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He Y, Chen H, Li M, Tang Z, Yu H, Huang C, Zhang X, Ling X, Xie X, Wei G, He Y, Chen J. Analysis of TLR10 gene polymorphisms in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 138:112565. [PMID: 38941669 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic disease characterized by inflammatory synovitis, and genetic factors play the greatest role in RA. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Toll-like receptor 10(TLR10) gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to RA. METHODS A total of 271 patients with RA and an equal number of healthy controls were included, and the TLR10 rs2101521, rs10004195 and rs11725309 loci were genotyped by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, Individuals carrying the rs2101521 G allele had an increased risk of developing RA (P = 0.01; odds ratio (OR) = 1.367; 95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.076-1.736). Individuals with the rs2101521 GG genotype had a greater risk of RA (P = 0.01; OR = 1.816; 95 % CI: 1.161-2.984). Stratified analysis demonstrated a greater prevalence of positive anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP)antibody in patients carrying the rs2101521 G allele (P = 0.03). Additionally, patients with the rs11725309 CT genotype had elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP)(P = 0.007). CONCLUSION In conclusion, TLR10 gene polymorphisms are associated with RA susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxian He
- Department of Rheumatologyand Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Huidong Chen
- Department of Rheumatologyand Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Mengxiang Li
- Department of Rheumatologyand Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Zhenboyang Tang
- Department of Rheumatologyand Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Rheumatologyand Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Chunyan Huang
- Department of Rheumatologyand Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Rheumatologyand Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Xiru Ling
- Department of Rheumatologyand Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Xintong Xie
- Department of Rheumatologyand Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Guangliang Wei
- Department of Rheumatologyand Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Yue He
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Rheumatologyand Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, PR China; Stem Cell Immunity and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Luzhou, PR China.
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Han J, Rindone AN, Elisseeff JH. Immunoengineering Biomaterials for Musculoskeletal Tissue Repair across Lifespan. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311646. [PMID: 38416061 PMCID: PMC11239302 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal diseases and injuries are among the leading causes of pain and morbidity worldwide. Broad efforts have focused on developing pro-regenerative biomaterials to treat musculoskeletal conditions; however, these approaches have yet to make a significant clinical impact. Recent studies have demonstrated that the immune system is central in orchestrating tissue repair and that targeting pro-regenerative immune responses can improve biomaterial therapeutic outcomes. However, aging is a critical factor negatively affecting musculoskeletal tissue repair and immune function. Hence, understanding how age affects the response to biomaterials is essential for improving musculoskeletal biomaterial therapies. This review focuses on the intersection of the immune system and aging in response to biomaterials for musculoskeletal tissue repair. The article introduces the general impacts of aging on tissue physiology, the immune system, and the response to biomaterials. Then, it explains how the adaptive immune system guides the response to injury and biomaterial implants in cartilage, muscle, and bone and discusses how aging impacts these processes in each tissue type. The review concludes by highlighting future directions for the development and translation of personalized immunomodulatory biomaterials for musculoskeletal tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Han
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Alexandra N. Rindone
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Jennifer H. Elisseeff
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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Damerau A, Rosenow E, Alkhoury D, Buttgereit F, Gaber T. Fibrotic pathways and fibroblast-like synoviocyte phenotypes in osteoarthritis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1385006. [PMID: 38895122 PMCID: PMC11183113 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1385006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, characterized by osteophyte formation, cartilage degradation, and structural and cellular alterations of the synovial membrane. Activated fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) of the synovial membrane have been identified as key drivers, secreting humoral mediators that maintain inflammatory processes, proteases that cause cartilage and bone destruction, and factors that drive fibrotic processes. In normal tissue repair, fibrotic processes are terminated after the damage has been repaired. In fibrosis, tissue remodeling and wound healing are exaggerated and prolonged. Various stressors, including aging, joint instability, and inflammation, lead to structural damage of the joint and micro lesions within the synovial tissue. One result is the reduced production of synovial fluid (lubricants), which reduces the lubricity of the cartilage areas, leading to cartilage damage. In the synovial tissue, a wound-healing cascade is initiated by activating macrophages, Th2 cells, and FLS. The latter can be divided into two major populations. The destructive thymocyte differentiation antigen (THY)1─ phenotype is restricted to the synovial lining layer. In contrast, the THY1+ phenotype of the sublining layer is classified as an invasive one with immune effector function driving synovitis. The exact mechanisms involved in the transition of fibroblasts into a myofibroblast-like phenotype that drives fibrosis remain unclear. The review provides an overview of the phenotypes and spatial distribution of FLS in the synovial membrane of OA, describes the mechanisms of fibroblast into myofibroblast activation, and the metabolic alterations of myofibroblast-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Damerau
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Glucocorticoids - Bioenergetics - 3R Research Lab, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emely Rosenow
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dana Alkhoury
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Buttgereit
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Glucocorticoids - Bioenergetics - 3R Research Lab, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Gaber
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Glucocorticoids - Bioenergetics - 3R Research Lab, Berlin, Germany
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Timkovich AE, Holling GA, Afzali MF, Kisiday J, Santangelo KS. TLR4 antagonism provides short-term but not long-term clinical benefit in a full-depth cartilage defect mouse model. Connect Tissue Res 2024; 65:26-40. [PMID: 37898909 PMCID: PMC11271750 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2023.2269257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/AIM Cartilage injury and subsequent osteoarthritis (OA) are debilitating conditions affecting millions worldwide. As there are no cures for these ailments, novel therapies are needed to suppress disease pathogenesis. Given that joint injuries are known to produce damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), our central premise is that the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway is a principal driver in the early response to cartilage damage and subsequent pathology. We postulate that TLR4 activation is initiated/perpetuated by DAMPs released following joint damage. Thus, antagonism of the TLR4 pathway immediately after injury may suppress the development of joint surface defects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two groups were utilized: (1) 8-week-old, male C57BL6 mice treated systemically with a known TLR4 antagonist and (2) mice injected with vehicle control. A full-depth cartilage lesion on the midline of the patellofemoral groove was created in the right knee of each mouse. The left knee was used as a sham surgery control. Gait changes were evaluated over 4 weeks using a quantitative gait analysis system. At harvest, knee joints were processed for pathologic assessment, Nanostring® transcript expression, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS Short-term treatment with a TLR4 antagonist at 14-days significantly improved relevant gait parameters; improved cartilage metrics and modified Mankin scores were also seen. Additionally, mRNA expression and IHC showed reduced expression of inflammatory mediators in animals treated with the TLR4 antagonist. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, this work demonstrates that systemic treatment with a TLR4 antagonist is protective to further cartilage damage 14-days post-injury in a murine model of induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel E. Timkovich
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - G. Aaron Holling
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Maryam F. Afzali
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - John Kisiday
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kelly S. Santangelo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Sellin ML, Klinder A, Bergschmidt P, Bader R, Jonitz-Heincke A. IL-6-induced response of human osteoblasts from patients with rheumatoid arthritis after inhibition of the signaling pathway. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:3479-3499. [PMID: 37280473 PMCID: PMC10618393 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL-) 6 is a critical factor in inflammatory processes of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This is of high interest as the progression of RA may lead to the implantation of joint endoprostheses, which is associated with a pro-inflammatory increase in IL-6 in the periprosthetic tissue. Biological agents such as sarilumab have been developed to inhibit IL-6-mediated signaling. However, IL-6 signaling blockade should consider the inhibition of inflammatory processes and the regenerative functions of IL-6. This in vitro study investigated whether inhibiting IL-6 receptors can affect the differentiation of osteoblasts isolated from patients with RA. Since wear particles can be generated at the articular surfaces of endoprostheses leading to osteolysis and implant loosening, the potential of sarilumab to inhibit wear particle-induced pro-inflammatory processes should be investigated. Both in monocultures and indirect co-cultures with osteoclast-like cells (OLCs), human osteoblasts were stimulated with 50 ng/mL each of IL-6 + sIL-6R and in combination with sarilumab (250 nM) to characterize cell viability and osteogenic differentiation capacity. Furthermore, the influence of IL-6 + sIL-6R or sarilumab on viability, differentiation, and inflammation was evaluated in osteoblasts exposed to particles. Stimulation with IL-6 + sIL-6R and sarilumab did not affect cell viability. Except for the significant induction of RUNX2 mRNA by IL-6 + sIL-6R and a significant reduction with sarilumab, no effects on cell differentiation and mineralization could be detected. Furthermore, the different stimulations did not affect the osteogenic and osteoclastic differentiation of co-cultured cells. Compared to the osteoblastic monocultures, a decreased release of IL-8 was triggered in the co-culture. Among these, treatment with sarilumab alone resulted in the greatest reduction of IL-8. The co-culture also showed clearly increased OPN concentrations than the respective monocultures, with OPN secretion apparently triggered by the OLCs. Particle exposure demonstrated decreased osteogenic differentiation using different treatment strategies. However, sarilumab administration caused a trend toward a decrease in IL-8 production after stimulation with IL-6 + sIL-6R. The blockade of IL-6 and its pathway have no significant effect on the osteogenic and osteoclastic differentiation of bone cells derived from patients with RA. Nonetheless, observed effects on the reduced IL-8 secretion need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Luise Sellin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Research Laboratory for Biomechanics and Implant Technology, Rostock University Medical Center, Doberaner Strasse 142, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Annett Klinder
- Department of Orthopaedics, Research Laboratory for Biomechanics and Implant Technology, Rostock University Medical Center, Doberaner Strasse 142, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Philipp Bergschmidt
- Department of Orthopaedics, Research Laboratory for Biomechanics and Implant Technology, Rostock University Medical Center, Doberaner Strasse 142, 18057, Rostock, Germany
- Department for Orthopaedic Surgery, Trauma Surgery and Hand Surgery, Suedstadt Hospital Rostock, Suedring 81, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rainer Bader
- Department of Orthopaedics, Research Laboratory for Biomechanics and Implant Technology, Rostock University Medical Center, Doberaner Strasse 142, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anika Jonitz-Heincke
- Department of Orthopaedics, Research Laboratory for Biomechanics and Implant Technology, Rostock University Medical Center, Doberaner Strasse 142, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
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Huang J, Xu Y. Autoimmunity: A New Focus on Nasal Polyps. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098444. [PMID: 37176151 PMCID: PMC10179643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) has long been considered a benign, chronic inflammatory, and hyperplastic disease. Recent studies have shown that autoimmune-related mechanisms are involved in the pathology of nasal polyps. Activated plasma cells, eosinophils, basophils, innate type 2 lymphocytes, mast cells, and proinflammatory cytokine in polyp tissue indicate the mobilization of innate and adaptive immune pathways during polyp formation. The discovery of a series of autoantibodies further supports the autoimmune nature of nasal polyps. Local homeostasis dysregulation, infection, and chronic inflammation may trigger autoimmunity through several mechanisms, including autoantigens overproduction, microbial translocation, molecular mimicry, superantigens, activation or inhibition of receptors, bystander activation, dysregulation of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs), epitope spreading, autoantigens complementarity. In this paper, we elaborated on the microbiome-mediated mechanism, abnormal host immunity, and genetic changes to update the role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
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Phenotype Diversity of Macrophages in Osteoarthritis: Implications for Development of Macrophage Modulating Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158381. [PMID: 35955514 PMCID: PMC9369350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is implicated in numerous human pathologies. In particular, low-grade inflammation is currently recognized as an important mechanism of osteoarthritis (OA), at least in some patients. Among the signs of the inflammatory process are elevated macrophage numbers detected in the OA synovium compared to healthy controls. High macrophage counts also correlate with clinical symptoms of the disease. Macrophages are central players in the development of chronic inflammation, pain, cartilage destruction, and bone remodeling. However, macrophages are also involved in tissue repair and remodeling, including cartilage. Therefore, reduction of macrophage content in the joints correlates with deleterious effects in OA models. Macrophage population is heterogeneous and dynamic, with phenotype transitions being induced by a variety of stimuli. In order to effectively use the macrophage inflammatory circuit for treatment of OA, it is important to understand macrophage heterogeneity and interactions with surrounding cells and tissues in the joint. In this review, we discuss functional phenotypes of macrophages and specific targeting approaches relevant for OA treatment development.
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Lee E, Redzic JS, Nemkov T, Saviola AJ, Dzieciatkowska M, Hansen KC, D’Alessandro A, Dinarello C, Eisenmesser EZ. Human and Bacterial Toll-Interleukin Receptor Domains Exhibit Distinct Dynamic Features and Functions. Molecules 2022; 27:4494. [PMID: 35889366 PMCID: PMC9318647 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-interleukin receptor (TIR) domains have emerged as critical players involved in innate immune signaling in humans but are also expressed as potential virulence factors within multiple pathogenic bacteria. However, there has been a shortage of structural studies aimed at elucidating atomic resolution details with respect to their interactions, potentially owing to their dynamic nature. Here, we used a combination of biophysical and biochemical studies to reveal the dynamic behavior and functional interactions of a panel of both bacterial TIR-containing proteins and mammalian receptor TIR domains. Regarding dynamics, all three bacterial TIR domains studied here exhibited an inherent exchange that led to severe resonance line-broadening, revealing their intrinsic dynamic nature on the intermediate NMR timescale. In contrast, the three mammalian TIR domains studied here exhibited a range in terms of their dynamic exchange that spans multiple timescales. Functionally, only the bacterial TIR domains were catalytic towards the cleavage of NAD+, despite the conservation of the catalytic nucleophile on human TIR domains. Our development of NMR-based catalytic assays allowed us to further identify differences in product formation for gram-positive versus gram-negative bacterial TIR domains. Differences in oligomeric interactions were also revealed, whereby bacterial TIR domains self-associated solely through their attached coil-coil domains, in contrast to the mammalian TIR domains that formed homodimers and heterodimers through reactive cysteines. Finally, we provide the first atomic-resolution studies of a bacterial coil-coil domain and provide the first atomic model of the TIR domain from a human anti-inflammatory IL-1R8 protein that undergoes a slow inherent exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjeong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (E.L.); (J.S.R.); (T.N.); (A.J.S.); (M.D.); (K.C.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Jasmina S. Redzic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (E.L.); (J.S.R.); (T.N.); (A.J.S.); (M.D.); (K.C.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Travis Nemkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (E.L.); (J.S.R.); (T.N.); (A.J.S.); (M.D.); (K.C.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Anthony J. Saviola
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (E.L.); (J.S.R.); (T.N.); (A.J.S.); (M.D.); (K.C.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Monika Dzieciatkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (E.L.); (J.S.R.); (T.N.); (A.J.S.); (M.D.); (K.C.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Kirk C. Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (E.L.); (J.S.R.); (T.N.); (A.J.S.); (M.D.); (K.C.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (E.L.); (J.S.R.); (T.N.); (A.J.S.); (M.D.); (K.C.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Charles Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elan Z. Eisenmesser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (E.L.); (J.S.R.); (T.N.); (A.J.S.); (M.D.); (K.C.H.); (A.D.)
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Sakalyte R, Denkovskij J, Bernotiene E, Stropuviene S, Mikulenaite SO, Kvederas G, Porvaneckas N, Tutkus V, Venalis A, Butrimiene I. The Expression of Inflammasomes NLRP1 and NLRP3, Toll-Like Receptors, and Vitamin D Receptor in Synovial Fibroblasts From Patients With Different Types of Knee Arthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 12:767512. [PMID: 35126351 PMCID: PMC8807559 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.767512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fibroblasts (SFs) are among the most important cells promoting RA pathogenesis. They are considered active contributors to the initiation, progression, and perpetuation of the disease; therefore, early detection of RASF activation could advance contemporary diagnosis and adequate treatment of undifferentiated early inflammatory arthritis (EA). In this study, we investigated the expression of nucleotide-binding, oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing (NLRP)1, NLRP3 inflammasomes, Toll-like receptor (TLR)1, TLR2, TLR4, vitamin D receptor (VDR), and secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in SFs isolated from patients with RA, osteoarthritis (OA), EA, and control individuals (CN) after knee surgical intervention. C-reactive protein, general blood test, anticyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP), rheumatoid factor (RF), and vitamin D (vitD) in patients’ sera were performed. Cells were stimulated or not with 100 ng/ml tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) or/and 1 nM or/and 0.01 nM vitamin D3 for 72 h. The expression levels of NLRP1, NLRP3, TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and VDR in all examined SFs were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Additionally, the secretion of IL-1β by SFs and MMPs were determined by ELISA and Luminex technology. The expression of NLRP3 was correlated with the levels of CRP, RF, and anti-CCP, suggesting its implication in SF inflammatory activation. In the TNF-α-stimulated SFs, a significantly lower expression of NLRP3 and TLR4 was observed in the RA group, compared with the other tested forms of arthritis. Moreover, upregulation of NLRP3 expression by TNF-α alone or in combination with vitD3 was observed, further indicating involvement of NLRP3 in the inflammatory responses of SFs. Secretion of IL-1β was not detected in any sample, while TNF-α upregulated the levels of secreted MMP-1, MMP-7, MMP-8, MMP-12, and MMP-13 in all patient groups. Attenuating effects of vitD on the expression of NLRP3, TLR1, and TLR4 suggest potential protective effects of vitD on the inflammatory responses in SFs. However, longer studies may be needed to confirm or fully rule out the potential implication of vitD in SF activation in inflammatory arthritis. Both VDR and NLRP3 in the TNF-α-stimulated SFs negatively correlated with the age of patients, suggesting potential age-related changes in the local inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Sakalyte
- The Clinic of Rheumatology, Traumatology Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine of the Faculty of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Experimental, Preventative and Clinic Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
- *Correspondence: Regina Sakalyte,
| | - Jaroslav Denkovskij
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Eiva Bernotiene
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, The Faculty of Fundamental Sciences, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius Tech, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sigita Stropuviene
- The Clinic of Rheumatology, Traumatology Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine of the Faculty of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Experimental, Preventative and Clinic Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Silvija Ona Mikulenaite
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Giedrius Kvederas
- The Clinic of Rheumatology, Traumatology Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine of the Faculty of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Narunas Porvaneckas
- The Clinic of Rheumatology, Traumatology Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine of the Faculty of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Tutkus
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Anthropology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Algirdas Venalis
- The Clinic of Rheumatology, Traumatology Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine of the Faculty of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Experimental, Preventative and Clinic Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Irena Butrimiene
- The Clinic of Rheumatology, Traumatology Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine of the Faculty of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Experimental, Preventative and Clinic Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Gomes da Silva IIF, Barbosa AD, Souto FO, Maia MDMD, Crovella S, Souza PRED, Sandrin-Garcia P. MYD88, IRAK3 and Rheumatoid Arthritis pathogenesis: Analysis of differential gene expression in CD14 + monocytes and the inflammatory cytokine levels. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152152. [PMID: 34735922 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a well-known chronic inflammatory disorder. Two molecular players act in the inflammation balance of the disease: MyD88 (Myeloid differentiation primary response 88) is related to TLR (Toll-like receptors) response and promotes the formation of myddosome complex resulting in increased inflammation; IRAK3 (Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 3) acts suppressing the myddosome complex thus decreasing inflammation. In this scenario, MYD88 and IRAK3 gene expression profile in RA patients and its correlation with clinical features is still partially known. So, we evaluated the MYD88 and IRAK3 gene expressions in CD14 + monocytes from RA patients and healthy controls and its relation with patients' clinical features and cytokine plasma levels. CD14 + monocytes were isolated using positive selection by magnetic cell separation. The MYD88 and IRAK3 gene expressions were measured through real time relative quantitative PCR with specific primers; relative quantification was normalized to ACTB, GAPDH, 18S and RPLP0 reference genes. Cytokine levels were analyzed by CBA (cytokine beads assays). CD14 + monocytes from RA patients showed lower IRAK3 expression level compared to controls although with a borderline statistical significance (Fold change (FC) = -1.63; p = 0.054). Furthermore, RA patients with high disease activity had lower levels of IRAK3 when compared to patients with low/moderate activity measured by the CDAI index (FC = -1.78; p = 0.030). No significant differences were observed for MYD88 gene expression (FC = 1.20; p = 0.294) between patients and controls analyzed. Additionally, we did not we did not observe correlation between IRAK3 and MYD88 gene expression and TNF-α, IL-6, IL-2 and IL-10 levels. We suggested that IRAK3 gene expression in CD14 + monocytes appears to be relevant to the RA etiology and clinical activity, whereas, in this study, MYD88 does not play a role in RA onset and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaura Isabelle Fonseca Gomes da Silva
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Domingues Barbosa
- Policlínica Jamacy de Medeiros Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Pernambuco, Brazil; Hospital das Clínicas of Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Oliveira Souto
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Agreste Academic Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Caruaru, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Sergio Crovella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Paula Sandrin-Garcia
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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11
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Zhang X, Eliasberg CD, Rodeo SA. Mitochondrial dysfunction and potential mitochondrial protectant treatments in tendinopathy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1490:29-41. [PMID: 33843069 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tendinopathy is a common musculoskeletal condition that affects a wide range of patients, including athletes, laborers, and older patients. Tendinopathy is often characterized by pain, swelling, and impaired performance and function. The etiology of tendinopathy is multifactorial, including both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. Various treatment strategies have been described, but outcomes are often variable, as tendons have poor intrinsic healing potential compared with other tissues. Therefore, several novel targets for tendon regeneration have been identified and are being explored. Mitochondria are organelles that generate adenosine triphosphate, and they are considered to be the power generators of the cell. Recently, mitochondrial dysfunction verified by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreased superoxide dismutase activity, cristae disorganization, and decreased number of mitochondria has been identified as a mechanism that may contribute to tendinopathy. This has provided new insights for studying tendinopathy pathogenesis and potential treatments via antioxidant, metabolic modulation, or ROS inhibition. In this review, we present the current understanding of mitochondrial dysfunction in tendinopathy. The review summarizes the potential mechanism by which mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the development of tendinopathy, as well as the potential therapeutic benefits of mitochondrial protectants in the treatment of tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Zhang
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York.,Department of Sports Medicine & Research Center of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Claire D Eliasberg
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Scott A Rodeo
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
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12
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Okamato Y, Ghosh T, Okamoto T, Schuyler RP, Seifert J, Charry LL, Visser A, Feser M, Fleischer C, Pedrick C, August J, Moss L, Bemis EA, Norris JM, Kuhn KA, Demoruelle MK, Deane KD, Ghosh D, Holers VM, Hsieh EWY. Subjects at-risk for future development of rheumatoid arthritis demonstrate a PAD4-and TLR-dependent enhanced histone H3 citrullination and proinflammatory cytokine production in CD14 hi monocytes. J Autoimmun 2021; 117:102581. [PMID: 33310262 PMCID: PMC7855988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The presence of anti-citrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (ACPA) and epitope spreading across the target autoantigens is a unique feature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). ACPA are present in the peripheral blood for several years prior to the onset of arthritis and clinical classification of RA. ACPA recognize multiple citrullinated proteins, including histone H3 (H3). Intracellular citrullination of H3 in neutrophils and T cells is known to regulate immune cell function by promoting neutrophil extracellular trap formation and citrullinated autoantigen release as well as regulating the Th2/Th17 T cell phenotypic balance. However, the roles of H3 citrullination in other immune cells are not fully elucidated. We aimed to explore H3 citrullination and cytokine/metabolomic signatures in peripheral blood immune cells from subjects prior to and after the onset of RA, at baseline and in response to ex vivo toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation. Here, we analyzed 13 ACPA (+) subjects without arthritis but at-risk for future development of RA, 14 early RA patients, and 13 healthy controls. We found significantly elevated H3 citrullination in CD14hi monocytes, as well as CD1c+ dendritic cells and CD66+ granulocytes. Unsupervised analysis identified two distinct subsets in CD14hi monocytes characterized by H3 modification and unique cytokine/metabolomic signatures. CD14hi monocytes with elevated TLR-stimulated H3 citrullination were significantly increased in ACPA (+) at-risk subjects. These cells were skewed to produce TNFα, MIP1β, IFNα, and partially IL-12. Additionally, they demonstrate peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) mediated upregulation of the glycolytic enzyme PFKFB3. These CD14hi monocytes with elevated H3 citrullination morphologically formed monocyte extracellular traps (METs). Taken together, dysregulated PAD4-driven cytokine production as well as MET formation in CD14hi monocytes in ACPA (+) at-risk subjects likely plays an important role in the development of RA via promoting and perpetuating inflammation and generation of citrullinated autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Okamato
- University of Colorado Denver, Division of Rheumatology, Aurora, CO, USA; Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Department of Rheumatology, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tusharkanti Ghosh
- Colorado School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tsukasa Okamoto
- University of Colorado Denver, Department of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ronald P Schuyler
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer Seifert
- University of Colorado Denver, Division of Rheumatology, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laura Lenis Charry
- University of Colorado Denver, Division of Rheumatology, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ashley Visser
- University of Colorado Denver, Division of Rheumatology, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marie Feser
- University of Colorado Denver, Division of Rheumatology, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Chelsie Fleischer
- University of Colorado Denver, Division of Rheumatology, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Chong Pedrick
- University of Colorado Denver, Division of Rheumatology, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Justin August
- University of Colorado Denver, Division of Rheumatology, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laurakay Moss
- University of Colorado Denver, Division of Rheumatology, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Bemis
- Colorado School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jill M Norris
- Colorado School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kristine A Kuhn
- University of Colorado Denver, Division of Rheumatology, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Kevin D Deane
- University of Colorado Denver, Division of Rheumatology, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Debashis Ghosh
- Colorado School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - V Michael Holers
- University of Colorado Denver, Division of Rheumatology, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Elena W Y Hsieh
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Aurora, CO, USA; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy & Immunology, Aurora, CO, USA
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13
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Rheumatoid Arthritis in the View of Osteoimmunology. Biomolecules 2020; 11:biom11010048. [PMID: 33396412 PMCID: PMC7823493 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by synovial inflammation and irreversible bone erosions, both highlighting the immense reciprocal relationship between the immune and bone systems, designed osteoimmunology two decades ago. Osteoclast-mediated resorption at the interface between synovium and bone is responsible for the articular bone erosions. The main triggers of this local bone resorption are autoantibodies directed against citrullinated proteins, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines and the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, that regulate both the formation and activity of the osteoclast, as well as immune cell functions. In addition, local bone loss is due to the suppression of osteoblast-mediated bone formation and repair by inflammatory cytokines. Similarly, inflammation affects systemic bone remodeling in rheumatoid arthritis with the net increase in bone resorption, leading to systemic osteoporosis. This review summarizes the substantial progress that has been made in understanding the pathophysiology of systemic and local bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Network Pharmacology Approach to Uncover the Mechanism Governing the Effect of Simiao Powder on Knee Osteoarthritis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6971503. [PMID: 33376732 PMCID: PMC7738782 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6971503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore the molecular mechanism of Simiao powder in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Methods Based on oral bioavailability and drug-likeness, the main active components of Simiao powder were screened using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP). GeneCard, OMIM, DisGeNET, DrugBank, PharmGkb, and the Therapeutic Target Database were used to establish target databases for knee osteoarthritis. Cytoscape software was used to construct a visual interactive network diagram of “active ingredient - action target – disease.” The STRING database was used to construct a protein interaction network and analyze related protein interaction relationships. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) biological process enrichment analysis were performed on the core targets. Additionally, Discovery Studio software was used for molecular docking verification of active pharmaceutical ingredients and disease targets. Results Thirty-seven active components of Simiao powder were screened, including 106 common targets. The results of network analysis showed that the targets were mainly involved in regulating biological processes such as cell metabolism and apoptosis. Simiao powder components were predicted to exert their therapeutic effect on the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, IL-17 signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and HIF-1 signaling pathway. The molecular docking results showed that the active components of Simiao powder had a good match with the targets of IL1B, MMP9, CXCL8, MAPK8, JUN, IL6, MAPK1, EGF, VEGFA, AKT1, and PTGS2. Conclusion Simiao powder has multisystem, multicomponent, and multitarget characteristics in treating knee osteoarthritis. Its possible mechanism of action includes inhibiting the inflammatory response, regulating immune function, and resisting oxidative stress to control the occurrence and development of the disease. Quercetin, wogonin, kaempferol, beta-sitosterol, and other active ingredients may be the material basis for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.
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Abdelwahab A, Palosaari S, Abdelwahab SA, Rifaai RA, El-Tahawy NF, Saber EA, Nousiainen T, Valkealahti M, Huhtakangas J, Karttunen TJ, Lehenkari P. Differential synovial tissue expression of TLRs in seropositive and seronegative rheumatoid arthritis: A preliminary report. Autoimmunity 2020; 54:23-34. [PMID: 33377396 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2020.1864729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known to have an important role in triggering the innate immune response and in priming antigen-specific adaptive immunity and inflammation. The differences in synovial tissue expression of the TLRs between seronegative and seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were examined from 9 seropositive RA, 5 seronegative RA and 4 osteoarthritis (OA) patients. Synovitis status was assessed using Krenn's scoring and TLR 1-9 expression by immunohistochemistry. Tissue citrulline content was analysed by HPLC method. In RA TLR expression was generally higher than in OA. TLR2 expression was higher in both seronegative and seropositive RA compared to OA. TLR 1, 4 and 8 expressions were higher in seropositive RA than in seronegative RA or in OA. For TLRs 3, 5, 6, 7 and 9 local differences of expression were found between groups. TLR 1-9 expression correlated with the synovitis grade. No statistical difference was found in synovial tissue citrulline content between the groups. In seropositive RA, the TLR repertoire in the synovial tissue differs from seronegative RA and could explain differences in disease outcomes. The high expression of protein sensing (TLR1, TLR2 and TLR4) and nucleic acid sensing TLRs (TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9) in the seropositive RA could make the synovium primed for reacting to citrullinated proteins and nucleic acids that could be released to extracellular space in formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. This reactivity could be augmented by Fc receptor activation by anti-citrullinated protein antibody immunocomplexes associated with seropositive RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alzahraa Abdelwahab
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.,Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sanna Palosaari
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Research Center Oulu and Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Soha Abdelkawy Abdelwahab
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, delegated to Deraya University, New Minia, Egypt
| | - Rehab Ahmed Rifaai
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Nashwa Fathy El-Tahawy
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Entesar Ali Saber
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, delegated to Deraya University, New Minia, Egypt
| | - Tomi Nousiainen
- Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Johanna Huhtakangas
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Research Center Oulu and Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomo J Karttunen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Medical Research Unit, and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Petri Lehenkari
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Research Center Oulu and Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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16
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Yang Z, Liu W, Wan X, Liu R, Zhang Y. Association of Toll-like Receptor 4 Rs7873784 G/C Polymorphism with Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk in a Chinese Population. Immunol Invest 2020; 51:660-669. [PMID: 33356682 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2020.1864397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: The purposes of this study were to explore whether the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene rs7873784 G/C polymorphism was related to the risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to the clinical features of the disease in Chinese subjects.Materials and Methods: We examined the TLR4 rs7873784 G/C polymorphism in 805 Chinese RA patients and 1095 healthy controls. Genotype was determined with a custom-by-design 48-Plex single nucleotide polymorphism scan™ Kit. Blood plasma levels of TLR4 in 170 RA patients and 170 matched controls were measured by ELISA.Results: The TLR4 gene rs7873784 G/C polymorphism was related to a reduced risk for RA. By stratified analysis, we found a dramatically reduced risk for RA in patients who were female, CRP-positive, RF-positive, DAS28 ≥ 3.20, or ESR ≥ 25. Compared with the controls, the average level of TLR4 protein in plasma of RA patients was increased. In addition, RA patients exhibited higher levels of TLR4 mRNA than controls (P < .05).Conclusion: These results demonstrate the TLR4 rs7873784 G/C polymorphism to relate to a decreased risk for RA in a Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou China
| | - Weixi Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou China
| | - Xiaoxian Wan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou China
| | - Ruiping Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou China
| | - Yunkun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou China
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17
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Millerand M, Sudre L, Nefla M, Pène F, Rousseau C, Pons A, Ravat A, André-Leroux G, Akira S, Satoh T, Berenbaum F, Jacques C. Activation of innate immunity by 14-3-3 ε, a new potential alarmin in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2020; 28:646-657. [PMID: 32173627 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The innate immune system plays a central role in osteoarthritis (OA). We identified 14-3-3ε as a novel mediator that guides chondrocytes toward an inflammatory phenotype. 14-3-3ε shares common characteristics with alarmins. These endogenous molecules, released into extracellular media, are increasingly incriminated in sustaining OA inflammation. Alarmins bind mainly to toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 receptors and polarize macrophages in the synovium. We investigated the effects of 14-3-3ε in joint cells and tissues and its interactions with TLRs to define it as a new alarmin involved in OA. DESIGN Chondrocyte, synoviocyte and macrophage cultures from murine or OA human samples were treated with 14-3-3ε. To inhibit TLR2/4 in chondrocytes, blocking antibodies were used. Moreover, chondrocytes and bone marrow macrophage (BMM) cultures from knockout (KO) TLRs mice were stimulated with 14-3-3ε. Gene expression and release of inflammatory mediators [interleukin 6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)] were evaluated via reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and ELISA. RESULTS In vitro, 14-3-3ε induced gene expression and release of IL6 and MCP1 in the treated cells. The inflammatory effects of 14-3-3ε were significantly reduced following TLRs inhibition or in TLRs KO chondrocytes and BMM. CONCLUSIONS 14-3-3ε is able to induce an inflammatory phenotype in synoviocytes, macrophages and chondrocytes in addition to polarizing macrophages. These effects seem to involve TLR2 or TLR4 to trigger innate immunity. Our results designate 14-3-3ε as a novel alarmin in OA and as a new target either for therapeutic and/or prognostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Millerand
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (UMR_S938) and Labex Transimmunom, Paris, France
| | - L Sudre
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (UMR_S938) and Labex Transimmunom, Paris, France
| | - M Nefla
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (UMR_S938) and Labex Transimmunom, Paris, France
| | - F Pène
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris France
| | - C Rousseau
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris France
| | - A Pons
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (UMR_S938) and Labex Transimmunom, Paris, France
| | - A Ravat
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (UMR_S938) and Labex Transimmunom, Paris, France
| | - G André-Leroux
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - S Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - T Satoh
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - F Berenbaum
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (UMR_S938) and Labex Transimmunom, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Department of Rheumatology, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, and Labex Transimmunom, Paris, France.
| | - C Jacques
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (UMR_S938) and Labex Transimmunom, Paris, France
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18
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Barreto G, Manninen M, K. Eklund K. Osteoarthritis and Toll-Like Receptors: When Innate Immunity Meets Chondrocyte Apoptosis. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9040065. [PMID: 32235418 PMCID: PMC7235883 DOI: 10.3390/biology9040065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) has long been viewed as a degenerative disease of cartilage, but accumulating evidence indicates that inflammation has a critical role in its pathogenesis. In particular, chondrocyte-mediated inflammatory responses triggered by the activation of innate immune receptors by alarmins (also known as danger signals) are thought to be involved. Thus, toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their signaling pathways are of particular interest. Recent reports suggest that among the TLR-induced innate immune responses, apoptosis is one of the critical events. Apoptosis is of particular importance, given that chondrocyte death is a dominant feature in OA. This review focuses on the role of TLR signaling in chondrocytes and the role of TLR activation in chondrocyte apoptosis. The functional relevance of TLR and TLR-triggered apoptosis in OA are discussed as well as their relevance as candidates for novel disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Goncalo Barreto
- Department of Rheumatology, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-4585-381-10
| | | | - Kari K. Eklund
- Department of Rheumatology, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Orton Research Institute, 00280 Helsinki, Finland;
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Jian L, Sun L, Li C, Yu R, Ma Z, Wang X, Zhao J, Liu X. Interleukin‐21 enhances Toll‐like receptor 2/4‐mediated cytokine production via phosphorylation in the STAT3, Akt and p38 MAPK signalling pathways in human monocytic THP‐1 cells. Scand J Immunol 2019; 89:e12761. [PMID: 30977163 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Jian
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Changhong Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Ruohan Yu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Zhenzhen Ma
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Jinxia Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Xiangyuan Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
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20
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Peng B, Liang H, Li Y, Dong C, Shen J, Mao H, Leong KW, Chen Y, Liu L. Tuned Cationic Dendronized Polymer: Molecular Scavenger for Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:4254-4258. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center of Functional Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationGD Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and TechnologySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringColumbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Huiyi Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center of Functional Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationGD Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and TechnologySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Yuyan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center of Functional Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationGD Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and TechnologySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Cong Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center of Functional Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationGD Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and TechnologySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of RadiologySun Yat-sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510080 China
| | - Hai‐Quan Mao
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringJohns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21205 USA
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringColumbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Yongming Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center of Functional Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationGD Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and TechnologySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Lixin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center of Functional Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationGD Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and TechnologySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
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Peng B, Liang H, Li Y, Dong C, Shen J, Mao H, Leong KW, Chen Y, Liu L. Tuned Cationic Dendronized Polymer: Molecular Scavenger for Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center of Functional Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationGD Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and TechnologySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringColumbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Huiyi Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center of Functional Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationGD Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and TechnologySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Yuyan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center of Functional Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationGD Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and TechnologySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Cong Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center of Functional Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationGD Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and TechnologySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of RadiologySun Yat-sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510080 China
| | - Hai‐Quan Mao
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringJohns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21205 USA
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringColumbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Yongming Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center of Functional Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationGD Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and TechnologySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Lixin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Center of Functional Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationGD Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and TechnologySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
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Ben-David H, Livneh A, Lidar M, Feld O, Haj Yahia S, Grossman C, Ben-Zvi I. Toll-like receptor 2 is overexpressed in Familial Mediterranean fever patients and is inhibited by colchicine treatment. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2019; 32:651-661. [PMID: 31203923 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 in Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) inflammatory process. METHODS TLR2 expression on monocytes of FMF attack-free patients (n = 20) and the effect of sera of FMF patients with an acute attack (n = 9) on TLR2 expression on monocytes of healthy donors were studied by flow cytometry (FACS). TLR2 expression was also studied in THP-1 cells, and TLR2 downstream signaling was studied by ELISA for the secretion of IL-1β and pro-inflammatory cytokines or by western blotting to measure nuclear factor (NF)-κB. RESULTS FMF attack-free patients had increased CD14 + TLR2+ cell count as compared to healthy donors. High-dose colchicine treatment (≥2 mg/d) inhibited this increased expression in FMF patients. Colchicine in vitro also inhibited TLR2 expression on THP-1 cells. Sera from FMF patients with an acute attack induced TLR2 expression by both monocytes of healthy donors and THP-1 cells as well as pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by healthy monocytes, while colchicine inhibited this induction. Pam2CSK4 increased interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy donors, and this activation was inhibited by colchicine. THP-1 cells presented elevated NF-κB expression when cultured with Pam2CSK4, whereas colchicine inhibited this elevation. CONCLUSIONS TLR2 activation was upregulated in monocytes of FMF patients, and colchicine inhibited this upregulation both in -vitro and in -vivo. This indicates that elevated expression of TLR2 promotes the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which may contribute to uncontrolled inflammation in FMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hava Ben-David
- Heller Institute of Medical Research, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Department of Internal Medicine F, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Avi Livneh
- Heller Institute of Medical Research, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Rheumatology Unit, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Department of Internal Medicine F, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Merav Lidar
- Rheumatology Unit, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Olga Feld
- Department of Internal Medicine F, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Souad Haj Yahia
- Department of Internal Medicine F, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Chagai Grossman
- Rheumatology Unit, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Department of Internal Medicine F, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilan Ben-Zvi
- Heller Institute of Medical Research, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Rheumatology Unit, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Department of Internal Medicine F, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; The Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
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Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Contributes to Proinflammatory Mediator Production in Localized Provoked Vulvodynia. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2018; 22:52-57. [PMID: 29271858 DOI: 10.1097/lgt.0000000000000364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Localized provoked vulvodynia (LPV) afflicts approximately 8% of women in the United States and represents a huge financial, physical, and psychological burden. Women with LPV experience intense pain localized to the vulvar vestibule (area immediately surrounding vaginal opening). We have identified mechanisms involved in the development of LPV whereby vulvar fibroblasts respond to proinflammatory stimuli to perpetuate an inflammatory response that causes pain. However, these mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Therefore, we explored the role of toll-like receptors (TLRs), a class of innate immune receptors that rapidly respond to microbial assaults. MATERIALS AND METHODS To determine whether TLRs are expressed by vulvar fibroblasts and whether these contribute to proinflammatory mediator production and pain in LPV, we examined TLR expression and innate immune responses in fibroblasts derived from painful vestibular regions compared with nonpainful external vulvar regions. RESULTS Human vulvar fibroblasts express functional TLRs that trigger production of inflammatory mediators associated with chronic pain. We focused on the TLR-7-imiquimod proinflammatory interaction, because imiquimod, a ligand of TLR-7, may exacerbate pain in women during treatment of human papillomavirus-associated disease. CONCLUSIONS Human vulvar fibroblasts express a broad spectrum of TLRs (a new finding). A significantly higher TLR-mediated proinflammatory response was observed in LPV case vestibular fibroblasts, and with respect to the imiquimod-TLR 7 interaction, development of chronic vestibular pain and inflammation may be a possible sequelae of treatment of vulvar human papillomavirus-associated disease. Suppressing enhanced TLR-associated innate immune responses to a spectrum of pathogen-associated molecular patterns may represent a new/effective therapeutic approach for vulvodynia.
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Shim JH, Stavre Z, Gravallese EM. Bone Loss in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Calcif Tissue Int 2018; 102:533-546. [PMID: 29204672 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0373-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have historically developed progressive damage of articular bone and cartilage, which correlates with disability over time. In addition, these patients are prone to periarticular and systemic bone loss, carrying additional morbidity. In contrast to what is seen in many other rheumatic diseases, the impact of inflammation on bone in RA is uniquely destructive. Loss of articular bone (erosions) and periarticular bone (demineralization) is a result of excessive bone resorption and markedly limited bone formation. There has been tremendous progress in preventing net bone loss in RA with the advent of disease-modifying agents, including biologic agents and small molecules, that both limit inflammation and may have a direct impact on the prevention of cytokine- and antibody-driven osteoclastogenesis. However, repair of existing bone erosions, although feasible, is observed infrequently. Lack of repair is a consequence of suppression of osteoblast function and bone formation by some of the same mechanisms that promote osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. As new agents are introduced to control inflammation in RA, and novel mechanisms to target synovitis are identified, it may be possible in the future to fully repair damaged bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyuck Shim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Zheni Stavre
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Ellen M Gravallese
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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Thomas NP, Wu WJ, Fleming BC, Wei F, Chen Q, Wei L. Synovial inflammation plays a greater role in post-traumatic osteoarthritis compared to idiopathic osteoarthritis in the Hartley guinea pig knee. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2017; 18:556. [PMID: 29284451 PMCID: PMC5747041 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-017-1913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to evaluate the extent of stromal cell-derived factor-1’s (SDF-1) involvement in the pathogenesis of idiopathic versus post-traumatic OA by comparing differences in synovial membrane morphology, SDF-1 synovial fluid (SF) concentrations, and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) SF concentrations. Methods Thirty-six 3-month-old Hartley guinea pigs were obtained and divided into 6 groups. Upon sacrifice, India Ink staining was used to evaluate gross morphology, Safranin O/Fast green staining was used to assess cartilage damage, H/E staining was employed to visualize the synovium, and SF samples were obtained for biochemical analyses. Sandwich ELISA was used to quantify the SF concentrations of SDF-1 and MMP-13. Results 12 month-old, idiopathic OA guinea pigs and 5.5 month-old ACLT animals had comparable cartilage damage when evaluated by the Modified Mankin Score. SDF-1 and MMP-13 concentrations were not statistically different between the two groups. The synovial membrane of the 5.5 month ACLT group had severe synovitis compared to the idiopathic OA group. Conclusion In this study, it was found that synovial inflammation, independent of cartilage morphology, SDF-1 concentration, and MMP-13 concentration, was markedly different between idiopathic and post-traumatic OA. These results highlight the differing morphological and biochemical profiles of post-traumatic versus idiopathic osteoarthritis and calls for a more thorough examination of the sole of the synovial membrane in the pathogenesis of post-traumatic osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Thomas
- Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/RIH, CORO West, Suite 402H, 1 Hoppin Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Wesley J Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/RIH, CORO West, Suite 402H, 1 Hoppin Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Braden C Fleming
- Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/RIH, CORO West, Suite 402H, 1 Hoppin Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Fangyuan Wei
- Foot & Ankle Orthopaedic Surgery Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/RIH, CORO West, Suite 402H, 1 Hoppin Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/RIH, CORO West, Suite 402H, 1 Hoppin Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Lab of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, China
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Gheita TA, Sayed S, Azkalany GS, Abaza N, Hammam N, Eissa AH. Toll-like receptor 9 in systemic sclerosis patients: relation to modified Rodnan skin score, disease severity, and functional status. Clin Rheumatol 2017; 37:757-763. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-017-3880-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Takagi M, Takakubo Y, Pajarinen J, Naganuma Y, Oki H, Maruyama M, Goodman SB. Danger of frustrated sensors: Role of Toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptors in aseptic and septic inflammations around total hip replacements. J Orthop Translat 2017; 10:68-85. [PMID: 29130033 PMCID: PMC5676564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune sensors, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), can recognize not only exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), but also endogenous molecules created upon tissue injury, sterile inflammation, and degeneration. Endogenous ligands are called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and include endogenous molecules released from activated and necrotic cells as well as damaged extracellular matrix. TLRs and NLRs can interact with various ligands derived from PAMPs and DAMPs, leading to activation and/or modulation of intracellular signalling pathways. Intensive research on the innate immune sensors, TLRs and NLRs, has brought new insights into the pathogenesis of not only various infectious and rheumatic diseases, but also aseptic foreign body granuloma and septic inflammation of failed total hip replacements (THRs). In this review, recent knowledge is summarized on the innate immune system, including TLRs and NLRs and their danger signals, with special reference to their possible role in the adverse local host response to THRs. Translational potential of this article: A clear understanding of the roles of Toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptors in aseptic and septic loosening of joint replacements will facilitate potential strategies to mitigate these events, thereby extending the longevity of implants in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiaki Takagi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yuya Takakubo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Jukka Pajarinen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yasushi Naganuma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hiroharu Oki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Masahiro Maruyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata City, Yamagata, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stuart B Goodman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Samelko L, Landgraeber S, McAllister K, Jacobs J, Hallab NJ. TLR4 (not TLR2) dominate cognate TLR activity associated with CoCrMo implant particles. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:1007-1017. [PMID: 27416075 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune reactions to orthopedic implant debris are the primary cause of total joint replacement (TJR) failure over the long term (15-20 years). The role of pathogen associated pattern recognition receptors (i.e., TLRs) in regulating immune reactivity to metal implant particles remains controversial. Do different TLRs (i.e., TLR2 vs. TLR4) activated by their respective ligands in concert with metal implant debris elicit equivalent innate immune responses? In this investigation, our in vitro and in vivo data indicate that Gram-negative PAMPs are more pro-inflammatory than Gram-positive PAMPs. In vitro results indicated TLR4 activation in concert with CoCrMo orthopedic implant debris (CoCrMo/LPS+) challenged primary macrophages resulted in significantly greater inflammatory responses than CoCrMo/PAM3CSK+ (TLR2). Similarly, in vivo results indicated CoCrMo/LPS+ TLR4 challenge induced a twofold increase in inflammation-induced bone resorption (osteolysis) than CoCrMo/PAM3CSK+ (p < 0.01) or CoCrMo (p < 0.03) alone in an established murine calvaria model. This points to a more potent TLR4-based effect of CoCrMo/LPS+ on innate immune responses, that is, IL-1ß, TNF-α, and resulting osteolysis. Differential CoCrMo/LPS+ induced osteolysis compared to CoCrMo/PAM3CSK+, reveals inherent differences in TLR4 versus TLR2 activation which are relevant to (i) how different types of implant debris elicit differential reactivity, (ii) how TLR2 Gram-positive bacteria benefits from less immune activation possibly due to the down-regulation of TLR2 surface expression, that subsequently impacts Gram-positive infections in TJRs, and (iii) how using TLR4 LPS (a Gram-negative agonist) may not accurately model Gram-positive bacteria responses, alone and/or with specific types of implant particles, particularly CoCrMo alloy. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:1007-1017, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauryn Samelko
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 W Harrison, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Immunology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stefan Landgraeber
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrabe 55, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Kyron McAllister
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 W Harrison, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joshua Jacobs
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 W Harrison, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nadim J Hallab
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 W Harrison, Chicago, Illinois
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Lai Y, Xue C, Liao Y, Huang L, Peng Q, Huang B, Wei S, He L, Gong A, Wang M. Differential Expression of Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathway Is Associated with Microscopic Polyangiitis in Peripheral Blood Neutrophils. Immunol Invest 2017; 46:375-384. [DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2017.1288236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Zhuang C, Hong X, Liu J, Luo X, Mo H. TRAF6 regulates the effects of polarized maturation of tolerability: Marrow-derived dendritic cells on collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Biomed Rep 2017; 6:206-210. [PMID: 28357074 DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the relationship between tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and a differentially mature dendritic cell (mDC) in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice and to determine whether or not TRAF6 regulates the activation of an immature dendritic cell (iDC) and inhibits iDC maturation to induce immune tolerance. The mouse bone marrow stem cells were induced with recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rmGM-CSF) and recombinant interleukin-4 (rmIL-4) to differentiate immature dendritic cells (DCs), which were divided into four groups with different maturation states: rmGM-CSF, rmIL-4; TNF-α; LPS; and FK506 group. The levels of the cell surfaces of CD80, CD86, and MHI-II were analyzed by flow cytometry to prove DCs at different levels of maturity. The expression of IL-12 in DCs at different maturation states was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of TRAF6 mRNA and protein in each group of DCs was detected by a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis. The results revealed that the differentiation of bone marrow cells into iDCs was significantly induced by cytokines (rmGM-CSF, IL-4). CD80, CD86, MHC-II were expressed in the four groups, and the difference between them was statistically significant (P<0.05). A higher degree of DC differentiation led to a gradual increase of IL-12 secretion in the four groups. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05) for this secretion (group D, 10,620.73±276.73 pg/ml). The expression levels of TRAF6 mRNA were significantly higher in group D than those in the other three groups (P<0.01). Although there was no significant difference in the expression levels of TRAF6 mRNA between groups B and C, the expression levels of TRAF6 mRNA between groups B and C were higher than those of the control group. The TRAF6 protein expression was higher in group D than that in the other three groups (P<0.01), and the difference was statistically significant. There was a statistically significant difference in the TRAF6 protein expression between group A and groups B and C, but the expression in group C was higher than that in group B (P<0.01). In conclusion, the expression of co-stimulatory molecules gradually increased in the DCs of different maturation states, and the expression of IL-12, TRAF6 mRNA, and TRAF6 protein positively correlated with the degree of DC maturation. TRAF6 is important in iDC polarity and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Zhuang
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of The Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, P.R. China
| | - Xuezhi Hong
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of The Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, P.R. China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of The Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Luo
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of The Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, P.R. China
| | - Hanyou Mo
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of The Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, P.R. China
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Elshabrawy HA, Essani AE, Szekanecz Z, Fox DA, Shahrara S. TLRs, future potential therapeutic targets for RA. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 16:103-113. [PMID: 27988432 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Toll like receptors (TLR)s have a central role in regulating innate immunity and in the last decade studies have begun to reveal their significance in potentiating autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Earlier investigations have highlighted the importance of TLR2 and TLR4 function in RA pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the newer data that indicate roles for TLR5 and TLR7 in RA and its preclinical models. We evaluate the pathogenicity of TLRs in RA myeloid cells, synovial tissue fibroblasts, T cells, osteoclast progenitor cells and endothelial cells. These observations establish that ligation of TLRs can transform RA myeloid cells into M1 macrophages and that the inflammatory factors secreted from M1 and RA synovial tissue fibroblasts participate in TH-17 cell development. From the investigations conducted in RA preclinical models, we conclude that TLR-mediated inflammation can result in osteoclastic bone erosion by interconnecting the myeloid and TH-17 cell response to joint vascularization. In light of emerging unique aspects of TLR function, we summarize the novel approaches that are being tested to impair TLR activation in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem A Elshabrawy
- Division of Rheumatology, Jesse Brown VA, Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Abdul E Essani
- Division of Rheumatology, Jesse Brown VA, Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Zoltán Szekanecz
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Medicine, University of Debrecen Faculty of Medicine, Nagyerdei Str 98, Debrecen H-4004, Hungary
| | - David A Fox
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shiva Shahrara
- Division of Rheumatology, Jesse Brown VA, Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Guerrero ATG, Pinto LG, Cunha FQ, Ferreira SH, Alves-Filho JC, Verri WA, Cunha TM. Mechanisms underlying the hyperalgesic responses triggered by joint activation of TLR4. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:1293-1300. [PMID: 27689757 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) including TLR4 and their signal pathways contribute to the pathogenesis of arthritis. Herein, we evaluated the mechanisms underlying the hyperalgesic response caused by TLR4 activation in the tibio-tarsal joint in mice. METHODS Joint inflammatory hyperalgesia was induced by intra-articular (ia) injection of LPS (lipopolysaccharide- TLR4 agonist) in C57BL/6, TLR4, TLR2, MyD88, TRIF, TNFR1/2 and IL-1R1 knockout (-/-) mice. Joint hyperalgesia was evaluated using an electronic von Frey. Neutrophil recruitment was assessed by MPO activity. Joint levels of cytokines were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Firstly, it was shown that LPS injected into the joints causes a dose- and time-dependent reduction in the mechanical nociceptive threshold. The TLR4 activation in the joint triggers mechanical hyperalgesia and neutrophil migration, which was abolished in TLR4 -/- and MyD88-/-, but not in TLR2-/- and TRIF-/- mice. Besides, joint administration of LPS increased the release of TNF-α, IL-1β, and KC/CXCL1, which were reduced in TLR4-/- and MyD88-/-, but not in TRIF-/- mice. In agreement, the LPS-induced joint nociceptive effect was decreased in TNFR1/2-/- and IL-1R1-/- mice or in mice pre-treated with a CXCR1/2 selective antagonist (DF2156A). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that TLR4 activation in the joint produces articular hyperalgesia via MyD88 signaling pathway. Moreover, this pathway is involved in the cascade of events of articular hyperalgesia through mechanisms dependent on cytokines and chemokines production. Thus, TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway inhibitors might be useful for the treatment of inflammatory joint pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana T G Guerrero
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ Mato Grosso do Sul, Rua Gabriel Abrão 92, 79081-746 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Larissa G Pinto
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Q Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sérgio H Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Jose C Alves-Filho
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid Km380 PR445, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Cobalt Alloy Implant Debris Induces Inflammation and Bone Loss Primarily through Danger Signaling, Not TLR4 Activation: Implications for DAMP-ening Implant Related Inflammation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160141. [PMID: 27467577 PMCID: PMC4965114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobalt alloy debris has been implicated as causative in the early failure of some designs of current total joint implants. The ability of implant debris to cause excessive inflammation via danger signaling (NLRP3 inflammasome) vs. pathogen associated pattern recognition receptors (e.g. Toll-like receptors; TLRs) remains controversial. Recently, specific non-conserved histidines on human TLR4 have been shown activated by cobalt and nickel ions in solution. However, whether this TLR activation is directly or indirectly an effect of metals or secondary endogenous alarmins (danger-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs) elicited by danger signaling, remains unknown and contentious. Our study indicates that in both a human macrophage cell line (THP-1) and primary human macrophages, as well as an in vivo murine model of inflammatory osteolysis, that Cobalt-alloy particle induced NLRP3 inflammasome danger signaling inflammatory responses were highly dominant relative to TLR4 activation, as measured respectively by IL-1β or TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, tissue histology and quantitative bone loss measurement. Despite the lack of metal binding histidines H456 and H458 in murine TLR4, murine calvaria challenge with Cobalt alloy particles induced significant macrophage driven in vivo inflammation and bone loss inflammatory osteolysis, whereas LPS calvaria challenge alone did not. Additionally, no significant increase (p<0.05) in inflammation and inflammatory bone loss by LPS co-challenge with Cobalt vs. Cobalt alone was evident, even at high levels of LPS (i.e. levels commiserate with hematogenous levels in fatal sepsis, >500pg/mL). Therefore, not only do the results of this investigation support Cobalt alloy danger signaling induced inflammation, but under normal homeostasis low levels of hematogenous PAMPs (<2pg/mL) from Gram-negative bacteria, seem to have negligible contribution to the danger signaling responses elicited by Cobalt alloy metal implant debris. This suggests the unique nature of Cobalt alloy particle bioreactivity is strong enough to illicit danger signaling that secondarily activate concomitant TLR activation, and may in part explain Cobalt particulate associated inflammatory and toxicity-like reactions of specific orthopedic implants.
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Wei Y, Bai L. Recent advances in the understanding of molecular mechanisms of cartilage degeneration, synovitis and subchondral bone changes in osteoarthritis. Connect Tissue Res 2016; 57:245-61. [PMID: 27285430 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2016.1177036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common form of degenerative joint disease, is linked to high morbidity. It is predicted to be the single greatest cause of disability in the general population by 2030. The development of disease-modifying therapy for OA currently face great obstacle mainly because the onset and development of the disease involve complex molecular mechanisms. In this review, we will comprehensively summarize biological and pathological mechanisms of three key aspects: degeneration of articular cartilage, synovial immunopathogenesis, and changes in subchondral bone. For each tissue, we will focus on the molecular receptors, cytokines, peptidases, related cell, and signal pathways. Agents that specifically block mechanisms involved in synovial inflammation, degeneration of articular cartilage, and subchondral bone remodeling can potentially be exploited to produce targeted therapy for OA. Such new comprehensive agents will benefit affected patients and bring exciting new hope for the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingliang Wei
- a Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sheng-Jing Hospital , China Medical University , ShenYang , China
| | - Lunhao Bai
- a Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sheng-Jing Hospital , China Medical University , ShenYang , China
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Gene/environment interactions in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity: New insights on the role of Toll-like receptors. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:971-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Naganuma Y, Takakubo Y, Hirayama T, Tamaki Y, Pajarinen J, Sasaki K, Goodman SB, Takagi M. Lipoteichoic acid modulates inflammatory response in macrophages after phagocytosis of titanium particles through Toll-like receptor 2 cascade and inflammasomes. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 104:435-44. [PMID: 26440284 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptors with a pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes have been presumed to participate in the pathogenesis of aseptic implant loosening. The aim of this study is to analyze the cellular localization of TLR2 and NLRP3 inflammasomes in the periprosthetic tissue from aseptically loose hip implants as well as the expression of these molecules in macrophages stimulated in vitro with titanium particles (Ti) coated with lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Using immunohistochemistry, immunoreactivity of TLR2 and NLRP3 inflammasomes was found in macrophages within the foreign body granulomatosis. Using RAW264.7 cells, stimulation with Ti increased the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of TLR2 and TNF-α. Stimulation with LTA-coated Ti enhanced mRNA levels of NLRP3 and IL-1β, whereas reinforced secretion of IL-1β was not detected in spite of marked release of TNF-α. Finally, the same cells with silenced Irak2, an adaptor protein in the TLR2 cascade, suppressed this NLRP3 upregulation. This study suggests that TLR2 and NLRP3 inflammasomes are factors involved in cross-talk mediating the foreign body type response to wear particles. In addition, discrepant behavior in the release between TNF-α and IL-1β release may explain the variable pathomechanisms of aseptic implant loosening without acute inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Naganuma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yuya Takakubo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Hirayama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Tamaki
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Yamagata Saisei Hospital, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Jukka Pajarinen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, 94063.,Department of Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FIN-00014 HY, Finland
| | - Kan Sasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Stuart B Goodman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, 94063
| | - Michiaki Takagi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
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Gallo J, Raska M, Konttinen YT, Nich C, Goodman SB. Innate immunity sensors participating in pathophysiology of joint diseases: a brief overview. J Long Term Eff Med Implants 2015; 24:297-317. [PMID: 25747032 DOI: 10.1615/jlongtermeffmedimplants.2014010825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system consists of functionally specialized "modules" that are activated in response to a particular set of stimuli via sensors located on the surface or inside the tissue cells. These cells screen tissues for a wide range of exogenous and endogenous danger/damage-induced signals with the aim to reject or tolerate them and maintain tissue integrity. In this line of thinking, inflammation evolved as an adaptive tool for restoring tissue homeostasis. A number of diseases are mediated by a maladaptation of the innate immune response, perpetuating chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Here, we review recent evidence on the cross talk between innate immune sensors and development of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and aseptic loosening of total joint replacements. In relation to the latter topic, there is a growing body of evidence that aseptic loosening and periprosthetic osteolysis results from long-term maladaptation of periprosthetic tissues to the presence of by-products continuously released from an artificial joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Gallo
- Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc 775 20, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Raska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Yrjo T Konttinen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki and ORTON Orthopaedic Hospital of the Invalid Foundation, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christophe Nich
- Laboratoire de Biomecanique et Biomateriaux Osteo-Articulaires - UMR CNRS 7052, Faculte de Medecine - Universite Paris 7, Paris, France; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, European Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris
| | - Stuart B Goodman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Stanford University Medical Center Redwood City, CA
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Hayashi J, Kihara M, Kato H, Nishimura T. A proteomic profile of synoviocyte lesions microdissected from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded synovial tissues of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Proteomics 2015; 12:20. [PMID: 26251654 PMCID: PMC4527102 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-015-9091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovial joints. Early intervention followed by early diagnosis can result in disease remission; however, both early stage diagnosis and provision of effective treatment have been impeded by the heterogeneity of RA, which details of pathological mechanism are unclear. Regardless of numerous investigations of RA by means of genomic and proteomic approaches, proteins interplaying in RA synovial tissues that contain various types of synoviocytes, are not yet sufficiently understood. Hence we have conducted an HPLC/mass spectrometry-based exploratory proteomic analysis focusing on synoviocyte lesions laser-microdissected (LMD) from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) synovial tissues (RA, n = 15; OA, n = 5), where those of Osteoarthritis (OA) were used as the control. Results A total of 508 proteins were identified from the RA and OA groups. With the semi-quantitative comparisons, the spectral index (SpI), log2 protein ratio (RSC) based on spectral counting, and statistical G-test, 98 proteins were found to be significant (pair-wise p < 0.05) to the RA synovial tissues. These include stromelysin-1 (MMP3), proteins S100-A8 and S100-A9, plastin-2, galectin-3, calreticulin, cathepsin Z, HLA-A, HLA-DRB1, ferritin, neutrophil defensin 1, CD14, MMP9 etc. Conclusions Our results confirmed the involvement of known RA biomarkers such as stromelysin-1 (MMP3) and proteins S100-A8 and S100-A9, and also that of leukocyte antigens such as HLA-DRB1. Network analyses of protein–protein interaction for those proteins significant to RA revealed a dominant participation of ribosome pathway (p = 5.91 × 10−45), and, interestingly, the associations of the p53 signaling (p = 2.34 × 10−5). An involvement of proteins including CD14, S100-A8/S100-A9 seems to suggest an activation of the NF-kB/MAPK signaling pathway. Our strategy of laser-microdissected FFPE-tissue proteomic analysis in Rheumatoid Arthritis thus demonstrated its technical feasibility in profiling proteins expressed in synovial tissues, which may play important roles in the RA pathogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12014-015-9091-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Harubumi Kato
- Niizashiki Central General Hospital, Saitama, Japan ; Department of Thoracic and Thyroid Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihide Nishimura
- Department of Thoracic and Thyroid Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Cytosolic phospholipase A2 modulates TLR2 signaling in synoviocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119088. [PMID: 25893499 PMCID: PMC4404349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic synovitis leading to destruction of cartilage and bone. PLA2 enzymes are key players in inflammation regulating the release of unsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (AA), a precursor of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. Several lines of evidence point to toll-like receptors (TLRs) as drivers of synovitis and joint destruction in RA. However, few studies have addressed the implication of PLA2 activity downstream TLR activation in the synovium. Here, we aimed to characterize PLA2 enzyme involvement in TLR2-induced signaling in synovial fibroblast-like cells. TLRs1-7 and a range of sPLA2, iPLA2 and cPLA2 enzymes were found to be transcriptionally expressed in cultured synoviocytes. Activation of TLR2/1 and TLR2/6 led to phosphorylation of cPLA2α at Ser505, and induced AA release and PGE2 production; effects that were attenuated by cPLA2α inhibitors. In contrast, sPLA2 inhibitors did not affect AA or PGE2 release. cPLA2α inhibitors furthermore attenuated TLR-induced expression of IL-6, IL-8 and COX2. COX1/2 inhibitors attenuated TLR2/6-induced IL-6 transcription and protein production comparable to cPLA2α inhibition. Moreover, exogenously PGE2 added alone induced IL-6 production and completely rescued IL-6 transcription when added simultaneously with FSL-1 in the presence of a cPLA2α inhibitor. Our results demonstrate for the first time that cPLA2α is involved in TLR2/1- and TLR2/6-induced AA release, PGE2 production and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in synoviocytes, possibly through COX/PGE2-dependent pathways. These findings expand our understanding of cPLA2α as a modulator of inflammatory molecular mechanisms in chronic diseases such as RA.
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Land WG. The Role of Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Human Diseases: Part I - Promoting inflammation and immunity. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2015; 15:e9-e21. [PMID: 25685392 PMCID: PMC4318613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest by physicians in the impact of the innate immune system on human diseases. In particular, the role of the molecules that initiate and amplify innate immune pathways, namely damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), is of interest as these molecules are involved in the pathogenesis of many human disorders. The first part of this review identifies five classes of cell stress/tissue injury-induced DAMPs that are sensed by various recognition receptor-bearing cells of the innate immune system, thereby mounting inflammation, promoting apoptosis and shaping adaptive immune responses. The DAMPs activate and orchestrate several innate immune machineries, including inflammasomes and the unfolded protein response that synergistically operates to induce inflammatory, metabolic and adaptive immune pathologies. Two examples of autoimmune diseases are discussed as they represent a typical paradigm of the intimate interplay between innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter G Land
- Laboratoire d'ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France, E-mail:
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Babazada H, Yamashita F, Hashida M. Suppression of experimental arthritis with self-assembling glycol-split heparin nanoparticles via inhibition of TLR4-NF-κB signaling. J Control Release 2014; 194:295-300. [PMID: 25242730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been recently shown that Toll-like receptor4 mediated nuclear factor κB (TLR4-NF-κB) signaling plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines in arthritic synovium. Here we evaluate the therapeutic potential of glycol-split non-anticoagulant heparin/d-erythro-sphingosine nanoparticles (NAHNPs), which have shown strong inhibitory effect against TLR4 induced inflammation, in an experimental arthritis model. NAHNP significantly inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced primary mouse macrophages and DC2.4 dendritic cell line. The nanoparticles were administered to type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice by intraarticular injections once per day starting from onset of the disease symptoms. Treatment with NAHNP had a potent suppressive effect in CIA mice, observed with a decrease in arthritis score and footpad swelling. The animals treated with NAHNP significantly reduced levels of IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies against bovine type II collagen. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines--e.g., TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in knee joints and sera were significantly inhibited compared to control mice. Moreover, nuclear localization of RelA in knee joints was significantly inhibited in NAHNP treatment, indicating down-regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. In addition, histological examination revealed significant suppression of inflammatory cell infiltration, joint destruction and synovial proliferation in synovium compared with control mice. These results suggest that selective inhibition of TLR4-NF-κB signaling with lipid modified heparin derivatives composited to nanostructures provides an effective therapeutic approach to inhibit chronic inflammation in an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Babazada
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidashimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Yamashita
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidashimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Hashida
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidashimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidaushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Thwaites R, Chamberlain G, Sacre S. Emerging role of endosomal toll-like receptors in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2014; 5:1. [PMID: 24474949 PMCID: PMC3893714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their downstream signaling pathways have been comprehensively characterized in innate immunity. In addition to this function, these receptors have also been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Murine in vivo models and human in vitro tissue models of RA have provided a wealth of information on the potential activity of TLRs and components of the downstream signaling pathways. Whilst most early work investigated the cell surface TLRs, more recently the focus has moved to the endosomal TLRs 3, 7, 8, and 9. These receptors recognize self and foreign double-stranded RNA and single-stranded RNA and DNA. The development of therapeutics to inhibit the endosomal TLRs or components of their signaling cascades may represent a way to target inflammation upstream of cytokine production. This may allow for greater specificity than existing therapies including cytokine blockade. Here, we review the current information suggesting a role for the endosomal TLRs in RA pathogenesis and the efforts to target these receptors therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Thwaites
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Trafford Centre, University of Sussex , Brighton , UK
| | - Giselle Chamberlain
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Trafford Centre, University of Sussex , Brighton , UK
| | - Sandra Sacre
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Trafford Centre, University of Sussex , Brighton , UK
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Kang KY, Woo JW, Park SH. S100A8/A9 as a biomarker for synovial inflammation and joint damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Korean J Intern Med 2014; 29:12-9. [PMID: 24574827 PMCID: PMC3932383 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2014.29.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A8 and S100A9 are major leukocyte proteins, known as damage-associated molecular patterns, found at high concentrations in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A heterodimeric complex of S100A8/A9 is secreted by activated leukocytes and binds to Toll-like receptor 4, which mediates downstream signaling and promotes inflammation and autoimmunity. Serum and synovial fluid levels of S100A8/A9 are markedly higher in patients with RA than in patients with osteoarthritis or miscellaneous inflammatory arthritis. Serum levels of S100A8/A9 are significantly correlated with clinical and laboratory markers of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, rheumatoid factor, and the Disease Activity Score for 28 joints. Significant correlations have also been found between S100A8/A9 and radiographic and clinical assessments of joint damage, such as hand radiographs and the Rheumatoid Arthritis Articular Damage score. In addition, among known inflammatory markers, S100A8/A9 has the strongest correlation with total sum scores of ultrasonography assessment. Furthermore, baseline levels of S100A8/A9 are independently associated with progression of joint destruction in longitudinal studies and are responsive to change during conventional and biologic treatments. These findings suggest S100A8/A9 to be a valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwi Young Kang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jung-Won Woo
- Department of Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Business Development, Genexine Inc., Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Paredes-Juarez GA, de Haan BJ, Faas MM, de Vos P. The role of pathogen-associated molecular patterns in inflammatory responses against alginate based microcapsules. J Control Release 2013; 172:983-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Liao C, Hsu J, Kim Y, Hu DQ, Xu D, Zhang J, Pashine A, Menke J, Whittard T, Romero N, Truitt T, Slade M, Lukacs C, Hermann J, Zhou M, Lucas M, Narula S, DeMartino J, Tan SL. Selective inhibition of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) with a novel orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor, RO9021, impinges on various innate and adaptive immune responses: implications for SYK inhibitors in autoimmune disease therapy. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:R146. [PMID: 24286216 PMCID: PMC3978604 DOI: 10.1186/ar4329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a key integrator of intracellular signals triggered by activated immunoreceptors, including Bcell receptors (BCR) and Fc receptors, which are important for the development and function of lymphoid cells. Given the clinical efficacy of Bcell depletion in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, pharmacological modulation of Bcells using orally active small molecules that selectively target SYK presents an attractive alternative therapeutic strategy. Methods A SYK inhibitor was developed and assayed in various in vitro systems and in the mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis (mCIA). Results A novel ATP-competitive inhibitor of SYK, 6-[(1R,2S)-2-Amino-cyclohexylamino]-4-(5,6-dimethyl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-pyridazine-3-carboxylic acid amide, designated RO9021, with an adequate kinase selectivity profile and oral bioavailability, was developed. In addition to suppression of BCR signaling in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and whole blood, FcγR signaling in human monocytes, and FcϵR signaling in human mast cells, RO9021 blocked osteoclastogenesis from mouse bone marrow macrophages in vitro. Interestingly, Toll-like Receptor (TLR) 9 signaling in human Bcells was inhibited by RO9021, resulting in decreased levels of plasmablasts, immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG upon B-cell differentiation. RO9021 also potently inhibited type I interferon production by human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) upon TLR9 activation. This effect is specific to TLR9 as RO9021 did not inhibit TLR4- or JAK-STAT-mediated signaling. Finally, oral administration of RO9021 inhibited arthritis progression in the mCIA model, with observable pharmacokinetics (PK)-pharmacodynamic (PD) correlation. Conclusions Inhibition of SYK kinase activity impinges on various innate and adaptive immune responses. RO9021 could serve as a starting point for the development of selective SYK inhibitors for the treatment of inflammation-related and autoimmune-related disorders.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic disease and the most prevalent of all autoimmune disorders. Here we review recent advances in the development and availability of biologic agents with a focus on monoclonal antibody or smaller formats of targeted engineered therapeutics including novel, non-antibody-based therapeutics. AREAS COVERED Today an array of biologics blocking either proinflammatory cytokines or lymphocyte activation/survival are available that enable a substantial improvement over conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). We review the engineering process of antibody-based biologics, their preclinical and clinical application, and current efforts to treat RA by interfering with B-cell function (notable targets covered are CD20, CD38, B-cell activating factor, transmembrane activator and calcium-modulating and cyclophilin interactor), with T-cell function (CD3, CD4, CD28), with bone erosion (RANKL), and with cytokines or growth factors (tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1 [IL-1], IL-6, IL-17, VEGF). Future treatment choices might encompass the blockade or modulation of danger-associated molecular patterns such as HMGB1, pattern recognition receptors, messenger RNAs or noncoding RNAs, histone acetylation, and inflammasome components. EXPERT OPINION Although current therapies can reduce the signs and symptoms of RA for many patients, the quest for a cure (or a more complete blockade of the structural damage) in RA is still ongoing and will need treatment approaches, which are not exclusively confined to blocking a particular cytokine, receptor, or autoreactive B or T cell involved in disease progression. To this end exciting treatment alternatives and drug targets are on the horizon that may become available to patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Bossaller
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Worcester, MA, USA.
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MRP8 promotes Th17 differentiation via upregulation of IL-6 production by fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. Exp Mol Med 2013; 45:e20. [PMID: 23619188 PMCID: PMC3641402 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2013.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-related protein (MRP)8/MRP14 is an endogenous Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligand and is abundant in synovial fluid (SF) of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Belonging to damage-associated molecular patterns, it amplifies proinflammatory mediators and facilitates a wide range of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Interleukin (IL)-17-producing T-helper (Th)17 cells have a crucial role in RA pathogenesis, and IL-6 is the key factor promoting Th17 differentiation. We investigated whether the level of MRP8/MRP14 is positively associated with IL-6 and IL-17 levels in RA SF and found that MRP8/MRP14 level had a significant correlation with IL-6 and IL-17 levels in RA SF. We also observed that MRP8-induced IL-17 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells but MRP14 did not. Upon stimulation with MRP8, IL-6 production was enhanced by RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) and was further elevated by coculturing RA FLS with activated CD4+ T cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that MRP8-activated IL-6 production by RA FLS promoted differentiation of Th17 cells using the coculture system consisting of CD4+ T cells and RA FLS. In addition, IL-6 blockade attenuated Th17 polarization of CD4+ T cells in the cocultures. Inhibitor studies revealed that MRP8 increased IL-6 production in RA FLS via TLR4/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Our results show that MRP8 has a crucial role in stimulating IL-6 expression by RA FLS, and subsequently promotes Th17 differentiation in RA, suggesting that neutralizing MRP8 level in RA synovium may be an effective therapeutic strategy in RA treatment.
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Li J, Wang X, Zhang F, Yin H. Toll-like receptors as therapeutic targets for autoimmune connective tissue diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 138:441-51. [PMID: 23531543 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune connective tissue diseases (ACTDs) are a family of consistent systemic autoimmune inflammatory disorders, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic sclerosis (SSc) and Sjögren's syndrome (SS). IL-1R-like receptors (TLRs) are located on various cellular membranes and sense exogenous and endogenous danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), playing a critical role in innate immune responses. During the past decade, the investigation of TLRs in inflammatory autoimmune diseases has been fruitful. In this report, we review the significant biochemical, physiological and pathological studies of the key functions of TLRs in ACTDs. Several proteins in the TLR signaling pathways (e.g., IKK-2 and MyD88) have been identified as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of ACTDs. Antibodies, oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) and small molecular inhibitors (SMIs) have been tested to modulate TLR signaling. Some drug-like SMIs of TLR signaling, such as RDP58, ST2825, ML120B and PHA-408, have demonstrated remarkable potential, with promising safety and efficacy profiles, which should warrant further clinical investigation. Nonetheless, one should bear in mind that all TLRs exert both protective and pathogenic functions; the function of TLR4 in inflammatory bowel disease represents such an example. Therefore, an important aspect of TLR modulator development involves the identification of a balance between the suppression of disease-inducing inflammation, while retaining the beneficiary host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Biofrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA
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