Xanthohumol, a prenylated flavonoid from Hops, exerts anticancer effects against gastric cancer in vitro

The concentration of pesticides in onion samples from Iran: a non-carcinogenic health risk assessment

Pesticide residues were extracted using the QuEChERS method, followed by detection by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The non-carcinogenic health risk in adult and child consumers was calculated by target hazard quotient (THQ) and total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) in the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method. The rank order of pesticides detected by UHPLC-MS/MS based on median concentration in onion was tebuconazole (0.004551 mg/kg) > imidacloprid (0.00233 mg/kg) > boscalid (0.00211 mg/kg) > diazinon (0.00079 mg/kg) > thiabendazole (0.00075 mg/kg) > acetamiprid (0.00052 mg/kg) > thiophanate-methyl (0.00052 mg/kg) > dichlorvos (0.000349 mg/kg) > fenitrothion (0.000132 mg/kg) > penconazole (0.00005 mg/kg). The median of TTHQ in adults and children's consumers were 4.00E-3 and 2.00E-2, respectively. TTHQ in adults and children's consumers was lower than 1 value. Hence, consumers were in the acceptable range (TTHQ <1). Consequently, onion consumption cannot endanger consumers' health status due to the pesticide residues.

Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles via Moringa peregrina extract incorporated in graphene oxide: evaluation of antibacterial and anticancer efficacy

This research investigated the physicochemical properties and biological activities of green-synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) via Moringa peregrina extract, graphene oxide (GO), and their composite (CuO-GO). SEM revealed the morphology and structure, indicating polygonal CuO NPs, thin wrinkled sheets of GO, and a combination of CuO NPs and GO in the nanocomposite. EDS confirmed the elemental composition and distribution. XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline monoclinic structure of CuO NPs and GO, as well as their composite, CuO-GO, with characteristic peaks. DLS analysis exhibited distinct size distributions, with CuO NPs showing the narrowest range. BET surface area analysis revealed mesoporous structures for all materials, with the nanocomposite showing enhanced surface area and pore volume. Anticancer assays on MCF-7 and normal NIH/3T3 cells demonstrated CuO-GO's superior cytotoxicity against cancer cells, with minimal effects on normal cells, suggesting selective cytotoxicity. Moreover, antibacterial assays against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus indicated CuO-GO's potent inhibitory activity. The composite's synergistic effects were evidenced by its lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) compared to individual components. In conclusion, this study elucidated the promising biomedical applications of CuO NPs, GO, and their nanocomposite, particularly in cancer treatment and antibacterial therapies, showcasing their potential as multifunctional nanomaterials.

Advancing therapeutic efficacy: nanovesicular delivery systems for medicinal plant-based therapeutics

The utilization of medicinal plant extracts in therapeutics has been hindered by various challenges, including poor bioavailability and stability issues. Nanovesicular delivery systems have emerged as promising tools to overcome these limitations by enhancing the solubility, bioavailability, and targeted delivery of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. This review explores the applications of nanovesicular delivery systems in antibacterial and anticancer therapeutics using medicinal plant extracts. We provide an overview of the bioactive compounds present in medicinal plants and their therapeutic properties, emphasizing the challenges associated with their utilization. Various types of nanovesicular delivery systems, including liposomes, niosomes, ethosomes, and solid lipid nanoparticles, among others, are discussed in detail, along with their potential applications in combating bacterial infections and cancer. The review highlights specific examples of antibacterial and anticancer activities demonstrated by these delivery systems against a range of pathogens and cancer types. Furthermore, we address the challenges and limitations associated with the scale-up, stability, toxicity, and regulatory considerations of nanovesicular delivery systems. Finally, future perspectives are outlined, focusing on emerging technologies, integration with personalized medicine, and potential collaborations to drive forward research in this field. Overall, this review underscores the potential of nanovesicular delivery systems for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of medicinal plant extracts in antibacterial and anticancer applications, while identifying avenues for further research and development.

Nanoquercetin based nanoformulations for triple negative breast cancer therapy and its role in overcoming drug resistance

Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive and treatment-resistant subtype of breast cancer, lacking the expression of estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors. Conventional chemotherapy remains the primary treatment option, but its efficacy is often compromised by the development of drug resistance. Nanoquercetin has garnered the attention of researchers due to its potential in combating cancer. This antioxidant exhibits significant efficacy against various types of cancer, including blood, breast, pancreatic, prostate, colon, and oral cancers. Functioning as a potential anti-cancer agent, nanoquercetin impedes the development and proliferation of cancer cells, induces apoptosis and autophagy, and prevents cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Numerous processes, such as the inhibition of pathways linked to angiogenesis, inflammation, and cell survival, are responsible for these anticancer actions. Moreover, it shields DNA from degradation caused by radiation and other carcinogens. The cost-effectiveness of current cancer treatments remains a significant challenge in healthcare, imposing a substantial economic burden on societies worldwide. Preclinical studies and early-phase clinical trials indicate that nanoquercetin-based therapies could offer a significant advancement in the management of TNBC, providing a foundation for future research and clinical application in overcoming drug resistance and improving patient outcomes. This article examines the latest data on nanoquercetin's potent anti-cancer properties and interprets the accumulated research findings within the framework of preventive, predictive, and personalized (3P) medicine.

Flavonoids and Gastric Cancer Therapy: From Signaling Pathway to Therapeutic Significance

Gastric cancer (GC) is a prevalent gastrointestinal tumor characterized by high mortality and recurrence rates. Current treatments often have limitations, prompting researchers to explore novel anti-tumor substances and develop new drugs. Flavonoids, natural compounds with diverse biological activities, are gaining increasing attention in this regard. We searched from PubMed, Web of Science, SpringerLink and other databases to find the relevant literature in the last two decades. Using "gastric cancer", "stomach cancers", "flavonoid", "bioflavonoid", "2-Phenyl-Chromene" as keywords, were searched, then analyzed and summarized the mechanism of flavonoids in the treatment of GC. It was revealed that the anti-tumor mechanism of flavonoids involves inhibiting tumor growth, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, as well as inducing cell death through various processes such as apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis. Additionally, combining flavonoids with other chemotherapeutic agents like 5-FU and platinum compounds can potentially reduce chemoresistance. Flavonoids have also demonstrated enhanced biological activity when used in combination with other natural products. Consequently, this review proposes innovative perspectives for the development of flavonoids as new anti-GC agents.

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antipyretic potential of ethanolic extract of Aristida depressa Retz through in vitro, in vivo, and in silico models

Uncontrolled inflammation is a crucial factor in the development of many diseases. Anti-inflammatory molecules based on natural sources are being actively studied, among which Aristida depressa Retz (Ar.dp) has been traditionally used as a paste to heal inflammation. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic potential of an ethanolic extract of A. depressa through a battery of in vivo and in vitro models. The ethanolic extract of A. depressa was prepared by maceration and chemically characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography, which revealed the presence of quercetin, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, m-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, and sinapic acid; its antioxidant capacity was then screened with the DPPH in vitro assay, which indicated moderate scavenging capacity. A protein denaturation assay was next performed to evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of Ar.dp, which showed significant inhibition (44.44%) compared to the standard drug (diclofenac sodium), with 89.19% inhibition at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. The in vivo safety profile of Ar.dp was evaluated in accordance with the OECD-425 acute toxicity guidelines and found to be safe up to 5 g/kg. The in vivo anti-inflammatory potentials of Ar.dp were evaluated at three different doses (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) in acute (carrageenan-induced edema: 84.60%, histamine-induced paw edema: 84%), sub-chronic (cotton-pellet-induced granuloma: 57.54%), and chronic (complete-Freund's-adjuvant-induced arthritis: 82.2%) models. Our results showed that Ar.dp had significant (p < 0.05) anti-inflammatory effects over diclofenac sodium in the acute and chronic models. Histopathology studies indicated reduced infiltration of paw tissues with inflammatory cells in Ar.dp-treated animals. Similarly, Ar.dp showed significant (p < 0.05) analgesic (yeast-induced-pyrexia model: 23.53%) and antipyretic (acetic-acid-induced writhing model: 51%) effects in a time-dependent manner. In silico studies on the interactions of COX-1 and COX-2 with the eight ligands mentioned earlier confirmed the inhibition of enzymes responsible for inflammation and fever. Based on the findings of the present study, it is concluded that Ar.dp has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties that are likely linked to its pharmacologically active phenolic bioactive molecules.

Investigating the potential of monocyclic B9N9 and C18 rings for the electrochemical sensing, and adsorption of carbazole-based anti-cancer drug derivatives: DFT-based first-principle study

CONTEXT

For the first time, the use of monocyclic rings C18 and B9N9 as sensors for the sensing of carbazole-based anti-cancer drugs, such as tetrahydrocarbazole (THC), mukonal (MKN), murrayanine (MRY), and ellipticine (EPT), is described using DFT simulations and computational characterization. The geometries, electronic properties, stability studies, sensitivity, and adsorption capabilities of C18 and B9N9 counterparts towards the selected compounds confirm that the analytes interact through active cavities of the C18 and B9N9 rings of the complexes.

METHODS

Based on the interaction energies, the sensitivity of surfaces towards EPT, MKN, MRY, and THC analytes is observed. The interaction energy of EPT@B9N9, MKN@B9N9, MRY@B9N9, and THC@B9N9 complexes are observed - 20.40, - 19.49, - 20.07, and - 18.27 kcal/mol respectively which is more exothermic than EPT@C18, MKN@C18, MRY@C18, and THC@C18 complexes are - 16.37, - 13.97, - 13.96, and - 11.39 kcal/mol respectively. According to findings from the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and the reduced density gradient (RDG), dispersion forces play a significant role in maintaining the stability of these complexes. The electronic properties including FMOs, density of states (DOS), natural bond orbitals (NBO), charge transfer, and absorption studies are carried out. In comparison of B9N9 and C18, the analyte recovery time for C18 is much shorter (9.91 × 10-11 for THC@C18) than that for B9N9 shorter recovery time value of 3.75 × 10-9 for EPT@B9N9. These results suggest that our reported sensors B9N9 and C18 make it faster to detect adsorbed molecules at room temperature. The sensor response is more prominent in B9N9 due to its fine energy gap and high adsorption energy. Consequently, it is possible to think of these monocyclic systems as a potential material for sensor applications.

Naringenin as potent anticancer phytocompound in breast carcinoma: from mechanistic approach to nanoformulations based therapeutics

The bioactive compounds present in citrus fruits are gaining broader acceptance in oncology. Numerous studies have deciphered naringenin's antioxidant and anticancer potential in human and animal studies. Naringenin (NGE) potentially suppresses cancer progression, thereby improving the health of cancer patients. The pleiotropic anticancer properties of naringenin include inhibition of the synthesis of growth factors and cytokines, inhibition of the cell cycle, and modification of several cellular signaling pathways. As an herbal remedy, naringenin has significant pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and anti-cancer activities. The inactivation of carcinogens following treatment with pure naringenin, naringenin-loaded nanoparticles, and naringenin combined with anti-cancer agents was demonstrated by data in vitro and in vivo studies. These studies included colon cancer, lung neoplasms, breast cancer, leukemia and lymphoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate tumors, oral squamous cell carcinoma, liver cancer, brain tumors, skin cancer, cervical and ovarian cancers, bladder neoplasms, gastric cancer, and osteosarcoma. The effects of naringenin on processes related to inflammation, apoptosis, proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and invasion in breast cancer are covered in this narrative review, along with its potential to develop novel and secure anticancer medications.

Study of some graph theoretical parameters for the structures of anticancer drugs

Eigenvalues have great importance in the field of mathematics, and their relevance extends beyond this area to include several other disciplines such as economics, chemistry, and numerous fields. According to our study, eigenvalues are utilized in chemistry to express a chemical compound's numerous physical properties as well as its energy form. It is important to get a comprehensive understanding of the interrelationship underlying mathematics and chemistry. The anti-bonding phase is correlated with positive eigenvalues, whereas the bonding level is connected with negative eigenvalues. Additionally, the non-bonded level corresponds to eigenvalues of zero. This study focuses on the analysis of various structures of anticancer drugs, specifically examining their characteristic polynomials, eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix, matching number and nullity. Consequently, the selected structures of the aforementioned anticancer drugs exhibit stability since they are composed of closed-shell molecules, characterized by a nullity value of zero.

In vitro α-glucosidase, docking and density functional theory studies on novel azide metal complexes

Aim: The goal of this study is to synthesize new metal complexes containing N-methyl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)methanimine and azide ligands as α-glucosidase inhibitors for Type 2 diabetes. Materials & methods: The target complexes (12-16) were synthesized by reacting N-methyl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)methanimine (L1) with sodium azide in the presence of corresponding metal salts. The investigation of target protein interactions, vibrational, electronic and nonlinear optical properties for these complexes was performed by molecular docking and density functional theory studies. Results: Among these complexes, complex 13 (IC50 = 0.2802 ± 0.62 μM) containing Hg ion showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory property. On the other hand, significant results were detected for complexes containing Cu and Ag ions. Conclusion: Complex 13 may be an alternate anti-diabetic inhibitor according to in vitro/docking results.

Electrochemical DNA-nano biosensor for the detection of Goserelin as anticancer drug using modified pencil graphite electrode

Goserelin is an effective anticancer drug, but naturally causes several side effects. Hence the determination of this drug in biological samples, plays a key role in evaluating its effects and side effects. The current studies have concentrated on monitoring Goserelin using an easy and quick DNA biosensor for the first time. In this study, copper(II) oxide nanoparticles were created upon the surface of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CuO/MWCNTs) as a conducting mediator. The modified pencil graphite electrode (ds-DNA/PA/CuO/MWCNTs/PGE) has been modified with the help of polyaniline (PA), ds-DNA, and CuO/MWCNTs nanocomposite. Additionally, the issue with the bio-electroanalytical guanine oxidation signal in relation to ds-DNA at the surface of PA/CuO/MWCNTs/PGE has been examined to determination Goserelin for the first time. It also, established a strong conductive condition to determination Goserelin in nanomolar concentration. Thus, Goserelin's determining, however, has a 0.21 nM detection limit and a 1.0 nM-110.0 µM linear dynamic range according to differential pulse voltammograms (DPV) of ds-DNA/PA/CuO/MWCNTs/PGE. Furthermore, the molecular docking investigation highlighted that Goserelin is able to bind ds-DNA preferentially and supported the findings of the experiments. The determining of Goserelin in real samples has been effectively accomplished in the last phase using ds-DNA/PA/CuO/MWCNTs/PGE.

Moringa oleifera and Its Biochemical Compounds: Potential Multi-targeted Therapeutic Agents Against COVID-19 and Associated Cancer Progression

The Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a global concern, with updated pharmacological therapeutic strategies needed. Cancer patients have been found to be more susceptible to severe COVID-19 and death, and COVID-19 can also lead to cancer progression. Traditional medicinal plants have long been used as anti-infection and anti-inflammatory agents, and Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) is one such plant containing natural products such as kaempferol, quercetin, and hesperetin, which can reduce inflammatory responses and complications associated with viral infections and multiple cancers. This review article explores the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of M. oleifera as an anti-COVID-19 and anti-inflammatory agent, and its potential role in reducing the risk of cancer progression in cancer patients with COVID-19. The article discusses the ability of M. oleifera to modulate NF-κB, MAPK, mTOR, NLRP3 inflammasome, and other inflammatory pathways, as well as the polyphenols and flavonoids like quercetin and kaempferol, that contribute to its anti-inflammatory properties. Overall, this review highlights the potential therapeutic benefits of M. oleifera in addressing COVID-19 and associated cancer progression. However, further investigations are necessary to fully understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of M. oleifera and its natural products as anti-inflammatory, anti-COVID-19, and anti-cancer strategies.

Health-promoting compounds in Amomum villosum Lour and Amomum tsao-ko: Fruit essential oil exhibiting great potential for human health

The Zingiberaceae family serves as a diverse repository of bioactive phytochemicals, comprising approximately 52 genera and 1300 species of aromatic perennial herbs distinguished by their distinct creeping horizontal or tuberous rhizomes. Amomum villosum Lour. and Amomum tsao-ko Crevost & Lemaire., are the important plants of family Zingiberaceae that have been widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of many ailments. The Amomum species are employed for their aromatic qualities and are valued as spices and flavorings. In the essential oils (EOs) of Amomum species, notable constituents include, camphor, methyl chavicol, bornyl acetate, trans-p-(1-butenyl) anisole, α-pinene, and β-pinene.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this review is to present an overview of pharmacological studies pertaining to the extracts and secondary metabolites isolated from both species. The foremost objective of review is not only to increase the popularity of Amomum as a healthy food choice but also to enhance its status as a staple ingredient for the foreseeable future.

RESULT

We endeavored to gather the latest information on antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, antiobesity, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties of plants as well as their role in neuroprotective diseases. Research conducted through in-vitro studies, animal model, and compounds analysis have revealed that both plants exhibit a diverse array health promoting properties.

CONCLUSION

the comprehensive review paper provides valuable insights into the diverse range of bioactive phytochemicals found in A. villosum and A. tsao-ko, showcasing their potential in preventing diseases and promoting overall human well-being. The compilation of information on their various health-enhancing properties contributes to the broader understanding of these plants and their potential applications in traditional medicine and beyond.

Molecular docking of bioactive compounds extracted and purified from selected medicinal plant species against covid-19 proteins and in vitro evaluation

Bioactive compounds are secondary metabolites of plants. They offer diverse pharmacological properties. Peganum harmala is reported to have pharmaceutical effects like insecticidal, antitumor, curing malaria, anti-spasmodic, vasorelaxant, antihistaminic effect. Rosa brunonii has medicinal importance in its flower and fruits effective against different diseases and juice of leaf is reported to be applied externally to cure wounds and cuts. Dryopteris ramosa aqueous leaf extract is used to treat stomach ulcers and stomachaches. Each of these three medicinal plants have been indicated to have anticancer, antiviral, antioxidant, cytotoxic and antifungal effects but efficacy of their bioactive compounds remained unexplored. Study was aimed to explore In-vitro and In-silico anticancer, antiviral, antioxidant, cytotoxic and antifungal effects of bioactive compounds of above three medicinal plants. DPPH and ABTS assay were applied for assessment of antioxidant properties of compounds. Antibacterial properties of compounds were checked by agar well diffusion method. Brine shrimp lethality assay was performed to check cytotoxic effect of compounds. Molecular docking was conducted to investigate the binding efficacy between isolated compounds and targeted proteins. The compound isomangiferrin and tiliroside presented strong antioxidant potential 78.32% (± 0.213) and 77.77% (± 0.211) respectively in DPPH assay while harmaline showed 80.71% (± 0.072) at 200 µg/mL in ABTS assay. The compound harmine, harmaline and PH-HM 17 exhibited highest zone of inhibition 22 mm, 23 mm, 22 mm respectively against Xanthomonas while Irriflophenone-3-C-β- D-glucopyranoside showed maximum zone of inhibition 34 mm against E. coli. The compound isomangiferrin and vasicine contained strong antibacterial activity 32 mm and 22 mm respectively against S. aureus. The compound mangiferrin, astragalin, tiliroside, quercitin-3-O-rhamnoside showed maximum inhibitory zone 32 mm, 26 mm, 24 mm and 22 mm respectively against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Highest cytotoxic effect was observed by compound tiliroside i.e. 95% with LD50 value 73.59 µg/mL. The compound tiliroside showed the best binding mode of interaction to all targeted proteins presenting maximum hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds. The binding affinity of tiliroside was - 17.9, - 14.9, - 14.6, - 13.8, - 12.8 against different proteins 6VAR, 5C5S, IEA3, 2XV7 and 6LUS respectively. Bioactive compounds are significant natural antioxidants, which could help to prevent the progression of various diseases caused by free radicals. Based on molecular docking we have concluded that phytochemicals can have better anticancer and antiviral potential.

The progressive trend of modeling and drug screening systems of breast cancer bone metastasis

Bone metastasis is considered as a considerable challenge for breast cancer patients. Various in vitro and in vivo models have been developed to examine this occurrence. In vitro models are employed to simulate the intricate tumor microenvironment, investigate the interplay between cells and their adjacent microenvironment, and evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions for tumors. The endeavor to replicate the latency period of bone metastasis in animal models has presented a challenge, primarily due to the necessity of primary tumor removal and the presence of multiple potential metastatic sites.The utilization of novel bone metastasis models, including three-dimensional (3D) models, has been proposed as a promising approach to overcome the constraints associated with conventional 2D and animal models. However, existing 3D models are limited by various factors, such as irregular cellular proliferation, autofluorescence, and changes in genetic and epigenetic expression. The imperative for the advancement of future applications of 3D models lies in their standardization and automation. The utilization of artificial intelligence exhibits the capability to predict cellular behavior through the examination of substrate materials' chemical composition, geometry, and mechanical performance. The implementation of these algorithms possesses the capability to predict the progression and proliferation of cancer. This paper reviewed the mechanisms of bone metastasis following primary breast cancer. Current models of breast cancer bone metastasis, along with their challenges, as well as the future perspectives of using these models for translational drug development, were discussed.

In silico Approaches for Exploring the Pharmacological Activities of Benzimidazole Derivatives: A Comprehensive Review

BACKGROUND

This article reviews computational research on benzimidazole derivatives. Cytotoxicity for all compounds against cancer cell lines was measured and the results revealed that many compounds exhibited high inhibitions. This research examines the varied pharmacological properties like anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticonvulsant activities of benzimidazole derivatives. The suggested method summarises In silico research for each activity. This review examines benzimidazole derivative structure-activity relationships and pharmacological effects. In silico investigations can anticipate structural alterations and their effects on these derivative's pharmacological characteristics and efficacy through many computational methods. Molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations and virtual screening help anticipate pharmacological effects and optimize chemical design. These trials will improve lead optimization, target selection, and ADMET property prediction in drug development. In silico benzimidazole derivative studies will be assessed for gaps and future research. Prospective studies might include empirical verification, pharmacodynamic analysis, and computational methodology improvement.

OBJECTIVES

This review discusses benzimidazole derivative In silico research to understand their specific pharmacological effects. This will help scientists design new drugs and guide future research.

METHODS

Latest, authentic and published reports on various benzimidazole derivatives and their activities are being thoroughly studied and analyzed.

RESULT

The overview of benzimidazole derivatives is more comprehensive, highlighting their structural diversity, synthetic strategies, mechanisms of action, and the computational tools used to study them.

CONCLUSION

In silico studies help to understand the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of benzimidazole derivatives. Through meticulous alterations of substituents, ring modifications, and linker groups, this study identified the structural factors influencing the pharmacological activity of benzimidazole derivatives. These findings enable the rational design and optimization of more potent and selective compounds.

Transcriptome analysis unveils the mechanisms of lipid metabolism response to grayanotoxin I stress in Spodoptera litura

Background

Spodoptera litura (tobacco caterpillar, S. litura) is a pest of great economic importance due to being a polyphagous and world-distributed agricultural pest. However, agricultural practices involving chemical pesticides have caused resistance, resurgence, and residue problems, highlighting the need for new, environmentally friendly methods to control the spread of S. litura.

Aim

This study aimed to investigate the gut poisoning of grayanotoxin I, an active compound found in Pieris japonica, on S. litura, and to explore the underlying mechanisms of these effects.

Methods

S. litura was cultivated in a laboratory setting, and their survival rate, growth and development, and pupation time were recorded after grayanotoxin I treatment. RNA-Seq was utilized to screen for differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were conducted to determine the functions of these DEGs. ELISA was employed to analyze the levels of lipase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) staining was used to detect the development of the fat body.

Results

Grayanotoxin I treatment significantly suppressed the survival rate, growth and development, and pupation of S. litura. RNA-Seq analysis revealed 285 DEGs after grayanotoxin I exposure, with over 16 genes related to lipid metabolism. These 285 DEGs were enriched in the categories of cuticle development, larvae longevity, fat digestion and absorption. Grayanotoxin I treatment also inhibited the levels of FFA, lipase, and HOAD in the hemolymph of S. litura.

Conclusion

The results of this study demonstrated that grayanotoxin I inhibited the growth and development of S. litura. The mechanisms might, at least partly, be related to the interference of lipid synthesis, lipolysis, and fat body development. These findings provide valuable insights into a new, environmentally-friendly plant-derived insecticide, grayanotoxin I, to control the spread of S. litura.

The obesogenic side of Genistein

Genistein (GN) has been highly recommended for its medicinal properties like anticancer, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antiviral, and antioxidant activities among others. Recently, scientists realized that Genistein is an endocrine disruptor. It is an obesogen that interferes with the endocrine system causing obesity through many mechanisms like inducing adipocyte differentiation, lipid accumulation, and transformation of some stem cells into adipocytes (bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for example) in vitro. Animal studies show that GN upregulates genes associated with adipogenesis like CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (Cebpα), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (Cebpβ), and PPARγ. In silico studies reveal a strong binding affinity for estrogen receptors. All these findings were contingent on concentration and tissues. It is beyond dispute that obesity is one of the most frustrating medical conditions under the sun. The pathophysiology of this disease was first attributed to a high-calorie diet and lack of physical activity. However, studies proved that these two factors are not enough to account for obesity in both children and adults. This mini review highlights how Genistein interaction with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma protein can cause obesity.

Minimal residual disease (MRD) detection in solid tumors using circulating tumor DNA: a systematic review

Minimal residual disease (MRD) refers to a very small number of residual tumor cells in the body during or after treatment, representing the persistence of the tumor and the possibility of clinical progress. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is a DNA fragment actively secreted by tumor cells or released into the circulatory system during the process of apoptosis or necrosis of tumor cells, which emerging as a non-invasive biomarker to dynamically monitor the therapeutic effect and prediction of recurrence. The feasibility of ctDNA as MRD detection and the revolution in ctDNA-based liquid biopsies provides a potential method for cancer monitoring. In this review, we summarized the main methods of ctDNA detection (PCR-based Sequencing and Next-Generation Sequencing) and their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, we reviewed the significance of ctDNA analysis to guide the adjuvant therapy and predict the relapse of lung, breast and colon cancer et al. Finally, there are still many challenges of MRD detection, such as lack of standardization, false-negatives or false-positives results make misleading, and the requirement of validation using large independent cohorts to improve clinical outcomes.

Enhancing bioavailability of natural extracts for nutritional applications through dry powder inhalers (DPI) spray drying: technological advancements and future directions

Natural ingredients have many applications in modern medicine and pharmaceutical projects. However, they often have low solubility, poor chemical stability, and low bioavailability in vivo. Spray drying technology can overcome these challenges by enhancing the properties of natural ingredients. Moreover, drug delivery systems can be flexibly designed to optimize the performance of natural ingredients. Among the various drug delivery systems, dry powder inhalation (DPI) has attracted much attention in pharmaceutical research. Therefore, this review will focus on the spray drying of natural ingredients for DPI and discuss their synthesis and application.

The roles of glycolysis in osteosarcoma

Metabolic reprogramming is of great significance in the progression of various cancers and is critical for cancer progression, diagnosis, and treatment. Cellular metabolic pathways mainly include glycolysis, fat metabolism, glutamine decomposition, and oxidative phosphorylation. In cancer cells, reprogramming metabolic pathways is used to meet the massive energy requirement for tumorigenesis and development. Metabolisms are also altered in malignant osteosarcoma (OS) cells. Among reprogrammed metabolisms, alterations in aerobic glycolysis are key to the massive biosynthesis and energy demands of OS cells to sustain their growth and metastasis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that compared to normal cells, glycolysis in OS cells under aerobic conditions is substantially enhanced to promote malignant behaviors such as proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance of OS. Glycolysis in OS is closely related to various oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, and numerous signaling pathways have been reported to be involved in the regulation of glycolysis. In recent years, a vast number of inhibitors and natural products have been discovered to inhibit OS progression by targeting glycolysis-related proteins. These potential inhibitors and natural products may be ideal candidates for the treatment of osteosarcoma following hundreds of preclinical and clinical trials. In this article, we explore key pathways, glycolysis enzymes, non-coding RNAs, inhibitors, and natural products regulating aerobic glycolysis in OS cells to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between glycolysis and the progression of OS and discover novel therapeutic approaches targeting glycolytic metabolism in OS.

The importance of natural chalcones in ischemic organ damage: Comprehensive and bioinformatic analysis review

Over the last few decades, extensive research has been conducted, yielding a detailed account of thousands of newly discovered compounds of natural origin and their biological activities, all of which have the potential to be used for a wide range of therapeutic purposes. There are multiple research papers denoting the central objective of chalcones, which have been shown to have therapeutic potential against various forms of ischemia. The various aspects of chalcones are discussed in this review regarding molecular mechanisms involved in the promising anti-ischemic potential of these chalcones. The main mechanisms involved in these protective effects are Nrf2/Akt activation and NF-κB/TLR4 suppression. Furthermore, in-silico studies were carried out to discover the probable binding of these chalcones to Keap-1 (an inhibitor of Nrf2), Akt, NF-κB, and TLR4 protein molecules. Besides, network pharmacology analysis was conducted to predict the interacting partners of these signals. The obtained results indicated that Nrf2, Akt, NF-κB, and TLR4 are involved in the beneficial anti-ischemic actions of chalcones. Conclusively, the present findings show that chalcones as anti-ischemic agents have a valid rationale. The discussed studies will provide a comprehensive viewpoint on chalcones and can help to optimize their effects in different ischemia. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Ischemic organ damage is an unavoidable pathological condition with a high worldwide incidence. According to the current research progress, natural chalcones have been proved to treat and/or prevent various types of ischemic organ damage by alleviating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis by different molecular mechanisms. This article displays the comprehensive research progress and the molecular basis of ischemic organ damage pathophysiology and introduces natural chalcones' mechanism in the ischemic organ condition.

From Hops to Craft Beers: Production Process, VOCs Profile Characterization, Total Polyphenol and Flavonoid Content Determination and Antioxidant Activity Evaluation

In this work, selections of seven international hop varieties and three craft beers obtained from them were analyzed by SPME-GC/MS techniques with the aim to describe their volatile chemical profile. The brewing process was also reported. Furthermore, the hop extracts and beers were investigated to determine their flavonoid and polyphenol content and to evaluate their antioxidant power by DPPH and ABTS assays. The findings showed the presence of compounds belonging to different chemical classes such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, alcohols, esters and fatty acids. In particular, sesquiterpenes were the main compounds with β-caryophyllene (from 1.7 to 16.2%) and humulene (from 10.8 to 43.9%) as the major components in all varieties of dried hop cones investigated. On the contrary, with the exception for the Pacific sample, monoterpenes were the class of compounds that were more abundant in the hop extracts and, among these, β-myrcene appeared to be the predominant constituent (from 31.8 to 71.4%). Regarding the craft beers obtained by adding these hop varieties, some differences in the qualitative and quantitative volatile composition have been found. All hop samples showed a high scavenging potential against both radicals. In the case of DPPH, the obtained IC50 values ranged from 0.027 to 0.047 mg/mL while they varied between 0.023 and 0.134 mg/mL by the ABTS assay. A positive correlation was found with polyphenol and flavonoid contents. Among beer samples, ACD was the richest one in polyphenols (292.0 mg GAE/100 mL beer) and flavonoids (5.8 mg QE/100 mL beer) and the most powerful against DPPH• and ABTS•+ radicals with IC50 values equal to 4.969 and 0.198 v/v%, respectively.

Antioxidants in Hops: Bioavailability, Health Effects and Perspectives for New Products

Hop plant (Humulus lupulus L.) has been used by humans for ages, presumably first as a herbal remedy, then in the manufacturing of different products, from which beer is the most largely consumed. Female hops cones have different useful chemical compounds, an important class being antioxidants, mainly polyphenols. This narrative review describes the main antioxidants in hops, their bioavailability and biological effects, and the results obtained by now in the primary and secondary prevention of several non-communicable diseases, such as the metabolic syndrome related diseases and oncology. This article presents in vitro and in vivo data in order to better understand what was accomplished in terms of knowledge and practice, and what needs to be clarified by additional studies, mainly regarding xantohumol and its derivates, as well as regarding the bitter acids of hops. The multiple protective effects found by different studies are hindered up to now by the low bioavailability of some of the main antioxidants in hops. However, there are new promising products with important health effects and perspectives of use as food supplements, in a market where consumers increasingly search for products originating directly from plants.

An update on extra-oral bitter taste receptors

Bitter taste-sensing type 2 receptors (TAS2Rs or T2Rs), belonging to the subgroup of family A G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), are of crucial importance in the perception of bitterness. Although in the first instance, TAS2Rs were considered to be exclusively distributed in the apical microvilli of taste bud cells, numerous studies have detected these sensory receptor proteins in several extra-oral tissues, such as in pancreatic or ovarian tissues, as well as in their corresponding malignancies. Critical points of extra-oral TAS2Rs biology, such as their structure, roles, signaling transduction pathways, extensive mutational polymorphism, and molecular evolution, have been currently broadly studied. The TAS2R cascade, for instance, has been recently considered to be a pivotal modulator of a number of (patho)physiological processes, including adipogenesis or carcinogenesis. The latest advances in taste receptor biology further raise the possibility of utilizing TAS2Rs as a therapeutic target or as an informative index to predict treatment responses in various disorders. Thus, the focus of this review is to provide an update on the expression and molecular basis of TAS2Rs functions in distinct extra-oral tissues in health and disease. We shall also discuss the therapeutic potential of novel TAS2Rs targets, which are appealing due to their ligand selectivity, expression pattern, or pharmacological profiles.

Anticancer Activity of Natural and Synthetic Chalcones

Cancer is a condition caused by many mechanisms (genetic, immune, oxidation, and inflammatory). Anticancer therapy aims to destroy or stop the growth of cancer cells. Resistance to treatment is theleading cause of the inefficiency of current standard therapies. Targeted therapies are the most effective due to the low number of side effects and low resistance. Among the small molecule natural compounds, flavonoids are of particular interest for theidentification of new anticancer agents. Chalcones are precursors to all flavonoids and have many biological activities. The anticancer activity of chalcones is due to the ability of these compounds to act on many targets. Natural chalcones, such as licochalcones, xanthohumol (XN), panduretin (PA), and loncocarpine, have been extensively studied and modulated. Modification of the basic structure of chalcones in order to obtain compounds with superior cytotoxic properties has been performed by modulating the aromatic residues, replacing aromatic residues with heterocycles, and obtaining hybrid molecules. A huge number of chalcone derivatives with residues such as diaryl ether, sulfonamide, and amine have been obtained, their presence being favorable for anticancer activity. Modification of the amino group in the structure of aminochalconesis always favorable for antitumor activity. This is why hybrid molecules of chalcones with different nitrogen hetercycles in the molecule have been obtained. From these, azoles (imidazole, oxazoles, tetrazoles, thiazoles, 1,2,3-triazoles, and 1,2,4-triazoles) are of particular importance for the identification of new anticancer agents.

Xanthohumol: A Metabolite with Promising Anti-Neoplastic Potential

The overwhelming globalburden of cancer has posed numerous challenges and opportunities for developing anti-cancer therapies. Phytochemicalshave emerged as promising synergistic compounds with potential anti-cancer effects to supplement chemo- and immune-therapeutic regimens. Anti cancer synergistic effects have been investigated in the interaction between phytocompounds derived from flavonoids such as quercetin, apigenin, kaempferol, hesperidin, emodin etc., and conventional drugs. Xanthohumol is one of the prenylatedphytoflavonoid that has demonstrated key anti-cancer activities in in vitro (anti proliferation of cancer cell lines) and in vivo(animal models of xenograft tumours)studies, and has been explored from different dimensions for targeting cancer subtypes. In the last decade, xanthohumol has been investigated how it induces the anti-cancer effects at cellular and molecular level.The different signalling cascades and targets of xanthohumolare summarized in thisreview.Overall, this reviewsummarizes the current advances made in the field of natural compounds with special reference to xanthohumol and its promising anti-cancer effectsto inhibit tumour progression.The present review hasalso touched upon the potential of xanthohumol transitioning into a lead candidate from nano-therapy viewpoint along with the challenges which need to be addressed for extensive pre-clinical and clinical anti-cancer studies.

Xanthohumol Inhibits TGF-β1-Induced Cardiac Fibroblasts Activation via Mediating PTEN/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway

Background

Xanthohumol (Xn) is the most abundant prenylated flavonoid in Hops (Humulus lupulus L.), and exhibits a range of pharmacological activities. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Xn on TGF-β1-induced cardiac fibroblasts activation and elucidate the underlying mechanism.

Materials and Methods

The cellTiter 96^® AQueous one solution cell proliferation assay kit was adopted to determine the cell viability of cardiac fibroblasts, and the proliferation was detected through 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay. The α-SMA protein expression was measured by using immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Western blotting was conducted to test the protein expressions of collagen I and III, PTEN, p-Akt, Akt, p-mTOR, mTOR, p-Smad3, Smad3 and GAPDH. The mRNA levels of α-SMA, collagen I and III were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results

Xn inhibited the TGF-β1-induced proliferation, differentiation and collagen overproduction of cardiac fibroblasts. TGF-β1 induced the down-regulated PTEN expression, Akt and mTOR phosphorylation. These effects of TGF-β1 were suppressed by Xn, while blocking of PTEN reduced Xn-mediated inhibitory effect on cardiac fibroblasts activation induced by TGF-β1.

Conclusion

Xn inhibits TGF-β1-induced cardiac fibroblasts activation via mediating PTEN/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

Xanthohumol targets the ERK1/2‑Fra1 signaling axis to reduce cyclin D1 expression and inhibit non‑small cell lung cancer

High expression of cyclin D1 has a crucial role in the maintenance of unlimited cell growth in human cancer cells. The present study indicated that cyclin D1 was overexpressed in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumor tissues and cell lines. Knockout of cyclin D1 suppressed NSCLC cell growth, colony formation and in vivo tumor growth. Of note, the natural product xanthohumol (Xanth) inhibited NSCLC cells via the downregulation of cyclin D1. A further mechanistic study revealed that Xanth suppressed ERK1/2 signaling and reduced the protein levels of FOS-related antigen 1 (Fra1), which eventually inhibited the transcriptional activity of activator protein-1 and decreased the mRNA level of cyclin D1. Furthermore, suppression of ERK1/2 impaired Fra1 phosphorylation and enhanced Xanth-induced Fra1 ubiquitination and degradation. In addition, the S265D mutation compromised Xanth-induced Fra1 degradation. Finally, the in vivo anti-tumor effect of Xanth was validated in a xenograft mouse model. In summary, the present results indicated that targeting ERK1/2-Fra1-cyclin D1 signaling is a promising anti-tumor strategy for NSCLC treatment.

Xanthohumol Inhibits the Growth of Keratin 18-Overexpressed Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in vitro and in vivo

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Xanthohumol is a prenylated flavonoid isolated from hops. Although xanthohumol has been reported to exert anti-obesity, hypoglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemia and anti-cancer activities, the mechanisms underlying its chemotherapeutic activity are yet to be elucidated. In the present study, we found that xanthohumol inhibited ESCC cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo by targeting keratin (KRT)-18. Xanthohumol suppressed the proliferation, foci formation, and anchorage-independent colony growth of KYSE30 cells. Using xanthohumol-sepharose conjugated bead pull-down and mass/mass analysis, we found that KRT18 is a novel target of xanthohumol in KYSE30 cells. KRT18 protein was highly expressed in patient ESCC tissues compared to adjunct tissues. Anti-proliferative activity of xanthohumol was abrogated or enhanced according to the knockdown or overexpression of KRT18 protein, respectively. Xanthohumol also induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G1 phase which was associated with the modulation of expression of related makers including cyclin D1, cyclin D3, and cleaved-PARP, Bcl-2, cytochrome c and Bax. While xanthohumol attenuated KRT18 protein expression, it failed to cause any change in the KRT18 mRNA level. Furthermore, oral administration of xanthohumol decreased tumor volume and weight in patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) tumors having overexpressed KRT18. Overall these results suggest that xanthohumol acts as a KRT18 regulator to suppress the growth of ESCC.

Broussoflavonol B from Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold Exerts Anti-Pancreatic Cancer Activity through Downregulating FoxM1

Pancreatic cancer has a high mortality rate due to poor rates of early diagnosis. One tumor suppressor gene in particular, p53, is frequently mutated in pancreatic cancer, and mutations in p53 can inactivate normal wild type p53 activity and increase expression of transcription factor forkhead box M1 (FoxM1). Overexpression of FoxM1 accelerates cellular proliferation and cancer progression. Therefore, inhibition of FoxM1 represents a therapeutic strategy for treating pancreatic cancer. Broussoflavonol B (BF-B), isolated from the stem bark of Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold has previously been shown to inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells. This study aimed to investigate whether BF-B exhibits anti-pancreatic cancer activity and if so, identify the underlying mechanism. BF-B reduced cell proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest, and inhibited cell migration and invasion of human pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells (p53 mutated). Interestingly, BF-B down-regulated FoxM1 expression at both the mRNA and protein level. It also suppressed the expression of FoxM1 downstream target genes, such as cyclin D1, cyclin B1, and survivin. Cell cycle analysis showed that BF-B induced the arrest of G0/G1 phase. BF-B reduced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase ½ (ERK½) and expression of ERK½ downstream effector c-Myc, which regulates cell proliferation. Furthermore, BF-B inhibited cell migration and invasion, which are downstream functional properties of FoxM1. These results suggested that BF-B could repress pancreatic cancer cell proliferation by inactivation of the ERK/c-Myc/FoxM1 signaling pathway. Broussoflavonol B from Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold may represent a novel chemo-therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer.

Xanthohumol suppresses glioblastoma via modulation of Hexokinase 2 -mediated glycolysis

Deregulation of aerobic glycolysis is a common phenomenon in human cancers, including glioblastoma (GBM). In the present study, we demonstrated that the natural compound xanthohumol has a profound anti-tumor effect on GBM via direct inhibition of glycolysis. Xanthohumol suppressed cell proliferation and colony formation of GBM cells, and significantly impaired glucose metabolism via inhibiting Hexokinase 2 (HK2) expression. We demonstrated that down-regulation of c-Myc was required for xanthohumol-induced decrease of HK2. Xanthohumol destabilization of c-Myc, and promoted FBW7-mediated ubiquitination of c-Myc. Xanthohumol attenuated Akt activity and inhibited the activation of GSK3β, resulted in c-Myc degradation. Overexpression of Myr-Akt1 significantly rescued xanthohumol-mediated c-Myc inhibition and glycolysis suppression. Finally, the xanthohumol-mediated down-regulation of the PI3-K/Akt-GSK3beta-FBW7 signaling axis promoted the destabilization of c-Myc. Finally, the animal results demonstrated that xanthohumol substantially inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Collectively, xanthohumol appears to be a promising new anti-tumor agent with the therapeutic potential for GBM.

Antiproliferative Effect of Acridine Chalcone Is Mediated by Induction of Oxidative Stress

Chalcones are naturally occurring phytochemicals with diverse biological activities including antioxidant, antiproliferative, and anticancer effects. Some studies indicate that the antiproliferative effect of chalcones may be associated with their pro-oxidant effect. In the present study, we evaluated contribution of oxidative stress in the antiproliferative effect of acridine chalcone 1C ((2 E)-3-(acridin-9-yl)-1-(2,6-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one) in human colorectal HCT116 cells. We demonstrated that chalcone 1C induced oxidative stress via increased reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and superoxide production with a simultaneous weak adaptive activation of the cellular antioxidant defence mechanism. Furthermore, we also showed chalcone-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, and apoptosis induction. Moreover, activation of mitogen activated phosphokinase (MAPK) signalling pathway in 1C-treated cancer cells was also observed. On the other hand, co-treatment of cells with strong antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), significantly attenuated all of the above-mentioned effects of chalcone 1C, that is, decreased oxidant production, prevent mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, and induction of apoptosis, as well as partially preventing the activation of MAPK signalling. Taken together, we documented the role of ROS in the antiproliferative/pro-apoptotic effects of acridine chalcone 1C. Moreover, these data suggest that this chalcone may be useful as a promising anti-cancer agent for treating colon cancer.

Antioxidant, Antiproliferative and Apoptosis-Inducing Efficacy of Fractions from Cassia fistula L. Leaves

: Cassia fistula L. is a highly admirable traditional medicinal plant used for the treatment of various diseases and disorders. The present study was performed to divulge the antioxidant, antiproliferative, and apoptosis-inducing efficacy of fractions from C. fistula leaves. The hexane (CaLH fraction), chloroform (CaLC fraction), ethyl acetate (CaLE fraction), n-butanol (CaLB fraction), and aqueous (CaLA fraction) were sequentially fractionated from 80% methanolic (CaLM extract) of C. fistula leaves. The CaLE fraction was fractionated using column chromatography to yield a pure compound, which was characterized as Epiafzelechin (CFL1) based on 1H, 13C, and DEPT135 NMR. Among these fractions, CaLE and isolated CFL1 fractions exhibited an effective antioxidant potential in Ferric ion reducing power, (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline -6-sulfonic acid)) cation radical scavenging, and nitric oxide radical scavenging assays. Epiafzelechin was investigated for its antiproliferative effects against MG-63 (osteosarcoma), IMR-32 (neuroblastoma), and PC-3 (prostate adenocarcinoma), and was found to inhibit cell proliferation with a GI50 value of 8.73, 9.15, and 11.8 μM respectively. MG-63 cells underwent apoptotic cell death on treatment with Epiafzelechin as the cells showed the formation of apoptotic bodies, enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization along with an increase in early apoptotic cell population analyzed using Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining assay. Cells showed cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase accompanied by a downregulation in the expression levels of p-Akt (Protein kinase B), p-GSK-3β (Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta), and Bcl-xl (B-cell lymphoma-extra large) proteins. RT-PCR (Real time-polymerase chain reaction) analysis revealed downregulation in the gene expression level of β-catenin and CDK2 (cyclin-dependent kinases-2) while it upregulated the expression level of caspase-8 and p53 genes in MG-63 cells.

Formation of Prenylated Chalcone Xanthohumol Cocrystals: Single Crystal X-Ray Diffraction, Vibrational Spectroscopic Study Coupled with Multivariate Analysis

Four novel xanthohumol (XN) cocrystals with pharmaceutically acceptable coformers, such as nicotinamide (NIC), glutarimide (GA), acetamide (AC), and caffeine (CF) in the 1:1 stoichiometry were obtained by the slow evaporation solution growth technique. The structure of the cocrystals was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The analysis of packing and interactions in the crystal lattice revealed that molecules in the target cocrystals were packed into almost flat layers, formed by the O–H⋅⋅⋅O, O–H⋅⋅⋅N, and N–H⋅⋅⋅O-type contacts between the xanthohumol and coformer molecules. The results provided details about synthons responsible for crystal net stabilization and all hydrogen bonds observed in the crystal lattice. The main synthon was formed via the hydrogen bond between the hydroxyl group in the B ring of XN and coformers. The three-dimensional crystal lattice was stabilized by the hydrogen XN−XN interactions whereas the π–π stacking interactions played an additional role in layer binding, with the exception of low quality cocrystals formed with caffeine. Application of FTIR and Raman spectroscopy confirmed that the crystalline phase of obtained cocrystals was not a simple combination of individual components and completely different crystal phases resulted from the effect of intermolecular interactions. The multivariate analysis showed the changes in the spectra, and this technique can be applied in a combination with vibrational spectroscopy for fast screening of new crystal phases. Additionally, the solubility studies of pure XN and its cocrystals exhibited a 2.6-fold enhancement in XN solubility in aqueous solution for XN–AC and, to a lesser extent, for other cocrystals.

A New Perspective on the Health Benefits of Moderate Beer Consumption: Involvement of the Gut Microbiota

Beer is the most widely consumed fermented beverage in the world. A moderate consumption of beer has been related to important healthy outcomes, although the mechanisms have not been fully understood. Beer contains only a few raw ingredients but transformations that occur during the brewing process turn beer into a beverage that is enriched in micronutrients. Beer also contains an important number of phenolic compounds and it could be considered to be a source of dietary polyphenols. On the other hand, gut microbiota is now attracting special attention due to its metabolic effects and as because polyphenols are known to interact with gut microbiota. Among others, ferulic acid, xanthohumol, catechins, epicatechins, proanthocyanidins, quercetin, and rutin are some of the beer polyphenols that have been related to microbiota. However, scarce literature exists about the effects of moderate beer consumption on gut microbiota. In this review, we focus on the relationship between beer polyphenols and gut microbiota, with special emphasis on the health outcomes.

Micelles Loaded With Puerarin And Modified With Triphenylphosphonium Cation Possess Mitochondrial Targeting And Demonstrate Enhanced Protective Effect Against Isoprenaline-Induced H9c2 Cells Apoptosis

Background

The protective role of puerarin (PUE) against myocardial infarction is closely related to its regulation on mitochondria. However, free PUE can hardly reach the mitochondria of ischemic cardiomyocytes due to the lack of mitochondrial targeting of PUE. Here PUE was loaded into mitochondria-targeted micelles (PUE@TPP/PEG-PE) for precisely delivering PUE into mitochondria with the aim of enhancing the anti-apoptosis effect.

Methods

The mitochondriotropic polymer TPP-PEG-PE was synthesized for the preparation of PUE@TPP/PEG-PE micelles modified with triphenylphosphonium (TPP) cation. The physicochemical properties and anti-apoptosis effect of PUE@TPP/PEG-PE micelles were investigated. The coumarin 6 (C6)-labeled TPP/PEG-PE (C6@TPP/PEG-PE) micelles were used to observe the enhanced cellular uptake, mitochondrial targeting and lysosomes escape. Moreover, in vivo and ex vivo biodistribution of lipophilic near-infrared dye 1,1ʹ-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3ʹ-tetramethylindotricarbocyanine iodide (DiR)-labeled PUE@TPP/PEG-PE (DiR@TPP/PEG-PE) micelles were detected through fluorescence imaging.

Results

The successful synthesis of TPP-PEG-PE conjugate was confirmed. PUE@TPP/PEG-PE micelles had a particle size of 17.1 nm, a zeta potential of −6.2 mV, and a sustained-release behavior. The in vitro results showed that the intracellular uptake of C6@TPP/PEG-PE micelles was significantly enhanced in H9c2 cells. C6@TPP/PEG-PE micelles could deliver C6 to mitochondria and reduce the capture of lysosomes. In addition, compared with the PUE@PEG-PE micelles and free PUE, the PUE@TPP/PEG-PE micelles exerted an enhanced protective effect against isoprenaline-induced H9c2 cell apoptosis, as evident by the decreased percentage of apoptotic cells, Caspase-3 activity, ROS level, Bax expression, and increased Bcl-2 expression. The in vivo detecting results of the targeting effect using DiR probe also indicated that TPP/PEG-PE micelles could accumulate and retain in the ischemic myocardium.

Conclusion

The results of this study demonstrate the promising potential of applying PUE@TPP/PEG-PE micelles in mitochondria-targeted drug delivery to achieve maximum therapeutic effects of PUE.

Role of Characteristic Components of Humulus lupulus in Promoting Human Health

Over the next 50 years, the prevention and control of chronic diseases, such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, and many cancers, will be one of the most critical challenges in human health. Plant biochemistry and phytonutrient supplements are a promising complementary therapy for the management of chronic disease. Among them, Humulus lupulus has attracted special attention throughout the world because it contains numerous dietary phytochemicals that not only contribute to the aroma and flavor of beer but may also be used for medicinal purposes, as its properties include antiseptic, (an)aphrodisiac, anticancer, antiplatelet, antibacterial, antidiuretic, anti-inflammatory, sedative, hypnotic, and stomachic properties. This review sought to identify and understand the risk factors for chronic disease with a focus on two types of phytochemicals, bitter acids and xanthohumol. The goal was to understand how their metabolites promote human health and reduce the risk of chronic disease.