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Duan H, Chen B, Wang W, Luo H. Identification of GNG7 as a novel biomarker and potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer via bioinformatic analysis and in vitro experiments. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:1445-1474. [PMID: 36863706 PMCID: PMC10042700 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies with unfavorable prognoses. The present study aimed to identify novel biomarkers or potential therapeutic targets in GC via bioinformatic analysis and in vitro experiments. The Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas databases were used to screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). After protein-protein interaction network construction, both module and prognostic analyses were performed to identify prognosis-related genes in GC. The expression patterns and functions of G protein γ subunit 7 (GNG7) in GC were then visualized in multiple databases and further verified using in vitro experiments. A total of 897 overlapping DEGs were detected and 20 hub genes were identified via systematic analysis. After accessing the prognostic value of the hub genes using the online server Kaplan-Meier plotter, a six-gene prognostic signature was identified, which was also significantly correlated with the process of immune infiltration in GC. The results of open-access database analyses suggested that GNG7 is downregulated in GC; this downregulation was associated with tumor progression. Furthermore, the functional enrichment analysis unveiled that the GNG7-coexpressed genes or gene sets were closely correlated with the proliferation and cell cycle processes of GC cells. Finally, in vitro experiments further confirmed that GNG7 overexpression inhibited GC cell proliferation, colony formation, and cell cycle progression and induced apoptosis. As a tumor suppressor gene, GNG7 suppressed the growth of GC cells via cell cycle blockade and apoptosis induction and thus may be used as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houyu Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Biao Chen
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Hesheng Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, P.R. China
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Klomp MJ, Dalm SU, de Jong M, Feelders RA, Hofland J, Hofland LJ. Epigenetic regulation of somatostatin and somatostatin receptors in neuroendocrine tumors and other types of cancer. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22:495-510. [PMID: 33085037 PMCID: PMC8346415 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09607-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Both somatostatin (SST) and somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) are proteins with important functions in both physiological tissue and in tumors, particularly in neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). NETs are frequently characterized by high SSTRs expression levels. SST analogues (SSAs) that bind and activate SSTR have anti-proliferative and anti-secretory activity, thereby reducing both the growth as well as the hormonal symptoms of NETs. Moreover, the high expression levels of SSTR type-2 (SSTR2) in NETs is a powerful target for therapy with radiolabeled SSAs. Due to the important role of both SST and SSTRs, it is of great importance to elucidate the mechanisms involved in regulating their expression in NETs, as well as in other types of tumors. The field of epigenetics recently gained interest in NET research, highlighting the importance of this process in regulating the expression of gene and protein expression. In this review we will discuss the role of the epigenetic machinery in controlling the expression of both SSTRs and the neuropeptide SST. Particular attention will be given to the epigenetic regulation of these proteins in NETs, whereas the involvement of the epigenetic machinery in other types of cancer will be discussed as well. In addition, we will discuss the possibility to target enzymes involved in the epigenetic machinery to modify the expression of the SST-system, thereby possibly improving therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Klomp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S U Dalm
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M de Jong
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R A Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Byun S, Affolter KE, Snow AK, Curtin K, Cannon AR, Cannon-Albright LA, Thota R, Neklason DW. Differential methylation of G-protein coupled receptor signaling genes in gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12303. [PMID: 34112938 PMCID: PMC8192774 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91934-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the small intestine undergo large chromosomal and methylation changes. The objective of this study was to identify methylation differences in NETs and consider how the differentially methylated genes may impact patient survival. Genome-wide methylation and chromosomal copy number variation (CNV) of NETs from the small intestine and appendix were measured. Tumors were divided into three molecular subtypes according to CNV results: chromosome 18 loss (18LOH), Multiple CNV, and No CNV. Comparison of 18LOH tumors with MultiCNV and NoCNV tumors identified 901 differentially methylated genes. Genes from the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) pathways are statistically overrepresented in the differentially methylated genes. One of the highlighted genes from the GPCR pathway is somatostatin (SST), a clinical target for NETs. Patient survival based on low versus high methylation in all samples identified four significant genes (p < 0.05) OR2S2, SMILR, RNU6-653P, and AC010543.1. Within the 18LOH molecular subtype tumors, survival differences were identified in high versus low methylation of 24 genes. The most significant is TRHR (p < 0.01), a GPCR with multiple FDA-approved drugs. By separating NETs into different molecular subtypes based on chromosomal changes, we find that multiple GPCRs and their ligands appear to be regulated through methylation and correlated with survival. These results suggest opportunities for better treatment strategies for NETs based on molecular features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyoun Byun
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5550, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Kajsa E Affolter
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5550, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Angela K Snow
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5550, USA
| | - Karen Curtin
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5550, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Austin R Cannon
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Lisa A Cannon-Albright
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5550, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Ramya Thota
- Medical Oncology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Deborah W Neklason
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5550, USA.
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA.
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Ampofo E, Nalbach L, Menger MD, Laschke MW. Regulatory Mechanisms of Somatostatin Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114170. [PMID: 32545257 PMCID: PMC7312888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin is a peptide hormone, which most commonly is produced by endocrine cells and the central nervous system. In mammals, somatostatin originates from pre-prosomatostatin and is processed to a shorter form, i.e., somatostatin-14, and a longer form, i.e., somatostatin-28. The two peptides repress growth hormone secretion and are involved in the regulation of glucagon and insulin synthesis in the pancreas. In recent years, the processing and secretion of somatostatin have been studied intensively. However, little attention has been paid to the regulatory mechanisms that control its expression. This review provides an up-to-date overview of these mechanisms. In particular, it focuses on the role of enhancers and silencers within the promoter region as well as on the binding of modulatory transcription factors to these elements. Moreover, it addresses extracellular factors, which trigger key signaling pathways, leading to an enhanced somatostatin expression in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ampofo
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6841-162-6561; Fax: +49-6841-162-6553
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Chen W, Ding R, Tang J, Li H, Chen C, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Zhu X. Knocking Out SST Gene of BGC823 Gastric Cancer Cell by CRISPR/Cas9 Enhances Migration, Invasion and Expression of SEMA5A and KLF2. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:1313-1321. [PMID: 32110105 PMCID: PMC7040191 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s236374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The impact and potential molecular mechanisms of SST in the occurrence and development of GC have not been determined. Materials and Methods Two pairs of sgRNA and reporter were designed according to targeting sequence of SST gene for double-nicking. Plasmids were transfected into 293T for selecting sgRNA with higher cutting efficiency. The subline which has knocked-out SST gene were selected by FACS and verified by sequencing and expression level. Moreover, the migration and invasion ability was evaluated by wound healing and transwell after knocking out SST. Besides, the protein expression of SEMA5A and KLF2 were observed by Western blotting and LSCM. Last, we detected the expression levels of SST, SEMA5A, and KLF2 in GC tissues by Western blotting. Results The results revealed that the new subline 1E9, which had knocked out SST gene, was established by CRISPR/Cas9. In addition, the knockout of SST in GC cells markedly increased migration and invasion ability. The results also demonstrated that the knockout of SST increased the expression of SEMA5A and KLF2. The expression level of SST was decreased in GC tissues, and its decrease was associated with overexpression of SEMA5A and KLF2. Conclusion SST plays an inhibitory role in the migration and invasion of GC cell BGC823. The protein expression levels of SEMA5A and KLF2 were enhanced in GC cells and tissues lacking SST expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixian Ding
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlu Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haodong Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chonghua Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinxian Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, People's Republic of China
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Norollahi SE, Mansour-Ghanaei F, Joukar F, Ghadarjani S, Mojtahedi K, Gharaei Nejad K, Hemmati H, Gharibpoor F, Khaksar R, Samadani AA. Therapeutic approach of Cancer stem cells (CSCs) in gastric adenocarcinoma; DNA methyltransferases enzymes in cancer targeted therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 115:108958. [PMID: 31075731 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) show a remarkable sub class of cancer cells population which have a potential to organize and regulate stemness properties which possess a main particular responsibility for uncontrolled growth in carcinogenesis, production of different cancers in differentiated situation and also resistancy to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Correspondingly, gastric cancer (GC) as a very serious type in cancer mortality in the world, has received a deep attention in molecular therapy recently. Besides the main characteristics of CSCs like differentiation, epithelial mesenchymal transition, self-renewal and metastasis, they are so effective in expression of stemness genes resistancy in radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In this way, the regulation of epigenetic elements including DNA methylation and the performance of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) which is a notable epigenetic trait in GC, is of great importance. Inhibitors of DNA methylation are the first epigenetic drugs in cancer therapy. Considerably, recent studies indicate that low doses of DNMT inhibitors have a high potential in sustaining reduced DNA methylation and related with re-expression of silenced genes in tumorigenesis. Importantly, these certain doses have the ability to decrease the carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis in CSC populations within GC. Meaningly, the inhibition of DNMTs are able to reduce the accumulation of tumorigenic ability of GC CSCs. Furthermore, many epigenetic drugs have a great potential in cancer therapy, including histone methyltransferases, lysine demethylases, histone deacetylasesand, bromodomain and extra-terminal domain proteins and DNA methyltransferases inhibitors. In this review article, we try to focus on the therapeutic mechanism of DNMTs alongside with their impact on CSCs in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syedeh Elham Norollahi
- Gastrointestinal and liver diseases research center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei
- Gastrointestinal and liver diseases research center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Joukar
- Gastrointestinal and liver diseases research center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Shervin Ghadarjani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Kourosh Mojtahedi
- Gastrointestinal and liver diseases research center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Kaveh Gharaei Nejad
- Skin Research Center, Dermatology Department, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Razi Hospital, Sardare Jangal Street, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hossein Hemmati
- Razi Clinical Research Development Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Faeze Gharibpoor
- Gastrointestinal and liver diseases research center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Roya Khaksar
- Gastrointestinal and liver diseases research center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Ali Akbar Samadani
- Gastrointestinal and liver diseases research center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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Whole genome MBD-seq and RRBS analyses reveal that hypermethylation of gastrointestinal hormone receptors is associated with gastric carcinogenesis. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-14. [PMID: 30510283 PMCID: PMC6277407 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is a regulatory mechanism in epigenetics that is frequently altered during human carcinogenesis. To detect critical methylation events associated with gastric cancer (GC), we compared three DNA methylomes from gastric mucosa (GM), intestinal metaplasia (IM), and gastric tumor (GT) cells that were microscopically dissected from an intestinal-type early gastric cancer (EGC) using methylated DNA binding domain sequencing (MBD-seq) and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) analysis. In this study, we focused on differentially methylated promoters (DMPs) that could be directly associated with gene expression. We detected 2,761 and 677 DMPs between the GT and GM by MBD-seq and RRBS, respectively, and for a total of 3,035 DMPs. Then, 514 (17%) of all DMPs were detected in the IM genome, which is a precancer of GC, supporting that some DMPs might represent an early event in gastric carcinogenesis. A pathway analysis of all DMPs demonstrated that 59 G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes linked to the hypermethylated DMPs were significantly enriched in a neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction pathway. Furthermore, among the 59 GPCRs, six GI hormone receptor genes (NPY1R, PPYR1, PTGDR, PTGER2, PTGER3, and SSTR2) that play an inhibitory role in the secretion of gastrin or gastric acid were selected and validated as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis or prognosis of GC patients in two cohorts. These data suggest that the loss of function of gastrointestinal (GI) hormone receptors by promoter methylation may lead to gastric carcinogenesis because gastrin and gastric acid have been known to play a role in cell differentiation and carcinogenesis in the GI tract. A sequencing study reveals abnormal changes to DNA that set the stage for stomach cancer development. DNA methylation, the addition of methyl groups to alter DNA activity, is often disrupted in human cancers. Yong Sung Kim at the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) in Daejeon, South Korea, and co-workers used sequencing technogy to identify critical methylation changes in stomach epithelial cells, intestinal metaplasia lesion and tumor cells during early-stage gastric cancer. The team found 3,035 abnormally methylated DNA regions related to the expression of particular genes. Further analysis identified six hormone receptor genes directly involved with stomach acid secretion, whose altered expression was linked to over-methylated DNA regions. Loss of function within these six genes may lead to gastric cancer, and their expression levels could be valuable biomarkers for the disease.
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Fattahi S, Golpour M, Amjadi-Moheb F, Sharifi-Pasandi M, Khodadadi P, Pilehchian-Langroudi M, Ashrafi GH, Akhavan-Niaki H. DNA methyltransferases and gastric cancer: insight into targeted therapy. Epigenomics 2018; 10:1477-1497. [PMID: 30325215 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a major health problem worldwide occupying most frequent causes of cancer-related mortality. In addition to genetic modifications, epigenetic alterations catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are a well-characterized epigenetic hallmark in gastric cancer. The reversible nature of epigenetic alterations and central role of DNA methylation in diverse biological processes provides an opportunity for using DNMT inhibitors to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutics. In this review, we discussed key factors or mechanisms such as SNPs, infections and genetic modifications that trigger DNMTs level modification in gastric cancer, and their potential roles in cancer progression. Finally, we focused on how inhibitors of the DNMTs can most effectively be used for the treatment of gastric cancer with multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Fattahi
- Cellular & Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, 4717647745, Babol, Iran.,North Research Center, Pasteur Institute, Amol, 4615885399, Iran
| | - Monireh Golpour
- Molecular & Cell Biology Research Center, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, 4817844718, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Amjadi-Moheb
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, 4717647745, Babol, Iran
| | - Marzieh Sharifi-Pasandi
- Molecular & Cell Biology Research Center, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, 4817844718, Iran
| | - Parastesh Khodadadi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, 4717647745, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Gholam Hossein Ashrafi
- School of Life Science, Pharmacy & Chemistry, SEC Faculty, Cancer Theme, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Haleh Akhavan-Niaki
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, 4717647745, Babol, Iran
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Abstract
Our understanding of the epigenetic changes occurring in gastrointestinal cancers has gained tremendous advancements in recent years, and some epigenetic biomarkers are already translated into the clinics for cancer diagnostics. In parallel, pharmacoepigenetics and pharmacoepigenomics of solid tumors are relevant novel, but emerging and promising fields. Areas covered: A comprehensive review of the literature to summarize and update the emerging field of pharmacoepigenetics and pharmacoepigenomics of gastrointestinal cancers. Expert commentary: Several epigenetic modifications have been proposed to account for interindividual variations in drug response in gastrointestinal cancers. Similarly, single-agent or combined strategies with high doses of drugs that target epigenetic modifications (epi-drugs) were scarcely tolerated by the patients, and current research has moved to their combination with standard therapies to achieve chemosensitization, radiosensitization, and immune modulation of cancerous cells. In parallel, recent genome-wide technologies are revealing the pathways that are epigenetically deregulated during cancer-acquired resistance, including those targeted by non-coding RNAs. Indeed, novel, less toxic, and more specific molecules are under investigation to specifically target those pathways. The field is rapidly expanding and gathering together information coming from these investigations has the potential to lead to clinical applications in the coming new years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lopomo
- a Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Laboratory of Medical Genetics , University of Pisa, Medical School , Pisa , Italy
| | - Fabio Coppedè
- a Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Laboratory of Medical Genetics , University of Pisa, Medical School , Pisa , Italy
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Liu Y, Chew MH, Tham CK, Tang CL, Ong SYK, Zhao Y. Methylation of serum SST gene is an independent prognostic marker in colorectal cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:2098-2108. [PMID: 27725914 PMCID: PMC5043118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for accurate prognostication for colorectal cancer (CRC). This study sought to assess prognostic potentials of methylation targets in the serum of CRC patients. A total of 165 CRC patients were enrolled in this prospective study. Promoter methylation levels of seven genes in pre-operative sera and matched tumor tissues were evaluated by quantitative methylation-specific PCR. Kaplan-Meier test, and univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were used for survival analyses. After a median follow-up of 56 months, 43 patients (28.7%) experienced tumor recurrence. In univariate survival analyses, serum methylation levels of SST and MAL were significantly predictive of cancer-specific death (P<0.005 for both). The former was also a significant predictor for tumor recurrence (P=0.007). Independent prognostic effects of serum methylation levels of SST were revealed by multivariate Cox regression model (P=0.031 and P=0.003 for cancer death and recurrence, respectively). When focusing on stage II and III patients, prognostication with serum methylated SST remained significant. Methylated SST detected in all serum samples can be traced back to the matched primary tumor tissues. We believe that methylated SST detected in the pre-operative sera of CRC patients appear to be a novel promising prognostic marker and probably can be auxiliary to tumor staging system and serum carcinoembryonic antigen towards better risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqun Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General HospitalSingapore
| | - Min Hoe Chew
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General HospitalSingapore
| | - Chee Kian Tham
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Choong Leong Tang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General HospitalSingapore
| | - Simon YK Ong
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Clinical Research, Singapore General HospitalSingapore
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Leiszter K, Sipos F, Galamb O, Krenács T, Veres G, Wichmann B, Fűri I, Kalmár A, Patai ÁV, Tóth K, Valcz G, Tulassay Z, Molnár B. Promoter hypermethylation-related reduced somatostatin production promotes uncontrolled cell proliferation in colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118332. [PMID: 25723531 PMCID: PMC4344335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatostatin (SST) has anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects. Our aims were to analyze and compare the SST expression during normal aging and colorectal carcinogenesis at mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, we tested the methylation status of SST in biopsy samples, and the cell growth inhibitory effect of the SST analogue octreotide in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line. METHODS Colonic samples were collected from healthy children (n1 = 6), healthy adults (n2 = 41) and colorectal cancer patients (CRCs) (n3 = 34) for SST mRNA expression analysis, using HGU133 Plus2.0 microarrays. Results were validated both on original (n1 = 6; n2 = 6; n3 = 6) and independent samples ((n1 = 6; n2 = 6; n3 = 6) by real-time PCR. SST expressing cells were detected by immunohistochemistry on colonic biopsy samples (n1 = 14; n2 = 20; n3 = 23). The effect of octreotide on cell growth was tested on Caco-2 cell line. SST methylation percentage in biopsy samples (n1 = 5; n2 = 5; n3 = 9) was defined using methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme digestion. RESULTS In case of normal aging SST mRNA expression did not alter, but decreased in cancer (p < 0.05). The ratio of SST immunoreactive cells was significantly higher in children (0.70% ± 0.79%) compared to CRC (0% ± 0%) (p < 0.05). Octreotide significantly increased the proportion of apoptotic Caco-2 cells. SST showed significantly higher methylation level in tumor samples (30.2% ± 11.6%) compared to healthy young individuals (3.5% ± 1.9%) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In cancerous colonic mucosa the reduced SST production may contribute to the uncontrolled cell proliferation. Our observation that in colon cancer cells octreotide significantly enhanced cell death and attenuated cell proliferation suggests that SST may act as a regulator of epithelial cell kinetics. The inhibition of SST expression in CRC can be epigenetically regulated by promoter hypermethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Leiszter
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Sipos
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Galamb
- Molecular Medicine Research Unit, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Krenács
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Veres
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barna Wichmann
- Molecular Medicine Research Unit, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Fűri
- Molecular Medicine Research Unit, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Kalmár
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Árpád V. Patai
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kinga Tóth
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Valcz
- Molecular Medicine Research Unit, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Tulassay
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Molecular Medicine Research Unit, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Molnár
- Molecular Medicine Research Unit, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Shahbaz M, Ruliang F, Xu Z, Benjia L, Cong W, Zhaobin H, Jun N. mRNA expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes SSTR-2, SSTR-3, and SSTR-5 and its significance in pancreatic cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2015; 13:46. [PMID: 25890201 PMCID: PMC4328977 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-015-0467-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study is to investigate the expressions of somatostatin receptor (SSTR), SSTR-2, SSTR-3, and SSTR-5, in pancreatic tissue and non-cancerous tissue and elucidate their clinical significance. Methods The expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes SSTR-2, SSTR-3, and SSTR-5 messenger RNA (mRNA) in 108 cases of cancer tissue and adjacent tissue in patients with pancreatic cancer was detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Expression of SSTR-2, SSTR-3, and SSTR-5 mRNA was evaluated after specimens were taken from selected patients who underwent surgical resection by Whipple’s operation. We speculated the clinical significance of the expression of somatostatin receptor (SSTR) subtype genes SSTR-2, SSTR-3, and SSTR-5 in pancreatic tissue and non-cancerous tissue and further elucidated their clinical significance. Results The expression rates of SSTR-2 mRNA in cancer and adjacent tissue of 108 patients with pancreatic cancer were 81.5% (88/108) and 97.2% (105/108), respectively; SSTR-3 mRNA expression rates were 69.4% (75/108) and 55.6% (60/108). SSTR-5 mRNA expression rates were 13.0% (14/108) and 18.5% (20/108). Conclusion We propose that SSTR-2 plays an important role in clinical implications for patients with pancreatic cancer undergoing somatostatin or its analog therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12957-015-0467-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahbaz
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Wenhua west Road #44, Jinan, 250012, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Public Health, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fang Ruliang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Wenhua west Road #44, Jinan, 250012, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Public Health, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhang Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Wenhua west Road #44, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Liang Benjia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Wenhua west Road #44, Jinan, 250012, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Public Health, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wang Cong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - He Zhaobin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Wenhua west Road #44, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Niu Jun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Wenhua west Road #44, Jinan, 250012, China.
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Dullaart RP, Al-Daghri NM, Ashina M, Bouzas-Mosquera A, Brunetti ND, Buechler C, Chen HS, Corrales JJ, D'Archivio M, Dei Cas A, Pino GG, Gómez-Abril SA, Győri D, Haslacher H, Herder C, Kerstens MN, Koutsilieris M, Lombardi C, Lupattelli G, Mócsai A, Msaouel P, Orfao A, Ormazabal P, Pacher R, Perkmann T, Peteiro J, Plischke M, Reynaert NL, Ricci MA, Robles NR, Rocha M, Rutten EP, Sabico S, Santamaria F, Santoro F, Schmid A, Schmidt M, Schytz HW, Shyu KG, Tada H, Thorand B, Valerio G, Vesely DL, Wu TE, Yamagishi M, Yeh YT. Research update for articles published in EJCI in 2012. Eur J Clin Invest 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eci.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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