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Sung C, Wang J, Chang J, Wong AK. Review of treatment strategies after lymphadenectomy: From molecular therapeutics to immediate microsurgical lymphatic reconstruction. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2024; 12:101844. [PMID: 38316291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2024.101844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lymphedema is a common complication of cancer treatment, such as lymphadenectomy and radiation therapy. It is a debilitating condition with pathologic tissue changes that hinder effective curative treatment and jeopardize patients' quality of life. Various attempts to prevent the development of lymphedema have been made, with improvements in the incidence of the pathology. However, it is still prevalent among survivors of cancer. In this paper, we review both molecular therapeutics and immediate surgical lymphatic reconstruction as treatment strategies after lymphadenectomy. Specifically, we discuss pro-lymphangiogenic molecules that have proved efficient in animal models of lymphedema and clinical trials, and review currently available microsurgical techniques of immediate lymphatic reconstruction. METHODS A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar through May 2022. Searches were done separately for molecular therapeutics and microsurgical techniques for immediate lymphatic reconstruction. Search terms used for (1) non-surgical methods include 'lymphangiogenesis,' 'lymphedema,' 'growth factor,' and 'gene therapy.' Search terms used for (2) surgical methods include 'lymphedema,' 'lymph node excision,' 'lymphatic vessels,' 'primary prevention,' and 'microsurgery.' RESULTS Various pro-lymphangiogenic factors with therapeutic potential include VEGF-C, VEGF-D, HGF, bFGF, PDGF, IGF, Retinoic acid, Ang-1, S1P, TLR4, and IL-8. Microsurgical lymphatic reconstruction for prevention of secondary lymphedema includes lymphovenous anastomosis, vascularized lymph node flap transfer, and lymph-interpositional flap transfer, with promising clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS With growing knowledge of the lymphangiogenic pathway and lymphedema pathology and advances in microsurgical techniques to restore lymphatic channels, molecular and surgical approaches may represent a promising method for primary prevention of lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Sung
- Division of Plastic Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA; Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA; Division of Plastic Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Jin Wang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Jeff Chang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Alex K Wong
- Division of Plastic Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA.
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2
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Liu P, Ding P, Sun C, Chen S, Lowe S, Meng L, Zhao Q. Lymphangiogenesis in gastric cancer: function and mechanism. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:405. [PMID: 37803421 PMCID: PMC10559534 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01298-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased lymphangiogenesis and lymph node (LN) metastasis are thought to be important steps in cancer metastasis, and are associated with patient's poor prognosis. There is increasing evidence that the lymphatic system may play a crucial role in regulating tumor immune response and limiting tumor metastasis, since tumor lymphangiogenesis is more prominent in tumor metastasis and diffusion. Lymphangiogenesis takes place in embryonic development, wound healing, and a variety of pathological conditions, including tumors. Tumor cells and tumor microenvironment cells generate growth factors (such as lymphangiogenesis factor VEGF-C/D), which can promote lymphangiogenesis, thereby inducing the metastasis and diffusion of tumor cells. Nevertheless, the current research on lymphangiogenesis in gastric cancer is relatively scattered and lacks a comprehensive understanding. Therefore, in this review, we aim to provide a detailed perspective on molecules and signal transduction pathways that regulate gastric cancer lymphogenesis, which may provide new insights for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Liu
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Gastric Cancer, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Ping'an Ding
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Gastric Cancer, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Chenyu Sun
- AMITA Health Saint Joseph Hospital Chicago, 2900 N. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60657, USA
| | - Shuya Chen
- Newham University Hospital, Glen Road, Plaistow, London, E13 8SL, England, UK
| | - Scott Lowe
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, 1750 Independence Ave, Kansas City, MO, 64106, USA
| | - Lingjiao Meng
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Gastric Cancer, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China.
- Research Center of the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China.
| | - Qun Zhao
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Gastric Cancer, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China.
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Pal S, Bhowmick S, Sharma A, Sierra-Fonseca JA, Mondal S, Afolabi F, Roy D. Lymphatic vasculature in ovarian cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188950. [PMID: 37419192 PMCID: PMC10754213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OVCA) is the second most common gynecological cancer and one of the leading causes of cancer related mortality among women. Recent studies suggest that among ovarian cancer patients at least 70% of the cases experience the involvement of lymph nodes and metastases through lymphatic vascular network. However, the impact of lymphatic system in the growth, spread and the evolution of ovarian cancer, its contribution towards the landscape of ovarian tissue resident immune cells and their metabolic responses is still a major knowledge gap. In this review first we present the epidemiological aspect of the OVCA, the lymphatic architecture of the ovary, we discuss the role of lymphatic circulation in regulation of ovarian tumor microenvironment, metabolic basis of the upregulation of lymphangiogenesis which is often observed during progression of ovarian metastasis and ascites development. Further we describe the implication of several mediators which influence both lymphatic vasculature as well as ovarian tumor microenvironment and conclude with several therapeutic strategies for targeting lymphatic vasculature in ovarian cancer progression in present day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Pal
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX 77843, United States
| | - Sramana Bhowmick
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Anurag Sharma
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | | | - Susmita Mondal
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Favour Afolabi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alcorn State University, Lorman, MS 39096, United States
| | - Debarshi Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alcorn State University, Lorman, MS 39096, United States.
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Auni Kamal D, Fisal Shakir Agha N, Housein Z. Upregulation of XRCC1 DNA Repair Gene, Interleukin-8, and Bcl-2 Antiapoptotic Gene Levels in Kurdish Patients with Gastric Adenocarcinoma. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2023; 78:989-995. [PMID: 38028855 PMCID: PMC10657924 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2022.360240.2567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the deadliest tumors due to its competence to invade and metastasize. The DNA repair gene (XRCC1), interleukin-8 (IL-8) gene, and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) gene play a crucial role in the development and progression of GC. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of these target genes in GC patients in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Gastric cancer tissues were collected from 29 patients diagnosed with gastric adenocarcinoma that underwent gastric resection, and 21 tissue samples were obtained from healthy patients that underwent gastroscopy. The gastric tissues were collected in different hospitals in Erbil and Sulaymaniyah cities in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Moreover, the data regarding Helicobacter pylori, age, gender, and stage of the disease were recorded and analyzed using GraphPad Prism. The gene expression levels of XRCC1, IL-8, and Bcl-2 from gastric tissue were studied by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that H. pylori infection was equally distributed among males and females in the tissues of gastric patients, while most of the H. pylori-negative patients were females. It is also found that gastric patients aged 30-60 years old are more commonly tested for the H. pylori test. Accordingly, in this study, patients diagnosed with gastric inflammation more often tested positive for H. pylori, while patients diagnosed with gastric cancer tested negative for this infection. Additionally, it was found that the target genes (XRCC1, IL-8, and Bcl-2) were significantly upregulated in GC patients, compared to the healthy group. Finally, the result revealed that XRCC1, IL-8, and Bcl-2 were upregulated in the Kurdish patients with GC, compared to the healthy control group. Targeting XRCC1, IL-8, and Bcl-2 genes can be an interesting field and promising strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Auni Kamal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Erbil Health and Medical Technical College, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil 44001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - N Fisal Shakir Agha
- Department of Anesthesia, Erbil Medical Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil 44001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Z Housein
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Erbil Health and Medical Technical College, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil 44001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
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Michalaki E, Nepiyushchikh Z, Rudd JM, Bernard FC, Mukherjee A, McKinney JM, Doan TN, Willett NJ, Dixon JB. Effect of Human Synovial Fluid From Osteoarthritis Patients and Healthy Individuals on Lymphatic Contractile Activity. J Biomech Eng 2022; 144:071012. [PMID: 35118490 PMCID: PMC8883121 DOI: 10.1115/1.4053749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system has been proposed to play a crucial role in preventing the development and progression of osteoarthritis (OA). As OA develops and progresses, inflammatory cytokines and degradation by-products of joint tissues build up in the synovial fluid (SF) providing a feedback system to exacerbate disease. The lymphatic system plays a critical role in resolving inflammation and maintaining overall joint homeostasis; however, there is some evidence that the lymphatics can become dysfunctional during OA. We hypothesized that the functional mechanics of lymphatic vessels (LVs) draining the joint could be directly compromised due to factors within SF derived from osteoarthritis patients (OASF). Here, we utilized OASF and SF derived from healthy (non-OA) individuals (healthy SF (HSF)) to investigate potential effects of SF entering the draining lymph on migration of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in vitro, and lymphatic contractile activity of rat femoral LVs (RFLVs) ex vivo. Dilutions of both OASF and HSF containing serum resulted in a similar LEC migratory response to the physiologically endothelial basal medium-treated LECs (endothelial basal medium containing serum) in vitro. Ex vivo, OASF and HSF treatments were administered within the lumen of isolated LVs under controlled pressures. OASF treatment transiently enhanced the RFLVs tonic contractions while phasic contractions were significantly reduced after 1 h of treatment and complete ceased after overnight treatment. HSF treatment on the other hand displayed a gradual decrease in lymphatic contractile activity (both tonic and phasic contractions). The observed variations after SF treatments suggest that the pump function of lymphatic vessel draining the joint could be directly compromised in OA and thus might present a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Michalaki
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Zhanna Nepiyushchikh
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Josephine M. Rudd
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Fabrice C. Bernard
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Anish Mukherjee
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 777 Atlantic Dr NW, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Jay M. McKinney
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Thanh N. Doan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University, 59 Executive Park South, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Nick J. Willett
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332; Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University, 59 Executive Park South, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - J. Brandon Dixon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332
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Extracellular Hsp90α Promotes Tumor Lymphangiogenesis and Lymph Node Metastasis in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147747. [PMID: 34299365 PMCID: PMC8305043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection and discovery of new therapeutic targets are urgently needed to improve the breast cancer treatment outcome. Here we conducted an official clinical trial with cross-validation to corroborate human plasma Hsp90α as a novel breast cancer biomarker. Importantly, similar results were noticed in detecting early-stage breast cancer patients. Additionally, levels of plasma Hsp90α in breast cancer patients were gradually elevated as their clinical stages of regional lymph nodes advanced. In orthotopic breast cancer mouse models, administrating with recombinant Hsp90α protein increased both the primary tumor lymphatic vessel density and sentinel lymph node metastasis by 2 and 10 times, respectively. What is more, Hsp90α neutralizing antibody treatment approximately reduced 70% of lymphatic vessel density and 90% of sentinel lymph node metastasis. In the in vitro study, we demonstrated the role of extracellular Hsp90α (eHsp90α) as a pro-lymphangiogenic factor, which significantly enhanced migration and tube formation abilities of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). Mechanistically, eHsp90α signaled to the AKT pathway through low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) to upregulate the expression and secretion of CXCL8 in the lymphangiogenic process. Collectively, this study proves that plasma Hsp90α serves as an auxiliary diagnosis biomarker and eHsp90α as a molecular mediator promoting lymphangiogenesis in breast cancer.
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Kumaravel S, Abbey CA, Bayless KJ, Chakraborty S. The β 1-integrin plays a key role in LEC invasion in an optimized 3-D collagen matrix model. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C1045-C1058. [PMID: 33052069 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00299.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis, or formation of new lymphatic vessels, is a tightly regulated process that is controlled by growth factor signaling and biomechanical cues. Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) undergo remodeling, migration, and proliferation to invade the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) during both physiological and pathological lymphangiogenesis. This study optimized conditions for an in vitro three-dimensional (3-D) collagen-based model that induced LEC invasion and recapitulated physiological formation of lymphatic capillaries with lumens. Invasion of LECs was enhanced in the presence of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). Effects of various known lymphangiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), interleukin (IL)-8, and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), were tested on LEC sprout formation synergistically with VEGF-C. Several of these growth factors significantly enhanced LEC invasion, and synergistic effects of some of these further enhanced the sprouting density and lumen volume. To determine the contribution of specific ECM components, we analyzed the expression of different integrin subunits. Basal expressions of the integrin α5- and integrin β1-subunits were high in LECs. The addition of fibronectin, which mediates cellular responses through these integrins, enhanced LEC sprouting density and sprout length dose-dependently. siRNA-mediated knockdown of the integrin β1-subunit suppressed LEC invasion and also inhibited VEGF receptor (VEGFR)3 and ERK activation. Furthermore, exposing LECs to the inflammatory mediator lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inhibited sprouting. This optimized model for LEC invasion includes S1P, VEGF-C, and fibronectin within a 3-D collagen matrix, along with VEGF-C, VEGF-A, bFGF, and HGF in the culture medium, and provides a useful tool to investigate the functional effect of various lymphangiogenic factors and inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashree Kumaravel
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas
| | - Colette A Abbey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
| | - Kayla J Bayless
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
| | - Sanjukta Chakraborty
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas
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Pietrobono D, Giacomelli C, Marchetti L, Martini C, Trincavelli ML. High Adenosine Extracellular Levels Induce Glioblastoma Aggressive Traits Modulating the Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Secretome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7706. [PMID: 33081024 PMCID: PMC7589183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an aggressive, fast-growing brain tumor influenced by the composition of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in which mesenchymal stromal cell (MSCs) play a pivotal role. Adenosine (ADO), a purinergic signal molecule, can reach up to high micromolar concentrations in TME. The activity of specific adenosine receptor subtypes on glioma cells has been widely explored, as have the effects of MSCs on tumor progression. However, the effects of high levels of ADO on glioma aggressive traits are still unclear as is its role in cancer cells-MSC cross-talk. Herein, we first studied the role of extracellular Adenosine (ADO) on isolated human U343MG cells as a glioblastoma cellular model, finding that at high concentrations it was able to prompt the gene expression of Snail and ZEB1, which regulate the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, even if a complete transition was not reached. These effects were mediated by the induction of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Additionally, ADO affected isolated bone marrow derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) by modifying the pattern of secreted inflammatory cytokines. Then, the conditioned medium (CM) of BM-MSCs stimulated with ADO and a co-culture system were used to investigate the role of extracellular ADO in GBM-MSC cross-talk. The CM promoted the increase of glioma motility and induced a partial phenotypic change of glioblastoma cells. These effects were maintained when U343MG cells and BM-MSCs were co-cultured. In conclusion, ADO may affect glioma biology directly and through the modulation of the paracrine factors released by MSCs overall promoting a more aggressive phenotype. These results point out the importance to deeply investigate the role of extracellular soluble factors in the glioma cross-talk with other cell types of the TME to better understand its pathological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Giacomelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (D.P.); (L.M.); (C.M.); (M.L.T.)
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Pal S, Nath S, Meininger CJ, Gashev AA. Emerging Roles of Mast Cells in the Regulation of Lymphatic Immuno-Physiology. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1234. [PMID: 32625213 PMCID: PMC7311670 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are abundant in almost all vascularized tissues. Furthermore, their anatomical proximity to lymphatic vessels and their ability to synthesize, store and release a large array of inflammatory and vasoactive mediators emphasize their significance in the regulation of the lymphatic vascular functions. As a major secretory cell of the innate immune system, MCs maintain their steady-state granule release under normal physiological conditions; however, the inflammatory response potentiates their ability to synthesize and secrete these mediators. Activation of MCs in response to inflammatory signals can trigger adaptive immune responses by dendritic cell-directed T cell activation. In addition, through the secretion of various mediators, cytokines and growth factors, MCs not only facilitate interaction and migration of immune cells, but also influence lymphatic permeability, contractility, and vascular remodeling as well as immune cell trafficking through the lymphatic vessels. In summary, the consequences of these events directly affect the lymphatic niche, influencing inflammation at multiple levels. In this review, we have summarized the recent advancements in our understanding of the MC biology in the context of the lymphatic vascular system. We have further highlighted the MC-lymphatic interaction axis from the standpoint of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Pal
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Shubhankar Nath
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cynthia J Meininger
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Anatoliy A Gashev
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, United States
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Ma XY, Ma Y, Zhou H, Zhang HJ, Sun MJ. Identification of the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network associated with gastric cancer via integrated bioinformatics analysis. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:5769-5784. [PMID: 31788050 PMCID: PMC6865131 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)-microRNA (miRNA)-mRNA regulatory network in gastric cancer (GC) using bioinformatics analysis. Two mRNA gene expression profiles, GSE79973 and GSE54129, and two miRNA expression profiles, GSE93415 and GSE78091, were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The differentially expressed mRNAs (DEMs) and the differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMis) were merged separately. Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis were conducted using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was then constructed and the 10 top hub genes in the network were analyzed using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes. The lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks were visualized using Cytoscape software. As a result, 158 shared DEMs (40 upregulated and 118 downregulated) were identified from two mRNA datasets. A total of 30 upregulated miRNAs and 1 downregulated miRNA functioned as DEMis. The PPI network consisted of 129 nodes and 572 interactions. The 10 top hub genes were selected by degree using Cytohubba, including Jun proto-oncogene, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)3, transforming growth factor-β1, Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit, interleukin (IL)-8, MAPK1, RELA proto-oncogene nuclear factor-κB subunit, interferon regulatory factor 7, ubiquitin like modifier and vascular endothelial growth factor A. In the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network, a total of 1,215 regulatory associations were constructed using Cytoscape. In conclusion, the present study provides a novel perspective of the molecular mechanisms underlying GC by identifying the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network via bioinformatics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yu Ma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Jing Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Jun Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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Bucher F, Lee J, Shin S, Kim MS, Oh YS, Ha S, Zhang H, Yea K. Interleukin-5 suppresses Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-induced angiogenesis through STAT5 signaling. Cytokine 2018; 110:397-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Li J, Xu L, Run ZC, Feng W, Liu W, Zhang PJ, Li Z. Multiple cytokine profiling in serum for early detection of gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:2269-2278. [PMID: 29881236 PMCID: PMC5989241 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i21.2269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the value of multiparameter joint analysis in the early diagnosis of gastric cancer (GC) in clinical practice.
METHODS Concentrations of CEA, CA724 and three kinds of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8) in 176 GC patients, 117 atypical hyperplasia patients, and 204 healthy control individuals were used for building the diagnostic model, then 58 GC patients, 41 atypical hyperplasia patients, and 66 healthy control individuals were enrolled independently. The joints of the indicators were analyzed by binary logistic regression analysis method.
RESULTS For discriminating the healthy control group and the GC group, IL-6 had the best diagnostic value, and the area under curve (AUC) of joint analysis was 0.95 (0.93-0.97). For the early stage and advanced stage GC, the AUC were 0.95 (0.92-0.98) and 0.95 (0.92-0.97). For discriminating the atypical hyperplasia group and GC group, CA724 had the best diagnostic value, and the AUC of joint analysis was 0.97 (0.95-0.99). For the early stage and advanced stage GC groups, the AUC were 0.98 (0.96-0.99) and 0.96 (0.94-0.98). After evaluation, for discriminating the GC, early stage GC and advanced cancer group from the healthy control group, the diagnostic sensitivity was 89.66%, 84.21% and 92.31%, respectively, and the specificity was 92.42%, 90.91% and 90.91%. For discriminating the GC, early stage GC and advanced cancer groups from the atypical hyperplasia group, the diagnostic sensitivity was 87.93%, 78.95% and 92.31%, respectively, and the specificity was 87.80%, 85.37% and 90.24%.
CONCLUSION We have built a diagnostic model including CEA, CA724, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. It may provide potential assistance as a screening method for the early detection of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Liaohe Oil Field, Panjin 124010, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zeng-Ci Run
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Wen Feng
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Peng-Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Interventional Therapy Department, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
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13
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Hosono M, Koma YI, Takase N, Urakawa N, Higashino N, Suemune K, Kodaira H, Nishio M, Shigeoka M, Kakeji Y, Yokozaki H. CXCL8 derived from tumor-associated macrophages and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas contributes to tumor progression by promoting migration and invasion of cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:106071-106088. [PMID: 29285315 PMCID: PMC5739702 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are involved in tumor progression and poor prognosis in several malignancies. We previously demonstrated the interaction between high numbers of infiltrating TAMs and poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCCs). To investigate the significance of TAMs in ESCC, we conducted a cDNA microarray analysis of peripheral blood monocytes (PBMo)-derived macrophages and PBMo-derived macrophages stimulated with conditioned media of TE-series ESCC cell lines (TAM-like PBMo-derived macrophages). C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8) was up-regulated in the TAM-like PBMo-derived macrophages. Here we confirmed a high expression level of CXCL8 in TAM-like PBMo-derived macrophages and the expression of CXCR1/2, known as CXCL8 receptors, in TE-series ESCC cell lines. Recombinant human CXCL8 induced the ESCC cell lines’ migration and invasion by the phosphorylation of Akt and Erk1/2. In indirect co-cultures, not only signal pathway inhibitors but also neutralizing antibodies against CXCL8, CXCR1 and CXCR2 suppressed these phenotypes induced by TAM-like PBMo-derived macrophages. Immunohistochemical analysis of 70 resected ESCC samples showed that high expression levels of CXCL8 in ESCC tissues were significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis. These results suggest that CXCL8 up-regulated in the microenvironment may contribute to ESCC progression by promoting cancer cells’ migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Hosono
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.,Division of Gastro-intestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yu-Ichiro Koma
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Takase
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.,Division of Gastro-intestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Naoki Urakawa
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.,Division of Gastro-intestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Nobuhide Higashino
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.,Division of Gastro-intestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kazuki Suemune
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Himiko Kodaira
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Mari Nishio
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Manabu Shigeoka
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kakeji
- Division of Gastro-intestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yokozaki
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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14
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Mechanisms of angiogenesis in microbe-regulated inflammatory and neoplastic conditions. Angiogenesis 2017; 21:1-14. [PMID: 29110215 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-017-9583-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Commensal microbiota inhabit all the mucosal surfaces of the human body. It plays significant roles during homeostatic conditions, and perturbations in numbers and/or products are associated with several pathological disorders. Angiogenesis, the process of new vessel formation, promotes embryonic development and critically modulates several biological processes during adulthood. Indeed, deregulated angiogenesis can induce or augment several pathological conditions. Accumulating evidence has implicated the angiogenic process in various microbiota-associated human diseases. Herein, we critically review diseases that are regulated by microbiota and are affected by angiogenesis, aiming to provide a broad understanding of how angiogenesis is involved and how microbiota regulate angiogenesis in microbiota-associated human conditions.
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15
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Kim G, Kim JE, Kang MJ, Jang AR, Kim YR, Kim S, Chang KT, Hong JJ, Park JH. Inhibitory effect of 1-tetradecanol on Helicobacter pylori-induced production of interleukin-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor in gastric epithelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:9573-9578. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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16
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Lin SC, Hsiao KY, Chang N, Hou PC, Tsai SJ. Loss of dual-specificity phosphatase-2 promotes angiogenesis and metastasis via up-regulation of interleukin-8 in colon cancer. J Pathol 2017; 241:638-648. [PMID: 28026024 DOI: 10.1002/path.4868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dual-specificity phosphatase 2 (DUSP2) is a negative regulator of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Our previous study showed that DUSP2 expression is down-regulated in many human cancers and loss of DUSP2 promotes cancer progression; however, the underlying mechanism remains largely uncharacterized. Herein, we found that loss of DUSP2 induces angiogenesis, while forced expression of DUSP2 inhibits microvessel formation in xenografted mouse tumours. Genome-wide screening of expression profiles, and meta-analysis of clinical data, identified that the level of interleukin-8 (IL-8) correlated negatively with that of DUSP2, suggesting that it may be a downstream target of DUSP2. Molecular characterization revealed that DUSP2 inversely regulates IL-8 expression, mediated by ERK1/2 and C/EBPα-dependent transcriptional regulation. Further study showed that hypoxia-induced IL-8 expression in cancer cells is also mediated via down-regulation of DUSP2. Treatment with the IL-8 receptor inhibitor reparixin or knockdown of IL-8 in cancer cells abolished angiogenesis induced by loss of DUSP2. Functionally, knockdown of DUSP2 enhanced tumour growth and metastasis, which were abolished by treatment with reparixin or knockdown of IL-8 in an orthotopic mouse model. Taken together, our results demonstrate that hypoxia inhibits DUSP2 expression in colon cancer, leading to up-regulation of IL-8, which facilitates angiogenesis and tumour metastasis. Our findings suggest that blocking hypoxia-DUSP2-IL-8 signalling may be a plausible approach for therapeutic intervention in cancer. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chieh Lin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Yang Hsiao
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ning Chang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chi Hou
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shaw-Jenq Tsai
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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17
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Dokala A, Thakur SS. Extracellular region of epidermal growth factor receptor: a potential target for anti-EGFR drug discovery. Oncogene 2016; 36:2337-2344. [PMID: 27775071 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane receptor with tyrosine kinase activity involved in regulation of cellular multiplication, survival, differentiation and metastasis. Our knowledge about function and complex management of these receptors has driving the development of specific and targeted treatment modalities for human cancers in the last 20 years. EGFR is the first receptor target against which monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have been evolved for cancer treatment. Here we review the biology of ErbB receptors, including their architecture, signaling, regulation and therapeutic strategies and the mechanisms of resistances offered by the receptors against small-molecule tyrosine kinases and resistance overcome implications of mAbs. The efficacy of EGFR-specific mAb in cancer depends on site specific extracellular region of EGFR, which has crucial role in process of dimerization and activation. This review highlights evolution of various resistance mechanisms due to consequences of current small-molecule anti-EGFR therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dokala
- Proteomics and Cell Signaling, CSIR- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB), Hyderabad, India
| | - S S Thakur
- Proteomics and Cell Signaling, CSIR- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB), Hyderabad, India
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18
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Li W, Lin S, Li W, Wang W, Li X, Xu D. IL-8 interacts with metadherin promoting proliferation and migration in gastric cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:1330-7. [PMID: 27565732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that IL-8 was involved in the promotion of invasion of Gastric Cancer (GC), however the underlying mechanism by which IL-8 was observed to be able to promote invasion remains unknown. Here, in our study, IL-8 was shown to be significantly up-regulated in GC compared with paired normal control tissues whose expression was markedly associated with inferior overall prognosis; and IL-8 was displayed to be capable of directly interacting with metadherin (MTDH), which in turn can up-regulate IL-8 expression. Blockage of IL-8/MTDH using specific mono-antibody can abolish the invasion IL-8 mediated. Taken together, our results may provide a novel explanation of working mechanism of IL-8 in the invasion of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Li
- The Department of Gastrointestinal and Anus Surgery, The Affiliated Longyan First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, 364000, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Shuangming Lin
- The Department of Gastrointestinal and Anus Surgery, The Affiliated Longyan First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, 364000, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Wenhuan Li
- The Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Weijun Wang
- The Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Xueming Li
- The Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China.
| | - Dongbo Xu
- The Department of Gastrointestinal and Anus Surgery, The Affiliated Longyan First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, 364000, Fujian Province, PR China.
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19
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Shi J, Lu Y, Wei P. Xiaotan Sanjie decoction inhibits angiogenesis in gastric cancer through Interleukin-8-linked regulation of the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 189:230-237. [PMID: 27224240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Interleukin-8 (IL-8) as a pro-angiogenic factor is strongly associated with gastric cancer metastasis. Xiaotan Sanjie (XTSJ) decoction is an empirical compound prescription based on the phlegm theory of traditional Chinese medicine. Previous studies have shown that XTSJ decoction decreases IL-8 level and formation of vasculogenic mimicry of gastric cancer. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the link between Xiaotan Sanjie (XTSJ) decoction and IL-8 regulation in the angiogenesis of gastric cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were co-cultured with SGC-7901 human gastric cancer cells and exposed to serum samples containing XTSJ decoction and/or IL-8 (1.0ng/mL). The canalization and migration capacities were evaluated by tube formation and transwell migration assay. Protein (immunofluorescence and Western blot) and mRNA (qPCR) expressions were measured in 24-h-cultured HUVECs for vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-1, and VEGFR-2. RESULTS IL-8 significantly promoted and XTSJ decoction inhibited HUVEC tube formation and migration. Links between IL-8 regulation and XTSJ decoction were found in tube formation and migration assays. IL-8 upregulated and XTSJ decoction downregulated VEGF-A, VEGFR-1, and VEGFR-2 protein levels. XTSJ decoction inhibited IL-8-induced VEGF-A and VEGFR-1 protein expressions. Similarly, IL-8 promoted VEGF-A, VEGFR-1, and VEGFR-2 mRNA levels; however, XTSJ decoction inhibited only VEGF-A mRNA. Interestingly, XTSJ decoction inhibited IL-8-induced VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 mRNA expression. CONCLUSION XTSJ decoction might inhibit angiogenesis in gastric cancer through IL-8-linked regulation of the VEGF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai 200003, China.
| | - Ye Lu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Pinkang Wei
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai 200003, China
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20
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Blei F. Update June 2015. Lymphat Res Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2015.29010.fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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