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Bian Y, Tuo J, He L, Li W, Li S, Chu H, Zhao Y. Voltage-gated sodium channels in cancer and their specific inhibitors. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 251:154909. [PMID: 37939447 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) participate in generating and spreading action potentials in electrically excited cells such as neurons and muscle fibers. Abnormal expression of VGSCs has been observed in various types of tumors, while they are either not expressed or expressed at a low level in the matching normal tissue. Hence, this abnormal expression suggests that VGSCs confer some advantage or viability on tumor cells, making them a valuable indicator for identifying tumor cells. In addition, overexpression of VGSCs increased the ability of cancer cells to metastasize and invade, as well as correlated with the metastatic behavior of different cancers. Therefore, blocking VGSCs presents a new strategy for the treatment of cancers. A portion of this review summarizes the structure and function of VGSCs and also describes the correlation between VGSCs and cancers. Most importantly, we provide an overview of current research on various subtype-selective VGSC inhibitors and updates on ongoing clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Bian
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Jiale Tuo
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Liangpeng He
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Wenwen Li
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Shangxiao Li
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Benxi, Liaoning 117004, PR China
| | - Huiying Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Yongshan Zhao
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China.
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Sanchez-Sandoval AL, Hernández-Plata E, Gomora JC. Voltage-gated sodium channels: from roles and mechanisms in the metastatic cell behavior to clinical potential as therapeutic targets. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1206136. [PMID: 37456756 PMCID: PMC10348687 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1206136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
During the second half of the last century, the prevalent knowledge recognized the voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) as the proteins responsible for the generation and propagation of action potentials in excitable cells. However, over the last 25 years, new non-canonical roles of VGSCs in cancer hallmarks have been uncovered. Their dysregulated expression and activity have been associated with aggressive features and cancer progression towards metastatic stages, suggesting the potential use of VGSCs as cancer markers and prognostic factors. Recent work has elicited essential information about the signalling pathways modulated by these channels: coupling membrane activity to transcriptional regulation pathways, intracellular and extracellular pH regulation, invadopodia maturation, and proteolytic activity. In a promising scenario, the inhibition of VGSCs with FDA-approved drugs as well as with new synthetic compounds, reduces cancer cell invasion in vitro and cancer progression in vivo. The purpose of this review is to present an update regarding recent advances and ongoing efforts to have a better understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms on the involvement of both pore-forming α and auxiliary β subunits of VGSCs in the metastatic processes, with the aim at proposing VGSCs as new oncological markers and targets for anticancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Sanchez-Sandoval
- Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Medicina Genómica, Hospital General de México “Dr Eduardo Liceaga”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Everardo Hernández-Plata
- Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías and Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Gomora
- Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Pukkanasut P, Whitt J, Guenter R, Lynch SE, Gallegos C, Rosendo-Pineda MJ, Gomora JC, Chen H, Lin D, Sorace A, Jaskula-Sztul R, Velu SE. Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Na V1.7 Inhibitors with Potent Anticancer Activities in Medullary Thyroid Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2806. [PMID: 37345144 PMCID: PMC10216335 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Our results from quantitative RT-PCR, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and the tissue microarray of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) cell lines and patient specimens confirm that VGSC subtype NaV1.7 is uniquely expressed in aggressive MTC and not expressed in normal thyroid cells and tissues. We establish the druggability of NaV1.7 in MTC by identifying a novel inhibitor (SV188) and investigate its mode of binding and ability to inhibit INa current in NaV1.7. The whole-cell patch-clamp studies of the SV188 in the NaV1.7 channels expressed in HEK-293 cells show that SV188 inhibited the INa current in NaV1.7 with an IC50 value of 3.6 µM by a voltage- and use-dependent blockade mechanism, and the maximum inhibitory effect is observed when the channel is open. SV188 inhibited the viability of MTC cell lines, MZ-CRC-1 and TT, with IC50 values of 8.47 μM and 9.32 μM, respectively, and significantly inhibited the invasion of MZ-CRC-1 cells by 35% and 52% at 3 μM and 6 μM, respectively. In contrast, SV188 had no effect on the invasion of TT cells derived from primary tumor, which have lower basal expression of NaV1.7. In addition, SV188 at 3 μM significantly inhibited the migration of MZ-CRC-1 and TT cells by 27% and 57%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyasuda Pukkanasut
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Jason Whitt
- Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (J.W.); (R.G.); (H.C.)
| | - Rachael Guenter
- Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (J.W.); (R.G.); (H.C.)
| | - Shannon E. Lynch
- Graduate Biomedical Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Department of Radiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (C.G.)
| | - Carlos Gallegos
- Department of Radiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (C.G.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Margarita Jacaranda Rosendo-Pineda
- Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (M.J.R.-P.); (J.C.G.)
| | - Juan Carlos Gomora
- Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (M.J.R.-P.); (J.C.G.)
| | - Herbert Chen
- Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (J.W.); (R.G.); (H.C.)
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA;
| | - Diana Lin
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA;
| | - Anna Sorace
- Department of Radiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (C.G.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Renata Jaskula-Sztul
- Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (J.W.); (R.G.); (H.C.)
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Sadanandan E. Velu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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Abed T, Ganser K, Eckert F, Stransky N, Huber SM. Ion channels as molecular targets of glioblastoma electrotherapy. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1133984. [PMID: 37006466 PMCID: PMC10064067 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1133984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapies with weak, non-ionizing electromagnetic fields comprise FDA-approved treatments such as Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) that are used for adjuvant therapy of glioblastoma. In vitro data and animal models suggest a variety of biological TTFields effects. In particular, effects ranging from direct tumoricidal, radio- or chemotherapy-sensitizing, metastatic spread-inhibiting, up to immunostimulation have been described. Diverse underlying molecular mechanisms, such as dielectrophoresis of cellular compounds during cytokinesis, disturbing the formation of the spindle apparatus during mitosis, and perforating the plasma membrane have been proposed. Little attention, however, has been paid to molecular structures that are predestinated to percept electromagnetic fields-the voltage sensors of voltage-gated ion channels. The present review article briefly summarizes the mode of action of voltage sensing by ion channels. Moreover, it introduces into the perception of ultra-weak electric fields by specific organs of fishes with voltage-gated ion channels as key functional units therein. Finally, this article provides an overview of the published data on modulation of ion channel function by diverse external electromagnetic field protocols. Combined, these data strongly point to a function of voltage-gated ion channels as transducers between electricity and biology and, hence, to voltage-gated ion channels as primary targets of electrotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayeb Abed
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Ganser
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Eckert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicolai Stransky
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan M. Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Omer H, Omer MH, Alyousef AR, Alzammam AM, Ahmad O, Alanazi HA. Unmasking of Brugada syndrome by lamotrigine in a patient with pre-existing epilepsy: A case report with review of the literature. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1005952. [PMID: 36407465 PMCID: PMC9673589 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1005952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Brugada syndrome is an inherited cardiac channelopathy arising from mutations in voltage-gated cardiac sodium channels. Idiopathic epilepsy portrays a coalescent underlying pathophysiological mechanism pertaining to the premature excitation of neuronal voltage-gated ion channels resulting in the disruption of presynaptic neurons and the unregulated release of excitatory neurotransmitters. The coexistence of epilepsy and Brugada syndrome may be explained by mutations in voltage-gated ion channels, which are coexpressed in cardiac and neural tissue. Moreover, the incidence of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy has been associated with malignant cardiac arrhythmias in the presence of mutations in voltage-gated ion channels. Lamotrigine is an antiepileptic drug that inhibits neuronal voltage-gated sodium channels, thus stabilizing neural impulse propagation and controlling seizure activity in the brain. However, lamotrigine has been shown to inhibit cardiac voltage-gated sodium channels resulting in a potential arrhythmogenic effect and the ability to unmask Brugada syndrome in genetically susceptible individuals. We are reporting a case of a 27-year-old male patient with a background of presumed idiopathic epilepsy who was initiated on lamotrigine therapy resulting in the unmasking of Brugada syndrome and the onset of syncopal episodes. This case provides further evidence for the arrhythmogenic capacity of lamotrigine and highlights the relationship between epilepsy and Brugada syndrome. In this report, we aim to review the current literature regarding the associations between epilepsy and Brugada syndrome and the impact of lamotrigine therapy on such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Omer
- Department of Adult Cardiology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Hafiz Omer,
| | - Mohamed H. Omer
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ali M. Alzammam
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar Ahmad
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haitham A. Alanazi
- Department of Adult Cardiology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Zalles M, Smith N, Saunders D, Guzman M, Lerner M, Fung KM, Babu A, Battiste J, Chung J, Hwang K, Jin J, Towner RA. ELTD1 as a multi-focal target for malignant gliomas: preclinical studies. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:vdab132. [PMID: 34704036 PMCID: PMC8541707 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive malignant primary brain tumor in adults. These high-grade gliomas undergo unregulated vascular angiogenesis, migration and cell proliferation allowing the tumor cells to evade cell-cycle checkpoints and apoptotic pathways. The Epidermal growth factor, latrophilin, and seven transmembrane domain-containing 1 on chromosome 1 (ELTD1) is an angiogenic biomarker that is highly expressed in malignant gliomas. Novel treatments targeting ELTD1 with monovalent monoclonal (mmAb) and single chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies were effective in increasing animal survival, decreasing tumor volume and normalizing the vasculature. Due to the success of our antibody treatments on angiogenesis, this study sought to determine if our anti-ELTD1 treatments affected other aspects of tumorigenesis (cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis) in a G55 glioma xenograft preclinical mouse model. METHODS Tumor tissue from untreated, mmAb and scFv anti-ELTD1 treated animals was used to quantify the positivity levels of human mitochondrial antibody, c-MET and Ki-67 for cellular proliferation, migratory markers CD44v6, TRPM8, and BMP2, and cleaved caspase 3 to assess apoptotic activity. RESULTS This approach demonstrated that our anti-ELTD1 treatments directly affected and decreased the human tumor cells within the tumor region. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in both cellular proliferation and migration due to anti-ETLD1 therapy. Lastly, anti-ELTD1 treatments successfully increased apoptotic activity within the tumor region. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that anti-ELTD1 therapies would be effective against malignant gliomas by having a multi-focal effect and targeting all four aspects of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Zalles
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Nataliya Smith
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Debra Saunders
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Mayra Guzman
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Megan Lerner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kar-Ming Fung
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Anish Babu
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - James Battiste
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Junho Chung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyusang Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyeong Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Rheal A Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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Bouza AA, Philippe JM, Edokobi N, Pinsky AM, Offord J, Calhoun JD, Lopez-Florán M, Lopez-Santiago LF, Jenkins PM, Isom LL. Sodium channel β1 subunits are post-translationally modified by tyrosine phosphorylation, S-palmitoylation, and regulated intramembrane proteolysis. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10380-10393. [PMID: 32503841 PMCID: PMC7383382 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) β1 subunits are multifunctional proteins that modulate the biophysical properties and cell-surface localization of VGSC α subunits and participate in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, all with important implications for intracellular signal transduction, cell migration, and differentiation. Human loss-of-function variants in SCN1B, the gene encoding the VGSC β1 subunits, are linked to severe diseases with high risk for sudden death, including epileptic encephalopathy and cardiac arrhythmia. We showed previously that β1 subunits are post-translationally modified by tyrosine phosphorylation. We also showed that β1 subunits undergo regulated intramembrane proteolysis via the activity of β-secretase 1 and γ-secretase, resulting in the generation of a soluble intracellular domain, β1-ICD, which modulates transcription. Here, we report that β1 subunits are phosphorylated by FYN kinase. Moreover, we show that β1 subunits are S-palmitoylated. Substitution of a single residue in β1, Cys-162, to alanine prevented palmitoylation, reduced the level of β1 polypeptides at the plasma membrane, and reduced the extent of β1-regulated intramembrane proteolysis, suggesting that the plasma membrane is the site of β1 proteolytic processing. Treatment with the clathrin-mediated endocytosis inhibitor, Dyngo-4a, re-stored the plasma membrane association of β1-p.C162A to WT levels. Despite these observations, palmitoylation-null β1-p.C162A modulated sodium current and sorted to detergent-resistant membrane fractions normally. This is the first demonstration of S-palmitoylation of a VGSC β subunit, establishing precedence for this post-translational modification as a regulatory mechanism in this protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A Bouza
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Julie M Philippe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nnamdi Edokobi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alexa M Pinsky
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - James Offord
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Calhoun
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mariana Lopez-Florán
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Luis F Lopez-Santiago
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Paul M Jenkins
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lori L Isom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Mikaelian AG, Traboulay E, Zhang XM, Yeritsyan E, Pedersen PL, Ko YH, Matalka KZ. Pleiotropic Anticancer Properties of Scorpion Venom Peptides: Rhopalurus princeps Venom as an Anticancer Agent. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:881-893. [PMID: 32161447 PMCID: PMC7051175 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s231008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To date, the success of conventional chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted biological therapies in cancer treatment is not satisfactory. The main reasons for such outcomes rely on low target selectivity, primarily in chemo- and radiotherapy, ineffectiveness to metastatic disease, drug resistance, and severe side effects. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors may offer better clinical promise, success is still limited. Since cancer is a complex systemic disease, the need for new therapeutic modalities that can target or block several steps of cancer cell characteristics, modulate or repolarize immune cells, and are less toxic to healthy tissues is essential. Of these promising therapeutic modalities are pleiotropic natural products in which scorpion venom (SV) is an excellent example. SV consists of complex bioactive peptides that are disulfide-rich of different peptides’ length, potent, stable, and exerts various multi-pharmacological actions. SV peptides also contain ion channel inhibitors. These ion channels are dysregulated and overexpressed in cancer cells, and play essential roles in cancer development and invasion, as well as depolarizing immune cells. Furthermore, SV has been found to induce cancer cell apoptosis, and inhibit cancer cells proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. In the current review, we are presenting data that show the pleiotropic effect of SV against different types of human cancer as well as revealing one potential anticancer agent, Rhopalurus princeps venom. Furthermore, we are addressing what is needed to be done to translate these potential cancer therapeutics to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peter L Pedersen
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine Laboratory, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Young Hee Ko
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine Laboratory, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Zalles M, Smith N, Ziegler J, Saunders D, Remerowski S, Thomas L, Gulej R, Mamedova N, Lerner M, Fung K, Chung J, Hwang K, Jin J, Wiley G, Brown C, Battiste J, Wren JD, Towner RA. Optimized monoclonal antibody treatment against ELTD1 for GBM in a G55 xenograft mouse model. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:1738-1749. [PMID: 31863639 PMCID: PMC6991683 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an aggressive brain tumour found in adults, and the therapeutic approaches available have not significantly increased patient survival. Recently, we discovered that ELTD1, an angiogenic biomarker, is highly expressed in human gliomas. Polyclonal anti-ELTD1 treatments were effective in glioma pre-clinical models, however, pAb binding is potentially promiscuous. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of an optimized monoclonal anti-ELTD1 treatment in G55 xenograft glioma models. MRI was used to assess the effects of the treatments on animal survival, tumour volumes, perfusion rates and binding specificity. Immunohistochemistry and histology were conducted to confirm and characterize microvessel density and Notch1 levels, and to locate the molecular probes. RNA-sequencing was used to analyse the effects of the mAb treatment. Our monoclonal anti-ELTD1 treatment significantly increased animal survival, reduced tumour volumes, normalized the vasculature and showed higher binding specificity within the tumour compared with both control- and polyclonal-treated mice. Notch1 positivity staining and RNA-seq results suggested that ELTD1 has the ability to interact with and interrupt Notch1 signalling. Although little is known about ELTD1, particularly about its ligand and pathways, our data suggest that our monoclonal anti-ELTD1 antibody is a promising anti-angiogenic therapeutic in glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Zalles
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Oklahoma Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Nataliya Smith
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Jadith Ziegler
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Dean McGee Eye InstituteUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Debra Saunders
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Shannon Remerowski
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Center for Veterinary SciencesOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOKUSA
| | - Lincy Thomas
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
- The Jimmy Everest Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders in ChildrenUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Rafal Gulej
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Pharmaceutical DepartmentMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
| | - Nadya Mamedova
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Megan Lerner
- Surgery Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Kar‐Ming Fung
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Cardiovascular BiologyOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Stephenson Cancer CenterUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Junho Chung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Kyusang Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Junyeong Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Graham Wiley
- Clinical Genomics CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Chase Brown
- Oklahoma Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Genes & Human DiseaseOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - James Battiste
- Stephenson Cancer CenterUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Jonathan D. Wren
- Genes & Human DiseaseOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Rheal A. Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Oklahoma Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Stephenson Cancer CenterUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
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10
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Mishra R, Haldar S, Suchanti S, Bhowmick NA. Epigenetic changes in fibroblasts drive cancer metabolism and differentiation. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:R673-R688. [PMID: 31627186 PMCID: PMC6859444 DOI: 10.1530/erc-19-0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Genomic changes that drive cancer initiation and progression contribute to the co-evolution of the adjacent stroma. The nature of the stromal reprogramming involves differential DNA methylation patterns and levels that change in response to the tumor and systemic therapeutic intervention. Epigenetic reprogramming in carcinoma-associated fibroblasts are robust biomarkers for cancer progression and have a transcriptional impact that support cancer epithelial progression in a paracrine manner. For prostate cancer, promoter hypermethylation and silencing of the RasGAP, RASAL3 that resulted in the activation of Ras signaling in carcinoma-associated fibroblasts. Stromal Ras activity initiated a process of macropinocytosis that provided prostate cancer epithelia with abundant glutamine for metabolic conversion to fuel its proliferation and a signal to transdifferentiate into a neuroendocrine phenotype. This epigenetic oncogenic metabolic/signaling axis seemed to be further potentiated by androgen receptor signaling antagonists and contributed to therapeutic resistance. Intervention of stromal signaling may complement conventional therapies targeting the cancer cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Mishra
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Subhash Haldar
- Department of Biotechnology, Brainware University, Kolkata, India
| | - Surabhi Suchanti
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Neil A Bhowmick
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Research, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Administration, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to N A Bhowmick:
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11
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Djamgoz MBA, Fraser SP, Brackenbury WJ. In Vivo Evidence for Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Expression in Carcinomas and Potentiation of Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1675. [PMID: 31661908 PMCID: PMC6895836 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide body of evidence suggests that voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are expressed de novo in several human carcinomas where channel activity promotes a variety of cellular behaviours integral to the metastatic cascade. These include directional motility (including galvanotaxis), pH balance, extracellular proteolysis, and invasion. Contrary to the substantial in vitro data, however, evidence for VGSC involvement in the cancer process in vivo is limited. Here, we critically assess, for the first time, the available in vivo evidence, hierarchically from mRNA level to emerging clinical aspects, including protein-level studies, electrolyte content, animal tests, and clinical imaging. The evidence strongly suggests that different VGSC subtypes (mainly Nav1.5 and Nav1.7) are expressed de novo in human carcinoma tissues and generally parallel the situation in vitro. Consistent with this, tissue electrolyte (sodium) levels, quantified by clinical imaging, are significantly higher in cancer vs. matched non-cancer tissues. These are early events in the acquisition of metastatic potential by the cancer cells. Taken together, the multi-faceted evidence suggests that the VGSC expression has clinical (diagnostic and therapeutic) potential as a prognostic marker, as well as an anti-metastatic target. The distinct advantages offered by the VGSC include especially (1) its embryonic nature, demonstrated most clearly for the predominant neonatal Nav1.5 expression in breast and colon cancer, and (2) the specifically druggable persistent current that VGSCs develop under hypoxic conditions, as in growing tumours, which promotes invasiveness and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa B A Djamgoz
- Department of Life Sciences, Neuroscience Solutions to Cancer Research Group, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Scott P Fraser
- Department of Life Sciences, Neuroscience Solutions to Cancer Research Group, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - William J Brackenbury
- Department of Biology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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12
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Zhang J, Mao W, Dai Y, Qian C, Dong Y, Chen Z, Meng L, Jiang Z, Huang T, Hu J, Luo P, Korner H, Jiang Y, Ying S. Voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.5 promotes proliferation, migration and invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2019; 51:562-570. [PMID: 31139826 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmz044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.5 is highly upregulated in various types of cancer and, in general, promotes cancer cell invasiveness and metastatic progression. A previous study found that Nav1.5 was highly expressed in poorly differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, whether Nav1.5 enhances invasiveness and metastasis of OSCC are still unknown. In this study, we found that Nav1.5 was highly expressed in OSCC cell lines compared with normal oral keratinocyte HOK cell line by using western blot analysis. CCK-8 assay results revealed that downregulation of Nav1.5 expression by its specific siRNA reduced proliferation of OSCC HSC-3 cells. Moreover, transwell assay results showed Nav1.5 knockdown significantly inhibited migration and invasion of HSC-3 cells. Meanwhile, qRT-PCR and western blot analysis results showed that epidermal growth factor (EGF) induced Nav1.5 expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In addition, EGF promoted proliferation, migration and invasion of HSC-3 cells. Importantly, the Nav1.5 inhibitor tetrodotoxin significantly inhibited the proliferation of HSC-3 cells and impeded the migration and invasion of HSC-3 cells. Furthermore, it was found that siRNA-mediated knockdown of Nav1.5 also lessened the proliferation of HSC-3 cells and blocked the migration and invasion of HSC-3 cells. Taken together, these results indicate that Nav1.5 is involved in the progression of OSCC and Nav1.5 promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of OSCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Weijia Mao
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yongzheng Dai
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Chengwei Qian
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Dong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhangming Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Meng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhe Jiang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ting Huang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Panquan Luo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Heinrich Korner
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Yong Jiang
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Songcheng Ying
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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13
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Sanchez-Sandoval AL, Gomora JC. Contribution of voltage-gated sodium channel β-subunits to cervical cancer cells metastatic behavior. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:35. [PMID: 30814913 PMCID: PMC6377746 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0757-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels are heteromeric proteins consisting of a single pore forming α-subunit associated with one or two auxiliary β-subunits. These channels are classically known for being responsible of action potential generation and propagation in excitable cells; but lately they have been reported as widely expressed and regulated in several human cancer types. We have previously demonstrated the overexpression of NaV1.6 channel in cervical cancer (CeCa) biopsies and primary cultures, and its contribution to cell migration and invasiveness. Here, we investigated the expression of NaV channels β-subunits (NaVβs) in the CeCa cell lines HeLa, SiHa and CaSki, and determined their contribution to cell proliferation, migration and invasiveness. Methods We assessed the expression of NaVβs in CeCa cell lines by performing RT-PCR and western blotting experiments. We also evaluated CeCa cell lines proliferation, migration, and invasion by in vitro assays, both in basal conditions and after inducing changes in NaVβs levels by transfecting specific cDNAs or siRNAs. The potential role of NaVβs in modulating the expression of NaV α-subunits in the plasma membrane of CeCa cells was examined by the patch-clamp whole-cell technique. Furthermore, we investigated the role of NaVβ1 on cell cycle in SiHa cells by flow cytometry. Results We found that the four NaVβs are expressed in the three CeCa cell lines, even in the absence of functional NaV α-subunit expression in the plasma membrane. Functional in vitro assays showed differential roles for NaVβ1 and NaVβ4, the latter as a cell invasiveness repressor and the former as a migration abolisher in CeCa cells. In silico analysis of NaVβ4 expression in cervical tissues corroborated the downregulation of this protein expression in CeCa vs normal cervix, supporting the evidence of NaVβ4’s role as a cell invasiveness repressor. Conclusions Our results contribute to the recent conception about NaVβs as multifunctional proteins involved in cell processes like ion channel regulation, cell adhesion and motility, and even in metastatic cell behaviors. These non-canonical functions of NaVβs are independent of the presence of functional NaV α-subunits in the plasma membrane and might represent a new therapeutic target for the treatment of cervical cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12935-019-0757-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Sanchez-Sandoval
- Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Gomora
- Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
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14
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The invasiveness of human cervical cancer associated to the function of Na V1.6 channels is mediated by MMP-2 activity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12995. [PMID: 30158710 PMCID: PMC6115389 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels have been related with cell migration and invasiveness in human cancers. We previously reported the contribution of NaV1.6 channels activity with the invasion capacity of cervical cancer (CeCa) positive to Human Papilloma Virus type 16 (HPV16), which accounts for 50% of all CeCa cases. Here, we show that NaV1.6 gene (SCN8A) overexpression is a general characteristic of CeCa, regardless of the HPV type. In contrast, no differences were observed in NaV1.6 channel expression between samples of non-cancerous and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Additionally, we found that CeCa cell lines, C33A, SiHa, CaSki and HeLa, express mainly the splice variant of SCN8A that lacks exon 18, shown to encode for an intracellularly localized NaV1.6 channel, whereas the full-length adult form was present in CeCa biopsies. Correlatively, patch-clamp experiments showed no evidence of whole-cell sodium currents (INa) in CeCa cell lines. Heterologous expression of full-length NaV1.6 isoform in C33A cells produced INa, which were sufficient to significantly increase invasion capacity and matrix metalloproteinase type 2 (MMP-2) activity. These data suggest that upregulation of NaV1.6 channel expression occurs when cervical epithelium have been transformed into cancer cells, and that NaV1.6-mediated invasiveness of CeCa cells involves MMP-2 activity. Thus, our findings support the notion about using NaV channels as therapeutic targets against cancer metastasis.
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15
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Liu J, Liu D, Liu JJ, Zhao C, Yao S, Hong L. Blocking the Nav1.5 channel using eicosapentaenoic acid reduces migration and proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:855-865. [PMID: 29901108 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity of the voltage-gated Nav1.5 sodium channel has been reported to be involved in cell proliferation, cancer invasion and gene expression. In addition, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) has recently been suggested to inhibit ovarian cancer cell growth and suppress tumor metastasis. The present study aimed to explore the association between EPA, the Nav1.5 sodium channel and ovarian cancer cells. Using patch-clamp technique and RNA interference approaches, sodium currents were recorded in epithelial ovarian cancer cells, and it was confirmed that the Nav1.5 channel carried the sodium currents. Furthermore, EPA effectively inhibited sodium currents in a dose-dependent manner, shifted the steady-state inactivation curve of sodium currents to the hyperpolarizing direction and reduced sodium window currents. In addition, EPA induced a shift in the inactivation curve in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of the sodium channel, either by EPA or by Nav1.5 knockdown, attenuated ovarian cancer cell migration and proliferation. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to conduct sodium current recording in ovarian cancer cells, and revealed that EPA may inhibit Nav1.5-mediated ovarian cancer cell migration and growth. These findings not only present a potential prognostic biomarker for ovarian cancer, but also provide a strategy towards the development of novel pharmacological treatments for patients with ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Dawei Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jasmine J Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Chang Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Shuzhong Yao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Liang Hong
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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16
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Abnormal changes in voltage-gated sodium channels subtypes Na V 1.1, Na V 1.2, Na V 1.3, Na V 1.6 and CaM/CaMKII pathway in low-grade astrocytoma. Neurosci Lett 2018; 674:148-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Wang J, Ou SW, Bai YF, Wang YJ, Xu ZQD, Luan GM. Downregulation of adult and neonatal Nav1.5 in the dorsal root ganglia and axon of peripheral sensory neurons of rats with spared nerve injury. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2225-2232. [PMID: 29393394 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that Nav1.5 splice variants, including Nav1.5a and Nav1.5c, were expressed in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. However, since nine Nav1.5 isoforms have been identified, whether other Nav1.5 splice variants, especially the neonatal Nav1.5 splice variant, express in the DRG neurons is still unknown. In this study, we systematically investigated the expression of adult and neonatal Nav1.5 isoforms in the DRG neurons and axon of peripheral sensory neurons of rats with spared nerve injury (SNI) by RT-PCR, DNA sequencing, restriction enzyme digestion, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence methods. The results demonstrated that both adult and neonatal Nav1.5 isoforms were expressed in the DRG neurons, but their expression ratio was ~2.5:1. In SNI rat models, the expression of both adult and neonatal Nav1.5 decreased by approximately a half in both mRNA and protein levels. In contrast, the expression of protein kinase C (PKC)-γ, one of the negative modulators for sodium currents, increased by ~1-fold. Taken together, this study first confirmed the expression of both adult and neonatal Nav1.5 isoforms in the DRG neurons and axon of peripheral sensory neurons of rat, but their expression level decreased in pain models. The upregulation of PKC-γ may directly or indirectly downregulate the expression of Nav1.5 isoforms in SNI rat models, which may further involve in the pathological process of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Wu Ou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Fei Bai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Jie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Qing David Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Ming Luan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, P.R. China
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18
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Wang J, Ou SW, Zhang ZY, Qiu B, Wang YJ. Molecular expression of multiple Nav1.5 splice variants in the frontal lobe of the human brain. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:915-923. [PMID: 29207052 PMCID: PMC5752160 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels serve an essential role in the initiation and propagation of action potentials for central neurons. Previous studies have demonstrated that two novel variants of Nav1.5, designated Nav1.5e and Nav1.5f, were expressed in the human brain cortex. To date, nine distinct sodium channel isoforms of Nav1.5 have been identified. In the present study, the expression of Nav1.5 splice variants in the frontal lobe of the human brain cortex was systematically investigated. The results demonstrated that wild Nav1.5 and its splice variants, Nav1.5c and Nav1.5e, were expressed in the frontal lobe of the human brain cortex. Nav1.5a, Nav1.5b and Nav1.5d splice variants were not detected. However, the expression level of different Nav1.5 variants was revealed to vary. The expression ratio of wild Nav1.5 vs. Nav1.5c and Nav1.5e was approximately 5:1 and 1:5, respectively. Immunochemistry results revealed that Nav1.5 immunoreactivity was predominantly in neuronal cell bodies and processes, including axons and dendrites, whereas little immunoreactivity was detected in the glial components. These results revealed that a minimum of four Nav1.5 splice variants are expressed in the frontal lobe of the human brain cortex. This indicates that the previously reported tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium current was a compound product of different Nav1.5 variants. The present study revealed that Nav1.5 channels have a more abundant expression in the human brain than previously considered. It also provided further insight into the complexity and functional significance of Nav1.5 channels in human brain neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Wu Ou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Yong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Bo Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Jie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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19
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Wang J, Ou SW, Wang YJ. Distribution and function of voltage-gated sodium channels in the nervous system. Channels (Austin) 2017; 11:534-554. [PMID: 28922053 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2017.1380758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are the basic ion channels for neuronal excitability, which are crucial for the resting potential and the generation and propagation of action potentials in neurons. To date, at least nine distinct sodium channel isoforms have been detected in the nervous system. Recent studies have identified that voltage-gated sodium channels not only play an essential role in the normal electrophysiological activities of neurons but also have a close relationship with neurological diseases. In this study, the latest research findings regarding the structure, type, distribution, and function of VGSCs in the nervous system and their relationship to neurological diseases, such as epilepsy, neuropathic pain, brain tumors, neural trauma, and multiple sclerosis, are reviewed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Shao-Wu Ou
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Yun-Jie Wang
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , P.R. China
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20
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Wang J, Ou SW, Bai YF, Wang YJ, Xu ZQD, Luan GM. Multiple Nav1.5 isoforms are functionally expressed in the brain and present distinct expression patterns compared with cardiac Nav1.5. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:719-729. [PMID: 28560448 PMCID: PMC5482195 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It has previously been demonstrated that there are various voltage gated sodium channel (Nav) 1.5 splice variants expressed in brain tissue. A total of nine Nav1.5 isoforms have been identified, however, the potential presence of further Nav1.5 variants expressed in brain neurons remains to be elucidated. The present study systematically investigated the expression of various Nav1.5 splice variants and their associated electrophysiological properties in the rat brain tissue, via biochemical analyses and whole-cell patch clamp recording. The results demonstrated that adult Nav1.5 was expressed in the rat, in addition to the neonatal Nav1.5, Nav1.5a and Nav1.5f isoforms. Further studies indicated that the expression level ratio of neonatal Nav1.5 compared with adult Nav1.5 decreased from 1:1 to 1:3 with age development from postnatal (P) day 0 to 90. This differed from the ratios observed in the developing rat hearts, in which the expression level ratio decreased from 1:4 to 1:19 from P0 to 90. The immunohistochemistry results revealed that Nav1.5 immunoreactivity was predominantly observed in neuronal cell bodies and processes, whereas decreased immunoreactivity was detected in the glial components. Electrophysiological analysis of Nav1.5 in the rat brain slices revealed that an Na current was detected in the presence of 300 nM tetrodotoxin (TTX), however this was inhibited by ~1 µM TTX. The TTX-resistant Na current was activated at −40 mV and reached the maximum amplitude at 0 mV. The results of the present study demonstrated that neonatal and adult Nav1.5 were expressed in the rat brain and electrophysiological analysis further confirmed the functional expression of Nav1.5 in brain neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Wu Ou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Fei Bai
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Jie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Qing David Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Ming Luan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, P.R. China
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21
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Xia J, Huang N, Huang H, Sun L, Dong S, Su J, Zhang J, Wang L, Lin L, Shi M, Bin J, Liao Y, Li N, Liao W. Voltage-gated sodium channel Nav 1.7 promotes gastric cancer progression through MACC1-mediated upregulation of NHE1. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:2553-69. [PMID: 27529686 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs), which are aberrantly expressed in several human cancers, affect cancer cell behavior; however, their role in gastric cancer (GC) and the link between these channels and tumorigenic signaling remain unclear. The aims of this study were to determine the clinicopathological significance and role of the VGSC Nav 1.7 in GC progression and to investigate the associated mechanisms. Here, we report that the SCN9A gene encoding Nav 1.7 was the most abundantly expressed VGSC subtype in GC tissue samples and two GC cell lines (BGC-823 and MKN-28 cells). SCN9A expression levels were also frequently found to be elevated in GC samples compared to nonmalignant tissues by real-time PCR. In the 319 GC specimens evaluated by immunohistochemistry, Nav 1.7 expression was correlated with prognosis, and transporter Na(+) /H(+) exchanger-1 (NHE1) and oncoprotein metastasis-associated in colon cancer-1 (MACC1) expression. Nav 1.7 suppression resulted in reduced voltage-gated sodium currents, decreased NHE1 expression, increased extracellular pH and decreased intracellular pH, and ultimately, reduced invasion and proliferation rates of GC cells and growth of GC xenografts in nude mice. Nav 1.7 inhibition led to reduced MACC1 expression, while MACC1 inhibition resulted in reduced NHE1 expression in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, the suppression of Nav 1.7 decreased NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation via p38 activation, thus reducing MACC1 expression. Downregulation of MACC1 decreased c-Jun phosphorylation and subsequently reduced NHE1 expression, whereas the addition of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a c-Met physiological ligand, reversed the effect. These results indicate that Nav 1.7 promotes GC progression through MACC1-mediated upregulation of NHE1. Therefore, Nav 1.7 is a potential prognostic marker and/or therapeutic target for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianling Xia
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Na Huang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hongxiang Huang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shaoting Dong
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jinyu Su
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jianping Bin
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yulin Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Nailin Li
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Medicine-Solna, Clinical Pharmacology Group, Karolinska University Hospital-Solna, Stockholm, 17176, Sweden
| | - Wangjun Liao
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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22
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Aldasoro M, Guerra-Ojeda S, Aguirre-Rueda D, Mauricio MD, Vila JM, Marchio P, Iradi A, Aldasoro C, Jorda A, Obrador E, Valles SL. Effects of Ranolazine on Astrocytes and Neurons in Primary Culture. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150619. [PMID: 26950436 PMCID: PMC4780741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ranolazine (Rn) is an antianginal agent used for the treatment of chronic angina pectoris when angina is not adequately controlled by other drugs. Rn also acts in the central nervous system and it has been proposed for the treatment of pain and epileptic disorders. Under the hypothesis that ranolazine could act as a neuroprotective drug, we studied its effects on astrocytes and neurons in primary culture. We incubated rat astrocytes and neurons in primary cultures for 24 hours with Rn (10-7, 10-6 and 10-5 M). Cell viability and proliferation were measured using trypan blue exclusion assay, MTT conversion assay and LDH release assay. Apoptosis was determined by Caspase 3 activity assay. The effects of Rn on pro-inflammatory mediators IL-β and TNF-α was determined by ELISA technique, and protein expression levels of Smac/Diablo, PPAR-γ, Mn-SOD and Cu/Zn-SOD by western blot technique. In cultured astrocytes, Rn significantly increased cell viability and proliferation at any concentration tested, and decreased LDH leakage, Smac/Diablo expression and Caspase 3 activity indicating less cell death. Rn also increased anti-inflammatory PPAR-γ protein expression and reduced pro-inflammatory proteins IL-1 β and TNFα levels. Furthermore, antioxidant proteins Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD significantly increased after Rn addition in cultured astrocytes. Conversely, Rn did not exert any effect on cultured neurons. In conclusion, Rn could act as a neuroprotective drug in the central nervous system by promoting astrocyte viability, preventing necrosis and apoptosis, inhibiting inflammatory phenomena and inducing anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Aldasoro
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Sol Guerra-Ojeda
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Jose Mª Vila
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Marchio
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Iradi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Constanza Aldasoro
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Adrian Jorda
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Obrador
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Soraya L. Valles
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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23
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Veerman CC, Wilde AAM, Lodder EM. The cardiac sodium channel gene SCN5A and its gene product NaV1.5: Role in physiology and pathophysiology. Gene 2015; 573:177-87. [PMID: 26361848 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The gene SCN5A encodes the main cardiac sodium channel NaV1.5. This channel predominates the cardiac sodium current, INa, which underlies the fast upstroke of the cardiac action potential. As such, it plays a crucial role in cardiac electrophysiology. Over the last 60years a tremendous amount of knowledge regarding its function at the electrophysiological and molecular level has been acquired. Furthermore, genetic studies have shown that mutations in SCN5A are associated with multiple cardiac diseases (e.g. Brugada syndrome, Long QT syndrome, conduction disease and cardiomyopathy), while genetic variation in the general population has been associated with differences in cardiac conduction and risk of arrhythmia through genome wide association studies. In this review we aim to give an overview of the current knowledge (and the gaps therein) on SCN5A and NaV1.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan C Veerman
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur A M Wilde
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Elisabeth M Lodder
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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24
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Simon OJ, Müntefering T, Grauer OM, Meuth SG. The role of ion channels in malignant brain tumors. J Neurooncol 2015; 125:225-35. [PMID: 26334315 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-1896-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors and have poor clinical prognosis, despite multimodal therapeutic strategies. In recent years, ion channels have emerged as major players in tumor pathophysiology regarding all hallmarks of cancer. Since ion channels are easily accessible structures, they may prove to be effective targets for canner therapy, although their broad expression pattern and role in physiological processes should be taken into consideration. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of ion channels in the pathophysiology of malignant gliomas, especially glioblastoma, and evaluates their potential role in targeted antiglioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole J Simon
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Thomas Müntefering
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Oliver M Grauer
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
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25
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Bundscherer A, Malsy M, Gebhardt K, Metterlein T, Plank C, Wiese CH, Gruber M, Graf BM. Effects of ropivacaine, bupivacaine and sufentanil in colon and pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. Pharmacol Res 2015; 95-96:126-31. [PMID: 25839130 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The perioperative period is supposed to be a vulnerable period for cancer progression. Results of clinical studies indicate that the use of regional anesthesia can influence and improve oncological outcome of cancer patients. Uncontrolled cell proliferation and resistance to apoptotic cell death are important characteristics of solid tumors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the clinically used local anesthetics ropivacaine or bupivacaine and the opioid analgesic sufentanil on cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis of colon (HT 29 and SW 480) and pancreatic (PaTu 8988t and PANC 1) cancer cell lines in vitro. Cell proliferation was measured by Cell Proliferation ELISA BrdU Assay. Apoptosis was analyzed by annexin V staining and cell cycle distribution was detected by flow cytometry. Ropivacaine, bupivacaine and sufentanil did not change apoptosis rate and cell cycle distribution in clinically concentration. Only high concentrations of ropivacaine or bupivacaine revealed antiproliferative potency. Protective effects of epidural anesthesia observed in clinical studies seem not to be based on direct effects of these drugs on cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bundscherer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Regensburg, Germany.
| | - M Malsy
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - K Gebhardt
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - T Metterlein
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Plank
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - C H Wiese
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Gruber
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - B M Graf
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Regensburg, Germany
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26
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Litan A, Langhans SA. Cancer as a channelopathy: ion channels and pumps in tumor development and progression. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:86. [PMID: 25852478 PMCID: PMC4362317 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that ion channels and pumps not only regulate membrane potential, ion homeostasis, and electric signaling in excitable cells but also play important roles in cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis and differentiation. Consistent with a role in cell signaling, channel proteins and ion pumps can form macromolecular complexes with growth factors, and cell adhesion and other signaling molecules. And while cancer is still not being cataloged as a channelopathy, as the non-traditional roles of ion pumps and channels are being recognized, it is increasingly being suggested that ion channels and ion pumps contribute to cancer progression. Cancer cell migration requires the regulation of adhesion complexes between migrating cells and surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Cell movement along solid surfaces requires a sequence of cell protrusions and retractions that mainly depend on regulation of the actin cytoskeleton along with contribution of microtubules and molecular motor proteins such as mysoin. This process is triggered and modulated by a combination of environmental signals, which are sensed and integrated by membrane receptors, including integrins and cadherins. Membrane receptors transduce these signals into downstream signaling pathways, often involving the Rho GTPase protein family. These pathways regulate the cytoskeletal rearrangements necessary for proper timing of adhesion, contraction and detachment of cells in order to find their way through extracellular spaces. Migration and adhesion involve continuous modulation of cell motility, shape and volume, in which ion channels and pumps play major roles. Research on cancer cells suggests that certain ion channels may be involved in aberrant tumor growth and channel inhibitors often lead to growth arrest. This review will describe recent research into the role of ion pumps and ion channels in cell migration and adhesion, and how they may contribute to tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Litan
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Sigrid A Langhans
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children Wilmington, DE, USA
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