentially triggered activation of caspases-3 and -6, DNA fragmentation, and cell apoptosis. However, pretreatment with 3-methyladenine, an inhibitor of autophagy, significantly attenuated the CoCl2-induced autophagy and subsequent apoptotic insults. Taken together, this study showed that long-term treatment with CoCl2 can induce hypoxia and subsequent autophagic apoptosis of drug-resistant glioblastoma cells via targeting the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. Thus, combined with traditional prescriptions, CoCl2-induced autophagic apoptosis can be clinically applied as a de novo strategy for therapy of drug-resistant GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Wen Lee
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center; Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Giun Cherng
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Tai Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Liang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center; Department of Anesthesiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Ming Chen
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center; Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center; Department of Anesthesiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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11
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Özkaya D, Nazıroğlu M, Vanyorek L, Muhamad S. Involvement of TRPM2 Channel on Hypoxia-Induced Oxidative Injury, Inflammation, and Cell Death in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells: Modulator Action of Selenium Nanoparticles. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:1356-1369. [PMID: 33389617 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02556-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia (HYPX) in several eye diseases such as glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy causes oxidative cell death and inflammation. TRPM2 cation channel is activated by HYPX-induced ADP-ribose (ADPR) and oxidative stress. The protective role of selenium via inhibition of TRPM2 on the HYPX-induced oxidative cytotoxicity and inflammation values in the human kidney cell line was recently reported. However, the protective role of selenium nanoparticles (SeNP) on the values in the retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells has not been clarified yet. In the current study, we investigated two subjects. First, we investigated the involvement of TRPM2 channel on the HYPX-induced oxidative injury, inflammation, and apoptosis in the ARPE-19 cells. Second, we investigated the protective role of SeNP via inhibition of TRPM2 channel on the HYPX-induced oxidative injury and apoptosis in the ARPE-19 cells. For the aims, the ARPE-19 cells were divided into four main groups as follows: Control (Ctr), SeNP (2.5 μg/ml for 24 h), HYPX (200 μM CoCl2 for 24 h), and HYPX+SeNP. The TRPM2 current density and Ca2+ fluorescence intensity with an increase of mitochondrial membrane depolarization and oxygen free radical (OFR) generations were increased in the ARPE-19 cells by the treatment of HYPX. There was no increase of Ca2+ fluorescence intensity in the pre-treated cells with PARP-1 inhibitors (DPQ and PJ34) or in the presence of Ca2+-free extracellular buffer. When HYPX-induced TRPM2 activity was treated by SeNP and TRPM2 (2-APB and ACA) blockers, the increases of OFR generation, cytokine (TNF-α and IL-1β) levels, TRPM2, and PARP-1 expressions were restored. In conclusion, the exposure of HYPX caused mitochondrial oxidative cell cytotoxicity and cell death via TRPM2-mediated Ca2+ signaling and may provide an avenue for treating HYPX-induced retinal diseases associated with the excessive OFR and Ca2+ influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Özkaya
- Departmant of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, TR-32260, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Nazıroğlu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Suleyman Demirel University, TR-32260, Isparta, Turkey.
- Drug Discovery Unit, BSN Health, Analyses, Innovation, Consultancy, Organization, Agriculture, Industry and Trade Limited Company, TR-32260, Isparta, Turkey.
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, TR-32260, Isparta, Turkey.
| | - László Vanyorek
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Salina Muhamad
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Life Sciences, University of Selangor, 45600, Bestari Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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12
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An allomaltol derivative triggers distinct death pathways in luminal a and triple-negative breast cancer subtypes. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104403. [PMID: 33166845 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women that shows a predisposition to metastasize to the distant organs. Kojic acid is a natural fungal metabolite exhibiting various biological activities. Compounds derived from kojic acid have been extensively studied and proved to demonstrate anti-neoplastic features on different cancer types. In the present study, allomaltol-structural analog of kojic acid and its seven derivatives including four novel compounds, have been synthesized, characterized and their possible impact on breast cancer cell viability was investigated. It was discovered that compound 5, bearing 3,4-dichlorobenzyl piperazine moiety, could decrease the viability of both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines distinctively. To ascertain the death mechanism, cells were subjected to different tests following the application of IC50 concentration of compound 5. Data obtained from lactate dehydrogenase activity and gene expression assays pointed out that necrosis had taken place predominantly in MDA-MB-231. On the other hand, in MCF-7 cells, the p53 apoptotic pathway was activated by overexpression of the pro-apoptotic TP53 and Bax genes and suppression of the anti-apoptotic Mdm-2 and Bcl-2 genes. Furthermore, Bax/Blc-2 ratio was escalated by 3.5 fold in the study group compared to the control. Compound 5 did not provoke drug resistance in MCF-7 cells since the Mdr-1 gene expression, drug efflux, and H2O2 content remained unaltered. As for MDA-MB-231 cells, only a 1.4 fold increase in the Mdr-1 gene expression was detected. These results indicate the advantage of the allomaltol derivative over the chemotherapeutic agents conventionally used for breast cancer treatment that can be highly toxic and mostly lead to drug resistance. Thus, this specific allomaltol derivative offers an alternative therapeutic approach for breast cancer which needs further investigation.
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13
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Chalatsa I, Arvanitis N, Arvanitis D, Tsakou AC, Kalantzis ED, Vassiliou AG, Sideris DC, Frakolaki E, Vassilaki N, Vassilacopoulou D. Human L-Dopa decarboxylase interaction with annexin V and expression during apoptosis. Biochimie 2020; 177:78-86. [PMID: 32835737 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
l-Dopa Decarboxylase (DDC) is a pyridoxal requiring enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-Dopa) to Dopamine (DA). The function of DDC in physiological and pathological biochemical pathways remains poorly understood, while the function and regulation of human DDC isoforms is almost completely elusive. We have shown that Annexin V, a fundamental apoptosis marker, is an inhibitor of l-Dopa decarboxylase activity. Here we show the interaction of both the full-length DDC and the truncated isoform alternative DDC (Alt-DDC) with Annexin V in human tissue and cell lines. Interestingly, DDC isoform expression is enhanced or remains unaffected following staurosporine (STS) treatment, despite increased levels of cytotoxicity and apoptosis. The findings presented here provide novel insights concerning the involvement of DDC in programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Chalatsa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15701, Athens, Greece; Neurodegenerative Diseases Division, Center for Basic Research, Foundation for Biomedical Research of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou Street, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Arvanitis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15701, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Arvanitis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15701, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia C Tsakou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15701, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos D Kalantzis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15701, Athens, Greece
| | - Alice G Vassiliou
- 1st Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, GP Livanos and M Simou Laboratories, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Diamantis C Sideris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15701, Athens, Greece
| | - Efseveia Frakolaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute (HPI), Vas. Sofias 127 av, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Niki Vassilaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute (HPI), Vas. Sofias 127 av, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Dido Vassilacopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15701, Athens, Greece.
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Major Contribution of Caspase-9 to Honokiol-Induced Apoptotic Insults to Human Drug-Resistant Glioblastoma Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061450. [PMID: 32210117 PMCID: PMC7145301 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ)-induced chemoresistance to human glioblastomas is a critical challenge now. Our previous studies showed that honokiol, a major bioactive constituent of Magnolia officinalis (Houpo), can kill human glioblastoma cells and suppresses glioblastoma growth. This study was further aimed to evaluate the effects of honokiol on human drug-resistant glioblastoma cells and the possible mechanisms. The results by data mining in the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) database and immunohistochemistry displayed that expression of caspase-9 mRNA and protein in human glioblastomas was induced. Human TMZ-resistant U87-MG-R9 glioblastoma cells were selected and prepared from human drug-sensitive U87-MG cells. Compared to human drug-sensitive U87-MG cells, TMZ did not affect viability of U87-MG-R9 glioblastoma cells. Interestingly, treatment with honokiol suppressed proliferation and survival of human drug-resistant glioblastoma cells in concentration- and time-dependent manners. Compared to caspase-8 activation, honokiol chiefly increased activity of caspase-9 in U87-MG-R9 cells. Successively, levels of cleaved caspase-3 and activities of caspase-3 and caspase-6 in human TMZ-tolerant glioblastoma cells were augmented following honokiol administration. In parallel, honokiol triggered DNA fragmentation of U87-MG-R9 cells. Accordingly, treatment of human TMZ-resistant glioblastoma cells with honokiol induced cell apoptosis but did not affect cell necrosis. Fascinatingly, suppressing caspase-9 activity using its specific inhibitors repressed honokiol-induced caspase-6 activation, DNA fragmentation, and cell apoptosis. Taken together, this study has shown the major roles of caspase-9 in transducing honokiol-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in human drug-resistant glioblastoma cells. Thus, honokiol may be clinically applied as a drug candidate for treatment of glioblastoma patients with chemoresistance.
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15
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Tong Y, Tong K, Zhu Q, Wu Y, Yang Y, Zhang J, Hu P, Yan S. Cobalt Chloride Induced Apoptosis by Inhibiting GPC3 Expression via the HIF-1α/c-Myc Axis in HepG2 Cells. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:10663-10670. [PMID: 31824173 PMCID: PMC6901039 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s227215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the role of glypican-3 (GPC3) in cobalt chloride (CoCl2)-induced cell apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods HepG2 cells were treated with CoCl2 in the absence or presence of GPC3 plasmid transfection. Cell viability and apoptosis were assessed by MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The expression of GPC3, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), c-myc, sp1, poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and caspase-3 was determined by real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence after the cells were treated with different concentrations of CoCl2 or siRNA targeting HIF-1α. Results CoCl2 significantly inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells and induced apoptosis. Additionally, the expression of GPC3 mRNA and protein was decreased, and overexpression of GPC3 attenuated the tumour inhibiting effects. Further studies showed that CoCl2 increased the expression of HIF-1α while reducing the expression of sp1 and c-myc; knockdown of HIF-1α elevated the expression of GPC3, sp1, and c-myc. Conclusion CoCl2 inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells through downregulation of GPC3 expression via the HIF-1α/c-myc axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Tong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Tong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghong Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqin Wu
- Department of Central Operating Room, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jicai Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shirong Yan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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16
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Wang F, Cao M, Fan M, Wu H, Huang W, Zhang Y, Hu Z, Jin X. AMPK‐mTOR‐ULK1 axis activation‐dependent autophagy promotes hydroxycamptothecin‐induced apoptosis in human bladder cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:4302-4315. [PMID: 31621074 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Min Cao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Mengjing Fan
- Central Lab of Biomedical Research Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Hongshen Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Zhenghui Hu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang China
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17
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Lin MC, Lee YW, Tseng YY, Lin YW, Chen JT, Liu SH, Chen RM. Honokiol Induces Autophagic Apoptosis in Neuroblastoma Cells through a P53-Dependent Pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2019; 47:895-912. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x19500472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In children, neuroblastomas are the most common and deadly solid tumor. Our previous studies showed that honokiol can cross the blood–brain barrier and kill neuroblastoma cells. In this study, we further evaluated if exposure to honokiol for short periods could induce autophagy and subsequent apoptosis of neuroblastoma cells and possible mechanisms. Exposure of neuroblastoma neuro-2a cells to honokiol for 24[Formula: see text]h induced morphological shrinkage and cell death. As to the mechanisms, honokiol consecutively induced cytochrome c release from mitochondria, caspase-3 activation, DNA fragmentation and cell apoptosis. Separately, honokiol time-dependently augmented the proportion of autophagic cells and the ratio of light chain 3 (LC3)-II/LC3-I. Pretreatment of neuro-2a cells with 3-methyladenine, an inhibitor of autophagy, attenuated honokiol-induced cell autophagy, caspase-3 activation, DNA damage and cell apoptosis. In contrast, stimulation of autophagy by rapamycin, an inducer of autophagy, significantly enhanced honokiol-induced cell apoptosis. Furthermore, honokiol-induced autophagic apoptosis was confirmed in neuroblastoma NB41A3 cells. Knocking down translation of p53 using RNA interference attenuated honokiol-induced autophagy and apoptosis in neuro-2a and NB41A3 cells. Taken together, this study showed that at early periods, honokiol can induce autophagic apoptosis of neuroblastoma cells through activating a p53-dependent mechanism. Consequently, honokiol has the potential to be a therapeutic option for neuroblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chung Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Wen Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Yun Tseng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Wei Lin
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cell Biology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Tai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cell Biology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Ming Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cell Biology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Alpha lipoic acid attenuates hypoxia-induced apoptosis, inflammation and mitochondrial oxidative stress via inhibition of TRPA1 channel in human glioblastoma cell line. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 111:292-304. [PMID: 30590317 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, overload Ca2+ entry and oxidative stress are induced in neurons by hypoxia. Drug-resistant cancer cells are killed by hypoxic conditions. α-Lipoic acid (ALA) has antioxidant and pro-oxidant functions. The TRPA1 channel is activated by oxidative stress and pro-oxidant ALA may have a regulator role in the TRPA1 activity in the human glioblastoma (DBTRG) cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate if a combination therapy of ALA with a hypoxia can alter the effect of this hypoxia through TRPA1 activation in the DBTRG cells. The DBTRG cells were divided into four treatment groups as control, ALA (50 μM), and hypoxia and hypoxia + ALA. Hypoxia in the cells was induced by CoCl2 (200 μM). Apoptosis, Annexin V, mitochondrial membrane depolarization (JC-1), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, IL-1β, IL-18, caspase 3 and 9 values were increased through activation of TRPA1 (cinnamaldehyde) in the cells by the hypoxia induction, although cell viability, reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase values were decreased by the treatments. The values were modulated in the cells by TRPA1 blocker (AP18) and ALA treatments. Involvements of TRPA1 activity on values in the cells were also confirmed by patch-clamp and laser confocal microscopy analyses. In conclusion, apoptotic, inflammatory and oxidant effects of hypoxia were increased by activation of TRPA1, but its action on the values was decreased by the ALA treatment. ALA treatment could be used as an effective strategy in the treatment of hypoxia-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation in the neurons.
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Chio CC, Tai YT, Mohanraj M, Liu SH, Yang ST, Chen RM. Honokiol enhances temozolomide-induced apoptotic insults to malignant glioma cells via an intrinsic mitochondrion-dependent pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 49:41-51. [PMID: 30217261 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temozolomide (TMZ) is a first-line chemotherapeutic drug for malignant gliomas. Nonetheless, TMZ-induced side effects and drug resistance remain challenges. Our previous study showed the suppressive effects of honokiol on growth of gliomas. PURPOSE This study was further aimed to evaluate if honokiol could enhance TMZ-induced insults toward malignant glioma cells and its possible mechanisms. METHODS Human U87 MG glioma cells were exposed to TMZ, honokiol, and a combination of TMZ and honokiol. Cell survival, apoptosis, necrosis, and proliferation were successively assayed. Fluorometric substrate assays were conducted to determine activities of caspase-3, -6, -8, and -9. Levels of Fas ligand, Bax, and cytochrome c were immunodetected. Translocation of Bax to mitochondria were examined using confocal microscopy. Mitochondrial function was evaluated by assaying the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and complex I enzyme activity. Caspase-6 activity was suppressed using specific peptide inhibitors. The honokiol-induced effects were further confirmed using human U373 MG and murine GL261 cells. RESULTS Exposure of human U87 MG glioma cells to honokiol significantly increased TMZ-induced DNA fragmentation and cell apoptosis. Interestingly, honokiol enhanced intrinsic caspase-9 activity without affecting extrinsic Fas ligand levels and caspase-8 activity. Sequentially, TMZ-induced changes in Bax translocation, the MMP, mitochondrial complex I enzyme activity, intracellular ROS levels, and cytochrome c release were enhanced by honokiol. Consequently, honokiol amplified TMZ-induced activation of caspases-3 and -6 in human U87 MG cells. Fascinatingly, suppressing caspase-6 activity concurrently decreased honokiol-induced DNA fragmentation and cell apoptosis. The honokiol-involved improvement in TMZ-induced intrinsic apoptosis was also confirmed in human U373 MG and murine GL261 glioma cells. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that honokiol can enhance TMZ-induced apoptotic insults to glioma cells via an intrinsic mitochondrion-dependent mechanism. Our results suggest the therapeutic potential of honokiol to attenuate TMZ-induced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ching Chio
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Tai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mahendravarman Mohanraj
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Tai Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Ming Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain Disease Research Center, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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20
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Yu Y, Li W, Ren L, Yang C, Li D, Han X, Sun Y, Lv C, Han F. Inhibition of autophagy enhanced cobalt chloride‑induced apoptosis in rat alveolar type II epithelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:2124-2132. [PMID: 29956802 PMCID: PMC6072215 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a type of cellular stress that may result in apoptosis and autophagy. The molecular mechanisms underlying the association between autophagy and apoptosis remain unclear, particularly in hypoxic conditions. Transmission electron microscope, AO-PI staining, flow cytometry and western blot were used to examine the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis in hypoxic conditions. Rat alveolar type II epithelial RLE-6TN cells were cultured in a long-term hypoxic environment established by cobalt (II) chloride. It was demonstrated that autophagy and apoptosis occurred in RLE-6TN cells under hypoxic conditions. Treatment of RLE-6TN cells with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine increased the generation of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial damage and hypoxia-induced apoptosis. The expression of caspases, particularly caspase-9, increased and may have participated in these processes. The data indicated that the inhibition of autophagy enhanced apoptosis through the mitochondria-mediated intrinsic pathway. These findings provide important insight into the molecular mechanism of autophagy and apoptosis crosstalk. This may provide new insights into pulmonary disease surveillance, diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yu
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Wanting Li
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Liqin Ren
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Dongze Li
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Xin Han
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Yeying Sun
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Changjun Lv
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Fang Han
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
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p53-Autophagy-Metastasis Link. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10050148. [PMID: 29783720 PMCID: PMC5977121 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10050148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 as the “guardian of the genome” plays an essential role in numerous signaling pathways that control the cell cycle, cell death and in maintaining the integrity of the human genome. p53, depending on the intracellular localization, contributes to the regulation of various cell death pathways, including apoptosis, autophagy and necroptosis. Accumulated evidence suggests that this function of p53 is closely involved in the process of cancer development. Here, present knowledge concerning a p53-autophagy-metastasis link, as well as therapeutic approaches that influence this link, are discussed.
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Chio CC, Chen KY, Chang CK, Chuang JY, Liu CC, Liu SH, Chen RM. Improved effects of honokiol on temozolomide-induced autophagy and apoptosis of drug-sensitive and -tolerant glioma cells. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:379. [PMID: 29614990 PMCID: PMC5883267 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Temozolomide (TMZ)-induced side effects and drug tolerance to human gliomas are still challenging issues now. Our previous studies showed that honokiol, a major bioactive constituent of Magnolia officinalis (Houpo), is safe for normal brain cells and can kill human glioma cells. This study was further aimed to evaluate the improved effects of honokiol and TMZ on drug-sensitive and -resistant glioma cells and the possible mechanisms. Methods TMZ-sensitive human U87-MG and murine GL261 glioma cells and TMZ-resistant human U87-MR-R9 glioma cells were exposed to honokiol and TMZ, and cell viability and LC50 of honokiol were assayed. To determine the death mechanisms, caspase-3 activity, DNA fragmentation, apoptotic cells, necrotic cells, cell cycle, and autophagic cells. The glioma cells were pretreated with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and chloroquine (CLQ), two inhibitors of autophagy, and then exposed to honokiol or TMZ. Results Exposure of human U87-MG glioma cells to honokiol caused cell death and significantly enhanced TMZ-induced insults. As to the mechanism, combined treatment of human U87-MG cells with honokiol and TMZ induced greater caspase-3 activation, DNA fragmentation, cell apoptosis, and cell-cycle arrest at the G1 phase but did not affect cell necrosis. The improved effects of honokiol on TMZ-induced cell insults were further verified in mouse GL261 glioma cells. Moreover, exposure of drug-tolerant human U87-MG-R9 cells to honokiol induced autophagy and consequent apoptosis. Pretreatments with 3-MA and CLQ caused significant attenuations in honokiol- and TMZ-induced cell autophagy and apoptosis in human TMZ-sensitive and -tolerant glioma cells. Conclusions Taken together, this study demonstrated the improved effects of honokiol with TMZ on autophagy and subsequent apoptosis of drug-sensitive and -tolerant glioma cells. Thus, honokiol has the potential to be a drug candidate for treating human gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ching Chio
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing St., Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Yen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing St., Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,Cellular Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Kuei Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Ying Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Liu
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Ming Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing St., Taipei, 110, Taiwan. .,Cellular Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Kou B, Liu W, Xu X, Yang Y, Yi Q, Guo F, Li J, Zhou J, Kou Q. Autophagy induction enhances tetrandrine-induced apoptosis via the AMPK/mTOR pathway in human bladder cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:3137-3143. [PMID: 29048631 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrandrine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the roots of Stephania tetrandra is a traditional Chinese medicine and exerts anticancer capacity in various types of cancers. Previous studies have shown that tetrandrine induces apoptosis in bladder cancer cells via activation of the caspase cascade. However, the underlying mechanism has not yet been reported. Autophagy is a cellular process involved in the degradation of broken proteins and aging organelles to maintain homeostasis. Recent studies indicate that autophagy is implicated in cancer therapy. Thus, we focused on the correlation between autophagy and apoptosis upon tetrandrine treatment in human bladder cancer cells. Firstly, our results observed a marked increase in autophagic double-membrane vacuoles and fluorescent puncta of red fluorescence protein-green fluorescence protein-LC3 (GRP-RFP-LC3) upon tetrandrine treatment, as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy. Secondly, the expression of LC3-II was increased in tetrandrine-treated T24 and 5637 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Subsequently, downregulation of p62 and LC3 turnover assay further confirmed that tetrandrine induced autophagic flux in bladder cancer T24 and 5637 cells. Thirdly, the protein levels of phosphorylated-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and phosphorylated-acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) were upregulated in the tetrandrine-treated cells, while the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-related proteins were downregulated. Moreover, AICAR, a common AMPK activator, further increased the expression the LC3-II, while AMPK inhibitor compound C partially reversed the LC3-II protein levels in bladder cancer T24 cells. Finally, AICAR significantly reinforced the growth inhibition and apoptosis induction of tetrandrine in T24 and 5637 cells, while compound C had an opposite effect, suggesting that AMPK-mediated autophagy enhanced the cytotoxic and pro-apoptosis effect of tetrandrine in human bladder cancer cells. Taken together, the present study showed that tetrandrine induced autophagy in human bladder cancer cells by regulating the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway, which contributed to the apoptosis induction by tetrandrine, indicating that tetrandrine may be a potential anticancer candidate for the treatment of bladder cancer, and autophagy may be a possible mechanism for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kou
- Department of Cadiovascular Sugery, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xu Xu
- Department of Human Resources, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Cadiovascular Sugery, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qiuyue Yi
- Department of Cadiovascular Sugery, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Fengwei Guo
- Department of Cadiovascular Sugery, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jianpeng Li
- Department of Cadiovascular Sugery, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jinsong Zhou
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qingshan Kou
- Medical Center, First People's Hospital of Xianyang, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712000, P.R. China
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Yu J, Yang H, Fang B, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Dai Y. mfat-1transgene protects cultured adult neural stem cells against cobalt chloride-mediated hypoxic injury by activatingNrf2/AREpathways. J Neurosci Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyuan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengwei Zhang
- Huaian First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University; Huai'an People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing People's Republic of China
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