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Ford T, Aina A, Ellison S, Gordon T, Stansell Z. Utilizing digitized occurrence records of Midwestern feral Cannabis sativa to develop ecological niche models. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11325. [PMID: 39005882 PMCID: PMC11239322 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has historically played a vital role in agriculture across the globe. Feral and wild populations have served as genetic resources for breeding, conservation, and adaptation to changing environmental conditions. However, feral populations of Cannabis, specifically in the Midwestern United States, remain poorly understood. This study aims to characterize the abiotic tolerances of these populations, estimate suitable areas, identify regions at risk of abiotic suitability change, and highlight the utility of ecological niche models (ENMs) in germplasm conservation. The Maxent algorithm was used to construct a series of ENMs. Validation metrics and MOP (Mobility-oriented Parity) analysis were used to assess extrapolation risk and model performance. We also projected the final projected under current and future climate scenarios (2021-2040 and 2061-2080) to assess how abiotic suitability changes with time. Climate change scenarios indicated an expansion of suitable habitat, with priority areas for germplasm collection in Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska. This study demonstrates the application of ENMs for characterizing feral Cannabis populations and highlights their value in germplasm conservation and breeding efforts. Populations of feral C. sativa in the Midwest are of high interest, and future research should focus on utilizing tools to aid the collection of materials for the characterization of genetic diversity and adaptation to a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori Ford
- USDA‐Agricultural Research Service, Plant Genetic Resources UnitGenevaNew YorkUSA
| | - Ademola Aina
- Department of Plant and Agroecosystem SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Shelby Ellison
- Department of Plant and Agroecosystem SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Tyler Gordon
- USDA‐Agricultural Research Service, Plant Genetic Resources UnitGenevaNew YorkUSA
| | - Zachary Stansell
- USDA‐Agricultural Research Service, Plant Genetic Resources UnitGenevaNew YorkUSA
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2
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Balant M, Garnatje T, Vitales D, Hidalgo O, Chitwood DH. Intra-leaf modeling of Cannabis leaflet shape produces leaf models that predict genetic and developmental identities. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:781-796. [PMID: 38757746 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The iconic, palmately compound leaves of Cannabis have attracted significant attention in the past. However, investigations into the genetic basis of leaf shape or its connections to phytochemical composition have yielded inconclusive results. This is partly due to prominent changes in leaflet number within a single plant during development, which has so far prevented the proper use of common morphometric techniques. Here, we present a new method that overcomes the challenge of nonhomologous landmarks in palmate, pinnate, and lobed leaves, using Cannabis as an example. We model corresponding pseudo-landmarks for each leaflet as angle-radius coordinates and model them as a function of leaflet to create continuous polynomial models, bypassing the problems associated with variable number of leaflets between leaves. We analyze 341 leaves from 24 individuals from nine Cannabis accessions. Using 3591 pseudo-landmarks in modeled leaves, we accurately predict accession identity, leaflet number, and relative node number. Intra-leaf modeling offers a rapid, cost-effective means of identifying Cannabis accessions, making it a valuable tool for future taxonomic studies, cultivar recognition, and possibly chemical content analysis and sex identification, in addition to permitting the morphometric analysis of leaves in any species with variable numbers of leaflets or lobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manica Balant
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona, IBB (CSIC-CMCNB), Passeig del Migdia s.n., 08038, Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratori de Botànica, Unitat Associada al CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Teresa Garnatje
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona, IBB (CSIC-CMCNB), Passeig del Migdia s.n., 08038, Barcelona, Spain
- Jardí Botànic Marimurtra - Fundació Carl Faust, pg. Carles Faust, 9, 17300, Blanes, Spain
| | - Daniel Vitales
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona, IBB (CSIC-CMCNB), Passeig del Migdia s.n., 08038, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriane Hidalgo
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona, IBB (CSIC-CMCNB), Passeig del Migdia s.n., 08038, Barcelona, Spain
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Daniel H Chitwood
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Dal Martello R, Min R, Stevens CJ, Qin L, Fuller DQ. Morphometric approaches to Cannabis evolution and differentiation from archaeological sites: interpreting the archaeobotanical evidence from bronze age Haimenkou, Yunnan. VEGETATION HISTORY AND ARCHAEOBOTANY 2023; 33:503-518. [PMID: 38803353 PMCID: PMC11127845 DOI: 10.1007/s00334-023-00966-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis grains are frequently reported from archaeological sites in Asia, and hypothesized centers of origins are China and Central Asia. Chinese early cannabis remains are often interpreted as evidence of hemp fabric production, in line with early textual evidence describing ritualistic hemp cloth use and hemp cultivation as a grain crop. Modern measurements on cannabis varieties show distinct sizes between fibre or oil/fibre and psychoactive varieties, the former having larger seeds on average than the latter. This paper reviews the current macro-botanical evidence for cannabis across East, Central and South Asia and builds a comparative framework based on modern cannabis seed measurements to help identify cannabis use in the past, through the metric analysis of archaeologically preserved seeds. Over 800 grains of cannabis were retrieved from the 2008 excavation of Haimenkou, Yunnan, Southwest China, dating to between 1650 and 400 bc. These are compared with other known archaeological cannabis and interpreted through the metric framework. This offers a basis for exploration of the seed morphometrics potential to infer cannabis cultivation and diversification in uses. At Haimenkou, cannabis seeds size mostly plot in the range of overlapping psychoactive/fibre types; we therefore suggest that the cannabis assemblage from Haimenkou is indicative of a crop beginning to undergo evolution from its early domesticated form towards a diversified crop specialized for alternative uses, including larger oilseed/fibre adapted varieties. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00334-023-00966-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Dal Martello
- Department of Asian and North African studies, Ca’ Foscari University, Dorsoduro 3462, 30123 Venice, Italy
- Domestication and Anthropogenic Evolution Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Kahlaische Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Rui Min
- Yunnan Province Institute for Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Kunming, 650118 China
| | - Chris J. Stevens
- Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 31-33 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0PY UK
- Department of Archaeology, Cambridge University, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DZ UK
| | - Ling Qin
- School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Yiheyuan Rd. 5, Haidian District, Beijing, 10087 China
| | - Dorian Q. Fuller
- Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 31-33 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0PY UK
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710127 Shaanxi China
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4
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Xie Z, Mi Y, Kong L, Gao M, Chen S, Chen W, Meng X, Sun W, Chen S, Xu Z. Cannabis sativa: origin and history, glandular trichome development, and cannabinoid biosynthesis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad150. [PMID: 37691962 PMCID: PMC10485653 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Is Cannabis a boon or bane? Cannabis sativa has long been a versatile crop for fiber extraction (industrial hemp), traditional Chinese medicine (hemp seeds), and recreational drugs (marijuana). Cannabis faced global prohibition in the twentieth century because of the psychoactive properties of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol; however, recently, the perspective has changed with the recognition of additional therapeutic values, particularly the pharmacological potential of cannabidiol. A comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanism of cannabinoid biosynthesis is necessary to cultivate and promote globally the medicinal application of Cannabis resources. Here, we comprehensively review the historical usage of Cannabis, biosynthesis of trichome-specific cannabinoids, regulatory network of trichome development, and synthetic biology of cannabinoids. This review provides valuable insights into the efficient biosynthesis and green production of cannabinoids, and the development and utilization of novel Cannabis varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yaolei Mi
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lingzhe Kong
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Maolun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiangxiao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Wei Sun
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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Moore CF, Weerts EM, Kulpa J, Schwotzer D, Dye W, Jantzi J, McDonald JD, Lefever TW, Bonn-Miller MO. Pharmacokinetics of Oral Minor Cannabinoids in Blood and Brain. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:S51-S61. [PMID: 37721988 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Minor cannabinoids are increasingly being consumed in oral formulations (i.e., edibles, tinctures) for medical and nonmedical purposes. This study examined the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of cannabinoids tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabinol (CBN), and delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (D8-THC) after the first and last oral dose during a 14-day administration period. Materials and Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats (N=6 animals/dose, 50% female) were given an assigned dose of one of four cannabinoids (THCV=3.2-100 mg/kg, CBC=3.2-100 mg/kg, CBN=1-100 mg/kg, or D8-THC=0.32-10 mg/kg) or vehicle (medium-chain triglyceride oil) through oral gavage once daily for 14 days. Blood was collected 45 min and 1.5, 3, and 24 h following the first dose (day 1) and the last dose (day 14) of repeated oral cannabinoid treatment for PK analysis. Outcomes of interest included time to maximum concentration (Tmax), maximum concentration (Cmax), and area under the concentration versus time curve (AUClast). Dose-normalized (DN) Cmax and DN AUClast were also calculated. Brain tissue was collected 24 h post-administration of the first (day 1) and the last (day 14) dose of each cannabinoid to determine concentrations in brain. Results: All cannabinoids tested were detectable in plasma after single and 14-day repeated dosing. DN Cmax and DN AUClast were highest for D8-THC, followed by CBC, CBN, and THCV. There was no sex difference observed in cannabinoid kinetics. Accumulation of D8-THC in plasma was observed after 14 days of administration. THCV levels in plasma were lower on day 14 compared to day 1, indicating potential adaptation of metabolic pathways and increased drug elimination. Cannabinoids were detected in brain tissue 24 h post-administration of the first and the last dose of 17-100 mg/kg THCV, 3.2-100 mg/kg CBC, 10-100 mg/kg CBN, and 10 mg/kg D8-THC. Conclusions: THCV, CBC, CBN, and D8-THC produced detectable levels in plasma and translocated to brain tissue after the first dose (day 1) and the last dose (day 14) of repeated oral dosing. Examination of PKs of these minor cannabinoids in blood and brain provides a critical step for informing target dose ranges and dosing schedules in future studies that evaluate the potential effects of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine F Moore
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elise M Weerts
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Justyna Kulpa
- Canopy Growth Corporation, Smiths Falls, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Wendy Dye
- Lovelace Biomedical, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jacob Jantzi
- Lovelace Biomedical, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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6
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Bachir F, El Oualidi J, Benkhnigue O, Fekhaoui M. Analysis of Morphological Traits in Herbarium of Historical Cannabis Specimens from Maghreb: Morphological Characteristics of Landrace Kif. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023. [PMID: 37639688 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Exploring the morphological traits of historical Cannabis populations from the Maghreb can provide invaluable information about the characteristics of the Maghreb Landrace Kif and contribute to the preservation of this vulnerable Cannabis resource. Aim: The purpose of the present study was to analyze the morphological characteristics of Cannabis specimens collected before worldwide introgressive hybridization and summarize the morphological traits of the Maghreb Landrace Kif. Discussion: Despite the limited number of specimens collected in the Maghreb, this study identified distinct types of Cannabis in the herbaria, including the Maghreb Landrace Kif, European hemp, and potentially East Asian hemp. By examining the morphological traits of kif specimens and reviewing the relevant literature, the study identifies the morphological traits that tend to characterize Maghreb Landrace Kif. Morphologically, Kif is different from drug-type Cannabis indica ("Sativa" and "Indica"). It resembles European hemp Cannabis sativa, but has female inflorescence characteristics that allow it to be distinguished from the latter, even when the growing conditions are optimal. These are the density of pistillate inflorescences (perigonal bract-to-leaf index), and the capitate stalked glandular trichomes cover density on the perigonal bracts. Conclusion: The characteristics of pistillate inflorescences identified in this study can be used to distinguish and select plants before phytochemical and genetic analysis, thus facilitating the identification of the Maghreb Landrace Kif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Bachir
- Geo-Biodiversity and Natural Patrimony Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Scientific Institute, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Jalal El Oualidi
- Department of Botany and Plant Ecology, Scientific Institute, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ouafae Benkhnigue
- Department of Botany and Plant Ecology, Scientific Institute, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Fekhaoui
- Geo-Biodiversity and Natural Patrimony Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Scientific Institute, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
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7
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Hourfane S, Mechqoq H, Bekkali AY, Rocha JM, El Aouad N. A Comprehensive Review on Cannabis sativa Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, Molecular Docking and Biological Activities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1245. [PMID: 36986932 PMCID: PMC10058143 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
For more than a century, Cannabis was considered a narcotic and has been banned by lawmakers all over the world. In recent years, interest in this plant has increased due to its therapeutic potential, in addition to a very interesting chemical composition, characterized by the presence of an atypical family of molecules known as phytocannabinoids. With this emerging interest, it is very important to take stock of what research has been conducted so far on the chemistry and biology of Cannabis sativa. The aim of this review is to describe the traditional uses, chemical composition and biological activities of different parts of this plant, as well as the molecular docking studies. Information was collected from electronic databases, namely SciFinder, ScienceDirect, PubMed and Web of Science. Cannabis is mainly popular for its recreational use, but it is also traditionally used as remedy for the treatment of several diseases, including diabetes, digestive, circulatory, genital, nervous, urinary, skin and respiratory diseases. These biological proprieties are mainly due to the presence of bioactive metabolites represented by more than 550 different molecules. Molecular docking simulations proved the presence of affinities between Cannabis compounds and several enzymes responsible for anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiepileptic and anticancer activities. Several biological activities have been evaluated on the metabolites of Cannabis sativa, and these works have shown the presence of antioxidant, antibacterial, anticoagulant, antifungal, anti-aflatoxigenic, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective and dermocosmetic activities. This paper presents the up-to-date reported investigations and opens many reflections and further research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohaib Hourfane
- Research Team on Natural Products Chemistry and Smart Technology (NPC-ST), Polydisciplinary Faculty of Larache, Route de Rabat, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 92000, Morocco
| | - Hicham Mechqoq
- Research Team on Natural Products Chemistry and Smart Technology (NPC-ST), Polydisciplinary Faculty of Larache, Route de Rabat, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 92000, Morocco
| | - Abdellah Yassine Bekkali
- Research Team on Natural Products Chemistry and Smart Technology (NPC-ST), Polydisciplinary Faculty of Larache, Route de Rabat, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 92000, Morocco
| | - João Miguel Rocha
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Noureddine El Aouad
- Research Team on Natural Products Chemistry and Smart Technology (NPC-ST), Polydisciplinary Faculty of Larache, Route de Rabat, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 92000, Morocco
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Gloerfelt-Tarp F, Hewavitharana AK, Mieog J, Palmer WM, Fraser F, Ansari O, Kretzschmar T. Using a global diversity panel of Cannabis sativa L. to develop a near InfraRed-based chemometric application for cannabinoid quantification. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2253. [PMID: 36755037 PMCID: PMC9908977 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
C. sativa has gained renewed interest as a cash crop for food, fibre and medicinal markets. Irrespective of the final product, rigorous quantitative testing for cannabinoids, the regulated biologically active constituents of C. sativa, is a legal prerequisite across the supply chains. Currently, the medicinal cannabis and industrial hemp industries depend on costly chromatographic analysis for cannabinoid quantification, limiting production, research and development. Combined with chemometrics, Near-InfraRed spectroscopy (NIRS) has potential as a rapid, accurate and economical alternative method for cannabinoid analysis. Using chromatographic data on 12 therapeutically relevant cannabinoids together with spectral output from a diffuse reflectance NIRS device, predictive chemometric models were built for major and minor cannabinoids using dried, homogenised C. sativa inflorescences from a diverse panel of 84 accessions. Coefficients of determination (r2) of the validation models for 10 of the 12 cannabinoids ranged from 0.8 to 0.95, with models for major cannabinoids showing best performance. NIRS was able to discriminate between neutral and acidic forms of cannabinoids as well as between C3-alkyl and C5-alkyl cannabinoids. The results show that NIRS, when used in conjunction with chemometrics, is a promising method to quantify cannabinoids in raw materials with good predictive results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jos Mieog
- Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - William M Palmer
- Research Division, Rapid Phenotyping (Hone), Newcastle, NSW, 2300, Australia
| | - Felicity Fraser
- Research Division, Rapid Phenotyping (Hone), Newcastle, NSW, 2300, Australia
| | - Omid Ansari
- Ecofibre Ltd, Virginia, QLD, 4014, Australia.,Hemp GenTech, Fig Tree Pocket, QLD, 4069, Australia
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9
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Balant M, Rodríguez González R, Garcia S, Garnatje T, Pellicer J, Vallès J, Vitales D, Hidalgo O. Novel Insights into the Nature of Intraspecific Genome Size Diversity in Cannabis sativa L. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2736. [PMID: 36297761 PMCID: PMC9607409 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa has been used for millennia in traditional medicine for ritual purposes and for the production of food and fibres, thus, providing important and versatile services to humans. The species, which currently has a worldwide distribution, strikes out for displaying a huge morphological and chemical diversity. Differences in Cannabis genome size have also been found, suggesting it could be a useful character to differentiate between accessions. We used flow cytometry to investigate the extent of genome size diversity across 483 individuals belonging to 84 accessions, with a wide range of wild/feral, landrace, and cultivated accessions. We also carried out sex determination using the MADC2 marker and investigated the potential of flow cytometry as a method for early sex determination. All individuals were diploid, with genome sizes ranging from 1.810 up to 2.152 pg/2C (1.189-fold variation), apart from a triploid, with 2.884 pg/2C. Our results suggest that the geographical expansion of Cannabis and its domestication had little impact on its overall genome size. We found significant differences between the genome size of male and female individuals. Unfortunately, differences were, however, too small to be discriminated using flow cytometry through the direct processing of combined male and female individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manica Balant
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s.n., 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roi Rodríguez González
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s.n., 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sònia Garcia
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s.n., 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Teresa Garnatje
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s.n., 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jaume Pellicer
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s.n., 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Green, Richmond TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Joan Vallès
- Laboratori de Botànica (UB), Unitat Associada al CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació–Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27–31, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Daniel Vitales
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s.n., 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Laboratori de Botànica (UB), Unitat Associada al CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació–Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27–31, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Oriane Hidalgo
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s.n., 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Green, Richmond TW9 3AE, UK
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10
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The phytochemical diversity of commercial Cannabis in the United States. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267498. [PMID: 35588111 PMCID: PMC9119530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The legal status of Cannabis is changing, fueling an increasing diversity of Cannabis-derived products. Because Cannabis contains dozens of chemical compounds with potential psychoactive or medicinal effects, understanding this phytochemical diversity is crucial. The legal Cannabis industry heavily markets products to consumers based on widely used labeling systems purported to predict the effects of different "strains." We analyzed the cannabinoid and terpene content of commercial Cannabis samples across six US states, finding distinct chemical phenotypes (chemotypes) which are reliably present. By comparing the observed phytochemical diversity to the commercial labels commonly attached to Cannabis-derived product samples, we show that commercial labels do not consistently align with the observed chemical diversity. However, certain labels do show a biased association with specific chemotypes. These results have implications for the classification of commercial Cannabis, design of animal and human research, and regulation of consumer marketing-areas which today are often divorced from the chemical reality of the Cannabis-derived material they wish to represent.
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11
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Understanding Cannabis sativa L.: Current Status of Propagation, Use, Legalization, and Haploid-Inducer-Mediated Genetic Engineering. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11091236. [PMID: 35567237 PMCID: PMC9104644 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is an illegal plant in many countries. The worldwide criminalization of the plant has for many years limited its research. Consequently, understanding the full scope of its benefits and harm became limited too. However, in recent years the world has witnessed an increased pace in legalization and decriminalization of C. sativa. This has prompted an increase in scientific studies on various aspects of the plant’s growth, development, and use. This review brings together the historical and current information about the plant’s relationship with mankind. We highlight the important aspects of C. sativa classification and identification, carefully analyzing the supporting arguments for both monotypic (single species) and polytypic (multiple species) perspectives. The review also identifies recent studies on suitable conditions and methods for C. sativa propagation as well as highlighting the diverse uses of the plant. Specifically, we describe the beneficial and harmful effects of the prominent phytocannabinoids and provide status of the studies on heterologous synthesis of phytocannabinoids in different biological systems. With a historical view on C. sativa legality, the review also provides an up-to-date worldwide standpoint on its regulation. Finally, we present a summary of the studies on genome editing and suggest areas for future research.
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Tiago FJ, Paiva A, Matias AA, Duarte ARC. Extraction of Bioactive Compounds From Cannabis sativa L. Flowers and/or Leaves Using Deep Eutectic Solvents. Front Nutr 2022; 9:892314. [PMID: 35586733 PMCID: PMC9108863 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.892314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing demand for medical cannabis urges the development of new and effective methods for the extraction of phytocannabinoids. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are an alternative to the use of hazardous organic solvents typically used in the industry. In this study, hydrophilic and hydrophobic DESs were developed based on terpenes, sugars, and natural organic acids as green extraction media for the extraction of cannabis bioactive compounds. The factors influencing the extraction of bioactive components, such as the type of DESs and extraction time, were investigated. Initial screening in hemp showed that the DES composed of Men: Lau (a 2:1-M ratio) had a greater extraction efficiency of cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) (11.07 ± 0.37 mg/g) of all the tested DESs and higher than ethanol. Besides having a higher or equivalent extraction yield as the organic solvents tested, DESs showed to be more selective, extracting fewer impurities, such as chlorophyll and waxes. These results, coupled with the non-toxic, biodegradable, low-cost, and environmentally friendly characteristics of DESs, provide strong evidence that DESs represent a better alternative to organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Tiago
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Paiva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
- DES Solutio, Torres Vedras, Portugal
| | | | - Ana Rita C. Duarte
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
- DES Solutio, Torres Vedras, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Ana Rita C. Duarte,
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Habib G, Aamar S. Metabolic effects of medical cannabis treatment. J Investig Med 2022; 70:446-448. [PMID: 35022250 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2021-002059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis has a wide range of favorable clinical effects on pain, sleep, mood, gastrointestinal symptom, appetite and physical activity, factors that may affect the metabolic profile of the consumer. In this study, we prospectively evaluated patients recently starting medical cannabis treatment. All patients from the rheumatology clinic, who were just approved for medical cannabis treatment for resistant chronic pain, were recruited. After consent, demographic and clinical parameters were documented, including indication for medical cannabis treatment, way of consumption, type of cannabis and monthly dose of medical cannabis. Fasting morning blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, insulin, lipid profile, cortisol and uric acid levels, in addition to body weight, were obtained just prior to and 3 months following cannabis consumption. Wilcoxon' sign rank test was used to compare baseline levels to those obtained 3 months later. Twenty-eight patients completed the study. Mean age of the patients was 47.8±9.1 years and ~70% were female patients. 75% of all the patients had fibromyalgia. Mean monthly consumed cannabis amount was 22.21±3.6 g, and 21 (75%) patients used extracts (oil). There was no significant change in any parameter evaluated. The results of our study seem to indicate that medical cannabis, mainly extracts, have no significant effect on any parameter of the metabolic profile of patients with chronic pain syndrome, during 3 months of initial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Habib
- Rheumatology Clinic, Nazareth Hospital, Nazareth, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel .,Rheumatology Unit, Laniado Hospital, Netanya, Israel
| | - Suhail Aamar
- Rheumatology Unit, Hadassah Mount Scopus University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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Balant M, Gras A, Ruz M, Vallès J, Vitales D, Garnatje T. Traditional uses of Cannabis: An analysis of the CANNUSE database. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:114362. [PMID: 34171396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cannabis is one of the most versatile genera in terms of plant use and has been exploited by humans for millennia. Nowadays, Cannabis is the centre of many scientific studies, most of them focusing on chemical composition and medicinal values. While new and varied applications are continuously being developed, the knowledge surrounding less common uses of the plant is slowly disappearing. AIM OF THE REVIEW We have analysed diversity of global data of Cannabis traditional uses, to investigate if certain plant parts are significantly associated with particular Cannabis use. We wanted to uncover potential associations between the plant parts used for the treatment of different body systems and ailments. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have analysed the extensive database of Cannabis traditional uses (CANNUSE). This database contains 2330 data entries of Cannabis ethnobotanical uses from over 40 countries across the world. The dataset was divided into five general groups based on the type of use: medicinal, alimentary, psychoactive, fibre and other uses. Given the abundance of human medicinal uses, detailed analysis was done on the subset of 1167 data entries. We analysed the relationship between 16 body system categories and ailments treated with Cannabis plant parts. We used a Pearson's chi-square and Fisher's exact test, to determine which Cannabis parts are characteristic of treatment for specific ailments. RESULTS In this dataset, the majority of reports were represented by medicinal (75.41%), followed by psychoactive (8.35%) and alimentary (7.29%) use. The most commonly used plant parts were leaf (50.51%), seed (15.38%) and inflorescence (11.35%). We found that different Cannabis plant parts were significantly associated with different uses; the leaf was typically used for medicinal, seed for alimentary and inflorescence for psychoactive use. Regarding the human medicinal uses, most common were reports for treatments of the digestive system and nutritional disorders (17.66%), nervous system and mental disorders (16.24%), followed by pain and inflammations (12.21%). We found a significant relationship between the use of certain Cannabis parts and treatment of ailments and body systems categories; leaf was significantly associated with treatment of two categories: skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders and circulatory system and blood disorders; seed use was associated with musculoskeletal system disorders and traumas; while inflorescence use shows a statistical support for treatment of nervous system and mental disorders. CONCLUSION Several pharmaceutical companies are intensely working on developing new drugs with isolated chemical compounds or crude extracts, almost exclusively from Cannabis inflorescences. However, our review revealed that use of leaf or seed in traditional medicine is often more important than use of inflorescence for the treatment of certain ailments. A review of traditional medicine provides a body of knowledge and an initial pathway to identify landraces and plant parts that could have an important role in future medicinal research. We are confident that traditional medicine still has a large potential for modern medicine. As more information on Cannabis diversity (genetics, biochemistry, and clinical studies) becomes available, ethnobotanical data are poised to be of much greater significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manica Balant
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC - Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Airy Gras
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC - Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Mario Ruz
- Laboratori de Botànica (UB), Unitat Associada Al CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació - Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Joan Vallès
- Laboratori de Botànica (UB), Unitat Associada Al CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació - Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC), Carrer del Carme, 47, 08001, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Daniel Vitales
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC - Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Laboratori de Botànica (UB), Unitat Associada Al CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació - Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Teresa Garnatje
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC - Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Schwabe AL, Hansen CJ, Hyslop RM, McGlaughlin ME. Comparative Genetic Structure of Cannabis sativa Including Federally Produced, Wild Collected, and Cultivated Samples. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:675770. [PMID: 34707624 PMCID: PMC8544287 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.675770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Currently in the United States, the sole licensed facility to cultivate Cannabis sativa L. for research purposes is the University of Mississippi, which is funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Studies researching Cannabis flower consumption rely on NIDA-supplied "research grade marijuana." Previous research found that cannabinoid levels of NIDA-supplied Cannabis do not align with commercially available Cannabis. We sought to investigate the genetic identity of Cannabis supplied by NIDA relative to common categories within the species. This is the first genetic study to include "research grade marijuana" from NIDA. Samples (49) were assigned as Wild Hemp (feral; 6) and Cultivated Hemp (3), NIDA (2), CBD drug type (3), and high THC drug type subdivided into Sativa (11), Hybrid (14), and Indica (10). Ten microsatellites targeting neutral non-coding regions were used. Clustering and genetic distance analyses support a division between hemp and drug-type Cannabis. All hemp samples clustered genetically, but no clear distinction of Sativa, Hybrid, and Indica subcategories within retail marijuana samples was found. Interestingly, the two analyzed "research grade marijuana" samples obtained from NIDA were genetically distinct from most drug-type Cannabis available from retail dispensaries. Although the sample size was small, "research grade marijuana" provided for research is genetically distinct from most retail drug-type Cannabis that patients and patrons are consuming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Schwabe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, United States
| | - Connor J. Hansen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, United States
| | - Richard M. Hyslop
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, United States
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Reichel P, Munz S, Hartung J, Präger A, Kotiranta S, Burgel L, Schober T, Graeff-Hönninger S. Impact of Three Different Light Spectra on the Yield, Morphology and Growth Trajectory of Three Different Cannabis sativa L. Strains. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1866. [PMID: 34579399 PMCID: PMC8472666 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis is one of the oldest cultivated plants, but plant breeding and cultivation are restricted by country specific regulations. Plant growth, morphology and metabolism can be manipulated by changing light quality and intensity. Three morphologically different strains were grown under three different light spectra with three real light repetitions. Light dispersion was included into the statistical evaluation. The light spectra considered had an influence on the morphology of the plant, especially the height. Here, the shade avoidance induced by the lower R:FR ratio under the ceramic metal halide lamp (CHD) was of particular interest. The sugar leaves seemed to be of elementary importance in the last growth phase for yield composition. Furthermore, the last four weeks of flowering were crucial to influence the yield composition of Cannabis sativa L. through light spectra. The dry flower yield was significantly higher under both LED treatments compared to the conventional CHD light source. Our results indicate that the plant morphology can be artificially manipulated by the choice of light treatment to create shorter plants with more lateral branches which seem to be beneficial for yield development. Furthermore, the choice of cultivar has to be taken into account when interpreting results of light studies, as Cannabis sativa L. subspecies and thus bred strains highly differ in their phenotypic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Reichel
- Cropping Systems and Modelling, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (S.M.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (T.S.); (S.G.-H.)
| | - Sebastian Munz
- Cropping Systems and Modelling, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (S.M.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (T.S.); (S.G.-H.)
| | - Jens Hartung
- Biostatistics, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Achim Präger
- Cropping Systems and Modelling, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (S.M.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (T.S.); (S.G.-H.)
| | - Stiina Kotiranta
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Lisa Burgel
- Cropping Systems and Modelling, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (S.M.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (T.S.); (S.G.-H.)
| | - Torsten Schober
- Cropping Systems and Modelling, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (S.M.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (T.S.); (S.G.-H.)
| | - Simone Graeff-Hönninger
- Cropping Systems and Modelling, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (S.M.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (T.S.); (S.G.-H.)
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van Velzen R, Schranz ME. Origin and Evolution of the Cannabinoid Oxidocyclase Gene Family. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:evab130. [PMID: 34100927 PMCID: PMC8521752 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is an ancient crop representing a rapidly increasing legal market, especially for medicinal purposes. Medicinal and psychoactive effects of Cannabis rely on specific terpenophenolic ligands named cannabinoids. Recent whole-genome sequencing efforts have uncovered variation in multiple genes encoding the final steps in cannabinoid biosynthesis. However, the origin, evolution, and phylogenetic relationships of these cannabinoid oxidocyclase genes remain unclear. To elucidate these aspects, we performed comparative genomic analyses of Cannabis, related genera within the Cannabaceae family, and selected outgroup species. Results show that cannabinoid oxidocyclase genes originated in the Cannabis lineage from within a larger gene expansion in the Cannabaceae family. Localization and divergence of oxidocyclase genes in the Cannabis genome revealed two main syntenic blocks, each comprising tandemly repeated cannabinoid oxidocyclase genes. By comparing these blocks with those in genomes from closely related species, we propose an evolutionary model for the origin, neofunctionalization, duplication, and diversification of cannabinoid oxidocycloase genes. Based on phylogenetic analyses, we propose a comprehensive classification of three main clades and seven subclades that are intended to aid unequivocal referencing and identification of cannabinoid oxidocyclase genes. Our data suggest that cannabinoid phenotype is primarily determined by the presence/absence of single-copy genes. Although wild populations of Cannabis are still unknown, increased sampling of landraces and wild/feral populations across its native geographic range is likely to uncover additional cannabinoid oxidocyclase sequence variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin van Velzen
- Plant Sciences, Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Bedrocan International, Veendam, The Netherlands
| | - M Eric Schranz
- Plant Sciences, Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Although cannabis is legalized and accepted as an agricultural commodity in many places around the world, a significant lack of public germplasm repositories remains an unresolved problem in the cannabis industry. The acquisition, preservation, and evaluation of germplasm, including landraces and ancestral populations, is key to unleashing the full potential of cannabis in the global marketplace. We argue here that accessible germplasm resources are crucial for long-term economic viability, preserving genetic diversity, breeding, innovation, and long-term sustainability of the crop. We believe that cannabis restrictions require a second look to allow genebanks to play a fuller and more effective role in conservation, sustainable use, and exchange of cannabis genetic resources.
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Monthony AS, Page SR, Hesami M, Jones AMP. The Past, Present and Future of Cannabis sativa Tissue Culture. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:185. [PMID: 33478171 PMCID: PMC7835777 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The recent legalization of Cannabis sativa L. in many regions has revealed a need for effective propagation and biotechnologies for the species. Micropropagation affords researchers and producers methods to rapidly propagate insect-/disease-/virus-free clonal plants and store germplasm and forms the basis for other biotechnologies. Despite this need, research in the area is limited due to the long history of prohibitions and restrictions. Existing literature has multiple limitations: many publications use hemp as a proxy for drug-type Cannabis when it is well established that there is significant genotype specificity; studies using drug-type cultivars are predominantly optimized using a single cultivar; most protocols have not been replicated by independent groups, and some attempts demonstrate a lack of reproducibility across genotypes. Due to culture decline and other problems, the multiplication phase of micropropagation (Stage 2) has not been fully developed in many reports. This review will provide a brief background on the history and botany of Cannabis as well as a comprehensive and critical summary of Cannabis tissue culture. Special attention will be paid to current challenges faced by researchers, the limitations of existing Cannabis micropropagation studies, and recent developments and future directions of Cannabis tissue culture technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrew Maxwell P. Jones
- Department of Plant Agriculture, Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.S.M.); (S.R.P.); (M.H.)
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Cannabis: the plant, its evolution, and its genetics—with an emphasis on Italy. RENDICONTI LINCEI-SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-020-00962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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