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Zhang Y, Ding X, Guo L, Zhong Y, Xie J, Xu Y, Li H, Zheng D. Comprehensive analysis of the relationship between xanthine oxidoreductase activity and chronic kidney disease. iScience 2023; 26:107332. [PMID: 37927553 PMCID: PMC10622700 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common disease that seriously endangers human health. However, the potential relationship between xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) activity and CKD remains unclear. In this study, we used clinical data, CKD datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, and untargeted metabolomics to explain the relationship between XOR activity and CKD. First, XOR activity showed high correlation with the biomarkers of CKD, such as serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Then, we used least absolute shrinkage and selection operator logical regression algorithm and random forest algorithm to screen CKD molecular markers from differentially expressed genes, and the results of qRT-PCR of XDH, KOX-1, and ROMO1 were in accordance with the results of bioinformatics analyses. In addition, untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed that the purine metabolism pathway was significantly enriched in CKD patients in the simulated models of kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, China
| | - Xiaobao Ding
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lihao Guo
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, China
| | - Yanan Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, China
| | - Juan Xie
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, China
| | - Hailun Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, China
| | - Donghui Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, China
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Lee YA, Shin MH. Involvement of NOX2-derived ROS in human hepatoma HepG2 cell death induced by Entamoeba histolytica. PARASITES, HOSTS AND DISEASES 2023; 61:388-396. [PMID: 38043534 PMCID: PMC10693973 DOI: 10.3347/phd.23094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is an enteric tissue-invasive protozoan parasite causing amoebic colitis and liver abscesses in humans. Amoebic contact with host cells activates intracellular signaling pathways that lead to host cell death via generation of caspase-3, calpain, Ca2+ elevation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). We previously reported that various NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are responsible for ROS-dependent death of various host cells induced by amoeba. In the present study, we investigated the specific NOX isoform involved in ROS-dependent death of hepatocytes induced by amoebas. Co-incubation of hepatoma HepG2 cells with live amoebic trophozoites resulted in remarkably increased DNA fragmentation compared to cells incubated with medium alone. HepG2 cells that adhered to amoebic trophozoites showed strong dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) fluorescence, suggesting intracellular ROS accumulation within host cells stimulated by amoebic trophozoites. Pretreatment of HepG2 cells with the general NOX inhibitor DPI or NOX2-specific inhibitor GSK 2795039 reduced Entamoeba-induced ROS generation. Similarly, Entamoeba-induced LDH release from HepG2 cells was effectively inhibited by pretreatment with DPI or GSK 2795039. In NOX2-silenced HepG2 cells, Entamoeba-induced LDH release was also significantly inhibited compared with controls. Taken together, the results support an important role of NOX2-derived ROS in hepatocyte death induced by E. histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ah Lee
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722,
Korea
| | - Myeong Heon Shin
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722,
Korea
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Tang GY, Li S, Xu Y, Zhang C, Xu XY, Xu L, Wang N, Feng Y. Renal herb formula protects against hyperuricemic nephropathy by inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 116:154812. [PMID: 37167821 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperuricemic nephropathy may be induced by the elevation and accumulation of uric acid in kidney after hyperuricemia, which leads to kidney residential cells apoptosis and inflammation. Renal herb formula (RHF) is a self-designed formula based on traditional Chinese medicine theory and clinical practice in kidney disease treatment. In the literature available currently, there is not yet research article reporting the reno-protective effect of RHF against hyperuricemic nephropathy. PURPOSE This study was performed to analyze the bioactive compound profiles of RHF, evaluate its protective effects against hyperuricemic nephropathy, and investigate the mechanisms of actions regarding apoptosis and inflammation. METHODS Ultra-performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector was applied to establish fingerprint and chemical composition of RHF. Potassium oxonate was used to induce hyperuricemic nephropathy in mice, and uric acid was used to stimulate apoptosis and inflammatory response in HK-2 cells, while the mice and cells were treated with RHF to explore its reno-protective effects and mechanisms. RESULTS It was found that chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, and isochlorogenic acid A-C may be the characteristic components of RHF. RHF treatment could improve kidney functions in mice with hyperuricemic nephropathies, such as decreasing urine protein, uric acid, and creatinine and serum uric acid, creatinine, and urea nitrogen. Histopathological observations showed that RHF treatment ameliorated kidney glomerular hypotrophy, tubular damage, and inflammatory infiltration. Mechanism studies revealed that RHF inhibited kidney residential cell apoptosis and inflammatory response by targeting the p53-associated intrinsic apoptosis pathway and NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathway. CONCLUSION Taken together, it could be concluded that RHF exerted reno-protective effects against hyperuricemic nephropathy through reducing apoptosis and inflammation. RHF and the bioactive compounds chlorogenic acid analogs as promising candidates may be developed into novel and effective drugs for hyperuricemic nephropathy treatment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Yi Tang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 999077 Hong Kong S.A.R., P.R. China
| | - Sha Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 999077 Hong Kong S.A.R., P.R. China
| | - Yu Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 999077 Hong Kong S.A.R., P.R. China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 999077 Hong Kong S.A.R., P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yu Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 999077 Hong Kong S.A.R., P.R. China
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 999077 Hong Kong S.A.R., P.R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 999077 Hong Kong S.A.R., P.R. China
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 999077 Hong Kong S.A.R., P.R. China.
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Elrakaybi A, Laubner K, Zhou Q, Hug MJ, Seufert J. Cardiovascular protection by SGLT2 inhibitors - Do anti-inflammatory mechanisms play a role? Mol Metab 2022; 64:101549. [PMID: 35863639 PMCID: PMC9352970 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome and related metabolic disturbances represent a state of low-grade inflammation, which accelerates insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) progression. Among antidiabetic medications, sodium glucose co-transporter (SGLT) 2 inhibitors are the only agents which showed remarkable reductions in heart failure (HF) hospitalizations and major cardiovascular endpoints (MACE) as well as renal endpoints regardless of diabetes status in large randomized clinical outcome trials (RCTs). Although the exact mechanisms underlying these benefits are yet to be established, growing evidence suggests that modulating inflammation by SGLT2 inhibitors may play a key role. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this manuscript, we summarize the current knowledge on anti-inflammatory effects of SGLT2 inhibitors as one of the mechanisms potentially mediating their cardiovascular (CV) benefits. We introduce the different metabolic and systemic actions mediated by these agents which could mitigate inflammation, and further present the signalling pathways potentially responsible for their proposed direct anti-inflammatory effects. We also discuss controversies surrounding some of these mechanisms. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS SGLT2 inhibitors are promising anti-inflammatory agents by acting either indirectly via improving metabolism and reducing stress conditions or via direct modulation of inflammatory signalling pathways. These effects were achieved, to a great extent, in a glucose-independent manner which established their clinical use in HF patients with and without diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Elrakaybi
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Katharina Laubner
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin J Hug
- Pharmacy, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Seufert
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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Ding Z, Zhao J, Wang X, Li W, Chen C, Yong C, Zhu Y, Tian F, Liu L, Yu M, Zhou E, Gu L, Yao C, Gao K. Total extract of Abelmoschus manihot L. alleviates uric acid-induced renal tubular epithelial injury via inhibition of caspase-8/caspase-3/NLRP3/GSDME signaling. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:907980. [PMID: 36052125 PMCID: PMC9424722 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.907980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The incidence of uric acid (UA)-induced kidney injury is increasing owing to the high incidence of hyperuricemia in recent years. The flower of Abelmoschus manihot (Linneus) Medik is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb widely used in the treatment of some kidney diseases. In our previous study, we reported that the total extract of A. manihot L. flower (TEA) attenuated adriamycin-induced renal tubular cell injury. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the role of TEA in UA-induced tubular cell injury. Methods: Normal rat proximal epithelial NRK-52E cells were incubated with UA to mimic hyperuricemia conditions. The role of TEA in the renal tubular cells was also assessed. The cellular morphology was observed using phase-contrast microscopy, and cell viability was analyzed using the Cell Counting kit-8. Living and dead cells were stained using a Calcein-AM/PI double stain kit. The release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was analyzed by LDH cytotoxicity Assay Kit. The expression of target proteins was analyzed using western blot analysis. Results: UA triggered NRK-52E cell injury, as evidenced by morphological changes, detachment of cells from the bottom, cell swelling, large bubbles blowing from cell membrane and loss of cell viability. UA increased release of LDH. UA induced the expression of p-ERK1/2 and the subsequent activation of caspase-8, caspase-3, and NLRP3 inflammasomes. Pyroptosis was elicited by UA after gasdermin E N-terminal (GSDME-NT) was cleaved from gasdermin E (GSDME). Z-DEVD-FMK, a caspase-3 inhibitor, suppressed the expression of both NLRP3 and GSDME-NT, but not that of caspase-8. INF39, an NLRP3 inhibitor, altered the expression of GSDME-NT expression, but not that caspase-3 and caspase-8. TEA alleviated UA-induced cell injury by suppressing ERK1/2/caspase-8/caspase-3/NLRP3/GSDME signaling. Conclusion: GSDME-mediated pyroptosis was involved in UA-induced renal tubular cell injury. This is the first study to report that TEA protects renal tubular epithelial cells against UA by inhibiting the ERK/1/2/caspase-8/caspase-3/NLRP3/GSDME pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Ding
- Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Division of Nephrology, Taizhou Second People’s Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xufang Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Yong
- Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiye Zhu
- Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Tian
- Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Manshu Yu
- Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Enchao Zhou
- Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Liubao Gu
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunlei Yao
- Division of Nephrology, Taizhou Second People’s Hospital, Taizhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kun Gao, ; Chunlei Yao,
| | - Kun Gao
- Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Kun Gao, ; Chunlei Yao,
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Ren Q, Wang B, Guo F, Huang R, Tan Z, Ma L, Fu P. Natural Flavonoid Pectolinarigenin Alleviated Hyperuricemic Nephropathy via Suppressing TGFβ/SMAD3 and JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:792139. [PMID: 35153751 PMCID: PMC8829971 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.792139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural flavonoid pectolinarigenin (PEC) was reported to alleviate tubulointerstitial fibrosis of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mice in our previous study. To further investigate nephroprotective effects of PEC in hyperuricemic nephropathy (HN), adenine and potassium oxonate induced HN mice and uric acid-treated mouse kidney epithelial (TCMK-1) cells were employed in the study. As a result, PEC significantly lowered serum uric acid level and restored hyperuricemia-related kidney injury in HN mice. Meanwhile, PEC alleviated inflammation, fibrosis, and reduced adipokine FABP4 content in the kidneys of HN mice and uric acid-treated TCMK-1 cells. Mechanistically, PEC inhibited the TGF-β1 expression as well as the phosphorylation of transcription factor SMAD3 and STAT3 to regulate the corresponding inflammatory and fibrotic gene expression in kidney tissues. In conclusion, our results suggested that PEC could inhibit the activation of SMAD3 and STAT3 signaling to suppress inflammation and fibrosis, and thereby alleviate HN in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ren
- Kidney Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Kidney Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Guo
- Kidney Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rongshuang Huang
- Kidney Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhouke Tan
- Kidney Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Division of Nephrology, ZunYi Medical University Affiliated Hospital, ZunYi, China
- *Correspondence: Zhouke Tan, ; Liang Ma,
| | - Liang Ma
- Kidney Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Zhouke Tan, ; Liang Ma,
| | - Ping Fu
- Kidney Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Azouz AA, Omar HA, Hersi F, Ali FEM, Hussein Elkelawy AMM. Impact of the ACE2 activator xanthenone on tacrolimus nephrotoxicity: Modulation of uric acid/ERK/p38 MAPK and Nrf2/SOD3/GCLC signaling pathways. Life Sci 2022; 288:120154. [PMID: 34800514 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus is an effective and widely used immunosuppressant after organ transplantation to reduce graft rejection. However, its nephrotoxic effect could compel the patients to treatment discontinuation. The beneficial effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the kidney and other organs have been investigated in several studies, but its role in tacrolimus nephrotoxicity still needs to be elucidated. Our study was designed to investigate effects of the ACE2 activator xanthenone on tacrolimus-induced renal injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were administered xanthenone (2 mg/kg) concurrently with tacrolimus (1 mg/kg) for 3 weeks, then blood and kidney tissue samples were collected for biochemical and molecular investigations. KEY FINDINGS Co-administration of xanthenone significantly improved renal functions in tacrolimus-treated rats, where serum creatinine, urea, and uric acid levels were close to those of the normal control. Besides, xanthenone reduced renal angiotensin (ANG) II content, while elevated ANG (1-7). Relative protein expressions of p-ERK/ERK and p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK inflammatory signals were downregulated upon xanthenone administration with tacrolimus. In addition, xanthenone reinforced antioxidant defense against tacrolimus by enhancing protein expression of the transcription factor Nrf2 with subsequently increased mRNA expressions of the antioxidants SOD3 and GCLC. SIGNIFICANCE These protective effects of xanthenone could be attributed to ANG II degradation to ANG (1-7) by ACE2 activation resulting in regulated inflammatory and oxidative responses in the kidney. Therefore, administration of xanthenone along with tacrolimus could be a promising therapeutic strategy to reduce the adverse effects and increase the tolerability to tacrolimus immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany A Azouz
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt.
| | - Hany A Omar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatema Hersi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fares E M Ali
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
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Li D, Wang L, Ou J, Wang C, Zhou J, Lu L, Wu Y, Gao J. Reactive oxygen species induced by uric acid promote NRK‑52E cell apoptosis through the NEK7‑NLRP3 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:729. [PMID: 34414459 PMCID: PMC8383041 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing uric acid (UA) could induce renal tubular epithelial cell (NRK-52E) injury. However, the specific mechanism by which UA induces renal tubular epithelial cell injury remains unknown. It was hypothesized that UA induces renal tubular epithelial cell injury through reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the Never in mitosis gene A (NIMA)-related kinase 7 (NEK7)/NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) signaling pathway. TUNEL assay and flow cytometry were applied to measure apoptosis, and the results of the present study showed that UA treatment induced apoptosis of NRK-52E cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Western blotting was performed to determine the expression levels of cleaved caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-xl, it was found that levels were significantly increased after UA treatment in NRK-52E cells. ROS and apoptosis were predominantly induced in NRK-52E cells and there was an association between ROS and apoptosis. Enhanced expression of NEK7, NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like and caspase-1 were observed in NRK-52E cells treated with UA. The ROS inhibitor, N-acetyl-l-cysteine, exerted a protective effect on the UA-induced apoptosis of tubular epithelial cells by reducing excess ROS production, which significantly inhibited NEK7 and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These results indicated that UA activates ROS and induces apoptosis of NRK-52E cells. The mechanism might be related to the regulation of the NEK7/NLRP3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TCM Institute of Kidney Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Luobing Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TCM Institute of Kidney Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Jiaoying Ou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shanghai TCM‑Integrated Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, P.R. China
| | - Chuanxu Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TCM Institute of Kidney Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Jiabao Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TCM Institute of Kidney Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Lili Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TCM Institute of Kidney Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yanshneg Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TCM Institute of Kidney Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Jiandong Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TCM Institute of Kidney Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
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Xanthine Oxidase-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Respiratory Epithelial Cells: A Review in Immunopathology of COVID-19. Int J Inflam 2021; 2021:1653392. [PMID: 34367545 PMCID: PMC8346299 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1653392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an enzyme that catalyzes the production of uric acid and superoxide radicals from purine bases: hypoxanthine and xanthine and is also expressed in respiratory epithelial cells. Uric acid, which is also considered a danger associated molecule pattern (DAMP), could trigger a series of inflammatory responses by activating the inflammasome complex path and NF-κB within the endothelial cells and by inducing proinflammatory cytokine release. Concurrently, XO also converts the superoxide radicals into hydroxyl radicals that further induce inflammatory responses. These conditions will ultimately sum up a hyperinflammation condition commonly dubbed as cytokine storm syndrome (CSS). The expression of proinflammatory cytokines and neutrophil chemokines may be reduced by XO inhibitor, as observed in human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV)-infected A549 cells. Our review emphasizes that XO may have an essential role as an anti-inflammation therapy for respiratory viral infection, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Doğru S, Yaşar E, Yeşilkaya A. Uric acid can enhance MAPK pathway-mediated proliferation in rat primary vascular smooth muscle cells via controlling of mitochondria and caspase-dependent cell death. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2021; 42:293-301. [PMID: 34057027 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2021.1931320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia may be a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis, but the mechanisms underlying uric acid-induced pathological conditions remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of short time and long-term administration of increasing uric acid concentrations on cell viability, proliferative and apoptotic pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Cell viability/proliferation was determined with WST-1 assay. Expression levels of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) (phosphorylated (p)-p38 and p-p44/42 MAPK), extrinsic (caspase 3, caspase 8), and intrinsic (B-cell lymphoma-extra-large (Bcl-xL)) apoptotic pathway proteins were measured by Western blotting. In order to assess the proliferative effects of uric acid incubations on VSMCs, we monitored the proliferative/apoptosis signaling pathways for up to 24 h. Our results indicated that uric acid increases cell viability at time and dose-dependently in VSMCs. Immunoblotting results showed that uric acid treatment elevated the expression level of p-p38 MAPK but did markedly reduce the protein levels of p-p44/42, compared with all the uric acid doses-treated VSMCs, especially at 1 h. Uric acid stimulation increased caspase-3 protein levels and decreased Bcl-xL, but did not alter caspase-8 protein expression at the same dose and time. Furthermore, low uric acid incubations (0-7.5 mg/dL) did not affect any signaling pathways for long time points (6-24 h). In conclusion, our study demonstrates for the first time that VSMCs induced with uric acid can affect cell viability, proliferative, and apoptosis pathways at the widest time and dose range. These findings provide a better understanding of the uric acid effects related to vascular impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Segün Doğru
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School of Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ekrem Yaşar
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School of Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Akın Yeşilkaya
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School of Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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11
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Deng Y, Liu F, Yang X, Xia Y. The Key Role of Uric Acid in Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Fibrosis, Apoptosis, and Immunity in the Pathogenesis of Atrial Fibrillation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:641136. [PMID: 33718459 PMCID: PMC7952317 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.641136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a highly prevalent cardiac arrhythmia that leads to numerous adverse outcomes including stroke, heart failure, and death. Hyperuricemia is an important risk factor that contributes to atrium injury and AF, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this review, we discussed the scientific evidence for clarifying the role of hyperuricemia in the pathogenesis of AF. Experimental and Clinical evidence endorse hyperuricemia as an independent risk factor for the incidence of AF. Various in vivo and in vitro investigations showed that hyperuricemia might play a critical role in the pathogenesis of AF at different UA concentrations through the activation of oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, apoptosis, and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Deng
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaolei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yunlong Xia
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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12
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Fluid Intake Restriction Concomitant to Sweetened Beverages Hydration Induce Kidney Damage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8850266. [PMID: 33354281 PMCID: PMC7735828 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8850266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is the paradox of low water intake but increased intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SB) in several populations; those habits are associated with an increased prevalence of metabolic derangements and greater chronic disease mortality. Persistent heat dehydration and increased SB intake stimulate the continued release of vasopressin and overactivation of the polyol-fructokinase pathway, synergizing each other, an effect partially mediated by oxidative stress. The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether water restriction concurrent with SB hydration can cause renal damage by stimulating similar pathways as heat dehydration. Three groups of male Wistar rats (n = 6) were fluid restricted; from 10 am to 12 pm animals could rehydrate with tap water (W), or sweetened beverages, one prepared with 11% of a fructose-glucose combination (SB), or with the noncaloric edulcorant stevia (ST). A normal control group of healthy rats was also studied. The animals were followed for 4 weeks. Markers of dehydration and renal damage were evaluated at the end of the study. Fluid restriction and water hydration mildly increased urine osmolality and induced a 15% fall in CrCl while increased the markers of tubular damage by NAG and KIM-1. Such changes were in association with a mild overexpression of V1a and V2 renal receptors, polyol fructokinase pathway overactivation, and increased renal oxidative stress with reduced expression of antioxidant enzymes. Hydration with SB significantly amplified those alterations, while in stevia hydrated rats, the changes were similar to the ones observed in water hydrated rats. These data suggest that current habits of hydration could be a risk factor in developing kidney damage.
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13
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Park K, Gupta NK, Olweny EO, Schlesinger N. Beyond Arthritis: Understanding the Influence of Gout on Erectile Function: A Systematic Review. Urology 2020; 153:19-27. [PMID: 33345860 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the evidence suggesting a significant association between gout and erectile dysfunction (ED) and evaluate possible underlying pathways that may explain this relationship. METHODS English medical literature was searched from January 1, 2010, to January 1, 2020, for randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials, cross-sectional studies, case-cohort studies, or meta-analysis evaluating the relationship between gout and ED. RESULTS All nine gout studies included in the study found a significant association between gout and ED. ED pathophysiology in gout involves hyperuricemia, increased reactive oxygen species, decreased nitric oxide synthesis, and low-grade inflammation. CONCLUSION The findings of this review suggest that the effect of urate-lowering therapy on the incidence of ED in gout patients should be studied. Additionally, we propose that all gout patients should be assessed for ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ.
| | - Nikhil K Gupta
- Division of Urology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Ephrem O Olweny
- Division of Urology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Naomi Schlesinger
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
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14
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Wang Y, Kong W, Wang L, Zhang T, Huang B, Meng J, Yang B, Xie Z, Zhou H. Multiple-Purpose Connectivity Map Analysis Reveals the Benefits of Esculetin to Hyperuricemia and Renal Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207695. [PMID: 33080936 PMCID: PMC7589473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Serum uric acid (SUA) levels in CKD stage 3–4 patients closely correlate with hyperuricemic nephropathy (HN) morbidity. New uric acid (UA)-lowering strategies are required to prevent CKD. The multiple-purpose connectivity map (CMAP) was used to discover potential molecules against HUA and renal fibrosis. We used HUA and unilateral ureteral occlusion (UUO) model mice to verify renoprotective effects of molecules and explore related mechanisms. In vitro experiments were performed in HepG2 and NRK-52E cells induced by UA. Esculetin was the top scoring compound and lowered serum uric acid (SUA) levels with dual functions on UA excretion. Esculetin exerted these effects by inhibiting expression and activity of xanthine oxidase (XO) in liver, and modulating UA transporters in kidney. The mechanism by which esculetin suppressed XO was related to inhibiting the nuclear translocation of hexokinase 2 (HK2). Esculetin was anti-fibrotic in HUA and UUO mice through inhibiting TGF-β1-activated profibrotic signals. The renoprotection effects of esculetin in HUA mice were associated with lower SUA, alleviation of oxidative stress, and inhibition of fibrosis. Esculetin is a candidate urate-lowering drug with renoprotective activity and the ability to inhibit XO, promote excretion of UA, protect oxidative stress injury, and reduce renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of the Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (Y.W.); (L.W.); (B.H.); (J.M.); (B.Y.)
| | - Weikaixin Kong
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (W.K.); (T.Z.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of the Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (Y.W.); (L.W.); (B.H.); (J.M.); (B.Y.)
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (W.K.); (T.Z.)
| | - Boyue Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of the Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (Y.W.); (L.W.); (B.H.); (J.M.); (B.Y.)
| | - Jia Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of the Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (Y.W.); (L.W.); (B.H.); (J.M.); (B.Y.)
| | - Baoxue Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of the Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (Y.W.); (L.W.); (B.H.); (J.M.); (B.Y.)
| | - Zhengwei Xie
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (W.K.); (T.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Z.X.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-10-8280-2798 (Z.X. & H.Z.)
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of the Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (Y.W.); (L.W.); (B.H.); (J.M.); (B.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Z.X.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-10-8280-2798 (Z.X. & H.Z.)
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15
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Jang MG, Song H, Kim JH, Oh JM, Park JY, Ko HC, Hur SP, Kim SJ. Prevention of Hyperuricemia by Clerodendrum trichotomum Leaf Extract in Potassium Oxonate-Induced Mice. Dev Reprod 2020; 24:89-100. [PMID: 32734126 PMCID: PMC7375980 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2020.24.2.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Clerodendrum trichotomum is a folk medicine exhibiting anti-hypertension, anti-arthritis, and anti-rheumatism properties. However, little is known about whether the material might prevent hyperuricemia and associated inflammation. In this study, we explored whether C. trichotomum leaf extract (CTE) prevented hyperuricemia induced by potassium oxonate (PO) in mice. CTE (400 mg/kg body weight) significantly reduced the serum uric acid (UA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine levels and increased urine UA and creatinine levels. CTE ameliorated PO-induced inflammation and apoptosis by reducing the levels of relevant proteins in kidney tissues. Also, CTE ameliorated both UA-induced inflammatory response in RAW 263.7 cells and UA-induced cytotoxicity in HK-2 cells. In addition, liver transcriptome analysis showed that CTE enriched mainly the genes for mediating positive regulation of MAPK cascade and apoptotic signaling pathways. Together, the results show that CTE effectively prevents hyperuricemia and associated inflammation in PO-induced mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Gyeong Jang
- Dept. of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Hana Song
- Dept. of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Dept. of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Jung Min Oh
- Dept. of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Jung Young Park
- Dept. of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Hee Chul Ko
- Biotech Regional Innovation Center, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Sung-Pyo Hur
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Se-Jae Kim
- Dept. of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.,Biotech Regional Innovation Center, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
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16
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Zhou Y, You H, Zhang A, Jiang X, Pu Z, Xu G, Zhao M. Lipoxin A4 attenuates uric acid-activated, NADPH oxidase-dependent oxidative stress by interfering with translocation of p47phox in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:1682-1692. [PMID: 32765680 PMCID: PMC7388524 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
LipoxinA4 (LXA4) is a well-known key mediator of endogenous anti-inflammation and of the resolution of inflammation. Considerable oxidative stress occurs during inflammation due to the generation of reactive oxidative species (ROS). Moreover, high levels of uric acid (UA) contribute to endothelial cell dysfunction, which can promote disease-related morbidity, and NADPH oxidase-derived ROS are crucial regulatory factors in these responses. However, LXA4 also has the potential to reduce oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to examine whether LXA4 could suppress UA-induced oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and to investigate its mechanisms of action in vitro. HUVECs were incubated with or without LXA4, followed by the addition of UA. ROS levels were then measured using 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence was used to evaluate NADPH oxidase activity. p47phox or p22phox small interfering (si)RNA were transfected into HUVECs and protein levels of p47phox were detected using western blot analysis. LXA4 significantly inhibited UA-induced generation of ROS to the same extent as the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium chloride. Notably, transfection of p47phox siRNA attenuated the generation of ROS and the activation of NADPH oxidase. Cells transfected with p22phox siRNA demonstrated a significant reduction in the expression of p47phox on the membrane. Further experiments demonstrated that LXA4 interfered with the transfer of p47phox from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane. These findings suggested that LXA4 inhibited the release of NADPH oxidase derived ROS in HUVECs stimulated by UA. A potential mechanism of action underlying this effect could be LXA4-mediated suppression of NADPH oxidase activity, leading to inhibition of p47phox translocation from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Zhou
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Central Hospital of Suining, Suining, Sichuan 629100, P.R. China
| | - Hui You
- Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Suining, Suining, Sichuan 629100, P.R. China
| | - Aijie Zhang
- Basic Medical Laboratory, Central Hospital of Suining, Suining, Sichuan 629100, P.R. China
| | - Xingliang Jiang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Zheyan Pu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Central Hospital of Suining, Suining, Sichuan 629100, P.R. China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Central Hospital of Suining, Suining, Sichuan 629100, P.R. China
| | - Mingcai Zhao
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Central Hospital of Suining, Suining, Sichuan 629100, P.R. China
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17
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Bonino B, Leoncini G, Russo E, Pontremoli R, Viazzi F. Uric acid in CKD: has the jury come to the verdict? J Nephrol 2020; 33:715-724. [PMID: 31933161 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-020-00702-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show that hyperuricemia independently predicts the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in individuals with normal kidney function both in the general population and in subjects with diabetes. As a matter of fact, an unfavorable role of uric acid may somewhat be harder to identify in the context of multiple risk factors and pathogenetic mechanisms typical of overt CKD such as proteinuria and high blood pressure. Although the discrepancy in clinical results could mean that urate lowering treatment does not provide a constant benefit in all patients with hyperuricemia and CKD, we believe that the inconsistency in the results from available meta-analysis is mainly due to inadequate sample size, short follow-up times and heterogeneity in study design characterizing the randomized controlled trials included in the analyses. Therefore, available data support the view that hyperuricemia has a damaging impact on kidney function, while preliminary evidence suggests that treatment of so-called asymptomatic hyperuricemia may be helpful to slow or delay the progression of chronic kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bonino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Leoncini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elisa Russo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Pontremoli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Viazzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
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18
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Cho S, Yu SL, Kang J, Jeong BY, Lee HY, Park CG, Yu YB, Jin DC, Hwang WM, Yun SR, Song HS, Park MH, Yoon SH. NADPH oxidase 4 mediates TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway induced acute kidney injury in hypoxia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219483. [PMID: 31318905 PMCID: PMC6638919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is an important cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in various conditions because kidneys are one of the most susceptible organs to hypoxia. In this study, we investigated whether nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 3-phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 4 (Nox4) plays a role in hypoxia induced AKI in a cellular and animal model. Expression of Nox4 in cultured human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) was significantly increased by hypoxic stimulation. TGF-β1 was endogenously secreted by hypoxic HK-2 cells. SB4315432 (a TGF-β1 receptor I inhibitor) significantly inhibited Nox4 expression in HK-2 cells through the Smad-dependent cell signaling pathway. Silencing of Nox4 using Nox4 siRNA and pharmacologic inhibition with GKT137831 (a specific Nox1/4 inhibitor) reduced the production of ROS and attenuated the apoptotic pathway. In addition, knockdown of Nox4 increased cell survival in hypoxic HK-2 cells and pretreatment with GKT137831 reproduce these results. This study demonstrates that hypoxia induces HK-2 cell apoptosis through a signaling pathway involving TGF-β1 via Smad pathway induction of Nox4-dependent ROS generation. In an ischemia/reperfusion rat model, pretreatment of GKT137831 attenuated ischemia/reperfusion induced acute kidney injury as indicated by preserved kidney function, attenuated renal structural damage and reduced apoptotic cells. Therapies targeting Nox4 may be effective against hypoxia-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungkwon Cho
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Lan Yu
- Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeku Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Young Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoi Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Gyo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Bin Yu
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Chan Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Min Hwang
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ro Yun
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Seung Song
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Hyang Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hee Yoon
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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19
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Telmisartan Attenuates Uric Acid-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Renal Tubular Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3851718. [PMID: 30993112 PMCID: PMC6434300 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3851718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether and how uric acid induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in renal tubular cells, along with the mechanism by which telmisartan acts on uric acid-induced renal injury. Rat renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E) were exposed to various concentrations of uric acid in the presence or absence of telmisartan. Treatment with uric acid increased the expression of α-SMA, decreased the expression of E-cadherin, and promoted EMT in NRK-52E cells. Uric acid treatment also led to increased endothelin-1 (ET-1) production, activation of extracellular-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and the upregulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 (NOX4). Use of ET-1 receptor inhibitor (BQ123 or BQ788) could inhibit uric acid-induced EMT in NRK-52E cells. Pretreatment with the ERK inhibitor (U0126 or PD98059) suppressed the release of ET-1 and EMT induced by uric acid. Additionally, pretreatment with a traditional antioxidant (diphenylene iodonium or apocynin) inhibited the activation of ERK1/2, release of ET-1, and uric acid-induced EMT in NRK-52E cells. These findings suggested that uric acid-induced EMT in renal tubular epithelial cells occurs through NADPH oxidase-mediated ERK1/2 activation and the subsequent release of ET-1. Furthermore, telmisartan (102 nmol/L to 104 nmol/L) inhibited the expression of NOX4, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of ERK1/2, and the release of ET-1 in a dose-dependent manner, thereby preventing uric acid-induced EMT in NRK-52E. In conclusion, telmisartan could ameliorate uric acid-induced EMT in NRK-52E cells likely through inhibition of the NADPH oxidase/ERK1/2/ET-1 pathway.
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20
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Milanesi S, Verzola D, Cappadona F, Bonino B, Murugavel A, Pontremoli R, Garibotto G, Viazzi F. Uric acid and angiotensin II additively promote inflammation and oxidative stress in human proximal tubule cells by activation of toll-like receptor 4. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:10868-10876. [PMID: 30536556 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Renal proximal tubular cells (PTECs) participate in several mechanisms of innate immunity, express toll-like receptors (TLRs), and proinflammatory cytokines. Hyperuricemia may be a promoter of inflammation and renal damage. Angiotensin II (Ang II) modulate immune and inflammatory responses in renal tubular cells. With the aim to evaluate the effect of uric acid (UA) and Ang II on oxidative stress and inflammation mediated by toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation in human PTECs, human kidney 2 (HK2) were incubated for 24 hr with UA (12 mg/dl) and Ang II (10 -7 M). HK2 were pretreated with an antagonist of TLR4 (TAK 242), valsartan or losartan. The genic expression of TLR4, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1), and Nox4 was quantified with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, proteins were evaluated with Western blot. The incubation of HK2 either with UA or with Ang II determines an increased expression of TLR4, production of proinflammatory cytokines as MCP1 and pro-oxidants as Nox4 ( p < 0.05). TAK 242 attenuates the expression of MCP1 induced both by UA and Ang II. Valsartan attenuated all the effects we described after exposure to Ang II but not those observed after UA exposure. At variance, pretreatment with losartan, which inhibits UA internalization, attenuates the expression of TLR4, MCP1, and Nox4 in cells previously treated with UA, Ang II, and UA plus Ang II. Proinflammatory pathways are induced in an additive manner by UA and Ang II ( p < 0.05) and might be mediated by TLR4 in PTECs. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation, hyperuricemia, and innate immunity interplay in the development of chronic tubular damage and the interaction of several nephrotoxic mechanisms blunt the protective effect of RAAS inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Milanesi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IST, Genova, Italy
| | - Daniela Verzola
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IST, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Cappadona
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IST, Genova, Italy
| | - Barbara Bonino
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IST, Genova, Italy
| | - Abitha Murugavel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IST, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Pontremoli
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IST, Genova, Italy
| | - Giacomo Garibotto
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IST, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Viazzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IST, Genova, Italy
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21
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García-Arroyo FE, Gonzaga G, Muñoz-Jiménez I, Blas-Marron MG, Silverio O, Tapia E, Soto V, Ranganathan N, Ranganathan P, Vyas U, Irvin A, Ir D, Robertson CE, Frank DN, Johnson RJ, Sánchez-Lozada LG. Probiotic supplements prevented oxonic acid-induced hyperuricemia and renal damage. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202901. [PMID: 30142173 PMCID: PMC6108486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is highly prevalent and especially common in subjects with metabolic, cardiovascular and renal diseases. In chronic kidney disease, hyperuricemia is extremely common, and uric acid (UA) excretion relies on gut uricolysis by gut microbiota. Current therapy for lowering serum UA includes drugs that may produce undesired secondary effects. Therefore, this pilot study was designed to evaluate the potential of two probiotic supplements to reduce systemic uric acid concentrations. Secondary objectives were to assess whether the hypouricemic effect related to a therapeutic benefit on the hyperuricemia-induced renal damage and hypertension. Analysis of fecal microbiota was also performed. Groups of 6 rats each were followed for 5 weeks and allocated in the following treatment groups: C = Control; HU-ND = Oxonic acid-induced hyperuricemia (HU) +regular diet; HU-P = HU+placebo; HU-F1 = HU+ probiotics formula 1 and HU-F2 = HU+ probiotics formula 2. We confirmed that oxonic acid-induced hyperuricemia produced hypertension and renal functional and structural changes, along with modest changes in the overall composition of fecal microbiota. Both probiotic-containing diets prevented HU, elevated UA urinary excretion and intrarenal UA accumulation induced by oxonic acid. The hypouricemic effect conferred by probiotic supplementation also prevented the renal changes and hypertension caused by hyperuricemia. However, probiotic treatment did not restore the fecal microbiota. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time the ability of probiotics containing uricolytic bacteria to lower serum uric acid in hyperuricemic animals with beneficial consequences on blood pressure and renal disease. As probiotics supplements are innocuous for human health, we recommend clinical studies to test if probiotic supplements could benefit hyperuricemic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillermo Gonzaga
- Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, INC Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Itzel Muñoz-Jiménez
- Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, INC Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Octaviano Silverio
- Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, INC Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edilia Tapia
- Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, INC Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Virgilia Soto
- Dept.of Pathology, INC Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Usha Vyas
- Kibow Biotech, Newtown Square, PA, United States of America
| | - Anthony Irvin
- Kibow Biotech, Newtown Square, PA, United States of America
| | - Diana Ir
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Charles E. Robertson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Daniel N. Frank
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Johnson
- Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
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22
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Yang Q, Wu FR, Wang JN, Gao L, Jiang L, Li HD, Ma Q, Liu XQ, Wei B, Zhou L, Wen J, Ma TT, Li J, Meng XM. Nox4 in renal diseases: An update. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 124:466-472. [PMID: 29969717 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species derived from NADPH oxidase contribute to a wide variety of renal diseases. Nox4, the major NADPH isoform in kidney, produces mainly H2O2 that regulates physiological functions. Nox4 contributes to redox processes involved in diabetic nephropathy, acute kidney injury, obstructive nephropathy, hypertensive nephropathy, renal cell carcinoma and other renal diseases by activating multiple signaling pathways. Although Nox4 is found in a variety of cell types, including epithelial cells, podocytes, mesangial cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts, its role is not clear and even controversial. In some conditions, Nox4 protects cells by promoting cell survival in response to harmful stimuli. In other scenarios it induces cell apoptosis, inflammation or fibrogenesis. This functional variability may be attributed to distinct cell types, subcellular localization, molecular concentrations, disease type or stage, and other factors yet unexplored. In this setting, we reviewed the function and mechanism of Nox4 in renal diseases, highlighted the contradictions in Nox4 literature, and discussed promising therapeutic strategies targeting Nox4 in the treatment of certain types of renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fan-Rong Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jia-Nan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Li Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hai-Di Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qiuying Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xue-Qi Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Biao Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Luyu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jiagen Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Tao Tao Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
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23
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Isoquercetin attenuates oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis after ischemia/reperfusion injury via Nrf2-mediated inhibition of the NOX4/ROS/NF-κB pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 284:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Yaribeygi H, Farrokhi FR, Rezaee R, Sahebkar A. Oxidative stress induces renal failure: A review of possible molecular pathways. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:2990-2998. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Habib Yaribeygi
- Health Research CenterBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Chronic Kidney Diseases Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Farin R. Farrokhi
- Chronic Kidney Diseases Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research CenterInstitute of Pharmaceutical TechnologyMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- School of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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25
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Kim IH, Kwon MJ, Jung JH, Nam TJ. Protein extracted from Porphyra yezoensis prevents cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by downregulating the MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:511-520. [PMID: 29115386 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute renal failure is a serious complication of treatment with the anticancer drug cisplatin. Cisplatin exerts a cytotoxic effect on renal cells by inducing apoptosis through activating the tumor suppressor p53, nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) and mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK)/p38 pathways. Effects of protein extracts of the brown seaweed Porphyra yezoensis (P. yezoensis) on cytotoxicity, inflammation and cell proliferation have been reported; however, the effects of P. yezoensis protein (PYP) extract on cisplatin‑induced renal injury have remained elusive. The present study investigated the effects of PYP on cisplatin‑induced nephrotoxicity in the HK2 human proximal tubular epithelial cell line. PYP treatment reduced cisplatin‑induced apoptosis and death of HK2 cells by restoring the B‑cell lymphoma‑2 (Bcl‑2)‑associated X protein (Bax)/Bcl‑2 imbalance, cytochrome c release and caspase‑3 activation. In addition, PYP activated the redox‑sensitive transcription factor NF‑κB via stimulating the nuclear translocation of p65 in HK2 cells. PYP also restored renal antioxidant levels and increased the total and nuclear accumulation of NF erythroid 2‑related factor 2 in HK2 cells. PYP markedly attenuated cisplatin‑induced p38, MAPK and c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase phosphorylation. Furthermore, treatment with PYP ameliorated cisplatin‑induced renal cell damage by upregulating antioxidant defense mechanisms and downregulating the MAPK and NF‑κB signaling pathways. In addition, mice were divided into three treatment groups (control, cisplatin and PYP + cisplatin) and the effects of PYP were evaluated in a mouse model of cisplatin‑induced acute kidney injury. The concentrations of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine in the PYP + cisplatin group were lower than those in the cisplatin group. The mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors interleukin‑6 (IL‑6), IL‑1β, tumor necrosis factor‑α and monocyte chemoattractant protein‑1 in the kidney tissues of the PYP + cisplatin group were also lower than those in the cisplatin group. These results suggest that PYP treatment had a preventive effect on nephrotoxicity, specifically by downregulating the MAPK and NF‑κB signaling pathways and the mRNA levels of inflammatory genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Hye Kim
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 46041, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hun Jung
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Jeong Nam
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 46041, Republic of Korea
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Early interleukin-6 enhances hepatic ketogenesis in APP SWE/PSEN1dE9 mice via 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutary-CoA synthase 2 signaling activation by p38/nuclear factor κB p65. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 56:115-126. [PMID: 28528772 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered a multifactorial disease that affects the central nervous system and periphery. A decline in brain glucose metabolism is an early feature of AD and is accompanied by a phenotypic shift from aerobic glycolysis to ketogenesis. The liver is responsible for the generation of the ketone body. However, the mechanism that underlies hepatic ketogenesis in AD remains unclear. Here, we investigated hepatic ketogenesis during the early stage of AD pathogenesis in amyloid precursor protein (APPSWE) and presenilin (PSEN1dE9) (APP/PS1) mice. We observed that β-hydroxybutyric acid was increased in the brain of the postmortem mild cognitive impairment and AD subjects and in 3-month-old APP/PS1 AD mice. A rise in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutary-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2), a key enzyme for catalyzing β-hydroxybutyric acid production, was observed in early AD mice. We further showed that proinflammatory cytokines were activated in the liver prior to their activation in the brain of 3-month-old APP/PS1 mice. Among the cytokines, interleukin-6 significantly activated HMGCS2 through the binding of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 to the HMGCS2 promoter. Additionally, interleukin-6 stimulated phosphorylation of p38 mitogen activated protein kinases, an upstream molecule for NF-κB p65 signaling. We have demonstrated that a hepatic inflammatory factor enhances ketogenesis through HMGCS2 signaling activation by p38/NF-κB p65. These results provide a novel peripheral metabolic mechanism for enhanced ketone production and suggest a plausible early AD phenotype to diagnose AD.
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