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Patterson E, Tan HTT, Groeger D, Andrews M, Buckley M, Murphy EF, Groeger JA. Bifidobacterium longum 1714 improves sleep quality and aspects of well-being in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3725. [PMID: 38355674 PMCID: PMC10866977 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53810-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Stress and sleep are linked with overall well-being. Bifidobacterium longum 1714 has been shown to influence stress responses and modulate neural responses during social stress, and influence sleep quality during examination stress in healthy adults. Here, we explored the ability of this strain to alter sleep quality in adults using subjective and objective measures. Eighty-nine adults (18-45y) with impaired sleep quality assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and with a global score ≥ 5 were randomized to receive B. longum 1714 or placebo daily for eight weeks. Assessing the effect of the strain on PSQI global score was the primary objective. Secondary objectives assessed sleep quality and well-being subjectively and sleep parameters using actigraphy objectively. While PSQI global score improved in both groups, B. longum 1714 significantly improved the PSQI component of sleep quality (p < 0.05) and daytime dysfunction due to sleepiness (p < 0.05) after 4 weeks and social functioning (p < 0.05) and energy/vitality (p < 0.05) after 8 weeks, compared to placebo. No significant effect on actigraphy measures were observed. The 1714 strain had a mild effect on sleep, demonstrated by a faster improvement in sleep quality at week 4 compared to placebo, although overall improvements after 8 weeks were similar in both groups. B. longum 1714 improved social functioning and increased energy/vitality in line with previous work that showed the strain modulated neural activity which correlated with enhanced vitality/reduced mental fatigue (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04167475).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark Andrews
- Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Martin Buckley
- Mercy University Hospital, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Baião R, Capitão LP, Higgins C, Browning M, Harmer CJ, Burnet PWJ. Multispecies probiotic administration reduces emotional salience and improves mood in subjects with moderate depression: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Psychol Med 2023; 53:3437-3447. [PMID: 35129111 PMCID: PMC10277723 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172100550x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential antidepressant properties of probiotics have been suggested, but their influence on the emotional processes that may underlie this effect is unclear. METHODS Depressed volunteers (n = 71) were recruited into a randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled study to explore the effects of a daily, 4-week intake of a multispecies probiotic or placebo on emotional processing and cognition. Mood, anxiety, positive and negative affect, sleep, salivary cortisol and serum C-reactive peptide (CRP) were assessed before and after supplementation. RESULTS Compared with placebo, probiotic intake increased accuracy at identifying faces expressing all emotions (+12%, p < 0.05, total n = 51) and vigilance to neutral faces (mean difference between groups = 12.28 ms ± 6.1, p < 0.05, total n = 51). Probiotic supplementation also reduced reward learning (-9%, p < 0.05, total n = 51), and interference word recall on the auditory verbal learning task (-18%, p < 0.05, total n = 50), but did not affect other aspects of cognitive performance. Although actigraphy revealed a significant group × night-time activity interaction, follow up analysis was not significant (p = 0.094). Supplementation did not alter salivary cortisol or circulating CRP concentrations. Probiotic intake significantly reduced (-50% from baseline, p < 0.05, n = 35) depression scores on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, but these did not correlate with the changes in emotional processing. CONCLUSIONS The impartiality to positive and negative emotional stimuli or reward after probiotic supplementation have not been observed with conventional antidepressant therapies. Further studies are required to elucidate the significance of these changes with regard to the mood-improving action of the current probiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Baião
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Liliana P. Capitão
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Cameron Higgins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Michael Browning
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine J. Harmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip W. J. Burnet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
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Lee YY, Izham N, Mohd Zulkifly MF, Mohamed Mustafar MF, Ismail AK, Mohamed Shah NFFN, Ab Razak A, Abdul Halim S, Idris Z, Ghani ARI, Ismail MI, Fitzrol DN, Yee AS, Zakaria Z, Abd Hamid AI, Sapiai NA, Mat Nawi N, Hassan N, Abdullah JM. The Brain-Gut Clinic in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia: Pioneering New Service to Advance Neuro-Gastroenterology and Motility in Malaysia. Malays J Med Sci 2023; 30:1-7. [PMID: 37425382 PMCID: PMC10325127 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2023.30.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogastroenterology and motility is a new but advanced subspecialty within gasteroenterology that cater to difficult, persistent and refractory gut-brain symptoms. Hospital USM has the country's first and new state-of-the art motility lab that was recently launched on the 25 May 2023, and is covered in nationwide media. Another first is the Brain-Gut Clinic, established on the 16 November 2022. The clinic is a new concept that builds on unique multiple disciplines in relation to the gut-brain axis. It is hoped that there will be more awareness on the existence of neurogastroenterology and motility among doctors and community, and that more research can be forthcoming to reduce the disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Yeh Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- GI Function and Motility Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nabilah Izham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- GI Function and Motility Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Faizal Mohd Zulkifly
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Faiz Mohamed Mustafar
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Karami Ismail
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Nur Farah Fathia Nabila Mohamed Shah
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Asrenee Ab Razak
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Sanihah Abdul Halim
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Neurology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zamzuri Idris
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Izaini Ghani
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ihfaz Ismail
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Diana Noma Fitzrol
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ang Song Yee
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zaitun Zakaria
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Aini Ismafairus Abd Hamid
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nur Asma Sapiai
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Radiology, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Norazlina Mat Nawi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy and Oncology, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Norina Hassan
- Neuro Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Jafri Malin Abdullah
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Leaky Gut and the Ingredients That Help Treat It: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020619. [PMID: 36677677 PMCID: PMC9862683 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The human body is in daily contact with potentially toxic and infectious substances in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The GIT has the most significant load of antigens. The GIT can protect the intestinal integrity by allowing the passage of beneficial agents and blocking the path of harmful substances. Under normal conditions, a healthy intestinal barrier prevents toxic elements from entering the blood stream. However, factors such as stress, an unhealthy diet, excessive alcohol, antibiotics, and drug consumption can compromise the composition of the intestinal microbiota and the homeostasis of the intestinal barrier function of the intestine, leading to increased intestinal permeability. Intestinal hyperpermeability can allow the entry of harmful agents through the junctions of the intestinal epithelium, which pass into the bloodstream and affect various organs and systems. Thus, leaky gut syndrome and intestinal barrier dysfunction are associated with intestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome, as well as extra-intestinal diseases, including heart diseases, obesity, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and celiac disease. Given the relationship between intestinal permeability and numerous conditions, it is convenient to seek an excellent strategy to avoid or reduce the increase in intestinal permeability. The impact of dietary nutrients on barrier function can be crucial for designing new strategies for patients with the pathogenesis of leaky gut-related diseases associated with epithelial barrier dysfunctions. In this review article, the role of functional ingredients is suggested as mediators of leaky gut-related disorders.
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Luo M, Liu Q, Xiao L, Xiong LS. Golden bifid might improve diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome via microbiota modulation. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION AND NUTRITION 2022; 41:21. [PMID: 35578355 PMCID: PMC9109320 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-022-00302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Gut microbiota might play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and probiotics supplement may be an effective treatment option. This study aims to explore the therapeutic effects of Golden bifid on the diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D). Methods Twenty-one consecutive IBS-D patients were recruited based on Rome IV criteria. All patients took 2000 mg Golden bifid triple daily for 4 weeks. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, psychological symptoms, small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and fecal microbiota characteristics were evaluated in IBS-D patients before and after treatment. Results After 4-week treatment of Golden bifid, the GI symptoms such as abdominal pain (2.90 ± 1.04 vs. 1.90 ± 1.26, P = 0.002), abdominal distension (2.00 ± 1.34 vs. 1.29 ± 1.31, P = 0.007), diarrhea (3.24 ± 1.37 vs. 1.81 ± 1.21, P = 0.001), defecatory urgency (3.48 ± 1.03 vs. 2.33 ± 1.35, P = 0.000) and incomplete evacuation (2.71 ± 1.15 vs. 1.76 ± 1.26, P = 0.003) were significantly alleviated in IBS-D patients. The Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) decreased significantly (46.19 ± 11.36 vs. 43.33 ± 9.65, P = 0.041), and SIBO could be eradicated in 25% (4/16) of IBS-D patients with SIBO. Meanwhile, the abundance of Unclassified Lachnospiraceae and Dorea in genus level and Unclassified Lachnospiraceae, Bacterium Dorea, Bacterium Butyricicoccus and Dorea formicigenerans ATCC 27755 in species level were increased in fecal microbiota (P < 0.05). Conclusions Golden bifid could improve most of GI symptoms and depressive symptoms in IBS-D patients and eradicate a small proportion of SIBO in those IBS-D patients with SIBO. What's more, Golden bifid could also modulate the fecal microbiota in IBS-D patients, which implied that the Golden bifid might improve IBS-D via microbiota modulation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41043-022-00302-0.
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Lu Q, Tan D, Luo J, Ye Y, Zuo M, Wang S, Li C. Potential of natural products in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 106:154419. [PMID: 36087525 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a kind of functional bowel disease that is characterized by bellyache, abdominal distension, and diarrhea. Although not life-threatening, IBS has a long course and recurrent attacks and seriously affects the life quality of patients. Current drugs for treating IBS possess remarkable limitations, such as limited efficacy and severe adverse reactions. Therefore, developing novel medications to treat IBS is quite essential, and natural products may be a substantial source. PURPOSE This is the first systematic review elaborating the recent advancement of natural products as potential drugs for the therapy of IBS. METHODS A comprehensive retrieval of studies was carried out in scientific databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier, and CNKI. By using ("irritable bowel syndrome" OR "IBS") AND ("natural product" OR "natural compound" OR "phytochemical") as keywords, the eligible studies were screened, and the relevant information about therapeutic action and mechanism of natural products treating IBS was extracted. RESULTS Natural products against IBS consisted of four categories, namely, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenols. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms for natural products treating IBS were tightly associated with increased TJs and mucus protein expression, regulation of the brain-gut axis and gut microbiota structure, and inhibition of inflammatory response and intestinal mucosal damage. CONCLUSION Natural products could be extremely prospective candidate drugs used to treat IBS, and further preclinical and clinical researches are needed to guarantee their efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai 519041, PR China
| | - Daopeng Tan
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, PR China
| | - Jingbin Luo
- China Traditional Chinese Medicine Holdings Company Limited, Foshan 528000, PR China
| | - Yonghao Ye
- Zhuhai Resproly Pharmaceutical Technology Company Limited, Zhuhai 519040, PR China
| | - Manhua Zuo
- Department of Nursing, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai 519041, PR China
| | - Siyu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai 519041, PR China
| | - Cailan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai 519041, PR China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, PR China.
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7
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Sutkus LT, Joung S, Hirvonen J, Jensen HM, Ouwehand AC, Mukherjea R, Donovan SM, Dilger RN. Influence of 2'-Fucosyllactose and Bifidobacterium longum Subspecies infantis Supplementation on Cognitive and Structural Brain Development in Young Pigs. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:860368. [PMID: 35546890 PMCID: PMC9081927 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.860368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of the gut-brain axis during early-life is an important contributor of brain structural and functional development. Human milk oligosaccharides and gut microbiota have potential beneficial effects on various aspects of development; however, the effects of 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis Bi-26 (Bi-26) administration during infancy separately and combined are still not clear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of early administration of dietary 2′-FL and Bi-26 on brain structural and functional development in the young pig. From postnatal day (PND) 2–34 or 35, fifty-two intact male pigs were randomly assigned to treatment groups in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement and provided ad libitum access to a nutritionally adequate milk replacer without or with 1.0 g of 2′-FL/L of reconstituted liquid. Pigs within each diet group were further stratified to receive a daily oral dose of glycerol stock without or with Bi-26 (109 CFU). Pigs were subjected to the novel object recognition (NOR) task from PND 27–31 to assess recognition memory and subsequently underwent magnetic resonance imaging procedures at PND 32 or 33 to assess brain macrostructure and microstructure. Pigs that received Bi-26 had smaller absolute brain volumes for 9 of 27 brain regions of interest, and smaller relative volumes for 2 regions associated with kinesthesia (P < 0.05). Synbiotic administration of 2′-FL and Bi-26 elicited interactive effects (P < 0.05) on several microstructural brain components, where dual supplementation negated the effects of each test article alone. Behavioral outcomes indicated that pigs did not express novelty preference, regardless of treatment group, demonstrating no effects of 2′-FL and Bi-26 on recognition memory when supplemented alone or in combination. Interactive effects (P < 0.05) were observed for the number of all object visits, latency to the first object visit, and number of familiar object visits. Pigs that did not receive Bi-26 supplementation exhibited less time interacting with the familiar object in total (P = 0.002) and on average (P = 0.005). In conclusion, supplementation of 2′-FL and/or Bi-26 elicited some alterations in object exploratory behaviors and macro/micro-structures of the brain, but changes in recognition memory were not observed. Specifically in brain microstructure, synbiotic administration of 2′-FL and Bi-26 appeared to negate effects observed when each dietary article was supplemented separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta T Sutkus
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Sangyun Joung
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | | | - Henrik Max Jensen
- IFF R&D-Enabling Technologies, Advanced Analytical, Brabrand, Denmark
| | | | | | - Sharon M Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Ryan N Dilger
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
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8
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Zulkifli KK, Tan PO, Mustaffa N, Chuah YY, Muthukaruppan R, Ma ZF, Lee YY. Is Gut Involvement a Cause or Effect of COVID-19? Malays J Med Sci 2021; 28:186-193. [PMID: 35002498 PMCID: PMC8715874 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2021.28.6.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Digestive disorder symptoms in COVID-19 may be similar in form to post-infectious functional gastrointestinal disorder (PI-FGID). To cause clinical effects, SARS-CoV-2 must reach the bowels and gastric hypochlorhydria may facilitate such transit. Asian elderly are predisposed to greater infection rate and severity of COVID-19, and the high prevalence of gastric atrophy and intake of proton-pump inhibitor in this aged group might explain the risk. Persistence shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in stools indicates that faecal transmission should not be disregarded. Gut involvement in COVID-19 is mediated by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which serves as the entry point for SARS-CoV-2 in the small bowel. ACE2 dysregulation has an impact on the homeostasis of gut microbiota and altered inflammatory response. Liver injury is variable in COVID-19 and is likely a result of by-stander effects rather than actual viropathic process. Further research is needed to understand if gut involvement is a cause or effect of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phei Oon Tan
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nazri Mustaffa
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Yoen Young Chuah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ping Tung Christian Hospital, Ping Tung, Taiwan
| | - Raman Muthukaruppan
- Department of Medicine and Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Queen Elizabeth, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Zheng Feei Ma
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Yeong Yeh Lee
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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9
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Li S, Guo H, Xu X, Hua R, Zhao Q, Li J, Lv J, Li J. Therapeutic Methods for Gut Microbiota Modification in Lipopolysaccharide-Associated Encephalopathy. Shock 2021; 56:824-831. [PMID: 33595259 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of four therapeutic methods to modify gut microbiota dysbiosis and brain dysfunction in septic rats. METHODS Rats were treated with fecal microbiota transplantation, prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics after exposure to lipopolysaccharide. The diversity and composition of gut microbiota, electroencephalogram values, and the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cortex were analyzed. RESULTS Fecal microbiota transplantation was the most efficacious method to restore intestinal microbial diversity and exert the best corrective effects in modulating microbial composition in septic rats. More interestingly, fecal microbiota transplantation exerted the best protective effects in brain dysfunction in septic rats. CONCLUSION Among the four methods, fecal microbiota transplantation was the most useful method to modify the dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota and improve brain function in septic rats. These findings reveal the protective consequence of microbiota modification, and the findings suggest opportunities to improve brain function in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyan Li
- Department of Emergency, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
- Department of General Practice, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Emergency, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Emergency, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Ranliang Hua
- Department of Emergency, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Emergency, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Emergency, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Jian Lv
- Department of Emergency, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Li
- Department of Emergency, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
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10
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Delivery of Metabolically Neuroactive Probiotics to the Human Gut. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179122. [PMID: 34502031 PMCID: PMC8431588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The human microbiome is a rich factory for metabolite production and emerging data has led to the concept that orally administered microbial strains can synthesize metabolites with neuroactive potential. Recent research from ex vivo and murine models suggests translational potential for microbes to regulate anxiety and depression through the gut-brain axis. However, so far, less emphasis has been placed on the selection of specific microbial strains known to produce the required key metabolites and the formulation in which microbial compositions are delivered to the gut. Here, we describe a double-capsule technology to deliver high numbers of metabolically active cells derived from the 24-strain probiotic product SH-DS01 to the gastrointestinal tract, including the small intestine, where immune responses and adsorption of metabolites into the bloodstream occur. Based on its genome sequence, Limosilactobacillus reuteri SD-LRE2-IT was predicted to have the genetic capacity to de novo produce a specific metabolite of interest to brain health, vitamin B12, which could be confirmed in vitro. Taken together, our data conceptualizes the importance of rationally defined microbial strain characterization based on genomics and metabolomics data, combined with carefully designed capsule technology for delivery of live cells and concomitant functionality in and beyond the gut ecosystem.
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11
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Varsha KK, Maheshwari AP, Nampoothiri KM. Accomplishment of probiotics in human health pertaining to immunoregulation and disease control. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 44:26-37. [PMID: 34330476 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is a well-established fact that the microbiome harboring the human body plays a critical role in maintaining human health and can influence treatments against various ailments. Human microbiome-based research contemplates the possibility of selecting and administering specific commensal bacterial strains to modulate the gut microbiota to attain favorable outcomes to the therapies. Consumption of probiotics and probiotic-based dietary supplements as functional foods has been a promising treatment strategy against various diseases. Clinical studies demonstrate that probiotic administration alters gut microbiota composition and instigates immune modulation in the host. The benefits of probiotics are reported to be strain-specific and depend on the host's baseline immune competence. This review explores the role of probiotics in alleviating symptoms of allergy, cancer, cardio vascular (CV) diseases, diabetes mellitus (DM), bowel diseases (IBD and IBS), periodontal disease, diseases affecting liver and kidney, neuroinflammatory diseases, and viral infections. Also, it surveyed the broad spectrum bioactive compounds produced by probiotics and possible mechanisms that trigger the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kontham Kulangara Varsha
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division (MPTD), CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Arun Padmakumar Maheshwari
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division (MPTD), CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Kesavan Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division (MPTD), CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695 019, Kerala, India.
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Spichak S, Bastiaanssen TFS, Berding K, Vlckova K, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Mining microbes for mental health: Determining the role of microbial metabolic pathways in human brain health and disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:698-761. [PMID: 33675857 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing knowledge regarding the role of the microbiome in modulating the brain and behaviour. Indeed, the actions of microbial metabolites are key for appropriate gut-brain communication in humans. Among these metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan, and bile acid metabolites/pathways show strong preclinical evidence for involvement in various aspects of brain function and behaviour. With the identification of neuroactive gut-brain modules, new predictive tools can be applied to existing datasets. We identified 278 studies relating to the human microbiota-gut-brain axis which included sequencing data. This spanned across psychiatric and neurological disorders with a small number also focused on normal behavioural development. With a consistent bioinformatics pipeline, thirty-five of these datasets were reanalysed from publicly available raw sequencing files and the remainder summarised and collated. Among the reanalysed studies, we uncovered evidence of disease-related alterations in microbial metabolic pathways in Alzheimer's Disease, schizophrenia, anxiety and depression. Amongst studies that could not be reanalysed, many sequencing and technical limitations hindered the discovery of specific biomarkers of microbes or metabolites conserved across studies. Future studies are warranted to confirm our findings. We also propose guidelines for future human microbiome analysis to increase reproducibility and consistency within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Spichak
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomaz F S Bastiaanssen
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kirsten Berding
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Klara Vlckova
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Dong W, Wang Y, Liao S, Tang W, Peng L, Song G. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 Improves the State Anxiety and Sports Performance of Young Divers Under Stress Situations: A Single-Arm, Prospective Proof-of-Concept Study. Front Psychol 2021; 11:570298. [PMID: 33519585 PMCID: PMC7838085 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.570298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Athletes will increase their state anxiety under stress situations, which will lead to the decline of sports performance. The improvement of anxiety by probiotics has been reported, but there is a lack of research in the athlete population. The purpose of the current study is to explore the effectiveness of probiotics in improving athletes' state anxiety and sports performance under stress situations. Methods We conducted this single-arm study in Chongqing Institute of Sports Technology. In the 8-week study, 21 Chongqing young divers (mean age: 9.10 ± 1.80) were given probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 (1 × 109 colony-forming units/100 g) daily. The state anxiety and sports performance of athletes were measured before, during, and after the intervention, and the gut microbiota of athletes was measured before and after the intervention. Results The intervention results showed that cognitive state anxiety, somatic state anxiety, and anxiety emotion were improved (cognitive: Z = -3.964, P < 0.001; somatic: Z = -3.079, P = 0.003; anxiety: Z = -2.973, P < 0.001). In terms of gut microbiota, the intervention did not change the gut microbial composition (such as α diversity and β diversity) but increased the abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae. At the 8th week, the performance of athletes under stress was significantly improved (χ2 = 7.88, P = 0.019). Limitations First of all, due to the restriction of the number of subjects in this study, there was no control group. Secondly, although the athletes' diet was recorded in this study, the influence of this factor on gut microbiota was not eliminated. Finally, the anxiety level of the athletes in this study was obtained through a self-report, lacking physiological data in state anxiety. Conclusion The results show that probiotics intervention can improve the state anxiety of athletes under stress situation and improve the performance of athletes under stress situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhong Dong
- Research Centre for Exercise Detoxification, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Research Centre for Exercise Detoxification, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuaixiong Liao
- Research Centre for Exercise Detoxification, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Research Centre for Exercise Detoxification, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Peng
- Research Centre for Exercise Detoxification, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Song
- Research Centre for Exercise Detoxification, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Gut-brain axis: A matter of concern in neuropsychiatric disorders…! Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 104:110051. [PMID: 32758517 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is composed of a large number of microbes, usually regarded as commensal bacteria. It has become gradually clear that gastrointestinal microbiota affects gut pathophysiology and the central nervous system (CNS) function by modulating the signaling pathways of the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis. This bidirectional MGB axis communication primarily acts through neuroendocrine, neuroimmune, and autonomic nervous systems (ANS) mechanisms. Accumulating evidence reveals that gut microbiota interacts with the host brain, and its modulation may play a critical role in the pathology of neuropsychiatric disorders. Recently, neuroscience research has established the significance of gut microbiota in the development of brain systems that are essential to stress-related behaviors, including depression and anxiety. Application of modulators of the MGB, such as psychobiotics (e.g., probiotics), prebiotics, and specific diets, may be a promising therapeutic approach for neuropsychiatric disorders. The present review article primarily focuses on the relevant features of the disturbances of the MGB axis in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders and its potential mechanisms.
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Haas GS, Wang W, Saffar M, Mooney-Leber SM, Brummelte S. Probiotic treatment (Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum 35624™) affects stress responsivity in male rats after chronic corticosterone exposure. Behav Brain Res 2020; 393:112718. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Järbrink-Sehgal E, Andreasson A. The gut microbiota and mental health in adults. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 62:102-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Qian L, Huang J, Qin H. Probiotics and dietary intervention modulate the colonic mucosa-associated microbiota in high-fat diet populations. TURKISH JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2020; 31:295-304. [PMID: 32412900 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2020.19013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Alterations in the gut microbiota due to a high-fat diet and diet-induced illness have been found in both mouse models and humans. Observational studies suggest that probiotic administration and diet shifts may treat diet-related diseases. However, the effect of these interventions on the colonic mucosa has not yet been elucidated. This study investigated the efficacy of probiotic supplementation and dietary intervention as prophylactic tools under high-fat diet conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 36 volunteers that normally consumed a high-fat diet were enrolled and treated with either a control diet, a low-fat dietary intervention, Bifidobacterium triple viable capsule therapy, or a combination of a low-fat diet and Bifidobacterium triple viable capsule therapy. Pyrosequencing of the V3 and V4 regions of the 16S rRNA genes was conducted to determine the extent to which probiotics and dietary intervention altered the mucosal microbiota. RESULTS This study demonstrated that interventional treatment with probiotics and a low-fat diet increased the diversity of the mucosal microbes, dietary intervention alone produced the most significant effect, whereas the combined intervention exhibited no synergetic improvement. Pyrosequencing demonstrated that probiotics and dietary intervention significantly elevated the abundance of some bacterial taxa assigned to the phylum Firmicutes and the beneficial genera Prevotella, Gemmiger, Coprococcus, and Faecalibacterium and reduced some harmful bacterial taxa assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria and genus Streptophyta. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggested that the addition of probiotics and dietary intervention could improve the composition of the colonic mucosal microbiota in high-fat diet populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leimin Qian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jiangyin People's Hospital, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianming Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jiangyin People's Hospital, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huanlong Qin
- The Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Beck BR, Park GS, Jeong DY, Lee YH, Im S, Song WH, Kang J. Multidisciplinary and Comparative Investigations of Potential Psychobiotic Effects of Lactobacillus Strains Isolated From Newborns and Their Impact on Gut Microbiota and Ileal Transcriptome in a Healthy Murine Model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:269. [PMID: 31404163 PMCID: PMC6677118 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychobiotics are probiotic microorganisms that may exert positive influence on the psychological status of the host. Studies have revealed immunological and microbiological correlations of gut microbiota and the gut-brain axis, and have investigated psychobiotics based on the findings of the gut-brain axis. Considering their mode of actions, the present study sets anti-inflammatory effect, neurotransmitter modulation, and gut microbiota modulation as three essential criteria to evaluate Lactobacillus casei ATG-F1 (F1), L. reuteri ATG-F3 (F3), and L. reuteri ATG-F4 (F4) isolated from newborns as psychobiotics candidates in a healthy mouse model and compares the results with a non-treated control group and an ampicillin-induced gut dysbiosis (Amp) group as a negative control. The F3 and F4 strains showed anti-inflammatory effects in vitro in RAW264.7 murine macrophages, and the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 increased in ileums of mice orally administered with the F4 strain. Serum dopamine level significantly increased only in the F4-treated group as compared with the control group. Serum serotonin level was unaffected in Lactobacillus-treated groups, while a significant decrease in serum serotonin level was observed in the Amp group. Bacteroidetes population increased in fecal samples of the F4-treated group as compared with the control, and Bacteroidales S24-7 and Prevotellaceae population significantly increased at family level in fecal samples from the F4-treated group as compared with the control. In contrast, the Amp group showed an increase in the level of Proteobacteria and a decrease in the level of Bacteroidetes as compared with the control group. Transcriptome analysis revealed a distinctive clustering in ileums from the F4-treated group as compared to other experimental groups. In addition, the circadian rhythm pathway showed maximum enrichment in ileums of Lactobacillus-treated mice, and the F4-treated group showed the highest fold changes in circadian rhythm-related genes (Dbp, Per1, Per2, and Per3). Conclusively, L. reuteri ATG-F4 is suggested as a potential psychobiotics through demonstrations of anti-inflammatory effects, serum dopamine modulation, and gut microbiota modulation in a healthy murine model in the present study. Moreover, we carefully suggest gut circadian rhythm modulation as another important criterion of psychobiotics, which may have an important role in the gut-brain axis.
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Satoh T, Todoroki M, Kobayashi K, Niimura Y, Kawasaki S. Purified thioredoxin reductase from O 2-sensitive Bifidobacterium bifidum degrades H 2O 2 by interacting with alkyl hydroperoxide reductase. Anaerobe 2019; 57:45-54. [PMID: 30880149 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bifidobacterium is beneficial for host health and exhibits different O2 sensitivity levels among species or strains via unknown mechanisms. Bifidobacterium bifidum JCM1255T, a type species of Bifidobacterium, is an O2-sensitive bacterium that can grow under low-O2 (5%) conditions, and the growth of this species is inhibited under high-O2 conditions (10% ∼) with accumulation of H2O2. We previously reported that NADH or NAD(P)H oxidase-active fractions were detected during purification using microaerobically grown B. bifidum cells, and the active enzyme was purified from the NADH oxidase-active fraction. The purified enzyme was identified as b-type dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODb) and characterized as a dominant H2O2 producer in B. bifidum. In this study, we performed further purification of the enzyme from the NAD(P)H oxidase-active fraction and characterized the purified enzyme as a part of the H2O2 degradation system in B. bifidum. This purified enzyme was identified as thioredoxin reductase (TrxR); the NAD(P)H oxidase activity of this enzyme was not expressed in anaerobically grown B. bifidum, and mRNA expression was induced by O2 exposure. Furthermore, the purified B. bifidum TrxR interacted with recombinant alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (rAhpC) and exhibited NAD(P)H peroxidase activity. These results suggest that TrxR responds to O2 and protects B. bifidum from oxidative stress by degrading H2O2 via the TrxR-AhpC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Satoh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Kazuya Kobayashi
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Youichi Niimura
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Kawasaki
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
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Wang XJ, Camilleri M. Personalized medicine in functional gastrointestinal disorders: Understanding pathogenesis to increase diagnostic and treatment efficacy. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:1185-1196. [PMID: 30886502 PMCID: PMC6421234 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i10.1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is overwhelming evidence that functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are associated with specific mechanisms that constitute important targets for personalized treatment. There are specific mechanisms in patients presenting with functional upper gastrointestinal symptoms (UGI Sx). Among patients with UGI Sx, approximately equal proportions (25%) of patients have delayed gastric emptying (GE), reduced gastric accommodation (GA), both impaired GE and GA, or neither, presumably due to increased gastric or duodenal sensitivity. Treatments targeted to the underlying pathophysiology utilize prokinetics, gastric relaxants, or central neuromodulators. Similarly, specific mechanisms in patients presenting with functional lower gastrointestinal symptoms, especially with diarrhea or constipation, are recognized, including at least 30% of patients with functional constipation pelvic floor dyssynergia and 5% has colonic inertia (with neural or interstitial cells of Cajal loss in myenteric plexus); 25% of patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBSD) has evidence of bile acid diarrhea; and, depending on ethnicity, a varying proportion of patients has disaccharidase deficiency, and less often sucrose-isomaltase deficiency. Among patients with predominant pain or bloating, the role of fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols should be considered. Personalization is applied through pharmacogenomics related to drug pharmacokinetics, specifically the role of CYP2D6, 2C19 and 3A4 in the use of drugs for treatment of patients with FGIDs. Single mutations or multiple genetic variants are relatively rare, with limited impact to date on the understanding or treatment of FGIDs. The role of mucosal gene expression in FGIDs, particularly in IBS-D, is the subject of ongoing research. In summary, the time for personalization of FGIDs, based on deep phenotyping, is here; pharmacogenomics is relevant in the use of central neuromodulators. There is still unclear impact of the role of genetics in the management of FGIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jing Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Michael Camilleri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
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