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Iqbal MA, Bilen M, Liu Y, Jabre V, Fong BC, Chakroun I, Paul S, Chen J, Wade S, Kanaan M, Harper M, Khacho M, Slack RS. The integrated stress response promotes neural stem cell survival under conditions of mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegeneration. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e14165. [PMID: 38757355 PMCID: PMC11258489 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Impaired mitochondrial function is a hallmark of aging and a major contributor to neurodegenerative diseases. We have shown that disrupted mitochondrial dynamics typically found in aging alters the fate of neural stem cells (NSCs) leading to impairments in learning and memory. At present, little is known regarding the mechanisms by which neural stem and progenitor cells survive and adapt to mitochondrial dysfunction. Using Opa1-inducible knockout as a model of aging and neurodegeneration, we identify a decline in neurogenesis due to impaired stem cell activation and progenitor proliferation, which can be rescued by the mitigation of oxidative stress through hypoxia. Through sc-RNA-seq, we identify the ATF4 pathway as a critical mechanism underlying cellular adaptation to metabolic stress. ATF4 knockdown in Opa1-deficient NSCs accelerates cell death, while the increased expression of ATF4 enhances proliferation and survival. Using a Slc7a11 mutant, an ATF4 target, we show that ATF4-mediated glutathione production plays a critical role in maintaining NSC survival and function under stress conditions. Together, we show that the activation of the integrated stress response (ISR) pathway enables NSCs to adapt to metabolic stress due to mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic stress and may serve as a therapeutic target to enhance NSC survival and function in aging and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ariff Iqbal
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research InstituteUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Maria Bilen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research InstituteUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Yubing Liu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research InstituteUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Vanessa Jabre
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research InstituteUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Bensun C. Fong
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research InstituteUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Imane Chakroun
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research InstituteUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Smitha Paul
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research InstituteUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Jingwei Chen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research InstituteUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Steven Wade
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Neuromuscular Disease (CNMD), Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology (OISB), Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Michel Kanaan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology (OISB), Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Mary‐Ellen Harper
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology (OISB), Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Mireille Khacho
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research InstituteUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Neuromuscular Disease (CNMD), Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology (OISB), Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Ruth S. Slack
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research InstituteUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
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Mier NC, Roper DK. Effects of an indole derivative on cell proliferation, transfection, and alternative splicing in production of lentiviral vectors by transient co-transfection. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297817. [PMID: 38833479 PMCID: PMC11149887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors derived from human immunodeficiency virus type I are widely used to deliver functional gene copies to mammalian cells for research and gene therapies. Post-transcriptional splicing of lentiviral vector transgene in transduced host and transfected producer cells presents barriers to widespread application of lentiviral vector-based therapies. The present study examined effects of indole derivative compound IDC16 on splicing of lentiviral vector transcripts in producer cells and corresponding yield of infectious lentiviral vectors. Indole IDC16 was shown previously to modify alternative splicing in human immunodeficiency virus type I. Human embryonic kidney 293T cells were transiently transfected by 3rd generation backbone and packaging plasmids using polyethyleneimine. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction of the fraction of unspliced genomes in human embryonic kidney 293T cells increased up to 31% upon the indole's treatment at 2.5 uM. Corresponding yield of infectious lentiviral vectors decreased up to 4.5-fold in a cell transduction assay. Adjusting timing and duration of IDC16 treatment indicated that the indole's disruption of early stages of transfection and cell cycle had a greater effect on exponential time course of lentiviral vector production than its reduction of post-transcriptional splicing. Decrease in transfected human embryonic kidney 293T proliferation by IDC16 became significant at 10 uM. These findings indicated contributions by early-stage transfection, cell proliferation, and post-transcriptional splicing in transient transfection of human embryonic kidney 293T cells for lentiviral vector production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Carolina Mier
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Donald Keith Roper
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
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3
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Champeil J, Mangion M, Gilbert R, Gaillet B. Improved Manufacturing Methods of Extracellular Vesicles Pseudotyped with the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Glycoprotein. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:1116-1131. [PMID: 38182864 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-01007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV), which expose the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSVG) on their surface, are used for delivery of nucleic acids and proteins in human cell lines. These particles are biomanufactured using methods that are difficult to scale up. Here, we describe the development of the first EV-VSVG production process in serum-free media using polyethylenimine (PEI)-based transient transfection of HEK293 suspension cells, as well as the first EV-VSVG purification process to utilize both ultracentrifugation and chromatography. Three parameters were investigated for EV-VSVG production: cell density, DNA concentration, and DNA:PEI ratio. The best production titer was obtained with 3 × 106 cells/mL, a plasmid concentration of 2 µg/mL, and a DNA:PEI ratio of 1:4. The production kinetics of VSVG was performed and showed that the highest amount of VSVG was obtained 3 days after transfection. Addition of cell culture supplements during the transfection resulted in an increase in VSVG production, with a maximum yield obtained with 2 mM of sodium butyrate added 18 h after transfection. Moreover, the absence of EV-VSVG during cell transfection with a GFP-coding plasmid revealed to be ineffective, with no fluorescent cells. An efficient EV-VSVG purification procedure consisting of a two-step concentration by low-speed centrifugation and sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation followed by a heparin affinity chromatography purification was also developed. Purified bioactive EV-VSVG preparations were characterized and revealed that EV-VSVG are spherical particles of 176.4 ± 88.32 nm with 91.4% of protein similarity to exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Champeil
- Chemical Engineering Department, Université Laval, 1065, Avenue de la Médecine, Pavillon Pouliot, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- PROTEO: The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering, Université du Québec à Montréal, 201 Avenue du Président Kennedy, Montréal, QC, H2X 3Y7, Canada
- ThéCell: FRQS Cell, Tissue and Gene Therapy Network, Laboratoire d'organogénèse expérimentale - LOEX, 1401, 18E rue, Québec, QC, G1J 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mathias Mangion
- Chemical Engineering Department, Université Laval, 1065, Avenue de la Médecine, Pavillon Pouliot, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- PROTEO: The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering, Université du Québec à Montréal, 201 Avenue du Président Kennedy, Montréal, QC, H2X 3Y7, Canada
- ThéCell: FRQS Cell, Tissue and Gene Therapy Network, Laboratoire d'organogénèse expérimentale - LOEX, 1401, 18E rue, Québec, QC, G1J 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rénald Gilbert
- ThéCell: FRQS Cell, Tissue and Gene Therapy Network, Laboratoire d'organogénèse expérimentale - LOEX, 1401, 18E rue, Québec, QC, G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, 6100, Avenue Royalmount, Montréal, Québec, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Bruno Gaillet
- Chemical Engineering Department, Université Laval, 1065, Avenue de la Médecine, Pavillon Pouliot, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
- PROTEO: The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering, Université du Québec à Montréal, 201 Avenue du Président Kennedy, Montréal, QC, H2X 3Y7, Canada.
- ThéCell: FRQS Cell, Tissue and Gene Therapy Network, Laboratoire d'organogénèse expérimentale - LOEX, 1401, 18E rue, Québec, QC, G1J 1Z4, Canada.
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Zhitkevich A, Bayurova E, Avdoshina D, Zakirova N, Frolova G, Chowdhury S, Ivanov A, Gordeychuk I, Palefsky JM, Isaguliants M. HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Expression in HPV16-Infected Epidermoid Carcinoma Cells Alters E6 Expression and Cellular Metabolism, and Induces a Hybrid Epithelial/Mesenchymal Cell Phenotype. Viruses 2024; 16:193. [PMID: 38399969 PMCID: PMC10892743 DOI: 10.3390/v16020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The high incidence of epithelial malignancies in HIV-1 infected individuals is associated with co-infection with oncogenic viruses, such as high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR HPVs), mostly HPV16. The molecular mechanisms underlying the HIV-1-associated increase in epithelial malignancies are not fully understood. A collaboration between HIV-1 and HR HPVs in the malignant transformation of epithelial cells has long been anticipated. Here, we delineated the effects of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase on the in vitro and in vivo properties of HPV16-infected cervical cancer cells. A human cervical carcinoma cell line infected with HPV16 (Ca Ski) was made to express HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) by lentiviral transduction. The levels of the mRNA of the E6 isoforms and of the factors characteristic to the epithelial/mesenchymal transition were assessed by real-time RT-PCR. The parameters of glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration were determined using Seahorse technology. RT expressing Ca Ski subclones were assessed for the capacity to form tumors in nude mice. RT expression increased the expression of the E6*I isoform, modulated the expression of E-CADHERIN and VIMENTIN, indicating the presence of a hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype, enhanced glycolysis, and inhibited mitochondrial respiration. In addition, the expression of RT induced phenotypic alterations impacting cell motility, clonogenic activity, and the capacity of Ca Ski cells to form tumors in nude mice. These findings suggest that HIV-RT, a multifunctional protein, affects HPV16-induced oncogenesis, which is achieved through modulation of the expression of the E6 oncoprotein. These results highlight a complex interplay between HIV antigens and HPV oncoproteins potentiating the malignant transformation of epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Zhitkevich
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.A.); (G.F.); (I.G.)
| | - Ekaterina Bayurova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.A.); (G.F.); (I.G.)
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Darya Avdoshina
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.A.); (G.F.); (I.G.)
| | - Natalia Zakirova
- Centre for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Galina Frolova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.A.); (G.F.); (I.G.)
| | - Sona Chowdhury
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (S.C.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Alexander Ivanov
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia;
- Centre for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ilya Gordeychuk
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.A.); (G.F.); (I.G.)
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Joel M. Palefsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (S.C.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Maria Isaguliants
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Vaz TA, Rodrigues AF, Coroadinha AS. Exploring nutrient supplementation and bioprocess optimization to improve the production of lentiviral vectors in serum-free medium suspension cultures. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300212. [PMID: 37903159 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of lentiviral vectors (LV) in gene therapy has been growing in recent years. To meet the increasing clinical demand, LV production platforms will benefit from improved productivity and scalability to enable cost-effective manufacture of LV-based therapies. Here we report the adaptation of 293T cells to serum-free suspension cultures and the improvement of LV yields through transfection parameters optimization, process intensification and medium supplementation with nutrient boosters. Cells were sequentially adapted to different serum-free culture media, transfection parameters were optimized and the two best-performing conditions were selected to explore process intensification by increasing cell density at the time of transfection. LV production at higher cell densities increased volumetric titers up to 12-fold and lipid supplementation was the most efficient metabolic optimization strategy further enhancing LV productivity by 3-fold. Furthermore, cell concentration was identified and validated as an important source of transfection variability impairing cellular uptake of DNA polyplexes, impacting transfection efficiency and reducing LV titers down to 6-fold. This work contributes to improving LV-based gene therapy by establishing new scalable manufacturing platforms and providing key metabolic insights, unveiling important bioreaction parameters to improve vector yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago A Vaz
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana F Rodrigues
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- LASIGE, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana S Coroadinha
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
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6
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Thapa R, Druessel L, Ma L, Torry DS, Bany BM. ATOH8 Expression Is Regulated by BMP2 and Plays a Key Role in Human Endometrial Stromal Cell Decidualization. Endocrinology 2023; 165:bqad188. [PMID: 38060684 PMCID: PMC10729865 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, elongated fibroblast-like mesenchymal cells in the uterine endometrium begin to transdifferentiate into polygonal epithelioid-like (decidual) cells. This decidualization process continues more broadly during early pregnancy, and the resulting decidual tissue supports successful embryo implantation and placental development. This study was carried out to determine if atonal basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor 8 (ATOH8) plays a role in human endometrial stromal fibroblast (ESF) decidualization. ATOH8 messenger RNA and protein expression levels significantly increased in human ESF cells undergoing in vitro decidualization, with the protein primarily localized to the nucleus. When ATOH8 expression was silenced, the ability of the cells to undergo decidualization was significantly diminished. Overexpression of ATOH8 enhanced the expression of many decidualization markers. Silencing the expression of ATOH8 reduced the expression of FZD4, FOXO1, and several known FOXO1-downstream targets during human ESF cell decidualization. Therefore, ATOH8 may be a major upstream regulator of the WNT/FZD-FOXO1 pathway, previously shown to be critical for human endometrial decidualization. Finally, we explored possible regulators of ATOH8 expression during human ESF decidualization. BMP2 significantly enhanced ATOH8 expression when cells were stimulated to undergo decidualization, while an ALK2/3 inhibitor reduced ATOH8 expression. Finally, although the steroids progesterone plus estradiol did not affect ATOH8 expression, the addition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) analogue alone represented the major effect of ATOH8 expression when cells were stimulated to undergo decidualization. Our results suggest that ATOH8 plays a crucial role in human ESF decidualization and that BMP2 plus cAMP are major regulators of ATOH8 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupak Thapa
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Logan Druessel
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Liang Ma
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63018, USA
| | - Donald S Torry
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
| | - Brent M Bany
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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7
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Valenzuela-Valderas KN, Farrashzadeh E, Chang YY, Shi Y, Raudonis R, Leung BM, Rohde JR, Enninga J, Cheng Z. RACK1 promotes Shigella flexneri actin-mediated invasion, motility, and cell-to-cell spreading. iScience 2023; 26:108216. [PMID: 37953961 PMCID: PMC10637933 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri is an intracellular bacterium that hijacks the host actin cytoskeleton to invade and disseminate within the colonic epithelium. Shigella's virulence factors induce actin polymerization, leading to bacterial uptake, actin tail formation, actin-mediated motility, and cell-to-cell spreading. Many host factors involved in the Shigella-prompted actin rearrangements remain elusive. Here, we studied the role of a host protein receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) in actin cytoskeleton dynamics and Shigella infection. We used time-lapse imaging to demonstrate that RACK1 facilitates Shigella-induced actin cytoskeleton remodeling at multiple levels during infection of epithelial cells. Silencing RACK1 expression impaired Shigella-induced rapid polymerizing structures, reducing host cell invasion, bacterial motility, and cell-to-cell spreading. In uninfected cells, RACK1 silencing reduced jasplakinolide-mediated filamentous actin aggregate formation and negatively affected actin turnover in fast polymerizing structures, such as membrane ruffles. Our findings provide a role of RACK1 in actin cytoskeleton dynamics and Shigella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elmira Farrashzadeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Yuen-Yan Chang
- Unité Dynamique des interactions hôtes-pathogènes, Institut Pasteur and CNRS UMR3691, Université de Paris-Cité, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Yunnuo Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Renee Raudonis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Brendan M. Leung
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - John R. Rohde
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jost Enninga
- Unité Dynamique des interactions hôtes-pathogènes, Institut Pasteur and CNRS UMR3691, Université de Paris-Cité, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Zhenyu Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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Gonzalez-Garcia P, Muñoz-Miranda JP, Fernandez-Cisnal R, Olvera L, Moares N, Gabucio A, Fernandez-Ponce C, Garcia-Cozar F. Specific Activation of T Cells by an ACE2-Based CAR-Like Receptor upon Recognition of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087641. [PMID: 37108807 PMCID: PMC10145580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which is still a health issue worldwide mostly due to a high rate of contagiousness conferred by the high-affinity binding between cell viral receptors, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) and SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. Therapies have been developed that rely on the use of antibodies or the induction of their production (vaccination), but despite vaccination being still largely protective, the efficacy of antibody-based therapies wanes with the advent of new viral variants. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) therapy has shown promise for tumors and has also been proposed for COVID-19 treatment, but as recognition of CARs still relies on antibody-derived sequences, they will still be hampered by the high evasion capacity of the virus. In this manuscript, we show the results from CAR-like constructs with a recognition domain based on the ACE2 viral receptor, whose ability to bind the virus will not wane, as Spike/ACE2 interaction is pivotal for viral entry. Moreover, we have developed a CAR construct based on an affinity-optimized ACE2 and showed that both wild-type and affinity-optimized ACE2 CARs drive activation of a T cell line in response to SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein expressed on a pulmonary cell line. Our work sets the stage for the development of CAR-like constructs against infectious agents that would not be affected by viral escape mutations and could be developed as soon as the receptor is identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan P Muñoz-Miranda
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, 11002 Cadiz, Spain
| | | | - Lucia Olvera
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, 11002 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Noelia Moares
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, 11002 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Antonio Gabucio
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, 11002 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Cecilia Fernandez-Ponce
- Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, 11002 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Francisco Garcia-Cozar
- Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, 11002 Cadiz, Spain
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9
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Yamada M, Luo Y, Seandel M. Viral Transduction of Mammalian Spermatogonial Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2656:211-225. [PMID: 37249874 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3139-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors have been major tools for genetic manipulation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) in vitro. Adeno-associated viral vectors are promising emerging tools for in vivo SSC transduction that are less invasive, compared to lentivirus, since AAV DNA is not integrated into the host genome and the host genome remains intact. In this chapter, we describe protocols using lentiviral and adeno-associated viral vectors to transduce SSCs in vitro and vivo, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Yamada
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yanyun Luo
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marco Seandel
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Celebi Torabfam G, Yetisgin AA, Erdem C, Cayli A, Kutlu O, Cetinel S. A feasibility study of different commercially available serum-free mediums to enhance lentivirus and adeno-associated virus production in HEK 293 suspension cells. Cytotechnology 2022; 74:635-655. [PMID: 36389283 PMCID: PMC9652196 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-022-00551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lentivirus and adeno-associated viruses are invaluable tools for biotechnology applications due to their genetic material delivery abilities both in vitro and in vivo. However, their large-scale productions with Good Manufacturing Practices yield low efficiency when adherent and serum dependent HEK293 (Human Embryonic Kidney) cells are used as the host. To increase production efficiency, HEK293 cells are adapted to grow in suspension using commercially available and chemically defined serum-free mediums. Suspended cells can be transiently transfected for viral vector production; however, significant improvements are still needed to increase yield and thereby cost effectiveness. Here, we evaluated four most preferred commercially available mediums that are IVY, FreeStyle293, LV-MAX, and BalanCD HEK293 for the transient transfection feasibility of lentiviral (LV) and adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2) production in FlorabioHEK293 suspension cells. The highest transfection efficiency was over 90% and obtained by using polyethyleneimine (PEI) 25 K and by media adaptation in IVY without using any transfection enhancer. For the first time the feasibility of HEK293 cells, which were adapted to grow in suspension culture by Florabio and IVY media, were tested for virus production. This study demonstrates the best transfection medium for scalable and optimized production of Lentivirus and Adeno-Associated Virus in suspended HEK293 cell culture. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10616-022-00551-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Celebi Torabfam
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Istanbul, 34956 Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Molecular Biology, Genetics, and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, Istanbul, 34956 Turkey
| | - Abuzer Alp Yetisgin
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Istanbul, 34956 Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Sabanci University, Istanbul, 34956 Turkey
| | - Cem Erdem
- FloraBio Technology, Urla, 35430 İzmir Turkey
| | - Aziz Cayli
- FloraBio Technology, Urla, 35430 İzmir Turkey
| | - Ozlem Kutlu
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Istanbul, 34956 Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Molecular Biology, Genetics, and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, Istanbul, 34956 Turkey
| | - Sibel Cetinel
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Istanbul, 34956 Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Molecular Biology, Genetics, and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, Istanbul, 34956 Turkey
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11
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Fong BC, Chakroun I, Iqbal MA, Paul S, Bastasic J, O’Neil D, Yakubovich E, Bejjani AT, Ahmadi N, Carter A, Clark A, Leone G, Park DS, Ghanem N, Vandenbosch R, Slack RS. The Rb/E2F axis is a key regulator of the molecular signatures instructing the quiescent and activated adult neural stem cell state. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111578. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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12
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Therapeutical Significance of Serpina3n Subsequent Cerebral Ischemia via Cytotoxic Granzyme B Inactivation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:1557010. [PMID: 35677097 PMCID: PMC9168188 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1557010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a devastating CNS insult with few clinical cures. Poor understanding of underlying mechanistic network is the primary limitation to develop novel curative therapies. Extracellular accumulation of granzyme B subsequent ischemia promotes neurodegeneration. Inhibition of granzyme B can be one of the potent strategies to mitigate neuronal damage. In present study, we investigated the effect of murine Serpina3n and human (homolog) SERPINA3 against cerebral ischemia through granzyme B inactivation. Recombinant Serpina3n/SERPINA3 were expressed by transfected 293 T cells, and eluted proteins were examined for postischemic influence both in vitro and in vivo. During in vitro test, Serpina3n was found effective enough to inhibit granzyme B, while SERPINA3 was ineffectual to counter cytotoxic protease. Treatment of hypoxic culture with recombinant Serpina3n/SERPINA3 significantly increased cell viability in dosage-dependent manner, recorded maximum at the highest concentration (4 mM). Infarct volume analysis confirmed that 50 mg/kg dosage of exogenous Serpina3n was adequate to reduce disease severity, while SERPINA3 lacked behind in analeptic effect. Immunohistochemical test, western blot analysis, and protease activity assay’s results illustrated successful diffusion of applied protein to the ischemic lesion and reactivity with the target protease. Taken together, our findings demonstrate therapeutic potential of Serpina3n by interfering granzyme B-mediated neuronal death subsequent cerebral ischemia.
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13
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Carney S, Broekelmann T, Mecham R, Ramamurthi A. JNK2 Gene Silencing for Elastic Matrix Regenerative Repair. Tissue Eng Part A 2022; 28:239-253. [PMID: 34409851 PMCID: PMC8972024 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastic fibers do not naturally regenerate in many proteolytic disorders, such as in abdominal aortic aneurysms, and prevent restoration of tissue homeostasis. We have shown drug-based attenuation of the stress-activated protein kinase, JNK-2 to stimulate elastic matrix neoassembly and to attenuate cellular proteolytic activity. We now investigate if JNK2 gene knockdown with small interfering RNA (siRNA) provides greater specificity of action and improved regenerative/antiproteolytic outcomes in a proteolytic injury culture model of rat aneurysmal smooth muscle cells (EaRASMCs). A siRNA dose of 12.5 nM delivered with a transfection reagent significantly enhanced downstream elastic fiber assembly and maturation versus untreated EaRASMC cultures. The optimal siRNA dose was also delivered as a complex with a polymeric transfection vector, polyethyleneimine (PEI) in preparation for future in vivo delivery. Linear 25 kDa PEI-siRNA (5:1 molar ratio of amine to phosphate) and linear 40 kDa PEI-siRNA (2.5:1 ratio) were effective in downregulating the JNK2 gene, and significantly increasing expression of elastic fiber assembly proteins, and decreases in elastolytic matrix metalloprotease-2 versus treatment controls to significantly increase mature elastic fiber assembly. The current work has identified siRNA dosing and siRNA-PEI complexing conditions that are safe and efficient in stimulating processes contributing to improved elastic matrix neoassembly via JNK2 gene knockdown. The results represent a mechanistic basis of a broader therapeutic approach to reverse elastic matrix pathophysiology in tissue disorders involving aberrations of elastic matrix homeostasis, such as in aortic aneurysms. Impact statement The elastic matrix and elastic fibers are key components of the structural extracellular matrix of elastic tissues and are essential to their stretch and recoil and to maintain healthy cell phenotype. Regeneration and repair of elastic matrix is naturally poor and impaired and is an unresolved challenge in tissue engineering. In this work, we investigate a novel gene silencing approach based on inhibiting the JNK2 gene, which provides significant downstream benefits to elastic fiber assembly and maturation. Combined with novel delivery strategies such as nanoparticles, we expect our approach to effect in situ elastic matrix repair in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Carney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Tom Broekelmann
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University at St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University at St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Anand Ramamurthi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
- Address correspondence to: Anand Ramamurthi, PhD, FAHA, Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, 111 Research Drive, D-331, Bethlehem, PA 18902, USA
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14
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Human Sex Matters: Y-Linked Lysine Demethylase 5D Drives Accelerated Male Craniofacial Osteogenic Differentiation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050823. [PMID: 35269444 PMCID: PMC8909072 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Female sex is increasingly associated with a loss of bone mass during aging and an increased risk of developing nonunion fractures. Hormonal factors and cell-intrinsic mechanisms are suggested to drive these sexual dimorphisms, although underlying molecular mechanisms are still a matter of debate. Here, we observed a decreased capacity of calvarial bone recovery in female rats and a profound sexually dimorphic osteogenic differentiation in human adult neural crest-derived stem cells (NCSCs). Next to an elevated expression of pro-osteogenic regulators, global transcriptomics revealed Lysine Demethylase 5D (KDM5D) to be highly upregulated in differentiating male NCSCs. Loss of function by siRNA or pharmacological inhibition of KDM5D significantly reduced the osteogenic differentiation capacity of male NCSCs. In summary, we demonstrated craniofacial osteogenic differentiation to be sexually dimorphic with the expression of KDM5D as a prerequisite for accelerated male osteogenic differentiation, emphasizing the analysis of sex-specific differences as a crucial parameter for treating bone defects.
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15
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Rajabzadeh A, Hamidieh AA, Rahbarizadeh F. Spinoculation and retronectin highly enhance the gene transduction efficiency of Mucin-1-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) in human primary T cells. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:57. [PMID: 34814824 PMCID: PMC8609792 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-021-00397-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Producing an appropriate number of engineered cells is considered as one of the influential factors in the successful treatments with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. To this aim, the transduction rate of the viral vectors can play a significant role. In addition, improving transduction rates can affect the success rate of this treatment due to hard-transduced T lymphocytes. Results In this study, activated T cells were transduced using different transduction methods such as spinoculation, retronectin, polybrene, spinoculation + retronectin, and spinoculation + polybrene after selecting the most efficient transfection method to produce recombinant viral particles containing MUC1 CAR. PEI and lipofectamine with the amount of 73.72 and 72.53%, respectively, showed the highest transfection rates with respect to calcium phosphate (14.13%) for producing lentiviral particles. However, the cytotoxicity of transfection methods was not significantly different. Based on the results, spinoculation + retronectin leads to the highest transduction rates of T cells (63.19 ± 4.45%) relative to spinoculation + polybrene (34.6 ± 4.44%), polybrene (10.23 ± 0.79%), retronectin (10.37 ± 1.85%), and spinoculation (21.11 ± 1.55%). Further, the polybrene (40.02%) and spinoculation + polybrene (48.83% ± 4.83) increased cytotoxicity significantly compared to other groups. Conclusion Improving transduction conditions such as using spinoculation with retronectin can ameliorate the production of CAR-T cells by increasing the rate of transduction, as well as the success rate of treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12860-021-00397-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Rajabzadeh
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Amir Ali Hamidieh
- Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell and Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. .,Research and Development Center of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Woodward AM, Feeley MN, Rinaldi J, Argüeso P. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing reveals an essential role for basigin in maintaining a nonkeratinized squamous epithelium in cornea. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:897-908. [PMID: 34761172 PMCID: PMC8565198 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the primary functions of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia is to protect underlying tissues against chemical, microbial, and mechanical insult. Basigin is a transmembrane matrix metalloproteinase inducer commonly overexpressed during epithelial wound repair and cancer but whose physiological significance in normal epithelial tissue has not been fully explored. Here we used a CRISPR/Cas9 system to study the effect of basigin loss in a human cornea model of squamous epithelial differentiation. We find that epithelial cell cultures lacking basigin change shape and fail to produce a flattened squamous layer on the apical surface. This process is associated with the abnormal expression of the transcription factor SPDEF and the decreased biosynthesis of MUC16 and involucrin necessary for maintaining apical barrier function and structural integrity, respectively. Expression analysis of genes encoding tight junction proteins identified a role for basigin in promoting physiological expression of occludin and members of the claudin family. Functionally, disruption of basigin expression led to increased epithelial cell permeability as evidenced by the decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance and increase in rose bengal flux. Overall, these results suggest that basigin plays a distinct role in maintaining the normal differentiation of stratified squamous human corneal epithelium and could have potential implications to therapies targeting basigin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M. Woodward
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and EarDepartment of OphthalmologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Marissa N. Feeley
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and EarDepartment of OphthalmologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jamie Rinaldi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and EarDepartment of OphthalmologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Pablo Argüeso
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and EarDepartment of OphthalmologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
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17
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Quiros-Fernandez I, Figueroa-Protti L, Arias-Arias JL, Brenes-Cordero N, Siles F, Mora J, Mora-Rodríguez RA. Perturbation-Based Modeling Unveils the Autophagic Modulation of Chemosensitivity and Immunogenicity in Breast Cancer Cells. Metabolites 2021; 11:637. [PMID: 34564453 PMCID: PMC8469554 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the absence of new therapeutic strategies, chemotherapeutic drugs are the most widely used strategy against metastatic breast cancer, in spite of eliciting multiple adverse effects and having low responses with an average 5-year patient survival rate. Among the new therapeutic targets that are currently in clinical trials, here, we addressed the association between the regulation of the metabolic process of autophagy and the exposure of damage-associated molecular patterns associated (DAMPs) to immunogenic cell death (ICD), which has not been previously studied. After validating an mCHR-GFP tandem LC3 sensor capacity to report dynamic changes of the autophagic metabolic flux in response to external stimuli and demonstrating that both basal autophagy levels and response to diverse autophagy regulators fluctuate among different cell lines, we explored the interaction between autophagy modulators and chemotherapeutic agents in regards of cytotoxicity and ICD using three different breast cancer cell lines. Since these interactions are very complex and variable throughout different cell lines, we designed a perturbation-based model in which we propose specific modes of action of chemotherapeutic agents on the autophagic flux and the corresponding strategies of modulation to enhance the response to chemotherapy. Our results point towards a promising therapeutic potential of the metabolic regulation of autophagy to overcome chemotherapy resistance by eliciting ICD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Quiros-Fernandez
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases (CIET), Laboratory of Tumor Chemosensitivity (LQT), Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica; (I.Q.-F.); (L.F.-P.); (J.L.A.-A.); (N.B.-C.); (F.S.); (J.M.)
- DC Laboratory, Laboratory of Surgery and Cancer, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
- Master’s Program in Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Lucía Figueroa-Protti
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases (CIET), Laboratory of Tumor Chemosensitivity (LQT), Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica; (I.Q.-F.); (L.F.-P.); (J.L.A.-A.); (N.B.-C.); (F.S.); (J.M.)
- DC Laboratory, Laboratory of Surgery and Cancer, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Jorge L. Arias-Arias
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases (CIET), Laboratory of Tumor Chemosensitivity (LQT), Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica; (I.Q.-F.); (L.F.-P.); (J.L.A.-A.); (N.B.-C.); (F.S.); (J.M.)
- Dulbecco Laboratory Studio, Residencial Lisboa 2G, Alajuela 20102, Costa Rica
| | - Norman Brenes-Cordero
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases (CIET), Laboratory of Tumor Chemosensitivity (LQT), Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica; (I.Q.-F.); (L.F.-P.); (J.L.A.-A.); (N.B.-C.); (F.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Francisco Siles
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases (CIET), Laboratory of Tumor Chemosensitivity (LQT), Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica; (I.Q.-F.); (L.F.-P.); (J.L.A.-A.); (N.B.-C.); (F.S.); (J.M.)
- DC Laboratory, Laboratory of Surgery and Cancer, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
- Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems Laboratory (PRIS-Lab), Department of Electrical Engineering and Postgraduate Studies in Electrical Engineering, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Javier Mora
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases (CIET), Laboratory of Tumor Chemosensitivity (LQT), Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica; (I.Q.-F.); (L.F.-P.); (J.L.A.-A.); (N.B.-C.); (F.S.); (J.M.)
- DC Laboratory, Laboratory of Surgery and Cancer, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Rodrigo Antonio Mora-Rodríguez
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases (CIET), Laboratory of Tumor Chemosensitivity (LQT), Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica; (I.Q.-F.); (L.F.-P.); (J.L.A.-A.); (N.B.-C.); (F.S.); (J.M.)
- DC Laboratory, Laboratory of Surgery and Cancer, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
- Master’s Program in Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
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18
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Gandhi S, Li Y, Tang W, Christensen JB, Urrutia HA, Vieceli FM, Piacentino ML, Bronner ME. A single-plasmid approach for genome editing coupled with long-term lineage analysis in chick embryos. Development 2021; 148:dev193565. [PMID: 33688075 PMCID: PMC8077534 DOI: 10.1242/dev.193565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An important strategy for establishing mechanisms of gene function during development is through mutation of individual genes and analysis of subsequent effects on cell behavior. Here, we present a single-plasmid approach for genome editing in chick embryos to study experimentally perturbed cells in an otherwise normal embryonic environment. To achieve this, we have engineered a plasmid that encodes Cas9 protein, gene-specific guide RNA (gRNA), and a fluorescent marker within the same construct. Using transfection- and electroporation-based approaches, we show that this construct can be used to perturb gene function in early embryos as well as human cell lines. Importantly, insertion of this cistronic construct into replication-incompetent avian retroviruses allowed us to couple gene knockouts with long-term lineage analysis. We demonstrate the application of our newly engineered constructs and viruses by perturbing β-catenin in vitro and Sox10, Pax6 and Pax7 in the neural crest, retina, and neural tube and segmental plate in vivo, respectively. Together, this approach enables genes of interest to be knocked out in identifiable cells in living embryos and can be broadly applied to numerous genes in different embryonic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Gandhi
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Yuwei Li
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Weiyi Tang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jens B. Christensen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hugo A. Urrutia
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Felipe M. Vieceli
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Michael L. Piacentino
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Marianne E. Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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19
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Perry C, Rayat ACME. Lentiviral Vector Bioprocessing. Viruses 2021; 13:268. [PMID: 33572347 PMCID: PMC7916122 DOI: 10.3390/v13020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LVs) are potent tools for the delivery of genes of interest into mammalian cells and are now commonly utilised within the growing field of cell and gene therapy for the treatment of monogenic diseases and adoptive therapies such as chimeric antigen T-cell (CAR-T) therapy. This is a comprehensive review of the individual bioprocess operations employed in LV production. We highlight the role of envelope proteins in vector design as well as their impact on the bioprocessing of lentiviral vectors. An overview of the current state of these operations provides opportunities for bioprocess discovery and improvement with emphasis on the considerations for optimal and scalable processing of LV during development and clinical production. Upstream culture for LV generation is described with comparisons on the different transfection methods and various bioreactors for suspension and adherent producer cell cultivation. The purification of LV is examined, evaluating different sequences of downstream process operations for both small- and large-scale production requirements. For scalable operations, a key focus is the development in chromatographic purification in addition to an in-depth examination of the application of tangential flow filtration. A summary of vector quantification and characterisation assays is also presented. Finally, the assessment of the whole bioprocess for LV production is discussed to benefit from the broader understanding of potential interactions of the different process options. This review is aimed to assist in the achievement of high quality, high concentration lentiviral vectors from robust and scalable processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Perry
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Andrea C. M. E. Rayat
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
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20
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Concise review on optimized methods in production and transduction of lentiviral vectors in order to facilitate immunotherapy and gene therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 128:110276. [PMID: 32502836 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LVs) have provided an efficient way to integrate our gene of interest into eukaryote cells. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-derived LVs have been vastly studied to become an invaluable asset in gene delivery. This abled LVs to be used in both research laboratories and gene therapy. Pseudotyping HIV-1 based LVs, abled it to transduce different types of cells, especially hematopoietic stem cells. A wide range of tropism, plus to the ability to integrate genes into target cells, made LVs an armamentarium in gene therapy. The third and fourth generations of self-inactivating LVs are being used to achieve safe gene therapy. Not only advanced methods enabled the clinical-grade LV production on a large scale, but also considerably heightened transduction efficiency. One of which is microfluidic systems that revolutionized gene delivery approaches. Since gene therapy using LVs attracted lots of attention to itself, we provided a brief review of LV structure and life-cycle along with methods for improving both LV production and transduction. Also, we mentioned some of their utilization in immunotherapy and gene therapy.
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21
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Development of a laboratory scalable process for enhancing lentivirus production by transient transfection of HEK293 adherent cultures. Gene Ther 2020; 27:482-494. [DOI: 10.1038/s41434-020-0152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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22
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Human Alphoid tetO Artificial Chromosome as a Gene Therapy Vector for the Developing Hemophilia A Model in Mice. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040879. [PMID: 32260189 PMCID: PMC7226776 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human artificial chromosomes (HACs), including the de novo synthesized alphoidtetO-HAC, are a powerful tool for introducing genes of interest into eukaryotic cells. HACs are mitotically stable, non-integrative episomal units that have a large transgene insertion capacity and allow efficient and stable transgene expression. Previously, we have shown that the alphoidtetO-HAC vector does not interfere with the pluripotent state and provides stable transgene expression in human induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs) and mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). In this study, we have elaborated on a mouse model of ex vivo iPSC- and HAC-based treatment of hemophilia A monogenic disease. iPSCs were developed from FVIIIY/− mutant mice fibroblasts and FVIII cDNA, driven by a ubiquitous promoter, was introduced into the alphoidtetO-HAC in hamster CHO cells. Subsequently, the therapeutic alphoidtetO-HAC-FVIII was transferred into the FVIIIY/– iPSCs via the retro-microcell-mediated chromosome transfer method. The therapeutic HAC was maintained as an episomal non-integrative vector in the mouse iPSCs, showing a constitutive FVIII expression. This study is the first step towards treatment development for hemophilia A monogenic disease with the use of a new generation of the synthetic chromosome vector—the alphoidtetO-HAC.
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23
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Singleton CD, Humby MS, Yi HA, Rizzo RC, Jacobs A. Identification of Ebola Virus Inhibitors Targeting GP2 Using Principles of Molecular Mimicry. J Virol 2019; 93:e00676-19. [PMID: 31092576 PMCID: PMC6639268 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00676-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A key step in the Ebola virus (EBOV) replication cycle involves conformational changes in viral glycoprotein 2 (GP2) which facilitate host-viral membrane fusion and subsequent release of the viral genome. Ebola GP2 plays a critical role in virus entry and has similarities in mechanism and structure to the HIV gp41 protein for which inhibitors have been successfully developed. In this work, a putative binding pocket for the C-terminal heptad repeat in the N-terminal heptad repeat trimer was targeted for identification of small molecules that arrest EBOV-host membrane fusion. Two computational structure-based virtual screens of ∼1.7 M compounds were performed (DOCK program) against a GP2 five-helix bundle, resulting in 165 commercially available compounds purchased for experimental testing. Based on assessment of inhibitory activity, cytotoxicity, and target specificity, four promising candidates emerged with 50% inhibitory concentration values in the 3 to 26 μM range. Molecular dynamics simulations of the two most potent candidates in their DOCK-predicted binding poses indicate that the majority of favorable interactions involve seven highly conserved residues that can be used to guide further inhibitor development and refinement targeting EBOV.IMPORTANCE The most recent Ebola virus disease outbreak, from 2014 to 2016, resulted in approximately 28,000 individuals becoming infected, which led to over 12,000 causalities worldwide. The particularly high pathogenicity of the virus makes paramount the identification and development of promising lead compounds to serve as inhibitors of Ebola infection. To limit viral load, the virus-host membrane fusion event can be targeted through the inhibition of the class I fusion glycoprotein of Ebolavirus In the current work, several promising small-molecule inhibitors that target the glycoprotein GP2 were identified through systematic application of structure-based computational and experimental drug design procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney D Singleton
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Monica S Humby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Hyun Ah Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Robert C Rizzo
- Department of Applied Mathematics & Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Laufer Center for Physical & Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Amy Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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24
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Poorebrahim M, Sadeghi S, Fakhr E, Abazari MF, Poortahmasebi V, Kheirollahi A, Askari H, Rajabzadeh A, Rastegarpanah M, Linē A, Cid-Arregui A. Production of CAR T-cells by GMP-grade lentiviral vectors: latest advances and future prospects. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2019; 56:393-419. [PMID: 31314617 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1633512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells represent a paradigm shift in cancer immunotherapy and a new milestone in the history of oncology. In 2017, the Food and Drug Administration approved two CD19-targeted CAR T-cell therapies (Kymriah™, Novartis, and Yescarta™, Kite Pharma/Gilead Sciences) that have remarkable efficacy in some B-cell malignancies. The CAR approach is currently being evaluated in multiple pivotal trials designed for the immunotherapy of hematological malignancies as well as solid tumors. To generate CAR T-cells ex vivo, lentiviral vectors (LVs) are particularly appealing due to their ability to stably integrate relatively large DNA inserts, and to efficiently transduce both dividing and nondividing cells. This review discusses the latest advances and challenges in the design and production of CAR T-cells, and the good manufacturing practices (GMP)-grade production process of LVs used as a gene transfer vehicle. New developments in the application of CAR T-cell therapy are also outlined with particular emphasis on next-generation allogeneic CAR T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Poorebrahim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Solmaz Sadeghi
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR , Tehran , Iran
| | - Elham Fakhr
- Department of Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Mohammad Foad Abazari
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Vahdat Poortahmasebi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Asma Kheirollahi
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hassan Askari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Alireza Rajabzadeh
- Applied Cell Sciences and Tissue Engineering Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Malihe Rastegarpanah
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Aija Linē
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre , Riga , Latvia
| | - Angel Cid-Arregui
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR , Tehran , Iran.,Targeted Tumor Vaccines Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
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25
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Abstract
The combination of single-cell RNA-seq and CRISPR allows for efficient interrogation of possibly any number of genes, only limited by the sequencing capability. Here we describe the current protocols for CRISPR screening in single cells, from cloning and virus production to generating sequencing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Henriksson
- Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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26
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Sinenko SA, Skvortsova EV, Liskovykh MA, Ponomartsev SV, Kuzmin AA, Khudiakov AA, Malashicheva AB, Alenina N, Larionov V, Kouprina N, Tomilin AN. Transfer of Synthetic Human Chromosome into Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Biomedical Applications. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120261. [PMID: 30544831 PMCID: PMC6316689 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AlphoidtetO-type human artificial chromosome (HAC) has been recently synthetized as a novel class of gene delivery vectors for induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based tissue replacement therapeutic approach. This HAC vector was designed to deliver copies of genes into patients with genetic diseases caused by the loss of a particular gene function. The alphoidtetO-HAC vector has been successfully transferred into murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and maintained stably as an independent chromosome during the proliferation and differentiation of these cells. Human ESCs and iPSCs have significant differences in culturing conditions and pluripotency state in comparison with the murine naïve-type ESCs and iPSCs. To date, transferring alphoidtetO-HAC vector into human iPSCs (hiPSCs) remains a challenging task. In this study, we performed the microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT) of alphoidtetO-HAC expressing the green fluorescent protein into newly generated hiPSCs. We used a recently modified MMCT method that employs an envelope protein of amphotropic murine leukemia virus as a targeting cell fusion agent. Our data provide evidence that a totally artificial vector, alphoidtetO-HAC, can be transferred and maintained in human iPSCs as an independent autonomous chromosome without affecting pluripotent properties of the cells. These data also open new perspectives for implementing alphoidtetO-HAC as a gene therapy tool in future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Sinenko
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Ave., St-Petersburg 194064, Russia.
- Division of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Orlova Roscha 1, Gatchina 188300, Russia.
| | - Elena V Skvortsova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Ave., St-Petersburg 194064, Russia.
| | - Mikhail A Liskovykh
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Sergey V Ponomartsev
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Ave., St-Petersburg 194064, Russia.
| | - Andrey A Kuzmin
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Ave., St-Petersburg 194064, Russia.
| | - Aleksandr A Khudiakov
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratova Str., St-Petersburg 197341, Russia.
| | - Anna B Malashicheva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratova Str., St-Petersburg 197341, Russia.
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, 10 Robert-Rössle-Straße, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Vladimir Larionov
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Natalay Kouprina
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Alexey N Tomilin
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Ave., St-Petersburg 194064, Russia.
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St-Petersburg State University, 7-9, Universitetskaya nab., St-Petersburg 199034, Russia.
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27
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GSK3 suppression upregulates β-catenin and c-Myc to abrogate KRas-dependent tumors. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5154. [PMID: 30514931 PMCID: PMC6279809 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07644-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutant KRas is a significant driver of human oncogenesis and confers resistance to therapy, underscoring the need to develop approaches that disable mutant KRas-driven tumors. Because targeting KRas directly has proven difficult, identifying vulnerabilities specific for mutant KRas tumors is an important alternative approach. Here we show that glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is required for the in vitro and in vivo growth and survival of human mutant KRas-dependent tumors but is dispensable for mutant KRas-independent tumors. Further, inhibiting phosphorylation of GSK3 substrates c-Myc on T58 and β-catenin on S33/S37/T41 and their subsequent upregulation contribute to the antitumor activity of GSK3 inhibition. Importantly, GSK3 blockade inhibits the in vivo growth of G12D, G12V, and G12C mutant KRas primary and metastatic patient-derived xenografts from pancreatic cancer patients who progressed on chemo- and radiation therapies. This discovery opens new avenues to target mutant KRas-dependent cancers. Direct targeting of mutant KRas is challenging and alternative approaches are needed. Here they show glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) to be required for the growth and survival of human mutant KRas-dependent tumors but dispensable for mutant KRas-independent tumors and show GSK3 inhibition to inhibit in vivo growth of Kras mutant patient-derived pancreatic tumors.
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28
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Park J, Inwood S, Kruthiventi S, Jenkins J, Shiloach J, Betenbaugh M. Progressing from transient to stable packaging cell lines for continuous production of lentiviral and gammaretroviral vectors. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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29
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Skvortsova EV, Sinenko SA, Tomilin AN. Immortalized murine fibroblast cell lines are refractory to reprogramming to pluripotent state. Oncotarget 2018; 9:35241-35250. [PMID: 30443291 PMCID: PMC6219659 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To date different cell types of various mammalian species have been reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using Yamanaka's cocktail of transcription factors (Oct4, Klf4, Sox2, and cMyc). It has been shown that several primary human cancer cell lines could be reprogrammed to iPSCs. We sought if immortalized mouse fibroblast cell lines could also be reprogrammed to iPSCs. The approach of generating iPSCs from such cells should be valuable in different experimental settings as it allows clonally derive cell lines carrying mutations whose impact on reprogramming could be next evaluated. Therefore, we investigated reprogramming of widely used immortalized cell lines (NIH3T and STO), as well as of de novo immortalized fibroblast line (tKM) with the use of highly effective lentiviral polycistronic OKSM expression system. Our reprogramming experiments have shown that in contrast to mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), none of the immortalized cell lines can be reprogrammed to pluripotent state. Contrary to colonies derived from MEFs, those derived from the immortalized cells lines (1) developed much later, (2) contained large round cells, not typical for iPSCs, and (3) were negative for trusted markers of matured iPSCs, Nanog and SSEA1. Immortalized cell lines NIH3T and STO are known to be mostly aneuploid, whereas tKM population includes cells with normal karyotype, however, neither cell type can be reprogrammed. Thus our data argue that aneuploidy per se is not a reason for the observed refractoriness of mouse immortalized cells to reprogramming to pluripotent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Skvortsova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey A Sinenko
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russian Federation.,Division of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, B.P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, NRC "Kurchatov Institute", Orlova Roscha, Gatchina, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey N Tomilin
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russian Federation.,St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
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30
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Li S, Chen X, Mao L, Zahid KR, Wen J, Zhang L, Zhang M, Duan J, Duan J, Yin X, Wang Y, Zhao L, Tang X, Wang X, Xu G. Histone deacetylase 1 promotes glioblastoma cell proliferation and invasion via activation of PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK signaling pathways. Brain Res 2018; 1692:154-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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31
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Exposure to galactic cosmic radiation compromises DNA repair and increases the potential for oncogenic chromosomal rearrangement in bronchial epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11038. [PMID: 30038404 PMCID: PMC6056477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Participants in deep space missions face protracted exposure to galactic cosmic radiation (GCR). In this setting, lung cancer is a significant component of the overall risk of radiation-exposure induced death. Here we investigate persistent effects of GCR exposure on DNA repair capacity in lung-derived epithelial cells, using an enzyme-stimulated chromosomal rearrangement as an endpoint. Replicate cell cultures were irradiated with energetic 48Ti ions (a GCR component) or reference γ-rays. After a six-day recovery, they were challenged by expression of a Cas9/sgRNA pair that creates double-strand breaks simultaneously in the EML4 and ALK loci, misjoining of which creates an EML4-ALK fusion oncogene. Misjoining was significantly elevated in 48Ti-irradiated populations, relative to the baseline rate in mock-irradiated controls. The effect was not seen in γ-ray irradiated populations exposed to equal or higher radiation doses. Sequence analysis of the EML4-ALK joints from 48Ti-irradiated cultures showed that they were far more likely to contain deletions, sometimes flanked by short microhomologies, than equivalent samples from mock-irradiated cultures, consistent with a shift toward error-prone alternative nonhomologous end joining repair. Results suggest a potential mechanism by which a persistent physiological effect of GCR exposure may increase lung cancer risk.
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32
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Yuan W, Chen J, Cao Y, Yang L, Shen L, Bian Q, Bin S, Li P, Cao J, Fang H, Gu H, Li H. Comparative analysis and optimization of protocols for producing recombinant lentivirus carrying the anti-Her2 chimeric antigen receptor gene. J Gene Med 2018; 20:e3027. [PMID: 29851200 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production of anti-Her2 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells needs to be optimized to make it a reliable therapy. METHODS Three types of lentiviral vectors expressing anti-Her2 CAR together with packaging plasmids were co-transfected into 293 T-17 cells. The vector with the best packaging efficiency was selected, and the packaging cell culture system and packaging plasmid system were optimized. Centrifugation speed was optimized for the concentration of lentivirus stock. The various purification methods used included membrane filtration, centrifugation with a sucrose cushion and the novelly-designed instantaneous high-speed centrifugation. The recombinant lentiviruses were transduced into human peripheral T cells with an optimized multiplicity of infection (MOI). CAR expression levels by three vectors and the efficacy of CAR-T cells were compared. RESULTS When co-transfected, packaging cells in suspension were better than the commonly used adherent culture condition, with the packaging system psPAX2/pMD2.G being better than pCMV-dR8.91/pVSV-G. The optimal centrifugation speed for concentration was 20 000 g, rather than the generally used ultra-speed. Importantly, adding instantaneous centrifugation for purification significantly increased human peripheral T cell viability (from 13.25% to 62.80%), which is a technical breakthrough for CAR-T cell preparation. The best MOI value for transducing human peripheral T cells was 40. pLVX-EF1a-CAR-IRES-ZsGreen1 expressed the highest level of CAR in human peripheral T cells and the cytotoxicity of CAR-T cells reached 63.56%. CONCLUSIONS We optimized the preparation of recombinant lentivirus that can express third-generation anti-Her2 CAR in T cells, which should lay the foundation for improving the efficacy of CAR-T cells with respect to killing target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Cao
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingcong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Luxi Shen
- Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Bian
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shufang Bin
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Panyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiawei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hezhi Fang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haihua Gu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongzhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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33
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Increased expression of GGN promotes tumorigenesis in bladder cancer and is correlated with poor prognosis. Gene 2018; 652:7-15. [PMID: 29412153 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer has shown great challenge for people's life. Traditional therapeutics against bladder cancer including surgery could not bring much benefit for patients, particularly for the late stage patients. So it is necessary to keep in mind why and how bladder cancer cells survive in our body. In this study, we explored the function and the molecular mechanism of GGN gene in bladder cancer. GGN was shown to be expressed at a high level in bladder cancer tissues compared to the control and was associated with the unsatisfactory survival rate of patients. GGN was also expressed abundantly in bladder cancer cell lines such as T24, 5637 and BIU87. Then GGN was knocked down in 5637 cells and T24 cells at both RNA and protein level. In accordance, aberrant growth and proliferation were demonstrated in bladder cancer cells. The ability of migration and invasion of bladder cancer cells was also inhibited. The in vivo data further proved that the xenograft tumor growth was dramatically suppressed by GGN knockdown. Then we demonstrated that the level of IκB, bax and truncated caspase3 was upregulated after GGN was knocked down in 5637 cells. In contrast, expression level of NFκB, IKK, c-Myc, cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 was reduced. Further, the phosphorylation level of IκB was also downregulated. These data suggest that NFκB/caspase3-mediated apoptosis signaling was regulated by GGN. Conclusively, GGN played a tumor-promoting role in bladder cancer through regulation of NFκB/caspase3-mediated apoptosis signaling. This study provides a new clue for the treatment of patients with bladder cancer.
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34
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Optimization of lentiviral vector production for scale-up in fixed-bed bioreactor. Gene Ther 2017; 25:39-46. [PMID: 29345252 PMCID: PMC5817386 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2017.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LVs) are promising tools for gene therapy. However, scaling up the production methods of LVs in order to produce high-quality vectors for clinical purposes has proven to be difficult. In this article, we present a scalable and efficient method to produce LVs with transient transfection of adherent 293T cells in a fixed-bed bioreactor. The disposable iCELLis bioreactors are scalable with a large three-dimensional (3D) growth area range between 0.53 and 500 m2, an integrated perfusion system, and a controllable environment for production. In this study, iCELLis Nano (2.67–4 m2) was used for optimizing production parameters for scale-up. Transfections were first done using traditional calcium phosphate method, but in later runs polyethylenimine was found to be more reliable and easier to use. For scalable LV production, perfusion rate control by measuring cell metabolite concentrations in the bioreactor leads to higher productivity and reduced costs. Optimization of cell seeding density for targeted cell concentration during transfection, use of low compaction fixed-bed and lowering the culture pH have a positive effect on LV productivity. These results show for the first time that iCELLis bioreactor is scalable from bench level to clinical scale LV production.
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35
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Tu Q, Hao J, Zhou X, Yan L, Dai H, Sun B, Yang D, An S, Lv L, Jiao B, Chen C, Lai R, Shi P, Zhao X. CDKN2B deletion is essential for pancreatic cancer development instead of unmeaningful co-deletion due to juxtaposition to CDKN2A. Oncogene 2017; 37:128-138. [PMID: 28892048 PMCID: PMC5759028 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is among the deadliest malignancies; however, the genetic events that lead to pancreatic carcinogenesis in adults remain unclear. In vivo models in which these genetic alterations occur in adult animals may more accurately reflect the features of human cancer. In this study, we demonstrate that inactivation of Cdkn2b (p15ink4b) is necessary for induction of pancreatic cancer by oncogenic KRASG12D expression and inactivation of Tp53 and Cdkn2a in adult mouse pancreatic ductal cells (P60 or older). KRASG12D overexpression in these cells activated transforming growth factor-β signaling and expression of CDKN2B, which, along with CDKN2A, led to cellular senescence and protected cells from KRAS-mediated transformation via inhibition of retinoblastoma phosphorylation. These results show a critical role of CDKN2B inactivation in pancreatic carcinogenesis, and provide a useful adult animal model by genetic engineering via lentiviral delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Tu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - J Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Laboratory of Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - X Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - L Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.,Kunming Primate Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - H Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - B Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - D Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - S An
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - L Lv
- Kunming Primate Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - B Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Laboratory of Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - C Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - R Lai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - P Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Laboratory of Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - X Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.,Kunming Primate Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,KIZ-SU Joint Laboratory of Animal Model and Drug Development, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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36
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McGee TD, Yi HA, Allen WJ, Jacobs A, Rizzo RC. Structure-based identification of inhibitors targeting obstruction of the HIVgp41 N-heptad repeat trimer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3177-3184. [PMID: 28558972 PMCID: PMC5551449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The viral protein HIVgp41 is an attractive and validated drug target that proceeds through a sequence of conformational changes crucial for membrane fusion, which facilitates viral entry. Prior work has identified inhibitors that interfere with the formation of a required six-helix bundle, composed of trimeric C-heptad (CHR) and N-heptad (NHR) repeat elements, through blocking association of an outer CHR helix or obstructing formation of the inner NHR trimer itself. In this work, we employed similarity-based scoring to identify and experimentally characterize 113 compounds, related to 2 small-molecule inhibitors recently reported by Allen et al. (Bioorg. Med. Chem Lett.2015, 25 2853-59), proposed to act via the NHR trimer obstruction mechanism. The compounds were first tested in an HIV cell-cell fusion assay with the most promising evaluated in a second, more biologically relevant viral entry assay. Of the candidates, compound #11 emerged as the most promising hit (IC50=37.81µM), as a result of exhibiting activity in both assays with low cytotoxicity, as was similarly seen with the known control peptide inhibitor C34. The compound also showed no inhibition of VSV-G pseudotyped HIV entry compared to a control inhibitor suggesting it was specific for HIVgp41. Molecular dynamics simulations showed the predicted DOCK pose of #11 interacts with HIVgp41 in an energetic fashion (per-residue footprints) similar to the four native NHR residues (IQLT) which candidate inhibitors were intended to mimic.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dwight McGee
- Department of Applied Mathematics & Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Hyun Ah Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - William J Allen
- Department of Applied Mathematics & Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Amy Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Robert C Rizzo
- Department of Applied Mathematics & Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States; Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States; Laufer Center for Physical & Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States.
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ASC filament formation serves as a signal amplification mechanism for inflammasomes. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11929. [PMID: 27329339 PMCID: PMC4917984 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of inflammasome activation is the ASC speck, a micrometre-sized structure formed by the inflammasome adaptor protein ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD), which consists of a pyrin domain (PYD) and a caspase recruitment domain (CARD). Here we show that assembly of the ASC speck involves oligomerization of ASCPYD into filaments and cross-linking of these filaments by ASCCARD. ASC mutants with a non-functional CARD only assemble filaments but not specks, and moreover disrupt endogenous specks in primary macrophages. Systematic site-directed mutagenesis of ASCPYD is used to identify oligomerization-deficient ASC mutants and demonstrate that ASC speck formation is required for efficient processing of IL-1β, but dispensable for gasdermin-D cleavage and pyroptosis induction. Our results suggest that the oligomerization of ASC creates a multitude of potential caspase-1 activation sites, thus serving as a signal amplification mechanism for inflammasome-mediated cytokine production. Inflammasomes regulate IL-1β family maturation and pyroptosis. Here the authors show that ASC oligomerization and the formation of ASC specks are needed for IL-1β processing, but are not required for pyroptosis, indicating distinct inflammasome regulatory pathways.
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